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<li id="toc-Name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Orthography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Grammar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Long"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Long""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>"Long"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Long"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Blong"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Blong""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>"Blong"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Blong"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Pronouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tense/aspect/mood_markers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tense/aspect/mood_markers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Tense/aspect/mood markers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tense/aspect/mood_markers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subordination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subordination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Subordination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subordination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialectal_variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialectal_variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Dialectal variations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialectal_variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pacific_creole_comparison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pacific_creole_comparison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Pacific creole comparison</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pacific_creole_comparison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature_and_samples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_and_samples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Literature and samples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Literature_and_samples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Literature and samples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Literature_and_samples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Bible" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Bible"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>The Bible</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Bible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yumi,_Yumi,_Yumi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yumi,_Yumi,_Yumi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Yumi, Yumi, Yumi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yumi,_Yumi,_Yumi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bislama</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 77 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama" title="Bislama – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bislama" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة البسلامية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة البسلامية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama" title="Bislama – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bislama" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama_dili" title="Bislama dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bislama dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="بیسلاما دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیسلاما دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama" title="Bislama – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bislama" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Біслама – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Біслама" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama" title="Bislama – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Bislama" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Бислама – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бислама" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama" title="Bislama – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bislama" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama" title="Bislama – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bislama" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislam%C5%A1tina" title="Bislamština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bislamština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama" title="Bislama – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bislama" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="لبيسلاما – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لبيسلاما" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama" title="Bislama – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bislama" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislam%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Bislamšćina – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Bislamšćina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama_keel" title="Bislama keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bislama keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BB%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Μπισλάμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπισλάμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama" title="Bislama – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bislama" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama_lingvo" title="Bislama lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bislama lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama" title="Bislama – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bislama" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="زبان بیسلاما – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان بیسلاما" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama_m%C3%A1l" title="Bislama mál – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Bislama mál" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bichelamar" title="Bichelamar – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bichelamar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama" title="Bislama – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bislama" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EC%8A%AC%EB%9D%BC%EB%A7%88" title="비슬라마 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비슬라마" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislam%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Bislamšćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Bislamšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama_jezik" title="Bislama jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bislama jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama-linguo" title="Bislama-linguo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bislama-linguo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama" title="Bislama – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Bislama" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Bislama" title="Bahasa Bislama – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Bislama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama" title="Bislama – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Bislama" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_bislama" title="Lingua bislama – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua bislama" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%94" title="ביסלמה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביסלמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Bislama" title="Basa Bislama – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Basa Bislama" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2)" title="Бислама (кыв) – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Бислама (кыв)" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bichlamar" title="Bichlamar – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Bichlamar" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama" title="Bislama – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bislama" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama" title="Bislama – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bislama" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama" title="Bislama – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bislama" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama" title="Bislama – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Bislama" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biszlama_nyelv" title="Biszlama nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Biszlama nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Бислама – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бислама" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ბისლამა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბისლამა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="بیسلاما – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بیسلاما" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Bislama" title="Bahasa Bislama – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Bislama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama" title="Bislama – Nigerian Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Bislama" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigerian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Naijá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama" title="Bislama – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bislama" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9E%E8%AA%9E" title="ビスラマ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ビスラマ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama" title="Bislama – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Bislama" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama" title="Bislama – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bislama" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama" title="Bislama – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bislama" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="بيسلاما ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بيسلاما ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_bislama" title="Lenga bislama – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga bislama" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama" title="Bislama – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Bislama" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_bislama" title="Język bislama – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język bislama" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_bislam%C3%A1" title="Língua bislamá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua bislamá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Бислама – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бислама" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagana_Bislama" title="Gagana Bislama – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Gagana Bislama" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱵᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱤᱥᱞᱟᱢᱟ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama" title="Bislama – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bislama" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama" title="Bislama – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bislama" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="زمانی بیسلاما – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی بیسلاما" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Бислама – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бислама" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama_jezik" title="Bislama jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bislama jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama" title="Bislama – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bislama" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama" title="Bislama – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bislama" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Bislama" title="Wikang Bislama – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Bislama" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF" title="பிசுலாமா மொழி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிசுலாமா மொழி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Бислама теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бислама теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2" title="ภาษาบิสลามา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาบิสลามา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama" title="Bislama – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bislama" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Біслама – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Біслама" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7" title="بیسلاما – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بیسلاما" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bislama" title="Bislama – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bislama" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E9%A9%AC%E8%AF%AD" title="比斯拉马语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="比斯拉马语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E9%A9%AC%E8%AF%AD" title="比斯拉马语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="比斯拉马语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35452#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bislama" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Bislama" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English-based creole language of Vanuatu</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the language. For the food, see <a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumber_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea cucumber (food)">sea cucumber (food)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: tan;">Bislama</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: tan;"><i>Bichelamar</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: tan;"><span title="Bislama-language text"><i lang="bi">Bislama</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">10,000 (2011)<sup id="cite_ref-e18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />200,000 <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a> speakers<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/English-based_creole_languages" title="English-based creole languages">English Creole</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> Pacific<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_Pidgin_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Melanesian Pidgin (disambiguation)">Melanesian Pidgin</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Bislama</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">Avoiuli</a> (local)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: tan;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: tan;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=bi">bi</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=59">bis</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/bis" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:bis">bis</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/bisl1239">bisl1239</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=52-ABB-ce">52-ABB-ce</a></code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/WIKITONGUES-_Toukala_speaking_Bislama.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Toukala_speaking_Bislama.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="131" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Toukala_speaking_Bislama.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Toukala_speaking_Bislama.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/WIKITONGUES-_Toukala_speaking_Bislama.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Toukala_speaking_Bislama.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/WIKITONGUES-_Toukala_speaking_Bislama.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Toukala_speaking_Bislama.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/WIKITONGUES-_Toukala_speaking_Bislama.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/WIKITONGUES-_Toukala_speaking_Bislama.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Toukala_speaking_Bislama.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/WIKITONGUES-_Toukala_speaking_Bislama.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Toukala_speaking_Bislama.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/81/WIKITONGUES-_Toukala_speaking_Bislama.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Toukala_speaking_Bislama.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>A Bislama speaker, recorded in <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Bislama</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">English: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">BISS</span>-lə-mah</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Bislama:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[biˈslama]</a></span>; also known by its earlier French name, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">bichelamar</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[biʃlamaʁ]</a></span>) is an <a href="/wiki/English-based_creole_language" class="mw-redirect" title="English-based creole language">English-based creole language</a>. It is the national language of <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>, and one of the three official languages of the country, the other ones being English and French. Bislama is the first language of many of the "Urban <a href="/wiki/Ni-Vanuatu" title="Ni-Vanuatu">ni-Vanuatu</a>" (citizens who live in <a href="/wiki/Port_Vila" title="Port Vila">Port Vila</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luganville" title="Luganville">Luganville</a>) and the second language of much of the rest of the country's residents. The lyrics of "<a href="/wiki/Yumi,_Yumi,_Yumi" title="Yumi, Yumi, Yumi">Yumi, Yumi, Yumi</a>", the country's national anthem, are composed in Bislama. </p><p>More than 95% of Bislama words are of English origin, whilst the remainder comprises a few dozen words from French as well as some specific vocabulary inherited from various <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Vanuatu" title="Languages of Vanuatu">languages of Vanuatu</a>—although these are essentially limited to flora and fauna terminology.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the influence of these vernacular languages is low on the vocabulary side, it is very high in the <a href="/wiki/Morphosyntax" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphosyntax">morphosyntax</a>. As such, Bislama can be described simply as a language with an English vocabulary and an <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanic</a> grammar and phonology.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bislama&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the period of "<a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">blackbirding</a>" in the 1870s and 1880s, hundreds of thousands of Pacific islanders (many of them from the <a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a> – now the <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a> archipelago) were taken as indentured labourers, often kidnapped, and forced to work on plantations, mainly in <a href="/wiki/Queensland,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Queensland, Australia">Queensland, Australia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With several languages being spoken in these plantations a localised <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgin</a> was formed, combining English vocabulary with grammatical structures typical of languages in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This early plantation pidgin is the origin not only of Bislama, but also of <a href="/wiki/Tok_Pisin" title="Tok Pisin">Tok Pisin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pijin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pijin">Pijin</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>; though not of <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Creole" title="Torres Strait Creole">Torres Strait Creole</a> in the north of Australia. </p><p>This creole started spreading throughout the Vanuatu archipelago at the turn of the 20th century, as former blackbirds and their descendants began to return to their native islands. Knowledge of this creole would facilitate communication not only with European traders and settlers, but also between native populations, and because Vanuatu is the most language-dense country in the world (one count puts it at <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Vanuatu" title="Languages of Vanuatu">113 languages</a> for a population of 225,000),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bislama usefully serves as a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> for communication between ni-Vanuatu, as well as with and between foreigners. Although it has been primarily a spoken-only language for most of its history, the first dictionary of Bislama was published in 1977.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new dictionary was published in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, along with its second edition in 2004, has helped to create a standardised and uniform spelling of written Bislama. </p><p>Besides Bislama, most ni-Vanuatu also know their local language, the local language of their father and/or mother, as well as their spouse, oftentimes. The country's official languages of tuition in schools and educational institutions are English and French. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Name">Name</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bislama&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name of Bislama (also referred to, especially in French, as <i>Bichelamar</i>) comes via the early 19th century word <i>Beach-la-Mar</i> from pseudo-French <i>biche de mer</i> or <i>bêche de mer</i>, <a href="/wiki/Holothuroidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Holothuroidea">sea cucumber</a>, which itself comes from an alteration of the Portuguese <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">bicho do mar</i></span> "sea animal".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 1840s, sea cucumbers were also harvested and dried at the same time that <a href="/wiki/Sandalwood" title="Sandalwood">sandalwood</a> was gathered. The names <i>biche-la-mar</i> and <i>Sandalwood English</i> came to be associated with the kind of pidgin that came to be used by the local laborers between themselves, as well as their English-speaking overseers.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson" title="Robert Louis Stevenson">Robert Louis Stevenson</a> wrote in an account of his travels through the Pacific in 1888 and 1889, "the natives themselves have often scraped up a little English ... or an efficient pidgin, what is called to the westward <i>Beach-la-Mar</i>."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Jack_London" title="Jack London">Jack London</a>'s story "Yah! Yah! Yah!", one of his "<a href="/wiki/South_Sea_Tales_(1911)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Sea Tales (1911)">South Sea Tales</a>", there is repeated a reference to "a bastard lingo called <i>bech-de-mer</i>", and much of the story's dialogue is conducted in it. </p><p>Today, the word <i>bislama</i> itself is seldom used by younger speakers of Bislama to refer to sea cucumbers, as a new re-borrowing from pseudo-French <i>bêche de mer</i>, which has taken the form <i>besdemea</i>, has become more popular.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orthography">Orthography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bislama&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Orthography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Notice_in_Avoiuli_script_at_a_custom_school,_Pentcost_Island,_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0d/Notice_in_Avoiuli_script_at_a_custom_school%2C_Pentcost_Island%2C_2014.jpg/220px-Notice_in_Avoiuli_script_at_a_custom_school%2C_Pentcost_Island%2C_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0d/Notice_in_Avoiuli_script_at_a_custom_school%2C_Pentcost_Island%2C_2014.jpg/330px-Notice_in_Avoiuli_script_at_a_custom_school%2C_Pentcost_Island%2C_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0d/Notice_in_Avoiuli_script_at_a_custom_school%2C_Pentcost_Island%2C_2014.jpg/440px-Notice_in_Avoiuli_script_at_a_custom_school%2C_Pentcost_Island%2C_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A sign in Bislama written in <a href="/wiki/Boustrophedon" title="Boustrophedon">boustrophedon</a> <a href="/wiki/Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">Avoiuli</a> script, from the island of Pentecost. The top-left reads, <i>sab senta blong melenisian institiut blong tijim saen. filosofi. hiumaniti mo teknoloji. lisa vilij lolovini</i> (Sap Centre of the Melanesian Institute for teaching signs, philosophy, humanity and technology, Lisaa village, Central Pentecost).</figcaption></figure> <p>The Bislama Latin alphabet uses the letters <i>A, B, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, R, S, T, U, V, W, Y</i> and the digraphs <i>AE</i>, <i>AO</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Velar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar nasal">NG</a></i>. </p><p>An older Latin orthography, used before 1995, had <i>É</i> (now written <i>E</i>), <i>AI</i> and <i>AU</i> (now <i>AE</i> and <i>AO</i>). For those vowels in hiatus, <i>AÏ</i> and <i>AÜ</i> were used (now written <i>AI</i> and <i>AU</i>). <a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">Labialized consonants</a> (used in loanwords), now written with a tilde (<i>M̃</i> and <i>P̃</i>) or a following <i>W</i> (<i>MW</i> and <i>PW</i>), were then spelled with a <a href="/wiki/Macron_(diacritic)#Letter_extension" title="Macron (diacritic)">macron</a>, following the conventions used for some vernacular Vanuatu languages: <i>M̄</i> was used for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mʷ/</span> and <i>P̄</i> for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʷ/</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the island of <a href="/wiki/Pentecost_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecost Island">Pentecost</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">avoiuli</a> script is sometimes used for Bislama. The shapes of the letters derive from sand-drawing. It has distinct letters for <i>NG</i> and <i>NGG</i>, but otherwise corresponds closely to the Latin alphabet above, though capitals are seldom used, punctuation differs, there are digits for higher numbers and <a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">logograms</a> for commonly traded commodities such as pig tusks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bislama&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two frequent words in Bislama are "long" and "blong", which take the place of many prepositions in English or French. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Long""><span id=".22Long.22"></span>"Long"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bislama&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: "Long""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Long</i> as 'next to', 'by', 'beside' etc. <dl><dt>Stoa long haos</dt> <dd>The store next to the house.</dd></dl></li> <li><i>long</i> as 'at' or 'to' <dl><dt>Mi bin stap long ples ia bifo</dt> <dd>I have been to this place before.</dd> <dt>Mi stap long stoa</dt> <dd>I am at the store.</dd></dl></li> <li><i>long</i> as 'in' <dl><dt>Jea long haos</dt> <dd>The chair in the house.</dd></dl></li></ul> <p><i>Long</i> holds many other related meanings, and is sometimes used in improvisation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Blong""><span id=".22Blong.22"></span>"Blong"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bislama&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: "Blong""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Originally from the English word "belong", <i>blong</i> takes the place of 'of' or the genitive case in other languages. Just like <i>of</i> in English, it is one of the most widely used and versatile words in the language, and can indicate possession, country of origin, defining characteristics, intention, and others. </p> <dl><dt>Buk blong mi</dt> <dd>The book that belongs to me, my book</dd> <dt>Man blong Amerika</dt> <dd>Man from America, American.</dd> <dt>Hemi woman blong saiens</dt> <dd>She is a woman of science, She is a scientist.</dd> <dt>Man blong dring</dt> <dd>Man of drinking i.e. a drinker</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bislama&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Verbs in Bislama usually consist of a stem word (borrowed from English, French or indigenous languages); most <a href="/wiki/Transitive_verb" title="Transitive verb">transitive verbs</a> add to this a transitive suffix. </p><p>The form of that suffix is /-em/, /-im/, or /-um/, depending on <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a>. If the last vowel of the verb's stem is either -u- or -i-, then that vowel will normally be copied into the transitive suffix – however, there are rare exceptions. For all other stem vowels, the transitive suffix has its default form /-em/:<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Morphology of transitive verb endings </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>English</th> <th colspan="2">Bislama </th></tr> <tr> <th>etymon</th> <th>stem</th> <th>verb </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>dig</i></td> <td><i>dig-</i></td> <td><i>dig<b>i</b>m</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>clean</i></td> <td><i>klin-</i></td> <td><i>klin<b>i</b>m</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>kiss</i></td> <td><i>kis-</i></td> <td><i>kis<b>i</b>m</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>put</i></td> <td><i>put-</i></td> <td><i>put<b>u</b>m</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>pull</i></td> <td><i>pul-</i></td> <td><i>pul<b>u</b>m</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>cook</i></td> <td><i>kuk-</i></td> <td><i>kuk<b>u</b>m</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>want</i></td> <td><i>wand-</i></td> <td><i>wand<b>e</b>m</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>hear</i></td> <td><i>har-</i></td> <td><i>har<b>e</b>m</i> 'hear, feel' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>tell</i></td> <td><i>tal-</i></td> <td><i>tal<b>e</b>m</i> 'tell, say' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>sell</i></td> <td><i>sal-</i></td> <td><i>sal<b>e</b>m</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>shut</i></td> <td><i>sat-</i></td> <td><i>sar<b>e</b>m</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>catch</i></td> <td><i>kas-</i></td> <td><i>kas<b>e</b>m</i> 'get, reach' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>carry</i></td> <td><i>kar-</i></td> <td><i>kar<b>e</b>m</i> 'carry, bring' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ready</i></td> <td><i>rere</i> 'ready'</td> <td><i>rer<b>e</b>m</i> 'prepare' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>take</i></td> <td><i>tek-</i></td> <td><i>tek<b>e</b>m</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>find</i></td> <td><i>faen-</i></td> <td><i>faen<b>e</b>m</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>call</i></td> <td><i>kol-</i></td> <td><i>kol<b>e</b>m</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>hold</i></td> <td><i>hol-</i></td> <td><i>hol<b>e</b>m</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>follow</i></td> <td><i>fol-</i></td> <td><i>fol<b>e</b>m</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>show</i></td> <td><i>so-</i></td> <td><i>so<b>e</b>m</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>look out</i></td> <td><i>lukaot-</i></td> <td><i>lukaot<b>e</b>m</i> 'search' </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>pay</i></td> <td><i>pe-</i></td> <td><i>p<b>e</b>m</i> 'buy' </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Exceptions exist, such as <i>luk<b>i</b>m</i> ("look"). </p><p>Examples of transitive verbs which exceptionally <i>don't</i> take this suffix include: <i>kakae</i> 'eat, bite'; <i>trink</i> 'drink'; <i>save</i> 'know'; <i>se</i> 'say'. </p><p>Verbs do not conjugate. The <a href="/wiki/Tense,_aspect_and_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Tense, aspect and mood">tense, aspect and mood</a> of a sentence are indicated with markers such as <i>stap</i>, <i>bin</i> and <i>bae</i> that are placed in the sentence. </p> <dl><dt>Mi <b>stap</b> kakae taro</dt> <dd>I'm eating taro</dd> <dt>Mi <b>bin</b> kakae taro</dt> <dd>I have eaten taro</dd> <dt><b>Bae</b> mi kakae taro</dt> <dd>I will eat taro</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bislama&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The plural is formed by putting <i>ol</i> before the word. For example, <i>bia</i> 'beer'; <i>ol bia</i> = "beers". <i>Ol</i> comes from the English "all". When used with numbers, the singular form is used. 2 bia, 3 bia, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bislama&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trilingual_warning_signs_in_Vanuatu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Trilingual_warning_signs_in_Vanuatu.jpg/220px-Trilingual_warning_signs_in_Vanuatu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Trilingual_warning_signs_in_Vanuatu.jpg/330px-Trilingual_warning_signs_in_Vanuatu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Trilingual_warning_signs_in_Vanuatu.jpg/440px-Trilingual_warning_signs_in_Vanuatu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2440" data-file-height="1320" /></a><figcaption>Pronouns on warning signs in Vanuatu</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">personal pronouns</a> of Bislama closely resemble those of <a href="/wiki/Tok_Pisin" title="Tok Pisin">Tok Pisin</a>. They feature four grammatical numbers (singular, dual, trial and plural) and also encode the <a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">clusivity</a> distinction: 1st person non-singular pronouns (equivalent of English <i>we</i>) are described as <i>inclusive</i> if they include the addressee (i.e. {you + I}, {you + I + others}), but <i>exclusive</i> otherwise (i.e. {I + other people}). Bislama pronouns do not <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">decline</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>personal pronouns of Bislama </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th>singular </th> <th>dual </th> <th>trial </th> <th>plural </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">1st person </th> <th><small>inclusive</small> </th> <td>- </td> <td>yumitu </td> <td>yumitri </td> <td>yumi </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>exclusive</small> </th> <td>mi </td> <td>mitufala </td> <td>mitrifala </td> <td>mifala </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">2nd person </th> <td>yu </td> <td>yutufala </td> <td>yutrifala </td> <td>yufala </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">3rd person </th> <td>hem<br />em </td> <td>tufala<br />tugeta </td> <td>trifala<br />trigeta </td> <td>ol<br />olgeta </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The third person singular <i>hem</i>, also written <i>em</i> lacks gender distinction, so it can mean either he, she or it. The <a href="/wiki/Predicate_(grammar)" title="Predicate (grammar)">predicate</a> marker <b>i</b> – a particle which is placed before the <a href="/wiki/Verbal_phrase" class="mw-redirect" title="Verbal phrase">verbal phrase</a> of a sentence – is sometimes merged with the third person pronoun, giving the words <b>hemi</b> and <b>emi</b>, respectively, in singular, and <b>oli</b> in plural.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tense/aspect/mood_markers"><span id="Tense.2Faspect.2Fmood_markers"></span>Tense/aspect/mood markers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bislama&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Tense/aspect/mood markers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>stap</b> + V : (<a href="/wiki/Progressive_aspect" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive aspect">progressive</a>) ongoing or habitual action <dl><dt>hem i stap kukum kumala</dt> <dd>or:</dd></dl></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dt>hemi stap kukum kumala</dt> <dd>he/she is cooking sweet potatoes</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>bin</b> + V : <a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">past tense</a> (with implication that the state is no longer true) <dl><dt>hem i bin sik long fiva</dt> <dd>she was sick with fever [but is no longer sick]</dd></dl></li> <li>V + <b>finis</b> : (<a href="/wiki/Perfective_aspect" title="Perfective aspect">perfective</a>) "already" (when placed at the end of a phrase; elsewhere it means "finish") <dl><dt>hem i kakae finis</dt> <dd>she has already eaten</dd></dl></li> <li><b>bae</b> + V (occasionally <b>bambae</b>): (<a href="/wiki/Irrealis" class="mw-redirect" title="Irrealis">irrealis</a>) future or hypothetical actions (though, like in English, generally not used in <a href="/wiki/Conditional_sentences" class="mw-redirect" title="Conditional sentences">conditional sentences</a>) <dl><dt>bae mi go long Santo</dt> <dd>I will go to Santo</dd> <dt><span title="Bislama-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="bi-Latn">sipos plen i no bin fulap, bae mi go long Santo</span></span></dt> <dd>If the plane hadn't been full, I would have gone to Santo</dd></dl></li> <li><b>no</b> + V : negative, "not" <dl><dt>hem i no wantem yam</dt> <dd>he doesn't want yam</dd></dl></li> <li><b>nomo</b> + V: "no longer" (when placed after the predicate; elsewhere it means "only") <dl><dt>hem i nomo kakae yam</dt> <dd>he no longer eats yam</dd> <dt>hem i kakae yam nomo</dt> <dd>he only eats yam</dd></dl></li> <li><b>neva</b> + V : never <dl><dt>hem i neva kakae yam</dt> <dd>he's never eaten yam</dd></dl></li> <li><b>jes</b> + V : (<"just") an action that has recently occurred <dl><dt><span title="Bislama-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="bi-Latn">mifala i jes wekap</span></span></dt> <dd>we just woke up</dd></dl></li> <li>In a future context, <i>jes</i> entails a delay, rendered in English as "eventually": <dl><dt>bae mi pem</dt> <dd>I will buy it / Let me buy it</dd> <dt>bae mi jes pem, be noyet</dt> <dd>I will buy it (eventually), but not yet</dd></dl></li> <li>V + <b>gogo</b> : continued action <dl><dt>hem i kukum kumala gogo</dt> <dd>he keeps on cooking sweet potatoes</dd></dl></li> <li><b>mas</b> + V : "must", be obliged to <dl><dt>hem i mas kakae</dt> <dd>he must eat</dd></dl></li> <li><b>traem</b> + V : "try to"; also sometimes used for politeness in requests <dl><dt>hem i stap traem katem</dt> <dd>he's trying to cut it</dd> <dt>traem soem long mi</dt> <dd>could you show it me? (request)</dd></dl></li> <li><b>wantem</b> + V : "want to" <dl><dt>hem i wantem go long Santo</dt> <dd>she wants to go to Santo</dd></dl></li> <li><b>save</b> + V : be able to, or be in the habit of doing <dl><dt>mi save rid</dt> <dd>I can read</dd> <dt>mi no save dring suga</dt> <dd>I don't take sugar in drinks</dd> <dt>fish ia i save kilim man</dt> <dd>this fish can kill a person</dd></dl></li></ul> <p>Some of these markers also have lexical meanings. For example, <i>save</i> can mean "be able to" but it is also a verb "know". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subordination">Subordination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bislama&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Subordination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>sapos</b> + Clause : if</li></ul> <dl><dt><span title="Bislama-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="bi-Latn">sapos yumitu faenem pig, bae yumitu kilim i ded</span></span></dt> <dd>if we find a pig, we'll kill it</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialectal_variations">Dialectal variations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bislama&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Dialectal variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dialects exist, based mainly on different pronunciations in different areas which stem from the different sounds of the native languages. The future tense marker can be heard to be said as: Bambae, Mbae, Nambae, or Bae. There are also preferences for using Bislama or native words that vary from place to place, and most people insert English, French, or local language words to fill out Bislama. So in the capital city it is common to hear 'computer'; in other places one might hear 'ordinateur'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pacific_creole_comparison">Pacific creole comparison</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bislama&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pacific creole comparison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></th> <th>Bislama</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pijin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pijin">Pijin</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tok_Pisin" title="Tok Pisin">Tok Pisin</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Creole" title="Torres Strait Creole">Torres Strait Creole</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>and</td> <td>mo</td> <td>an</td> <td>na</td> <td>ane / ne / an / a </td></tr> <tr> <td>the</td> <td>__ ia / ya</td> <td>__ ia</td> <td>dispela __</td> <td>dha / dhemtu / dhem </td></tr> <tr> <td>this</td> <td>__ ia / ya</td> <td>__ ia</td> <td>dispela __</td> <td>dhis __ (ia) / dhemtu __ ia / dhem __ ia </td></tr> <tr> <td>he / she / it / him / her</td> <td>hem</td> <td>hem</td> <td>em / en</td> <td>em </td></tr> <tr> <td>for</td> <td>from</td> <td>fo</td> <td>long</td> <td>po </td></tr> <tr> <td>(adjective marker)</td> <td>-fala</td> <td>-fala</td> <td>-pela</td> <td>-Ø when <a href="/wiki/Adjective#Types_of_use" title="Adjective">attributive</a> (em i big man 'he's a big man')<br />-wan when <a href="/wiki/Predicative_adjective" class="mw-redirect" title="Predicative adjective">predicative</a> (man i big<i>wan</i> 'the man's big') </td></tr> <tr> <td>woman</td> <td>woman</td> <td>woman / mere</td> <td>meri</td> <td>uman / oman (dialect difference) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature_and_samples">Literature and samples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bislama&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Literature and samples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Bible">The Bible</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bislama&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: The Bible"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The longest written work in Bislama is the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> completed in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table bgcolor="#efeeee"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Luke 2:6–7:</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bislama: </td></tr> <tr> <td> <p>"Tufala i stap yet long Betlehem, nao i kam kasem stret taem blong Meri i bonem pikinini. Nao hem i bonem fasbon pikinini blong hem we hem i boe. Hem i kavremap gud long kaliko, nao i putum hem i slip long wan bokis we oltaim ol man ol i stap putum gras long hem, blong ol anamol ol i kakae. Tufala i mekem olsem, from we long hotel, i no gat ples blong tufala i stap." </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>English: </td></tr> <tr> <td> <p>While they were still in Bethlehem, the time came for Mary to give birth. Then she gave birth to her firstborn, a son. She wrapped him in cloths and placed him in a manger (lit. "<i>a certain kind of box where people used to put hay for animals to eat</i>"). They did so, because there was no room in the inn for them to stay. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Vanuatu%2C_Yumi_Kat_Talent.webm/220px--Vanuatu%2C_Yumi_Kat_Talent.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="391" data-durationhint="78" data-mwtitle="Vanuatu,_Yumi_Kat_Talent.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Vanuatu,_Yumi_Kat_Talent.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/78/Vanuatu%2C_Yumi_Kat_Talent.webm/Vanuatu%2C_Yumi_Kat_Talent.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="270" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/78/Vanuatu%2C_Yumi_Kat_Talent.webm/Vanuatu%2C_Yumi_Kat_Talent.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="406" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/78/Vanuatu%2C_Yumi_Kat_Talent.webm/Vanuatu%2C_Yumi_Kat_Talent.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="608" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/78/Vanuatu%2C_Yumi_Kat_Talent.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1080" data-height="1920" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/78/Vanuatu%2C_Yumi_Kat_Talent.webm/Vanuatu%2C_Yumi_Kat_Talent.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="136" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/78/Vanuatu%2C_Yumi_Kat_Talent.webm/Vanuatu%2C_Yumi_Kat_Talent.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="202" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/78/Vanuatu%2C_Yumi_Kat_Talent.webm/Vanuatu%2C_Yumi_Kat_Talent.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="202" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Recruitment advert from Vanuatu Tourism Office (2022)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yumi,_Yumi,_Yumi"><span id="Yumi.2C_Yumi.2C_Yumi"></span>Yumi, Yumi, Yumi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bislama&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Yumi, Yumi, Yumi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yumi,_Yumi,_Yumi" title="Yumi, Yumi, Yumi">Yumi, Yumi, Yumi</a></div> <table> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td> <p><b>Bislama words</b> </p><p>CHORUS:<br /> Yumi, Yumi, yumi i glad long talem se<br /> Yumi, yumi, yumi ol man blong Vanuatu </p><p>God i givim ples ya long yumi,<br /> Yumi glat tumas long hem,<br /> Yumi strong mo yumi fri long hem,<br /> Yumi brata evriwan! </p><p>CHORUS </p><p>Plante fasin blong bifo i stap,<br /> Plante fasin blong tedei,<br /> Be yumi i olsem wan nomo,<br /> Hemia fasin blong yumi! </p><p>CHORUS </p><p>Yumi save plante wok i stap,<br /> Long ol aelan blong yumi,<br /> God i helpem yumi evriwan,<br /> Hem i papa blong yumi. </p><p>CHORUS </p> </td> <td> <p><b>English translation</b> </p><p>CHORUS:<br /> We are, we are, we are happy to proclaim<br /> We are, we are, we are the people of Vanuatu! </p><p>God has given us this land;<br /> We are grateful for it,<br /> We are strong, we are free in this land;<br /> We are all brothers! </p><p>CHORUS </p><p>We have many traditions<br /> And also many modern ways,<br /> But we are all one<br /> And this is who we are. </p><p>CHORUS </p><p>We know there is much work to be done<br /> On all our islands.<br /> God helps all of us,<br /> He is our Father. </p><p>CHORUS <br /> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bislama&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCamden1979" class="citation book cs1">Camden, William (1979). "Parallels in structure and lexicon and syntax between New Hebrides Bislama and the South Santo language spoken at Tangoa". <i>Papers in Pidgin and Creole Linguistics, No. 2</i>. Vol. A-57. pp. 51–117. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15144%2FPL-A57.51">10.15144/PL-A57.51</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Parallels+in+structure+and+lexicon+and+syntax+between+New+Hebrides+Bislama+and+the+South+Santo+language+spoken+at+Tangoa&rft.btitle=Papers+in+Pidgin+and+Creole+Linguistics%2C+No.+2&rft.pages=51-117&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15144%2FPL-A57.51&rft.aulast=Camden&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABislama" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharpentier1979" class="citation book cs1">Charpentier, Jean-Michel (1979). <i>Le pidgin bislama(n) et le multilinguisme aux Nouvelles-Hébrides</i>. <a href="/wiki/LACITO" title="LACITO">Langues et civilisations à tradition orale</a>. Vol. 35. Paris: Societe d'etudes linguistiques et anthropologiques de France.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+pidgin+bislama%28n%29+et+le+multilinguisme+aux+Nouvelles-H%C3%A9brides&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Langues+et+civilisations+%C3%A0+tradition+orale&rft.pub=Societe+d%27etudes+linguistiques+et+anthropologiques+de+France&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Charpentier&rft.aufirst=Jean-Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABislama" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="TC-beach" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Terry_Crowley_(linguist)" title="Terry Crowley (linguist)">Crowley, Terry</a> (1990). <i>Beach-la-Mar to Bislama: The Emergence of a National Language in Vanuatu</i>. Oxford Studies in Language Contact. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 422.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beach-la-Mar+to+Bislama%3A+The+Emergence+of+a+National+Language+in+Vanuatu&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Oxford+Studies+in+Language+Contact&rft.pages=422&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Terry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABislama" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="TC-dict" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Terry_Crowley_(linguist)" title="Terry Crowley (linguist)">Crowley, Terry</a> (1995). <i>An Illustrated Bislama-English and English-Bislama Dictionary</i>. Oxford Studies in Language Contact. Port Vila: Pacific Languages Unit and Vanuatu Extension Centre, University of the South Pacific. p. 478.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Illustrated+Bislama-English+and+English-Bislama+Dictionary&rft.place=Port+Vila&rft.series=Oxford+Studies+in+Language+Contact&rft.pages=478&rft.pub=Pacific+Languages+Unit+and+Vanuatu+Extension+Centre%2C+University+of+the+South+Pacific&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Terry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABislama" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="TC-situation" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Terry_Crowley_(linguist)" title="Terry Crowley (linguist)">Crowley, Terry</a> (2000). "The language situation in Vanuatu". <i>Current Issues in Language Planning</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 47–132. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14664200008668005">10.1080/14664200008668005</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144268250">144268250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Issues+in+Language+Planning&rft.atitle=The+language+situation+in+Vanuatu&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=47-132&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14664200008668005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144268250%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Terry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABislama" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowley2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Terry_Crowley_(linguist)" title="Terry Crowley (linguist)">Crowley, Terry</a> (2004). <i>Bislama Reference Grammar</i>. Oceanic Linguistics Special Publication No. 31. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bislama+Reference+Grammar&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.series=Oceanic+Linguistics+Special+Publication+No.+31&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Terry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABislama" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="AF-diversity" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Fran%C3%A7ois_(linguist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandre François (linguist)">François, Alexandre</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anu.academia.edu/AlexFran%C3%A7ois/Papers/1525506/The_dynamics_of_linguistic_diversity_Egalitarian_multilingualism_and_power_imbalance_among_northern_Vanuatu_languages">"The dynamics of linguistic diversity: Egalitarian multilingualism and power imbalance among northern Vanuatu languages"</a>. <i>International Journal of the Sociology of Language</i> (214): 85–110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fijsl-2012-0022">10.1515/ijsl-2012-0022</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145208588">145208588</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+the+Sociology+of+Language&rft.atitle=The+dynamics+of+linguistic+diversity%3A+Egalitarian+multilingualism+and+power+imbalance+among+northern+Vanuatu+languages&rft.issue=214&rft.pages=85-110&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fijsl-2012-0022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145208588%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.aufirst=Alexandre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanu.academia.edu%2FAlexFran%25C3%25A7ois%2FPapers%2F1525506%2FThe_dynamics_of_linguistic_diversity_Egalitarian_multilingualism_and_power_imbalance_among_northern_Vanuatu_languages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABislama" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTryonCharpentier2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Darrell_Tryon" title="Darrell Tryon">Tryon, Darrell T.</a>; Charpentier, Jean-Michel (2004). <i>Pacific Pidgins and Creoles: Origins, Growth and Development</i>. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-016998-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-016998-3"><bdi>3-11-016998-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pacific+Pidgins+and+Creoles%3A+Origins%2C+Growth+and+Development&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=3-11-016998-3&rft.aulast=Tryon&rft.aufirst=Darrell+T.&rft.au=Charpentier%2C+Jean-Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABislama" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bislama&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e18_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/bis/">Bislama</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauer2007" class="citation book cs1">Bauer, Laurie (2007). <i>The Linguistics Student's Handbook</i>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Linguistics+Student%27s+Handbook&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Bauer&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABislama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bis">"Bislama"</a>. <i>Ethnologue</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Bislama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fbis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABislama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Charpentier (1979).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Camden (1979).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Emma Christopher, Cassandra Pybus and Marcus Buford Rediker (2007). <i>Many Middle Passages: Forced Migration and the Making of the Modern World</i>, University of California Press, pp 188–190. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-25206-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-25206-3">0-520-25206-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For this whole section, see: Tryon & Charpentier (2004), and Crowley (1990).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Crowley (<a href="#TC-situation">2000</a>:50); François (<a href="#AF-diversity">2012</a>:86).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamden" class="citation web cs1">Camden, Bill. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abebooks.com/first-edition/DESCRIPTIVE-DICTIONARY-Bislama-English-CAMDEN-Pastor/21712215934/bd">"A DESCRIPTIVE DICTIONARY, Bislama to English"</a>. <i>AbeBooks</i>. Maropa Bookshop. Vila<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AbeBooks&rft.atitle=A+DESCRIPTIVE+DICTIONARY%2C+Bislama+to+English&rft.aulast=Camden&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abebooks.com%2Ffirst-edition%2FDESCRIPTIVE-DICTIONARY-Bislama-English-CAMDEN-Pastor%2F21712215934%2Fbd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABislama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Crowley (<a href="#TC-dict">1995</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=B%C3%AACHE-DE-MER">"bêche-de-mer"</a>. <i>American Heritage Dictionary</i>. 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=b%C3%AAche-de-mer&rft.btitle=American+Heritage+Dictionary&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3DB%25C3%25AACHE-DE-MER&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABislama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Crowley (1990).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson2004" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson, Robert Louis (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1stworldlibrary.org"><i>In the South Seas</i></a> (1st ed.). Fairfield, IA: 1st World Publishing. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59540-504-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-59540-504-6"><bdi>1-59540-504-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+South+Seas&rft.place=Fairfield%2C+IA&rft.pages=15&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=1st+World+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-59540-504-6&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=Robert+Louis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1stworldlibrary.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABislama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowley1990" class="citation book cs1">Crowley, Terry (1990). "1". <i>Beach-la-Mar to Bislama: The Emergence of a National Language in Vanuatu</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1&rft.btitle=Beach-la-Mar+to+Bislama%3A+The+Emergence+of+a+National+Language+in+Vanuatu&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Terry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABislama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eki.ee/letter/chardata.cgi?lang=bi+Bislama&script=latin">"Letter Database"</a>. <i>eki.ee</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eki.ee&rft.atitle=Letter+Database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feki.ee%2Fletter%2Fchardata.cgi%3Flang%3Dbi%2BBislama%26script%3Dlatin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABislama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2016" class="citation thesis cs1">Smith, Rachel E. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/files/54584756/FULL_TEXT.PDF"><i>"The Goal of the Good House": Seasonal Work and Seeking a Good Life in Lamen and Lamen Bay, Epi, Vanuatu</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (PhD thesis). University of Manchester.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=%22The+Goal+of+the+Good+House%22%3A+Seasonal+Work+and+Seeking+a+Good+Life+in+Lamen+and+Lamen+Bay%2C+Epi%2C+Vanuatu&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=University+of+Manchester&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Rachel+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.research.manchester.ac.uk%2Fportal%2Ffiles%2F54584756%2FFULL_TEXT.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABislama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.livelingua.com/course/peace-corps/Bislama_Handbook">https://www.livelingua.com/course/peace-corps/Bislama_Handbook</a>, p. 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.livelingua.com/course/peace-corps/Bislama_Handbook">https://www.livelingua.com/course/peace-corps/Bislama_Handbook</a>, p. 11-13, 49 and 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bis">"Bislama"</a>. <i>Ethnologue</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Bislama&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fbis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABislama" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bislama&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="bi:"> Bislama edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Bislama_phrasebook#Q35452" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Bislama phrasebook">Bislama phrasebook</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://bi.wikipedia.org">Bislama Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180310074144/http://www.bislama.org/">Bislama.org</a>, a portal of resources about the Bislama language.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bislama.org/bislama-dictionary">Bislama Translator & Spelling Dictionary for Microsoft Word</a> English – Bislama online translator and MS Word dictionary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailypost.vu/">Vanuatu Daily Post</a> – news in English and Bislama</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coombs.anu.edu.au/SpecialProj/VAN/bislama.html">A bibliography of Bislama</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091112001233/http://coombs.anu.edu.au/SpecialProj/VAN/bislama.html">Archived</a> 2009-11-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, from an <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a> website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vanuatu.peacecorps.gov/resources-language.php">Peace Corps in Vanuatu – Bislama Language Lessons</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150113005831/http://vanuatu.peacecorps.gov/resources-language.php">Archived</a> 2015-01-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/Melanesia/bislama_intro.html">Portions of the Book of Common Prayer in Bislama</a> <i>Preabuk long Bislama</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/bc/content/shared/content/bislama/pdf/language-materials/34406_bis.pdf?lang=spa&clang=bis">Book of Mormon in Bislama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradisec" class="mw-redirect" title="Paradisec">Paradisec</a> has a number of collections that include <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.paradisec.org.au/collections/search?language_id=700">recordings of Bislama language</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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id="Languages_of_Vanuatu" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Vanuatu" title="Languages of Vanuatu">Languages of Vanuatu</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bislama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous <br />languages<br />(<a href="/wiki/Southern_Oceanic_languages" title="Southern Oceanic languages">Southern <br />Oceanic</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Vanuatu_languages" title="North Vanuatu languages">North <br />Vanuatu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Torres%E2%80%93Banks_languages" title="Torres–Banks languages">Torres–Banks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorig_language" title="Dorig language">Dorig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiw_language" title="Hiw language">Hiw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koro_language_(Vanuatu)" title="Koro language (Vanuatu)">Koro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakon_language" title="Lakon language">Lakon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehali_language" title="Lehali language">Lehali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemerig_language" title="Lemerig language">Lemerig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo-Toga_language" title="Lo-Toga language">Lo-Toga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B6y%C3%B6p_language" title="Löyöp language">Löyöp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mota_language" title="Mota language">Mota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwerlap_language" title="Mwerlap language">Mwerlap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwesen_language" title="Mwesen language">Mwesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwotlap_language" title="Mwotlap language">Mwotlap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nume_language" title="Nume language">Nume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olrat_language" title="Olrat language">Olrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera%27a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Vera'a language">Vera'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volow_language" title="Volow language">Volow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vur%C3%ABs_language" title="Vurës language">Vurës</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Penama_Province" title="Penama Province">Penama</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ambae <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Ambae_language" title="East Ambae language">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Ambae_language" title="West Ambae language">West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Ambrym_language" title="North Ambrym language">North Ambrym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apma_language" title="Apma language">Apma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baetora_language" title="Baetora language">Baetora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanbak_language" title="Fanbak language">Fanbak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga_language" title="Raga language">Raga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saa_language" title="Saa language">Saa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ske_language" title="Ske language">Ske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sowa_language" title="Sowa language">Sowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungwadaga_language" title="Sungwadaga language">Sungwadaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungwadia_language" title="Sungwadia language">Sungwadia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Espiritu_Santo_languages" title="Espiritu Santo languages">Espiritu Santo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akei_language" title="Akei language">Akei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amblong_language" title="Amblong language">Amblong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ande_language" title="Ande language">Ande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aore_language" title="Aore language">Aore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araki_language" title="Araki language">Araki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butmas_language" title="Butmas language">Butmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiai_language" title="Kiai language">Kiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mavea_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mavea language">Mavea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merei-Tiale_language" title="Merei-Tiale language">Merei-Tiale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores_language" title="Mores language">Mores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narango_language" title="Narango language">Narango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navut_language" title="Navut language">Navut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nethalp_language" title="Nethalp language">Nethalp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngen_language" title="Ngen language">Ngen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokuku_language" title="Nokuku language">Nokuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piamatsina_language" title="Piamatsina language">Piamatsina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonombauk_language" title="Polonombauk language">Polonombauk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakao_language" title="Sakao language">Sakao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamambo_language" title="Tamambo language">Tamambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambotalo_language" title="Tambotalo language">Tambotalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangoa_language" title="Tangoa language">Tangoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmate_language" title="Tasmate language">Tasmate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toksiki_language" title="Toksiki language">Toksiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolomako_language" title="Tolomako language">Tolomako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutuba_language" title="Tutuba language">Tutuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valpei_language" title="Valpei language">Valpei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vunapu_language" title="Vunapu language">Vunapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wailapa_language" title="Wailapa language">Wailapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wusi_language" title="Wusi language">Wusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moiso_language" title="Moiso language">Moiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kene_language" title="Kene language">Kene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daruru_language" title="Daruru language">Daruru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retlatur_language" title="Retlatur language">Retlatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atin_language" title="Atin language">Atin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bura_language_(Vanuatu)" title="Bura language (Vanuatu)">Bura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farnanto_language" title="Farnanto language">Farnanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanafo_language" title="Fanafo language">Fanafo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Vanuatu_languages" title="Central Vanuatu languages">Central <br />Vanuatu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Efate_language" title="North Efate language">North Efate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafsan_language" title="Nafsan language">Nafsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efatese_language" title="Efatese language">Efatese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eton_language_(Vanuatu)" title="Eton language (Vanuatu)">Eton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelepa_language" title="Lelepa language">Lelepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makura_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Makura language">Makura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daakaka_language" title="Daakaka language">Daakaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalkalaen_language" title="Dalkalaen language">Dalkalaen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonwolwol_language" title="Lonwolwol language">Lonwolwol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paamese_language" title="Paamese language">Paamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Vato_language" title="Port Vato language">Port Vato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Ambrym_language" title="Southeast Ambrym language">Southeast Ambrym</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Epi_languages" title="Epi languages">Epi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baki_language" title="Baki language">Baki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bierebo_language" title="Bierebo language">Bierebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bieria_language" title="Bieria language">Bieria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamen_language" title="Lamen language">Lamen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewo_language" title="Lewo language">Lewo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maii_language" title="Maii language">Maii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malakula_languages" title="Malakula languages">Malakula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aulua_language" title="Aulua language">Aulua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avava_language" title="Avava language">Avava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aveteian_language" title="Aveteian language">Aveteian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axamb_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Axamb language">Axamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Nambas_language" title="Big Nambas language">Big Nambas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botovro_language" title="Botovro language">Botovro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmbar_language" title="Burmbar language">Burmbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwenelang_language" title="Bwenelang language">Bwenelang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lar%C3%ABvat_language" title="Larëvat language">Larëvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lendamboi_language" title="Lendamboi language">Lendamboi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litzlitz_language" title="Litzlitz language">Litzlitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malfaxal_language" title="Malfaxal language">Malfaxal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malua_Bay_language" title="Malua Bay language">Malua Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maskelynes_language" title="Maskelynes language">Maskelynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahavaq_language" title="Nahavaq language">Nahavaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasarian_language" title="Nasarian language">Nasarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasvang_language" title="Nasvang language">Nasvang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ti_language" title="Nāti language">Nāti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navwien_language" title="Navwien language">Navwien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nese_language" title="Nese language">Nese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neve%27ei_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Neve'ei language">Neve'ei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neverver_language" title="Neverver language">Neverver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninde_language" title="Ninde language">Ninde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisvai_language" title="Nisvai language">Nisvai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitita_language" title="Nitita language">Nitita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Sandwich_language" title="Port Sandwich language">Port Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rerep_language" title="Rerep language">Rerep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6rs%C3%B6rian_language" title="Sörsörian language">Sörsörian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_language" title="Tape language">Tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirax_language" title="Tirax language">Tirax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unua_language" title="Unua language">Unua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Malakula_language" title="Northeast Malakula language">Northeast Malakula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vao_language" title="Vao language">Vao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivti_language" title="Vivti language">Vivti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutan_language" title="Rutan language">Rutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alovas_language" title="Alovas language">Alovas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najit_language" title="Najit language">Najit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njav_language" title="Njav language">Njav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Vanuatu_languages" title="South Vanuatu languages">South Vanuatu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aneityum_language" title="Aneityum language">Aneityum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ifo language">Ifo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwamera_language" title="Kwamera language">Kwamera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenakel_language" title="Lenakel language">Lenakel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Tanna_language" title="North Tanna language">North Tanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sie_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sie language">Sie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorung_language" title="Sorung language">Sorung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Tanna_language" title="Southwest Tanna language">Southwest Tanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ura_language_(Vanuatu)" title="Ura language (Vanuatu)">Ura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitesands_language" title="Whitesands language">Whitesands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emae_language" title="Emae language">Emae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futuna-Aniwa_language" title="Futuna-Aniwa language">Futuna-Aniwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mele-Fila_language" title="Mele-Fila language">Mele-Fila</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mid-Pacific_English-based_pidgins_and_creoles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mid-Pacific_English-based_pidgins_and_creoles" title="Template:Mid-Pacific English-based pidgins and creoles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mid-Pacific_English-based_pidgins_and_creoles" title="Template talk:Mid-Pacific English-based pidgins and creoles"><abbr title="Discuss this 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href="/w/index.php?title=Loyalty_Islands_Pidgin_English&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loyalty Islands Pidgin English (page does not exist)">Loyalty Islands Pidgin English</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Caledonian_Pidgin_English&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Caledonian Pidgin English (page does not exist)">New Caledonian Pidgin English</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_Pidgin_English" title="Micronesian Pidgin English">Micronesian Pidgin English</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queensland_Kanaka_English" title="Queensland Kanaka English">Queensland Kanaka English</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maori_Pidgin_English&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maori Pidgin English (page does not exist)">Maori Pidgin English</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Plantation_Pidgin" title="Samoan Plantation Pidgin">Samoan Plantation Pidgin</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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