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id="toc-Composition_and_formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extraction_and_processing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extraction_and_processing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Extraction and processing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Extraction_and_processing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Extraction and processing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Extraction_and_processing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Distribution_and_mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distribution_and_mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Distribution and mining</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distribution_and_mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Appearance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appearance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Appearance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Class_I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Class_I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Class I</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Class_I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Class_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Class_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Class II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Class_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Class_III" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Class_III"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Class III</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Class_III-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Class_IV" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Class_IV"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Class IV</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Class_IV-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Class_V" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Class_V"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Class V</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Class_V-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geological_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geological_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Geological record</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geological_record-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geological record subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geological_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paleontological_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleontological_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Paleontological significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paleontological_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jewelry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewelry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Jewelry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewelry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_medicinal_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_medicinal_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Historical medicinal uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_medicinal_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scent_of_amber_and_amber_perfumery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scent_of_amber_and_amber_perfumery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Scent of amber and amber perfumery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scent_of_amber_and_amber_perfumery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imitation_substances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imitation_substances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Imitation substances</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imitation_substances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Amber</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 94 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-94" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">94 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnsteen" title="Barnsteen – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Barnsteen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="كهرمان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كهرمان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambre" title="Ambre – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ambre" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81mbare" title="Ámbare – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ámbare" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C9%99hr%C9%99ba" title="Kəhrəba – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kəhrəba" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="অ্যাম্বার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যাম্বার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%99%D1%80%D3%99%D0%B1%D3%99" title="Гәрәбә – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Гәрәбә" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%88%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD" title="Бурштын – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бурштын" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%88%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C)" title="Бурштын (каштоўны камень) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бурштын (каштоўны камень)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0" title="अंबर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="अंबर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кехлибар – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кехлибар" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%86ilibar" title="Ćilibar – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ćilibar" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goularz" title="Goularz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Goularz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Хуба – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хуба" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambre" title="Ambre – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ambre" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jantar" title="Jantar – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jantar" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambr" title="Ambr – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ambr" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rav" title="Rav – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rav" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernstein" title="Bernstein – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bernstein" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merevaik" title="Merevaik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Merevaik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B5%CF%87%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9" title="Κεχριμπάρι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κεχριμπάρι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81mbar" title="Ámbar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ámbar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukceno" title="Sukceno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sukceno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anbar" title="Anbar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Anbar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="کهربا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کهربا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambre" title="Ambre – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ambre" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnstien" title="Barnstien – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Barnstien" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81mbar" title="Ámbar – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ámbar" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%B8%EB%B0%95_(%ED%99%94%EC%84%9D)" title="호박 (화석) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="호박 (화석)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%A9" title="Սաթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սաթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE" title="कहरुवा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कहरुवा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jantar" title="Jantar – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jantar" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucino" title="Sucino – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sucino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katilayu_(batu)" title="Katilayu (batu) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Katilayu (batu)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Дзиндзи – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Дзиндзи" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raf" title="Raf – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Raf" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambra_(resina)" title="Ambra (resina) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ambra (resina)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%91%D7%A8" title="ענבר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ענבר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="ქარვა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქარვა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Янтарь – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Янтарь" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaharabu" title="Kaharabu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kaharabu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kar%C3%AEban" title="Karîban – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Karîban" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Янтарь – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Янтарь" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucinum" title="Sucinum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sucinum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzintars" title="Dzintars – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dzintars" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gintaras" title="Gintaras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gintaras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnsjt%C3%A8%C3%A8" title="Barnsjtèè – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Barnsjtèè" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambra_(raza)" title="Ambra (raza) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ambra (raza)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borosty%C3%A1n_(fossz%C3%ADlia)" title="Borostyán (fosszília) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Borostyán (fosszília)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Килибар – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Килибар" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC" title="ആംബർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആംബർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="كهرمان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كهرمان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambar" title="Ambar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ambar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D0%B2" title="Хув – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хув" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%9A%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ပယင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပယင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber" title="Amber – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Amber" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnsteen" title="Barnsteen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Barnsteen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%90%A5%E7%8F%80" title="琥珀 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="琥珀" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A4%C3%A4f" title="Rääf – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Rääf" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rav" title="Rav – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rav" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rav" title="Rav – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Rav" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambre" title="Ambre – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ambre" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahrabo" title="Kahrabo – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kahrabo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE" title="ਕਹਰੁਵਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਹਰੁਵਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="عنبر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عنبر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnsteen" title="Barnsteen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Barnsteen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursztyn" title="Bursztyn – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bursztyn" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82mbar" title="Âmbar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Âmbar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chihlimbar" title="Chihlimbar – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Chihlimbar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Янтарь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Янтарь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qelibar" title="Qelibar – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Qelibar" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambra" title="Ambra – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ambra" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber" title="Amber – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Amber" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jant%C3%A1r" title="Jantár – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jantár" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jantar" title="Jantar – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jantar" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8B%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ћилибар – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ћилибар" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jantar" title="Jantar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jantar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meripihka" title="Meripihka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Meripihka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A4rnsten" title="Bärnsten – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bärnsten" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber" title="Amber – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Amber" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="அம்பர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அம்பர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%99%D1%80%D3%99%D0%B1%D3%99" title="Гәрәбә – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гәрәбә" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="อำพัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อำพัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE" title="Каҳрабо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Каҳрабо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kehribar" title="Kehribar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kehribar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Бурштин – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бурштин" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%95_ph%C3%A1ch" title="Hổ phách – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hổ phách" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%90%A5%E7%8F%80" title="琥珀 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="琥珀" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber" title="Amber – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Amber" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%90%A5%E7%8F%80" title="琥珀 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="琥珀" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9F" title="בורשטין – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בורשטין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li 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searchaux" style="display:none">Fossilized tree resin</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Amber_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Amber (disambiguation)">Amber (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amber2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Amber2.jpg/250px-Amber2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Amber2.jpg/330px-Amber2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Amber2.jpg/500px-Amber2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1475" data-file-height="2213" /></a><figcaption>An ant inside <a href="/wiki/Baltic_amber" title="Baltic amber">Baltic amber</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amber_Bernstein_many_stones.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Amber_Bernstein_many_stones.jpg/220px-Amber_Bernstein_many_stones.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Amber_Bernstein_many_stones.jpg/330px-Amber_Bernstein_many_stones.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Amber_Bernstein_many_stones.jpg/440px-Amber_Bernstein_many_stones.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1202" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Unpolished amber stones</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Amber</b> is a tree <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a> <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a>. Examples of it have been appreciated for its color and natural beauty since the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> times,<sup id="cite_ref-Grimaldi2009_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimaldi2009-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and worked as a <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstone</a> since antiquity.<sup id="cite_ref-Jersey_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jersey-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amber is used in <a href="/wiki/Jewelry" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewelry">jewelry</a> and as a healing agent in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">folk medicine</a>. </p><p>There are five classes of amber, defined on the basis of their chemical constituents. Because it originates as a soft, sticky tree resin, amber sometimes contains animal and plant material as <a href="/wiki/Inclusion_(mineral)" title="Inclusion (mineral)">inclusions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20161208_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20161208-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amber occurring in coal seams is also called <b>resinite</b>, and the term <i>ambrite</i> is applied to that found specifically within New Zealand coal seams.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amber&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The English word <i>amber</i> derives from <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿanbar</i></span> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">عنبر</span></span><sup id="cite_ref-Harper-2022_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper-2022-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> via <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Middle Latin</a> <i>ambar</i> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a> <i>ambre</i>. The word referred to what is now known as <i><a href="/wiki/Ambergris" title="Ambergris">ambergris</a></i> (<i>ambre gris</i> or "gray amber"), a solid waxy substance derived from the <a href="/wiki/Sperm_whale" title="Sperm whale">sperm whale</a>. The word, in its sense of "ambergris," was adopted in <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> in the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, the sense of the word was extended to <a href="/wiki/Baltic_amber" title="Baltic amber">Baltic amber</a> (fossil resin) from as early as the late 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first called white or yellow amber (<i>ambre jaune</i>), this meaning was adopted in English by the early 15th century. As the use of ambergris waned, this became the main sense of the word.<sup id="cite_ref-Harper-2022_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper-2022-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (August 2020)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The two substances ("yellow amber" and "gray amber") conceivably became associated or confused because they both were found washed up on beaches. Ambergris is less dense than water and floats, whereas amber is denser and floats only in concentrated saline, or strong salty seawater though less dense than stone.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The classical names for amber, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%A4%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἤλεκτρον">ἤλεκτρον</a></span></span> (<i>ēlektron</i>) and one of its <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> names, <i>electrum,</i><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are connected to a term ἠλέκτωρ (<i>ēlektōr</i>) meaning "beaming Sun".<sup id="cite_ref-King1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-King1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to myth, when <a href="/wiki/Phaethon" title="Phaethon">Phaëton</a>, son of <a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a> (the Sun) was killed, his mourning sisters became <a href="/wiki/Populus" title="Populus">poplar</a> trees, and their tears became <i>elektron</i>, amber.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word <i>elektron</i> gave rise to the words <i>electric, electricity</i>, and their relatives because of amber's ability to bear a charge of <a href="/wiki/Static_electricity" title="Static electricity">static electricity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-electric_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-electric-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Varietal_names">Varietal names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amber&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Varietal names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of regional and varietal names have been applied to ambers over the centuries, including <b>Allingite</b>, <b>Beckerite</b>, <b>Gedanite</b>, <b>Kochenite</b>, <b>Krantzite</b>, and <b>Stantienite</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amber&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a> discussed amber in the 4th century BCE, as did <a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 330 BCE</span>), whose work "On the Ocean" is lost, but was referenced by Pliny, according to whose <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i>:<sup id="cite_ref-pliny37-11_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pliny37-11-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Pytheas says that the <a href="/wiki/Gutones" title="Gutones">Gutones</a>, a people of Germany, inhabit the shores of an estuary of the Ocean called Mentonomon, their territory extending a distance of six thousand stadia; that, at one day's sail from this territory, is the Isle of <a href="/wiki/Abalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Abalus">Abalus</a>, upon the shores of which, amber is thrown up by the waves in spring, it being an excretion of the sea in a concrete form; as, also, that the inhabitants use this amber by way of fuel, and sell it to their neighbors, the <a href="/wiki/Teutones" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutones">Teutones</a>.</p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amber_Fisher.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Amber_Fisher.jpg/220px-Amber_Fisher.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Amber_Fisher.jpg/330px-Amber_Fisher.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Amber_Fisher.jpg/440px-Amber_Fisher.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>Fishing for amber on the coast of Baltic Sea. Winter storms throw out amber nuggets. Close to Gdańsk, Poland.</figcaption></figure> <p>Earlier Pliny says that Pytheas refers to a large island—three days' sail from the <a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythian</a> coast and called <a href="/wiki/Baltia" title="Baltia">Balcia</a> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Xenophon_of_Lampsacus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xenophon of Lampsacus (page does not exist)">Xenophon of Lampsacus</a> (author of a fanciful travel book in Greek)—as <i>Basilia</i>—a name generally equated with <i>Abalus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given the presence of amber, the island could have been <a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zealand" title="Zealand">Zealand</a>, the shores of <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Bay" title="Gdańsk Bay">Gdańsk Bay</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sambia_Peninsula" title="Sambia Peninsula">Sambia Peninsula</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Curonian_Lagoon" title="Curonian Lagoon">Curonian Lagoon</a>, which were historically the richest sources of amber in northern Europe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There were well-established trade routes for amber connecting the Baltic with the Mediterranean (known as the "<a href="/wiki/Amber_Road" title="Amber Road">Amber Road</a>"). Pliny states explicitly that the Germans exported amber to <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>, from where the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a> distributed it onwards. </p><p>The ancient Italic peoples of southern Italy used to work amber; the National Archaeological Museum of Siritide (Museo Archeologico Nazionale della Siritide) at <a href="/wiki/Policoro" title="Policoro">Policoro</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Matera" title="Province of Matera">province of Matera</a> (<a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a>) displays important surviving examples. It has been suggested that amber used in antiquity, as at <a href="/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Mycenae</a> and in the prehistory of the Mediterranean, came from deposits in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gouttes-drops-resine-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gouttes-drops-resine-2.jpg/170px-Gouttes-drops-resine-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gouttes-drops-resine-2.jpg/255px-Gouttes-drops-resine-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gouttes-drops-resine-2.jpg/340px-Gouttes-drops-resine-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="1003" /></a><figcaption>Wood <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a>, the source of amber</figcaption></figure><p> Pliny also cites the opinion of <a href="/wiki/Nicias" title="Nicias">Nicias</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 470–413 BCE), according to whom amber<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>is a liquid produced by the rays of the sun; and that these rays, at the moment of the sun's setting, striking with the greatest force upon the surface of the soil, leave upon it an unctuous sweat, which is carried off by the tides of the Ocean, and thrown up upon the shores of Germany.</p></blockquote><p> Besides the fanciful explanations according to which amber is "produced by the Sun", Pliny cites opinions that are well aware of its origin in tree resin, citing the native Latin name of <i>succinum</i> (<i>sūcinum</i>, from <i>sucus</i> "juice").<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Book 37, section XI of <i>Natural History</i>, Pliny wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /></p><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>Amber is produced from a marrow discharged by trees belonging to the pine genus, like gum from the cherry, and resin from the ordinary pine. It is a liquid at first, which issues forth in considerable quantities, and is gradually hardened [...] Our forefathers, too, were of opinion that it is the juice of a tree, and for this reason gave it the name of "succinum" and one great proof that it is the produce of a tree of the pine genus, is the fact that it emits a pine-like smell when rubbed, and that it burns, when ignited, with the odour and appearance of torch-pine wood.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>He also states that amber is also found in Egypt and India, and he even refers to the <a href="/wiki/Electrostatics" title="Electrostatics">electrostatic</a> properties of amber, by saying that "in Syria the women make the <a href="/wiki/Spindle_whorl" title="Spindle whorl">whorls</a> of their spindles of this substance, and give it the name of <i>harpax</i> [from ἁρπάζω, "to drag"] from the circumstance that it attracts leaves towards it, chaff, and the light fringe of tissues". </p><p>The Romans traded for amber from the shores of the southern <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a> at least as far back as the time of <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amber has a long history of use in China, with the first written record from 200 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early in the 19th century, the first reports of amber found in North America came from discoveries in <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> along <a href="/wiki/Crosswicks_Creek" title="Crosswicks Creek">Crosswicks Creek</a> near <a href="/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey" title="Trenton, New Jersey">Trenton</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Camden,_New_Jersey" title="Camden, New Jersey">Camden</a>, and near <a href="/wiki/Woodbury,_New_Jersey" title="Woodbury, New Jersey">Woodbury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jersey_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jersey-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition_and_formation">Composition and formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amber&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Composition and formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amber is <a href="/wiki/Homogeneity_and_heterogeneity" title="Homogeneity and heterogeneity">heterogeneous</a> in composition, but consists of several <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resinous</a> <span class="clarify-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">bodies</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Clarify" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="should this be replaced by "substances"? (March 2023)">clarify</span></a></i>]</sup> more or less soluble in <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">alcohol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether" title="Diethyl ether">ether</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chloroform" title="Chloroform">chloroform</a>, associated with an insoluble <a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">bituminous</a> substance. Amber is a <a href="/wiki/Macromolecule" title="Macromolecule">macromolecule</a> formed by free <a href="/wiki/Radical_polymerization" title="Radical polymerization">radical polymerization</a><sup id="cite_ref-Anderson2023_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson2023-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of several precursors in the <a href="/wiki/Labdane" title="Labdane">labdane</a> family, for example, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Communic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communic acid (page does not exist)">communic acid</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Communol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Communol (page does not exist)">communol</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biformene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biformene (page does not exist)">biformene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudler1911792_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudler1911792-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These labdanes are <a href="/wiki/Diterpene" title="Diterpene">diterpenes</a> (C<sub>20</sub>H<sub>32</sub>) and <a href="/wiki/Triene" class="mw-redirect" title="Triene">trienes</a>, equipping the organic skeleton with three <a href="/wiki/Alkene" title="Alkene">alkene</a> groups for <a href="/wiki/Polymerization" title="Polymerization">polymerization</a>. As amber matures over the years, more polymerization takes place as well as <a href="/wiki/Isomerization" title="Isomerization">isomerization</a> reactions, <a href="/wiki/Cross-link" title="Cross-link">crosslinking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_compound" title="Cyclic compound">cyclization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anderson2023_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson2023-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Oil_of_amber"></span>Most amber has a hardness between 2.0 and 2.5 on the <a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs scale</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">refractive index</a> of 1.5–1.6, a <a href="/wiki/Relative_density" title="Relative density">specific gravity</a> between 1.06 and 1.10, and a melting point of 250–300 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heated above 200 °C (392 °F), amber decomposes, yielding an <b>oil of amber</b>, and leaves a black residue which is known as "amber colophony", or "amber pitch"; when dissolved in oil of <a href="/wiki/Turpentine" title="Turpentine">turpentine</a> or in <a href="/wiki/Linseed_oil" title="Linseed oil">linseed oil</a> this forms "amber varnish" or "amber lac".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudler1911792_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudler1911792-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Molecular polymerization,<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson2023_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson2023-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> resulting from high pressures and temperatures produced by overlying sediment, transforms the resin first into <a href="/wiki/Copal" title="Copal">copal</a>. Sustained heat and pressure drives off <a href="/wiki/Terpene" title="Terpene">terpenes</a> and results in the formation of amber.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this to happen, the resin must be resistant to decay. Many trees produce resin, but in the majority of cases this deposit is broken down by physical and biological processes. Exposure to sunlight, rain, microorganisms, and extreme temperatures tends to disintegrate the resin. For the resin to survive long enough to become amber, it must be resistant to such forces or be produced under conditions that exclude them.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fossil resins from Europe fall into two categories, the Baltic ambers and another that resembles the <i><a href="/wiki/Agathis" title="Agathis">Agathis</a></i> group. Fossil resins from the Americas and Africa are closely related to the modern genus <i><a href="/wiki/Hymenaea" title="Hymenaea">Hymenaea</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Baltic ambers are thought to be fossil resins from plants of the family <a href="/wiki/Sciadopityaceae" title="Sciadopityaceae">Sciadopityaceae</a> that once lived in north Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baltic-amber-fossils-inclusions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Baltic-amber-fossils-inclusions.jpg/250px-Baltic-amber-fossils-inclusions.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Baltic-amber-fossils-inclusions.jpg/330px-Baltic-amber-fossils-inclusions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Baltic-amber-fossils-inclusions.jpg/500px-Baltic-amber-fossils-inclusions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="2267" /></a><figcaption>Baltic amber with inclusions</figcaption></figure><p> The abnormal development of resin in living trees (<i>succinosis</i>) can result in the formation of amber.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Impurities are quite often present, especially when the resin has dropped onto the ground, so the material may be useless except for varnish-making. Such impure amber is called <i>firniss</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such <a href="/wiki/Inclusion_(mineral)" title="Inclusion (mineral)">inclusion</a> of other substances can cause the amber to have an unexpected color. <a href="/wiki/Pyrite" title="Pyrite">Pyrites</a> may give a bluish color. <i>Bony amber</i> owes its cloudy opacity to numerous tiny bubbles inside the resin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudler1911793_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudler1911793-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, so-called <i>black amber</i> is really a kind of <a href="/wiki/Jet_(gemstone)" title="Jet (gemstone)">jet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GOPoinar1992_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GOPoinar1992-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In darkly clouded and even opaque amber, inclusions can be imaged using high-energy, high-contrast, high-resolution <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernstein_Bitterfeld,_Gedanit,_Bruchst%C3%BCcke_5658.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bernstein_Bitterfeld%2C_Gedanit%2C_Bruchst%C3%BCcke_5658.jpg/220px-Bernstein_Bitterfeld%2C_Gedanit%2C_Bruchst%C3%BCcke_5658.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bernstein_Bitterfeld%2C_Gedanit%2C_Bruchst%C3%BCcke_5658.jpg/330px-Bernstein_Bitterfeld%2C_Gedanit%2C_Bruchst%C3%BCcke_5658.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Bernstein_Bitterfeld%2C_Gedanit%2C_Bruchst%C3%BCcke_5658.jpg/440px-Bernstein_Bitterfeld%2C_Gedanit%2C_Bruchst%C3%BCcke_5658.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Amber from Bitterfeld</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extraction_and_processing">Extraction and processing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amber&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Extraction and processing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distribution_and_mining">Distribution and mining</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amber&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Distribution and mining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baltic-amber-deposit-Yantarny.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Baltic-amber-deposit-Yantarny.jpg/330px-Baltic-amber-deposit-Yantarny.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Baltic-amber-deposit-Yantarny.jpg/500px-Baltic-amber-deposit-Yantarny.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Baltic-amber-deposit-Yantarny.jpg/960px-Baltic-amber-deposit-Yantarny.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="1218" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Open_cast" class="mw-redirect" title="Open cast">Open cast</a> amber mine "Primorskoje" in Jantarny, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amber_miners2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Amber_miners2.jpg/220px-Amber_miners2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Amber_miners2.jpg/330px-Amber_miners2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Amber_miners2.jpg/440px-Amber_miners2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption>Extracting Baltic amber from Holocene deposits, Gdańsk, Poland</figcaption></figure><p>Amber is globally distributed in or around all continents,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mainly in rocks of <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> age or younger. Historically, the coast west of <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prussia_(region)" title="Prussia (region)">Prussia</a> was the world's leading source of amber. The first mentions of amber deposits there date back to the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Juodkrant%C4%97#History" title="Juodkrantė">Juodkrantė</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> was established in the mid-19th century as a mining town of amber. About 90% of the world's extractable amber is still located in that area, which was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a> of the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a> in 1946, becoming the <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Oblast" title="Kaliningrad Oblast">Kaliningrad Oblast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pieces of amber torn from the seafloor are cast up by the waves and collected by hand, dredging, or diving. Elsewhere, amber is mined, both in open works and underground galleries. Then nodules of <i>blue earth</i> have to be removed and an opaque crust must be cleaned off, which can be done in revolving barrels containing sand and water. Erosion removes this crust from sea-worn amber.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudler1911793_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudler1911793-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dominican_amber" title="Dominican amber">Dominican amber</a> is mined through <a href="/wiki/Bell_pit" title="Bell pit">bell pitting</a>, which is dangerous because of the risk of tunnel collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An important source of amber is <a href="/wiki/Kachin_State" title="Kachin State">Kachin State</a> in northern <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, which has been a major source of amber in China for at least 1,800 years. Contemporary mining of this deposit has attracted attention for unsafe working conditions and its role in funding <a href="/wiki/Internal_conflict_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal conflict in Myanmar">internal conflict in the country</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amber from the <a href="/wiki/Rivne_Oblast" title="Rivne Oblast">Rivne Oblast</a> of Ukraine, referred to as <a href="/wiki/Rivne_amber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rivne amber">Rivne amber</a>, is mined illegally by organised crime groups, who deforest the surrounding areas and pump water into the sediments to extract the amber, causing severe environmental deterioration.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment">Treatment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amber&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Vienna amber factories, which use pale amber to manufacture pipes and other smoking tools, turn it on a <a href="/wiki/Lathe" title="Lathe">lathe</a> and polish it with whitening and water or with <a href="/wiki/Rotten_stone" title="Rotten stone">rotten stone</a> and oil. The final luster is given by polishing with flannel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudler1911793_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudler1911793-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When gradually heated in an oil bath, amber "becomes soft and flexible. Two pieces of amber may be united by smearing the surfaces with linseed oil, heating them, and then pressing them together while hot. Cloudy amber may be clarified in an oil bath, as the oil fills the numerous pores that cause the turbidity. Small fragments, formerly thrown away or used only for varnish are now used on a large scale in the formation of "ambroid" or "pressed amber".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudler1911793_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudler1911793-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pieces are carefully heated with exclusion of air and then compressed into a uniform mass by intense hydraulic pressure, the softened amber being forced through holes in a metal plate. The product is extensively used for the production of cheap jewelry and articles for smoking. This pressed amber yields brilliant interference colors in polarized light."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amber has often been imitated by other resins like <a href="/wiki/Copal" title="Copal">copal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kauri_gum" title="Kauri gum">kauri gum</a>, as well as by <a href="/wiki/Celluloid" title="Celluloid">celluloid</a> and even glass. Baltic amber is sometimes colored artificially but also called "true amber".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudler1911793_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudler1911793-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Appearance">Appearance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amber&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Appearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colours_of_Baltic_Amber.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Colours_of_Baltic_Amber.jpg/250px-Colours_of_Baltic_Amber.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Colours_of_Baltic_Amber.jpg/330px-Colours_of_Baltic_Amber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Colours_of_Baltic_Amber.jpg/500px-Colours_of_Baltic_Amber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>Unique colors of Baltic amber. Polished stones.</figcaption></figure> <p>Amber occurs in a range of different colors. As well as the usual yellow-orange-brown that is associated with the color "amber", amber can range from a whitish color through a pale lemon yellow, to brown and almost black. Other uncommon colors include red amber (sometimes known as "cherry amber"), green amber, and even <a href="/wiki/Blue_amber" title="Blue amber">blue amber</a>, which is rare and highly sought after.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Yellow amber is a hard fossil resin from evergreen trees, and despite the name it can be translucent, yellow, orange, or brown colored. Known to the Iranians by the Pahlavi compound word kah-ruba (from <i>kah</i> "straw" plus <i>rubay</i> "attract, snatch", referring to its electrical properties<sup id="cite_ref-electric_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-electric-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), which entered Arabic as kahraba' or kahraba (which later became the Arabic word for <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a>, كهرباء <i>kahrabā<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span></i>), it too was called amber in Europe (Old French and Middle English ambre). Found along the southern shore of the Baltic Sea, yellow amber reached the Middle East and western Europe via trade. Its coastal acquisition may have been one reason yellow amber came to be designated by the same term as ambergris. Moreover, like ambergris, the resin could be burned as an incense. The resin's most popular use was, however, for ornamentation—easily cut and polished, it could be transformed into beautiful jewelry. Much of the most highly prized amber is transparent, in contrast to the very common cloudy amber and opaque amber. Opaque amber contains numerous minute bubbles. This kind of amber is known as "bony amber".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ambre_bleu_dominicain_21207.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Ambre_bleu_dominicain_21207.jpg/250px-Ambre_bleu_dominicain_21207.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Ambre_bleu_dominicain_21207.jpg/330px-Ambre_bleu_dominicain_21207.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Ambre_bleu_dominicain_21207.jpg/500px-Ambre_bleu_dominicain_21207.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Blue_amber" title="Blue amber">Blue amber</a> from Dominican Republic</figcaption></figure> <p>Although all Dominican amber is fluorescent, the rarest Dominican amber is blue amber. It turns blue in natural sunlight and any other partially or wholly <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> light source. In long-wave UV light it has a very strong reflection, almost white. Only about 100 kg (220 lb) is found per year, which makes it valuable and expensive.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometimes amber retains the form of drops and <a href="/wiki/Stalactite" title="Stalactite">stalactites</a>, just as it exuded from the ducts and receptacles of the injured trees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudler1911793_34-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudler1911793-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thought that, in addition to exuding onto the surface of the tree, amber resin also originally flowed into hollow cavities or cracks within trees, thereby leading to the development of large lumps of amber of irregular form. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amber&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amber can be classified into several forms. Most fundamentally, there are two types of plant resin with the potential for fossilization. <a href="/wiki/Terpenoid" title="Terpenoid">Terpenoids</a>, produced by <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">conifers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">angiosperms</a>, consist of ring structures formed of <a href="/wiki/Isoprene" title="Isoprene">isoprene</a> (C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>8</sub>) units.<sup id="cite_ref-Grimaldi2009_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimaldi2009-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Phenol_formaldehyde_resin" title="Phenol formaldehyde resin">Phenolic resins</a> are today only produced by angiosperms, and tend to serve functional uses. The extinct <a href="/wiki/Medullosales" title="Medullosales">medullosans</a> produced a third type of resin, which is often found as amber within their veins.<sup id="cite_ref-Grimaldi2009_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimaldi2009-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The composition of resins is highly variable; each species produces a unique blend of chemicals which can be identified by the use of <a href="/wiki/Pyrolysis" title="Pyrolysis">pyrolysis</a>–<a href="/wiki/Gas_chromatography" title="Gas chromatography">gas chromatography</a>–<a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">mass spectrometry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grimaldi2009_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimaldi2009-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The overall chemical and structural composition is used to divide ambers into five classes.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson1992ii_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson1992ii-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anderson1992iii_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson1992iii-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a separate classification of amber gemstones, according to the way of production.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Class_I">Class I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amber&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Class I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This class is by far the most abundant. It comprises labdatriene carboxylic acids such as communic or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ozic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ozic acid (page does not exist)">ozic acids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson1992ii_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson1992ii-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is further split into three sub-classes. Classes Ia and Ib utilize regular labdanoid diterpenes (e.g. communic acid, communol, biformenes), while Ic uses <i>enantio</i> labdanoids (ozic acid, ozol, <i>enantio</i> biformenes).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Class Ia</b> includes <i>Succinite</i> (= 'normal' Baltic amber) and <i>Glessite</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson1992iii_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson1992iii-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have a communic acid base, and they also include much succinic acid.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson1992ii_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson1992ii-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Baltic_amber" title="Baltic amber">Baltic amber</a> yields on dry distillation succinic acid, the proportion varying from about 3% to 8%, and being greatest in the pale opaque or <i>bony</i> varieties. The aromatic and irritating fumes emitted by burning amber are mainly from this acid. Baltic amber is distinguished by its yield of <a href="/wiki/Succinic_acid" title="Succinic acid">succinic acid</a>, hence the name <i>succinite</i>. Succinite has a hardness between 2 and 3, which is greater than many other fossil resins. Its specific gravity varies from 1.05 to 1.10.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudler1911792_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudler1911792-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be distinguished from other ambers via <a href="/wiki/Infrared_spectroscopy" title="Infrared spectroscopy">infrared spectroscopy</a> through a specific <a href="/wiki/Carbonyl_group" title="Carbonyl group">carbonyl</a> absorption peak. Infrared spectroscopy can detect the relative age of an amber sample. Succinic acid may not be an original component of amber but rather a degradation product of <a href="/wiki/Abietic_acid" title="Abietic acid">abietic acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rottlaender1970_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rottlaender1970-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Class Ib</b> ambers are based on communic acid; however, they lack succinic acid.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson1992ii_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson1992ii-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Class Ic</b> is mainly based on <i>enantio</i>-labdatrienonic acids, such as ozic and zanzibaric acids.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson1992ii_47-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson1992ii-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its most familiar representative is Dominican amber,.<sup id="cite_ref-Grimaldi2009_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimaldi2009-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is mostly transparent and often contains a higher number of fossil inclusions. This has enabled the detailed reconstruction of the ecosystem of a long-vanished tropical forest.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Resin from the extinct species <i><a href="/wiki/Hymenaea_protera" title="Hymenaea protera">Hymenaea protera</a></i> is the source of Dominican amber and probably of most amber found in the tropics. It is not "succinite" but "<a href="/wiki/Retinite" title="Retinite">retinite</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Class_II">Class II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amber&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Class II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These ambers are formed from resins with a sesquiterpenoid base, such as <a href="/wiki/Cadinenes" title="Cadinenes">cadinene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson1992ii_47-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson1992ii-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Class_III">Class III</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amber&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Class III"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These ambers are <a href="/wiki/Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">polystyrenes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson1992ii_47-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson1992ii-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Class_IV">Class IV</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amber&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Class IV"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Class IV is something of a <a href="/wiki/Wastebasket_taxon" title="Wastebasket taxon">catch-all</a>: its ambers are not polymerized, but mainly consist of <a href="/wiki/Cedrene" title="Cedrene">cedrene</a>-based sesquiterpenoids.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson1992ii_47-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson1992ii-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Class_V">Class V</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amber&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Class V"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Class V resins are considered to be produced by a pine or pine relative. They comprise a mixture of diterpinoid resins and <i>n</i>-alkyl compounds. Their main variety is <i><a href="/wiki/Copaline" title="Copaline">Highgate copalite</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson1992iii_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson1992iii-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geological_record">Geological record</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amber&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Geological record"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HALAMB48.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/HALAMB48.JPG/250px-HALAMB48.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/HALAMB48.JPG/330px-HALAMB48.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/HALAMB48.JPG/500px-HALAMB48.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2281" data-file-height="2916" /></a><figcaption>Typical amber specimen with a number of indistinct inclusions</figcaption></figure> <p>The oldest amber recovered dates to the <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">late Carboniferous</a> period (<span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=323.4">320</a> million years ago</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Grimaldi2009_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimaldi2009-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bray2009_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bray2009-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its chemical composition makes it difficult to match the amber to its producers – it is most similar to the resins produced by flowering plants; however, the first flowering plants appeared in the Early Cretaceous, about 200 million years after the oldest amber known to date, and they were not common until the <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late Cretaceous</a>. Amber becomes abundant long after the Carboniferous, in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" title="Early Cretaceous">Early Cretaceous</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Grimaldi2009_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimaldi2009-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when it is found in association with insects. The oldest amber with arthropod inclusions comes from the <a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic">Late Triassic</a> (late <a href="/wiki/Carnian" title="Carnian">Carnian</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 230 Ma) of Italy, where four microscopic (0.2–0.1 mm) mites, <i><a href="/wiki/Triasacarus" title="Triasacarus">Triasacarus</a>,</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Ampezzoa" title="Ampezzoa">Ampezzoa</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Minyacarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minyacarus (page does not exist)">Minyacarus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Cheirolepidoptus" title="Cheirolepidoptus">Cheirolepidoptus</a>,</i> and a poorly preserved <a href="/wiki/Nematocera" title="Nematocera">nematoceran</a> fly were found in millimetre-sized droplets of amber.<sup id="cite_ref-pnas2012_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pnas2012-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest amber with significant numbers of arthropod inclusions comes from Lebanon. This amber, referred to as <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_amber" title="Lebanese amber">Lebanese amber</a>, is roughly 125–135 million years old, is considered of high scientific value, providing evidence of some of the oldest sampled ecosystems.<sup id="cite_ref-PoinarOthers2011a_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PoinarOthers2011a-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Lebanon, more than 450 outcrops of Lower Cretaceous amber were discovered by Dany Azar,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a Lebanese paleontologist and entomologist. Among these outcrops, 20 have yielded biological inclusions comprising the oldest representatives of several recent families of terrestrial arthropods. Even older <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> amber has been found recently in Lebanon as well. Many remarkable insects and spiders were recently discovered in the amber of Jordan including the oldest <a href="/wiki/Zoraptera" title="Zoraptera">zorapterans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cleridae" title="Cleridae">clerid beetles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umenocoleidae" title="Umenocoleidae">umenocoleid</a> <a href="/wiki/Cockroach" title="Cockroach">roaches</a>, and achiliid <a href="/wiki/Planthopper" title="Planthopper">planthoppers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PoinarOthers2011a_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PoinarOthers2011a-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Snailamber.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Snailamber.jpg/170px-Snailamber.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Snailamber.jpg/255px-Snailamber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Snailamber.jpg/340px-Snailamber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>A snail and a few insects trapped within Burmese amber</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Burmese_amber" title="Burmese amber">Burmese amber</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Hukawng_Valley" title="Hukawng Valley">Hukawng Valley</a> in northern Myanmar is the only commercially exploited Cretaceous amber. <a href="/wiki/Uranium%E2%80%93lead_dating" title="Uranium–lead dating">Uranium–lead dating</a> of <a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">zircon</a> crystals associated with the deposit have given an estimated depositional age of approximately 99 million years ago. Over 1,300 species have been described from the amber, with over 300 in 2019 alone. </p><p>Baltic amber is found as irregular <a href="/wiki/Nodule_(geology)" title="Nodule (geology)">nodules</a> in marine <a href="/wiki/Glauconite" title="Glauconite">glauconitic</a> sand, known as <i>blue earth</i>, occurring in Upper Eocene strata of <a href="/wiki/Sambia_Peninsula" title="Sambia Peninsula">Sambia</a> in Prussia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudler1911792_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudler1911792-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It appears to have been partly derived from older <a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene</a> deposits and it occurs also as a derivative phase in later formations, such as <a href="/wiki/Drift_(geology)" title="Drift (geology)">glacial drift</a>. Relics of an abundant flora occur as inclusions trapped within the amber while the resin was yet fresh, suggesting relations with the flora of eastern Asia and the southern part of North America. <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_G%C3%B6ppert" title="Heinrich Göppert">Heinrich Göppert</a> named the common amber-yielding pine of the Baltic forests <i>Pinites succiniter</i>, but as the wood does not seem to differ from that of the existing genus it has been also called <i>Pinus succinifera</i>. It is improbable that the production of amber was limited to a single species; and indeed a large number of conifers belonging to different genera are represented in the amber-flora.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudler1911793_34-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudler1911793-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paleontological_significance">Paleontological significance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amber&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Paleontological significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Timeline_of_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of evolution">Timeline of evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transitional_fossil" title="Transitional fossil">Transitional fossil</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #e6d8ac; border:1px solid #b9ad8a; text-align: center; padding-left:0.0em;;color: var(--color-base)">Organs and processes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_avian_flight" title="Origin of avian flight">Avian flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_cells" title="Evolution of cells">Cells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_multicellularity" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of multicellularity">Multicells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_eye" title="Evolution of the eye">Eyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_flagella" title="Evolution of flagella">Flagella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_hair" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of hair">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_mammalian_auditory_ossicles" title="Evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles">Mammalian auditory ossicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_evolution" title="Mosaic evolution">Mosaic evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_nervous_systems" title="Evolution of nervous systems">Nervous systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction" title="Evolution of sexual reproduction">Sex</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #e6d8ac; border:1px solid #b9ad8a; text-align: center; padding-left:0.0em;;color: var(--color-base)">Evolution of various taxa</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_birds" title="Evolution of birds">Birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Butterfly evolution">Butterflies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_cephalopods" title="Evolution of cephalopods">Cephalopods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_cetaceans" title="Evolution of cetaceans">Cetaceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_dinosaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of dinosaurs">Dinosaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_fish" title="Evolution of fish">Fishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_fungi" title="Evolution of fungi">Fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">Humans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_insects" title="Evolution of insects">Insects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_mammals" title="Evolution of mammals">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_Mollusca" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of Mollusca">Molluscs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolution of plants">Plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_reptiles" title="Evolution of reptiles">Reptiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_sirenians" title="Evolution of sirenians">Sea cows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_spiders" title="Evolution of spiders">Spiders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrapods#Evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrapods">Tetrapods</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #e6d8ac; border:1px solid #b9ad8a; text-align: center; padding-left:0.0em;;color: var(--color-base)">Evolution</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_evolution" title="Introduction to evolution">Introduction to evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_descent" title="Common descent">Common descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">Phylogeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">Cladistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological classification">Biological classification</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #e6d8ac; border:1px solid #b9ad8a; text-align: center; padding-left:0.0em;;color: var(--color-base)">History of paleontology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paleontology" title="History of paleontology">History of paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_paleontology" title="Timeline of paleontology">Timeline of paleontology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #e6d8ac; border:1px solid #b9ad8a; text-align: center; padding-left:0.0em;;color: var(--color-base)">Branches of paleontology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biostratigraphy" title="Biostratigraphy">Biostratigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ichnology" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichnology">Ichnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invertebrate_paleontology" title="Invertebrate paleontology">Invertebrate paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micropaleontology" title="Micropaleontology">Micropaleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_paleontology" title="Molecular paleontology">Molecular paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeoxylology" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeoxylology">Palaeoxylology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology" title="Paleobiology">Paleobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleobotany" title="Paleobotany">Paleobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoecology" title="Paleoecology">Paleoecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleogenetics" title="Paleogenetics">Paleogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolimnology" title="Paleolimnology">Paleolimnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleomycology" title="Paleomycology">Paleomycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoneurobiology" title="Paleoneurobiology">Paleoneurobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleopathology" title="Paleopathology">Paleopathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleopedology" title="Paleopedology">Paleopedology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleotempestology" title="Paleotempestology">Paleotempestology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleozoology" title="Paleozoology">Paleozoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palynology" title="Palynology">Palynology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sclerochronology" title="Sclerochronology">Sclerochronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taphonomy" title="Taphonomy">Taphonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertebrate_paleontology" title="Vertebrate paleontology">Vertebrate paleontology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Paleontology" title="Portal:Paleontology">Paleontology Portal</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Category:Paleontology" title="Category:Paleontology">Category</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paleontology" title="Template:Paleontology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paleontology" title="Template talk:Paleontology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paleontology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paleontology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Amber is a unique preservational mode, preserving otherwise unfossilizable parts of organisms; as such it is helpful in the reconstruction of ecosystems as well as organisms;<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the chemical composition of the resin, however, is of limited utility in reconstructing the phylogenetic affinity of the resin producer.<sup id="cite_ref-Grimaldi2009_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimaldi2009-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amber sometimes contains animals or plant matter that became caught in the resin as it was secreted. <a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">Insects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spiders</a> and even their webs, <a href="/wiki/Annelid" title="Annelid">annelids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frog" title="Frog">frogs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amoebae" class="mw-redirect" title="Amoebae">amoebae</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> marine microfossils,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> wood, flowers and fruit, hair, feathers<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20161208_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20161208-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other small organisms have been recovered in Cretaceous ambers (deposited c. <span class="nourlexpansion plainlinks" style="white-space:nowrap;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geoltime.github.io/?Ma=130">130</a> million years ago</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-Grimaldi2009_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimaldi2009-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is even an <a href="/wiki/Ammonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonite">ammonite</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Puzosia_(Bhimaites)" title="Puzosia (Bhimaites)">Puzosia (Bhimaites)</a></i> and marine <a href="/wiki/Gastropods" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastropods">gastropods</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Burmese_amber" title="Burmese amber">Burmese amber</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fossil_frog_in_amber.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Fossil_frog_in_amber.png/250px-Fossil_frog_in_amber.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Fossil_frog_in_amber.png/330px-Fossil_frog_in_amber.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Fossil_frog_in_amber.png/500px-Fossil_frog_in_amber.png 2x" data-file-width="774" data-file-height="758" /></a><figcaption>Skeleton of the frog <i><a href="/wiki/Electrorana" title="Electrorana">Electrorana</a></i> preserved in mid-Cretaceous <a href="/wiki/Burmese_amber" title="Burmese amber">Burmese amber</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The preservation of prehistoric organisms in amber forms a key plot point in <a href="/wiki/Michael_Crichton" title="Michael Crichton">Michael Crichton</a>'s 1990 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Jurassic_Park_(novel)" title="Jurassic Park (novel)">Jurassic Park</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic_Park_(film)" title="Jurassic Park (film)">1993 movie adaptation</a> by <a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the story, scientists are able to extract the preserved blood of <a href="/wiki/Dinosaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinosaurs">dinosaurs</a> from prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Mosquitoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosquitoes">mosquitoes</a> trapped in amber, from which they genetically clone living dinosaurs. Scientifically this is as yet impossible, since no amber with fossilized mosquitoes has ever yielded preserved blood.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amber is, however, conducive to preserving <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>, since it dehydrates and thus stabilizes organisms trapped inside. One projection in 1999 estimated that DNA trapped in amber could last up to 100 million years, far beyond most estimates of around 1 million years in the most ideal conditions,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although a later 2013 study was unable to extract DNA from insects trapped in much more recent <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Copal" title="Copal">copal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1938, 12-year-old <a href="/wiki/David_Attenborough" title="David Attenborough">David Attenborough</a> (brother of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Attenborough" title="Richard Attenborough">Richard</a> who played John Hammond in <i>Jurassic Park</i>) was given a piece of amber containing prehistoric creatures from his adoptive sister; it would be the focus of his 2004 BBC documentary <i><a href="/wiki/The_Amber_Time_Machine" title="The Amber Time Machine">The Amber Time Machine</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amber&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Altamira_Ambre_MHNT.PRE.2012.0.615.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Altamira_Ambre_MHNT.PRE.2012.0.615.jpg/250px-Altamira_Ambre_MHNT.PRE.2012.0.615.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Altamira_Ambre_MHNT.PRE.2012.0.615.jpg/330px-Altamira_Ambre_MHNT.PRE.2012.0.615.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Altamira_Ambre_MHNT.PRE.2012.0.615.jpg/500px-Altamira_Ambre_MHNT.PRE.2012.0.615.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2525" data-file-height="2309" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean</a> amber from <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Altamira" title="Cave of Altamira">Altamira</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9um_de_Toulouse" title="Muséum de Toulouse">Muséum de Toulouse</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Amber has been used since prehistory (<a href="/wiki/Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean</a>) in the manufacture of jewelry and ornaments, and also in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">folk medicine</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewelry">Jewelry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amber&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Jewelry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amber.pendants.800pix.050203.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Amber.pendants.800pix.050203.jpg/250px-Amber.pendants.800pix.050203.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Amber.pendants.800pix.050203.jpg/330px-Amber.pendants.800pix.050203.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Amber.pendants.800pix.050203.jpg/500px-Amber.pendants.800pix.050203.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Pendants made of amber. The oval <a href="/wiki/Pendant" title="Pendant">pendant</a> is <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>52 by 32 mm (2 by <span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halssnoer_van_barnstenen_kralen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Halssnoer_van_barnstenen_kralen.png/170px-Halssnoer_van_barnstenen_kralen.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Halssnoer_van_barnstenen_kralen.png/255px-Halssnoer_van_barnstenen_kralen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Halssnoer_van_barnstenen_kralen.png/340px-Halssnoer_van_barnstenen_kralen.png 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="656" /></a><figcaption>Amber necklace from 2000 to 1000 BCE</figcaption></figure> <p>Amber has been used as jewelry since the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a>, from 13,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Grimaldi2009_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grimaldi2009-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amber ornaments have been found in Mycenaean tombs and elsewhere across Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To this day it is used in the manufacture of smoking and glassblowing mouthpieces.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amber's place in culture and tradition lends it a tourism value; <a href="/wiki/Palanga_Amber_Museum" title="Palanga Amber Museum">Palanga Amber Museum</a> is dedicated to the fossilized resin.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_medicinal_uses">Historical medicinal uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amber&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Historical medicinal uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Amber has long been used in folk medicine for its purported healing properties.<sup id="cite_ref-test_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-test-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amber and extracts were used from the time of <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a> in ancient <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> for a wide variety of treatments through the Middle Ages and up until the early twentieth century.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Amber necklaces are a traditional European remedy for <a href="/wiki/Baby_colic" title="Baby colic">colic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Teething" title="Teething">teething pain</a> with purported analgesic properties of succinic acid, although there is no evidence that this is an effective remedy or delivery method.<sup id="cite_ref-test_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-test-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HealthyChildren.org-2018_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HealthyChildren.org-2018-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Pediatrics" title="American Academy of Pediatrics">American Academy of Pediatrics</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">FDA</a> have warned strongly against their use, as they present both a choking and a strangulation hazard.<sup id="cite_ref-HealthyChildren.org-2018_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HealthyChildren.org-2018-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scent_of_amber_and_amber_perfumery">Scent of amber and amber perfumery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amber&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Scent of amber and amber perfumery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient China">ancient China</a>, it was customary to burn amber during large festivities. If amber is heated under the right conditions, oil of amber is produced, and in past times this was combined carefully with <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a> to create "artificial musk" – a resin with a peculiar <a href="/wiki/Musk" title="Musk">musky</a> odor.<sup id="cite_ref-Amber_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amber-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although when burned, amber does give off a characteristic "pinewood" fragrance, modern products, such as <a href="/wiki/Perfume" title="Perfume">perfume</a>, do not normally use actual amber because fossilized amber produces very little scent. In perfumery, scents referred to as "amber" are often created and patented<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to emulate the opulent golden warmth of the fossil.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The scent of amber was originally derived from emulating the scent of <a href="/wiki/Ambergris" title="Ambergris">ambergris</a> and/or the plant resin <a href="/wiki/Labdanum" title="Labdanum">labdanum</a>, but since sperm whales are endangered, the scent of amber is now largely derived from labdanum.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "amber" is loosely used to describe a scent that is warm, musky, rich and honey-like, and also somewhat earthy. <a href="/wiki/Benzoin_(resin)" title="Benzoin (resin)">Benzoin</a> is usually part of the recipe. <a href="/wiki/Vanilla" title="Vanilla">Vanilla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">cloves</a> are sometimes used to enhance the aroma. "Amber" perfumes may be created using combinations of labdanum, benzoin resin, copal (a type of tree resin used in incense manufacture), vanilla, <a href="/wiki/Agathis" title="Agathis">Dammara resin</a> and/or synthetic materials.<sup id="cite_ref-Amber_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amber-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Arab Muslim tradition, popular scents include amber, <a href="/wiki/Jasmine" title="Jasmine">jasmine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musk" title="Musk">musk</a> and oud (<a href="/wiki/Agarwood" title="Agarwood">agarwood</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Imitation_substances">Imitation substances</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amber&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Imitation substances"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Young resins used as imitations:<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Kauri resin from <i><a href="/wiki/Agathis_australis" title="Agathis australis">Agathis australis</a></i> trees in New Zealand.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Copal" title="Copal">copals</a> (<a href="/wiki/Subfossil" class="mw-redirect" title="Subfossil">subfossil</a> resins). The African and American (<a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>) copals from <i><a href="/wiki/Fabaceae" title="Fabaceae">Leguminosae</a></i> trees family (genus <i><a href="/wiki/Hymenaea" title="Hymenaea">Hymenaea</a></i>). <a href="/wiki/Dominican_amber" title="Dominican amber">Amber of the Dominican</a> or Mexican type (<a href="#Class_I">Class I</a> of fossil resins). Copals from Manilia (<a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>) and from New Zealand from trees of the genus <i><a href="/wiki/Agathis" title="Agathis">Agathis</a></i> (family <a href="/wiki/Araucariaceae" title="Araucariaceae">Araucariaceae</a>)</li> <li>Other fossil resins: <a href="/wiki/Burmite" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmite">burmite</a> in <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rumenite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rumenite (page does not exist)">rumenite</a> in <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, and simetite in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>.</li> <li>Other natural resins — <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">chitin</a>, etc.</li></ul> <p>Plastics used as imitations:<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">Stained glass</a> (inorganic material) and other <a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">ceramic materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celluloid" title="Celluloid">Celluloid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrocellulose" title="Nitrocellulose">Cellulose nitrate</a> (first obtained in 1833<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner-Wysiecka_2013_30_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner-Wysiecka_2013_30-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) — a product of treatment of cellulose with nitration mixture.<sup id="cite_ref-Bogdasarov_2013_38_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bogdasarov_2013_38-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Acetylcellulose (not in the use at present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galalith" title="Galalith">Galalith</a> or "artificial horn" (condensation product of casein and <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a>), other trade names: Alladinite, Erinoid, Lactoid.<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner-Wysiecka_2013_30_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner-Wysiecka_2013_30-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casein" title="Casein">Casein</a> — a conjugated protein forming from the casein precursor – caseinogen.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Resolane (phenolic resins or phenoplasts, not in the use at present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakelite" title="Bakelite">Bakelite</a> resine (resol, phenolic resins), product from <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> are known under the misleading name "African amber".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">Carbamide</a> resins — <a href="/wiki/Melamine_resin" title="Melamine resin">melamine</a>, formaldehyde and urea-formaldehyde resins.<sup id="cite_ref-Bogdasarov_2013_38_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bogdasarov_2013_38-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Epoxy <a href="/wiki/Phenol_formaldehyde_resin" title="Phenol formaldehyde resin">novolac</a> (phenolic resins), unofficial name "antique amber", not in the use at present</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyesters" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyesters">Polyesters</a> (Polish amber imitation) with <a href="/wiki/Styrene" title="Styrene">styrene</a>. For example, unsaturated polyester resins (polymals) are produced by Chemical Industrial Works "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Organika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organika (page does not exist)">Organika</a>" in <a href="/wiki/Sarzyna" title="Sarzyna">Sarzyna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>; estomal are produced by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Laminopol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laminopol (page does not exist)">Laminopol</a> firm. Polybern or sticked amber is artificial resins the curled chips are obtained, whereas in the case of amber – small scraps. "African amber" (polyester, synacryl is then probably other name of the same resine) are produced by Reichhold firm; Styresol trade mark or alkid resin (used in Russia, Reichhold, Inc. patent, 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">Polyethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoxy_resin" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoxy resin">Epoxy resins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">Polystyrene</a> and polystyrene-like polymers (<a href="/wiki/Vinyl_polymer" title="Vinyl polymer">vinyl polymers</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Wagner-Wysiecka_2013_32_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner-Wysiecka_2013_32-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Acrylic_resin" title="Acrylic resin">resins of acrylic type</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vinyl_polymer" title="Vinyl polymer">vinyl polymers</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wagner-Wysiecka_2013_32_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wagner-Wysiecka_2013_32-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), especially <a href="/wiki/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)" title="Poly(methyl methacrylate)">polymethyl methacrylate PMMA</a> (trade mark Plexiglass, metaplex).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amber&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammolite" title="Ammolite">Ammolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_amber_jewellery" title="Illyrian amber jewellery">Illyrian amber jewellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_types_of_amber" title="List of types of amber">List of types of amber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrified_wood" title="Petrified wood">Petrified wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">Pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)#Acrylate_resin_casting" title="Poly(methyl methacrylate)">Poly(methyl methacrylate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_coral" title="Precious coral">Precious coral</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amber&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Latin the name <i>succinum</i> was unambiguously used for amber while <i><a href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">electrum</a></i> was also used for an alloy of gold and silver.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amber&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Grimaldi2009-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grimaldi2009_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grimaldi2009_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grimaldi2009_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grimaldi2009_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grimaldi2009_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grimaldi2009_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grimaldi2009_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grimaldi2009_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grimaldi2009_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grimaldi2009_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGrimaldi2009" class="citation journal cs1">Grimaldi, D. (2009). "Pushing Back Amber Production". <i>Science</i>. <b>326</b> (5949): <span class="nowrap">51–</span>2. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...326...51G">2009Sci...326...51G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1179328">10.1126/science.1179328</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19797645">19797645</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206522565">206522565</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Pushing+Back+Amber+Production&rft.volume=326&rft.issue=5949&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1179328&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206522565%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19797645&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Sci...326...51G&rft.aulast=Grimaldi&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jersey-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jersey_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jersey_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Amber" (2004). In Maxine N. Lurie and Marc Mappen (eds.) <i>Encyclopedia of New Jersey</i>, Rutgers University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813533252" title="Special:BookSources/0813533252">0813533252</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20161208-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20161208_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20161208_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSt._Fleur2016" class="citation news cs1">St. Fleur, Nicholas (8 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/08/science/dinosaur-feathers-amber.html">"That Thing With Feathers Trapped in Amber? It Was a Dinosaur Tail"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161208224540/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/08/science/dinosaur-feathers-amber.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=That+Thing+With+Feathers+Trapped+in+Amber%3F+It+Was+a+Dinosaur+Tail&rft.date=2016-12-08&rft.aulast=St.+Fleur&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F12%2F08%2Fscience%2Fdinosaur-feathers-amber.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Poinar GO, Poinar R. (1995) <i>The quest for life in amber</i>. Basic Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-48928-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-48928-7">0-201-48928-7</a>, p. 133</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harper-2022-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harper-2022_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harper-2022_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarper2022" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Harper, Douglas, ed. (18 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/amber">"amber"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=amber&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.date=2022-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Famber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/middle-english-dictionary/dictionary/MED3030"><i>Middle English Compendium</i></a>, University of Michigan, 10 March 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+English+Compendium&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2024-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fm%2Fmiddle-english-dictionary%2Fdictionary%2FMED3030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFaustin2018" class="citation web cs1">austin (17 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amberinternational.net/amber-history/">"Amber History"</a>. <i>Amber International</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amber+International&rft.atitle=Amber+History&rft.date=2018-04-17&rft.au=austin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famberinternational.net%2Famber-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see: Abu Zaid al Hassan from Siraf & Sulaiman the Merchant (851), <i>Silsilat-al-Tawarikh (travels in Asia)</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2013)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/SMIGRA*/Electrum.html">"LacusCurtius • Electrum and Amber (Smith's Dictionary, 1875)"</a>. <i>penelope.uchicago.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=penelope.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=LacusCurtius+%E2%80%A2+Electrum+and+Amber+%28Smith%27s+Dictionary%2C+1875%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2Fsecondary%2FSMIGRA%2A%2FElectrum.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-King1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-King1_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a> 6.513, 19.398). The feminine <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἠλεκτρίς</span></span> being later used as a name of the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKing1867" class="citation book cs1">King, Rev. C.W. (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.farlang.com/gemstones/king-gems-decorative-stones/page_315"><i>The Natural History of Gems or Decorative Stones</i></a>. Cambridge (UK). p. 315. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929090553/http://www.farlang.com/gemstones/king-gems-decorative-stones/page_315">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Natural+History+of+Gems+or+Decorative+Stones&rft.pages=315&rft.pub=Cambridge+%28UK%29&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Rev.+C.W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.farlang.com%2Fgemstones%2Fking-gems-decorative-stones%2Fpage_315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The derivation of the modern term "<a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electric</a>" from the Greek word for amber dates to the 1600 (<a href="/wiki/Neo-Latin" title="Neo-Latin">Latin</a> <i>electricus</i> "amber-like", in <i>De Magnete</i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Gilbert_(astronomer)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Gilbert (astronomer)">William Gilbert</a>). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHeilbron1979" class="citation book cs1">Heilbron, J.L. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UlTLRUn1sy8C&pg=PA169"><i>Electricity in the 17th and 18th Centuries: A Study of Early Modern Physics</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03478-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03478-5"><bdi>978-0-520-03478-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electricity+in+the+17th+and+18th+Centuries%3A+A+Study+of+Early+Modern+Physics&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-520-03478-5&rft.aulast=Heilbron&rft.aufirst=J.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUlTLRUn1sy8C%26pg%3DPA169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmber" class="Z3988"></span>. The word "<a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a>" (for the fundamental particle) was coined in 1891 by the Irish physicist <a href="/wiki/George_Johnstone_Stoney" title="George Johnstone Stoney">George Stoney</a> whilst analyzing elementary charges for the first time. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAber,_Susie_Ward" class="citation web cs1">Aber, Susie Ward. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070428124042/http://www.emporia.edu/earthsci/amber/amber.htm">"Welcome to the World of Amber"</a>. Emporia State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emporia.edu/earthsci/amber/amber.htm">the original</a> on 28 April 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+the+World+of+Amber&rft.pub=Emporia+State+University&rft.au=Aber%2C+Susie+Ward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.emporia.edu%2Fearthsci%2Famber%2Famber.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmber" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael R. Collings, <i>Gemlore: An Introduction to Precious and Semi-Precious Stones</i>, 2009, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-electric-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-electric_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-electric_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/electric">"Electric." <i>Online Etymological Dictionary.</i></a> Retrieved 6 September 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mindat.org/min-188.html">"Amber"</a>. Mindat.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amber&rft.pub=Mindat.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mindat.org%2Fmin-188.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pliny37-11-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pliny37-11_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Natural History</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D37%3Achapter%3D11">37.11</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924171950/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D37%3Achapter%3D11">Archived</a> 24 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Natural History</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137;query=chapter%3D%23172;layout=;loc=4.26">IV.27.13</a> or IV.13.95 in the Loeb edition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeck1966" class="citation journal cs1">Beck, Curt W. (1 September 1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grbs.library.duke.edu/index.php/grbs/article/view/11401/4147">"Analysis and Provenience of Minoan and Mycenaean Amber, I"</a>. <i>Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies</i>. <b>7</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">191–</span>211.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Greek%2C+Roman%2C+and+Byzantine+Studies&rft.atitle=Analysis+and+Provenience+of+Minoan+and+Mycenaean+Amber%2C+I&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E191-%3C%2Fspan%3E211&rft.date=1966-09-01&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Curt+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgrbs.library.duke.edu%2Findex.php%2Fgrbs%2Farticle%2Fview%2F11401%2F4147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare <a href="/wiki/Succinic_acid" title="Succinic acid">succinic acid</a> as well as <i>succinite</i>, a term given to a particular type of amber by <a href="/wiki/James_Dwight_Dana" title="James Dwight Dana">James Dwight Dana</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPliny_the_Elder" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>. <i>Natural History</i>. p. Book 37.XI.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Natural+History&rft.pages=Book+37.XI&rft.au=Pliny+the+Elder&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMikanowski2022" class="citation book cs1">Mikanowski, Jacob (2022). <i>Goodbye, Eastern Europe: An Intimate History of a Divided Land</i>. New York: Pantheon Books. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781524748500" title="Special:BookSources/9781524748500"><bdi>9781524748500</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goodbye%2C+Eastern+Europe%3A+An+Intimate+History+of+a+Divided+Land&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781524748500&rft.aulast=Mikanowski&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChenZengYuanCui2019" class="citation journal cs1">Chen, Dian; Zeng, Qingshuo; Yuan, Ye; Cui, Benxin; Luo, Wugan (November 2019). "Baltic amber or Burmese amber: FTIR studies on amber artifacts of Eastern Han Dynasty unearthed from Nanyang". <i>Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy</i>. <b>222</b>: 117270. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019AcSpA.22217270C">2019AcSpA.22217270C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.saa.2019.117270">10.1016/j.saa.2019.117270</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31226615">31226615</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195261188">195261188</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spectrochimica+Acta+Part+A%3A+Molecular+and+Biomolecular+Spectroscopy&rft.atitle=Baltic+amber+or+Burmese+amber%3A+FTIR+studies+on+amber+artifacts+of+Eastern+Han+Dynasty+unearthed+from+Nanyang&rft.volume=222&rft.pages=117270&rft.date=2019-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.saa.2019.117270&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A195261188%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31226615&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019AcSpA.22217270C&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Dian&rft.au=Zeng%2C+Qingshuo&rft.au=Yuan%2C+Ye&rft.au=Cui%2C+Benxin&rft.au=Luo%2C+Wugan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson2023-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson2023_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson2023_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anderson2023_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2023" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, L.A. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2023.104367">"A chemical framework for the preservation of fossil vertebrate cells and soft tissues"</a>. <i>Earth-Science Reviews</i>. <b>240</b>: 104367. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023ESRv..24004367A">2023ESRv..24004367A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2023.104367">10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104367</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257326012">257326012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth-Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=A+chemical+framework+for+the+preservation+of+fossil+vertebrate+cells+and+soft+tissues&rft.volume=240&rft.pages=104367&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A257326012%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.earscirev.2023.104367&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023ESRv..24004367A&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=L.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.earscirev.2023.104367&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERudler1911792-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudler1911792_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudler1911792_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudler1911792_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudler1911792_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRudler1911">Rudler 1911</a>, p. 792.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manuel Villanueva-García, Antonio Martínez-Richa, and Juvencio Robles <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arkat-usa.org/ark/journal/2005/I06_Juaristi/1567/EJ-1567C.asp">Assignment of vibrational spectra of labdatriene derivatives and ambers: A combined experimental and density functional theoretical study</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060412074659/http://www.arkat-usa.org/ark/journal/2005/I06_Juaristi/1567/EJ-1567C.asp">Archived</a> 12 April 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Arkivoc" title="Arkivoc">Arkivoc</a> (EJ-1567C) pp. 449–458</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoldoveanu1998" class="citation book cs1">Moldoveanu, S.C. (1998). <i>Analytical pyrolysis of natural organic polymers</i>. Elsevier.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Analytical+pyrolysis+of+natural+organic+polymers&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Moldoveanu&rft.aufirst=S.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPoinarPoinarCano1994" class="citation book cs1">Poinar, George O.; Poinar, Hendrik N.; Cano, Raul J. (1994). "DNA from Amber Inclusions". <i>Ancient DNA</i>. New York, NY: Springer New York. pp. <span class="nowrap">92–</span>103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4612-4318-2_6">10.1007/978-1-4612-4318-2_6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-94308-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-94308-4"><bdi>978-0-387-94308-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=DNA+from+Amber+Inclusions&rft.btitle=Ancient+DNA&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E92-%3C%2Fspan%3E103&rft.pub=Springer+New+York&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4612-4318-2_6&rft.isbn=978-0-387-94308-4&rft.aulast=Poinar&rft.aufirst=George+O.&rft.au=Poinar%2C+Hendrik+N.&rft.au=Cano%2C+Raul+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRice2006" class="citation book cs1">Rice, Patty C. (2006). <i>Amber: Golden Gem of the Ages. 4th Ed</i>. AuthorHouse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4259-3849-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4259-3849-9"><bdi>978-1-4259-3849-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Amber%3A+Golden+Gem+of+the+Ages.+4th+Ed.&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4259-3849-9&rft.aulast=Rice&rft.aufirst=Patty+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Poinar, George O. (1992) <i>Life in amber</i>. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, p. 12, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0804720010" title="Special:BookSources/0804720010">0804720010</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLambertPoinar2002" class="citation journal cs1">Lambert, JB; Poinar, GO Jr. (2002). "Amber: the organic gemstone". <i>Accounts of Chemical Research</i>. <b>35</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">628–</span>36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Far0001970">10.1021/ar0001970</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12186567">12186567</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Accounts+of+Chemical+Research&rft.atitle=Amber%3A+the+organic+gemstone&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E628-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Far0001970&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12186567&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=JB&rft.au=Poinar%2C+GO+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWolfeTappert,_R.Muehlenbachs,_K.Boudreau,_M.2009" class="citation journal cs1">Wolfe, A. P.; Tappert, R.; Muehlenbachs, K.; Boudreau, M.; McKellar, R. C.; Basinger, J. F.; Garrett, A. (30 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2817186">"A new proposal concerning the botanical origin of Baltic amber"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</i>. <b>276</b> (1672): <span class="nowrap">3403–</span>3412. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspb.2009.0806">10.1098/rspb.2009.0806</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2817186">2817186</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19570786">19570786</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+B%3A+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=A+new+proposal+concerning+the+botanical+origin+of+Baltic+amber&rft.volume=276&rft.issue=1672&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3403-%3C%2Fspan%3E3412&rft.date=2009-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2817186%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19570786&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspb.2009.0806&rft.aulast=Wolfe&rft.aufirst=A.+P.&rft.au=Tappert%2C+R.&rft.au=Muehlenbachs%2C+K.&rft.au=Boudreau%2C+M.&rft.au=McKellar%2C+R.+C.&rft.au=Basinger%2C+J.+F.&rft.au=Garrett%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2817186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSherborn1892" class="citation web cs1">Sherborn, Charles Davies (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uCzPAAAAMAAJ&q=succinosis&pg=PA379">"Natural Science: A Monthly Review of Scientific Progress, Volume 1"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Natural+Science%3A+A+Monthly+Review+of+Scientific+Progress%2C+Volume+1&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Sherborn&rft.aufirst=Charles+Davies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuCzPAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dsuccinosis%26pg%3DPA379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBraswell-Tripp2013" class="citation book cs1">Braswell-Tripp, Pearlie (2013). <i>Real Diamonds & Precious Stones of the Bible</i>. Bloomington: Xlibris Corporation. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781479796441" title="Special:BookSources/9781479796441"><bdi>9781479796441</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Real+Diamonds+%26+Precious+Stones+of+the+Bible&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Xlibris+Corporation&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781479796441&rft.aulast=Braswell-Tripp&rft.aufirst=Pearlie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERudler1911793-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudler1911793_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudler1911793_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudler1911793_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudler1911793_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudler1911793_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudler1911793_34-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERudler1911793_34-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRudler1911">Rudler 1911</a>, p. 793.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GOPoinar1992-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GOPoinar1992_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPoinar1992" class="citation book cs1">Poinar, George O. 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Gerschel, Henny; Salzmann, Ulrich; Nehrke, Gernot; Müller, Juliane; Hillenbrand, Claus-Dieter; Bohaty, Steven M.; Bickert, Torsten (12 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antarctic-science/article/first-discovery-of-antarctic-amber/700244C13B3972F0048EAC029E34263E">"First discovery of Antarctic amber"</a>. <i>Antarctic Science</i>. <b>36</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">439–</span>440. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024AntSc..36..439K">2024AntSc..36..439K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0954102024000208">10.1017/S0954102024000208</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0954-1020">0954-1020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antarctic+Science&rft.atitle=First+discovery+of+Antarctic+amber&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E439-%3C%2Fspan%3E440&rft.date=2024-11-12&rft.issn=0954-1020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0954102024000208&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024AntSc..36..439K&rft.aulast=Klages&rft.aufirst=Johann+P.&rft.au=Gerschel%2C+Henny&rft.au=Salzmann%2C+Ulrich&rft.au=Nehrke%2C+Gernot&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+Juliane&rft.au=Hillenbrand%2C+Claus-Dieter&rft.au=Bohaty%2C+Steven+M.&rft.au=Bickert%2C+Torsten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fantarctic-science%2Farticle%2Ffirst-discovery-of-antarctic-amber%2F700244C13B3972F0048EAC029E34263E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTantsura2016" class="citation web cs1">Tantsura, Michael (27 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://leta.st/en/blog/2016/07/history-of-russian-amber-1/">"The History of Russian Amber, Part 1: The Beginning"</a>. <i>Leta</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180315013751/https://leta.st/blog/2016/07/history-of-Russian-amber-1/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Leta&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Russian+Amber%2C+Part+1%3A+The+Beginning&rft.date=2016-07-27&rft.aulast=Tantsura&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fleta.st%2Fen%2Fblog%2F2016%2F07%2Fhistory-of-russian-amber-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120706182814/http://gurukul.ucc.american.edu/ted/amber.htm">"Amber Trade and the Environment in the Kaliningrad Oblast"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+News&rft.atitle=The+Dramatic+Impact+of+Illegal+Amber+Mining+in+Ukraine%27s+Wild+West&rft.date=2017-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2017%2F01%2Fillegal-amber-mining-ukraine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFProject_Gutenberg2021" class="citation book cs1">Project Gutenberg (January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oil4DgAAQBAJ&pg=PT2383"><i>The Project Gutenberg Encyclopedia</i></a>. 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R.; Jancke, S.; Lindquist, E. E.; Ragazzi, E.; Roghi, G.; Nascimbene, P. C.; Schmidt, K.; Wappler, T.; Grimaldi, D. A. 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(February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14772019.2013.867373">"Plant-feeding mite diversity in Triassic amber (Acari: Tetrapodili)"</a>. <i>Journal of Systematic Palaeontology</i>. <b>13</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">129–</span>151. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015JSPal..13..129S">2015JSPal..13..129S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14772019.2013.867373">10.1080/14772019.2013.867373</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1477-2019">1477-2019</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85055941">85055941</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Systematic+Palaeontology&rft.atitle=Plant-feeding+mite+diversity+in+Triassic+amber+%28Acari%3A+Tetrapodili%29&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E151&rft.date=2015-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14772019.2013.867373&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85055941%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1477-2019&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015JSPal..13..129S&rft.aulast=Sidorchuk&rft.aufirst=Ekaterina+A.&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+Alexander+R.&rft.au=Ragazzi%2C+Eugenio&rft.au=Roghi%2C+Guido&rft.au=Lindquist%2C+Evert+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F14772019.2013.867373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PoinarOthers2011a-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PoinarOthers2011a_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PoinarOthers2011a_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Poinar, P.O., Jr., and R.K. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=A+Fossilized+Blood-Engorged+Mosquito+is+Found+for+the+First+Time+Ever&rft.date=2013-10-14&rft.au=Joseph+Stromberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fscience-nature%2Fa-fossilized-blood-engorged-mosquito-is-found-for-the-first-time-ever-1749788%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ.L._Bada,_X.S._Wang,_H._Hamilton1999" class="citation news cs1">J.L. Bada, X.S. Wang, H. Hamilton (1999). "Preservation of key biomolecules in the fossil record: Current knowledge and future challenges". 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SciNews&rft.atitle=Extracting+Dinosaur+DNA+from+Amber+Fossils+Impossible%2C+Scientists+Say&rft.au=News+Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sci-news.com%2Fpaleontology%2Fscience-dinosaur-dna-amber-01383.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/3305_jewel.html">"Jewel of the Earth"</a>. PBS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210603022425/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/3305_jewel.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jewel+of+the+Earth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fnova%2Ftranscripts%2F3305_jewel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8456512">Curt W. Beck, Anthony Harding and Helen Hughes-Brock, "Amber in the Mycenaean World" <i>The Annual of the British School at Athens</i>, vol. 69 (November 1974), pp. 145–172. DOI:10.1017/S0068245400005505</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131105124301/http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=8456512">Archived</a> 5 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060216124403/http://www.pipesandtobaccos.com/pipesandtobaccos/info/insights/baldoview.htm">"Interview with expert pipe maker, Baldo Baldi. Accessed 10-12-09"</a>. Pipesandtobaccos.com. 11 February 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pipesandtobaccos.com/pipesandtobaccos/info/insights/baldoview.htm">the original</a> on 16 February 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview+with+expert+pipe+maker%2C+Baldo+Baldi.+Accessed+10-12-09&rft.pub=Pipesandtobaccos.com&rft.date=2000-02-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pipesandtobaccos.com%2Fpipesandtobaccos%2Finfo%2Finsights%2Fbaldoview.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716134239/http://steinertindustries.com/osc/advanced_search_result.php?search_in_description=1&keywords=amber&osCsid=d8f7cf307cfb59b1356aa7e3abfaa59e">"Maker of amber mouthpiece for glass blowing pipes. Accessed 10-12-09"</a>. Steinertindustries.com. 7 May 2007. 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Sandstone Press. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-912240-92-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-912240-92-0"><bdi>978-1-912240-92-0</bdi></a>. <q>With more than a quarter of a million pieces, this is thought to be the world's largest collection of amber</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Along+the+Amber+Route%3A+St.+Petersburg+to+Venice&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Sandstone+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-912240-92-0&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%BCler&rft.aufirst=C.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq3j3DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-test-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-test_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-test_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLisa_Markman2009" class="citation journal cs1">Lisa Markman (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130510010735/http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/16796/Pediatric%20Gastroenterology%20resources/Teething%20facts%20and%20%20fictions.pdf">"Teething: Facts and Fiction"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Pediatr. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.ksu.edu.sa/16796/Pediatric%20Gastroenterology%20resources/Teething%20facts%20and%20%20fictions.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pediatr.+Rev.&rft.atitle=Teething%3A+Facts+and+Fiction&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Ee59+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Ee64%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.695.5675%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29522788%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19648257&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1542%2Fpir.30-8-e59&rft.au=Lisa+Markman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.ksu.edu.sa%2F16796%2FPediatric%2520Gastroenterology%2520resources%2FTeething%2520facts%2520and%2520%2520fictions.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRiddle1973" class="citation journal cs1">Riddle, John M. (1973). "AMBER in ancient Pharmacy: The Transmission of Information About a Single Drug: A Case Study". <i>Pharmacy in History</i>. <b>15</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharmacy+in+History&rft.atitle=AMBER+in+ancient+Pharmacy%3A+The+Transmission+of+Information+About+a+Single+Drug%3A+A+Case+Study&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Riddle&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HealthyChildren.org-2018-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HealthyChildren.org-2018_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HealthyChildren.org-2018_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.healthychildren.org/English/ages-stages/baby/teething-tooth-care/Pages/Amber-Teething-Necklaces.aspx">"Teething Necklaces and Beads: A Caution for Parents"</a>. <i>HealthyChildren.org</i>. 20 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HealthyChildren.org&rft.atitle=Teething+Necklaces+and+Beads%3A+A+Caution+for+Parents&rft.date=2018-12-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.healthychildren.org%2FEnglish%2Fages-stages%2Fbaby%2Fteething-tooth-care%2FPages%2FAmber-Teething-Necklaces.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/amber-waves-of-woo/">"Amber Waves of Woo"</a>. <i>Science-Based Medicine</i>. 11 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science-Based+Medicine&rft.atitle=Amber+Waves+of+Woo&rft.date=2014-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsciencebasedmedicine.org%2Famber-waves-of-woo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHealth" class="citation web cs1">Health, Center for Devices and Radiological. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/Safety/AlertsandNotices/ucm628900.htm">"Safety Communications - FDA Warns Against Use of Teething Necklaces, Bracelets, and Other Jewelry Marketed for Relieving Teething Pain or Providing Sensory Stimulation: FDA Safety Communication"</a>. <i>www.fda.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fda.gov&rft.atitle=Safety+Communications+-+FDA+Warns+Against+Use+of+Teething+Necklaces%2C+Bracelets%2C+and+Other+Jewelry+Marketed+for+Relieving+Teething+Pain+or+Providing+Sensory+Stimulation%3A+FDA+Safety+Communication&rft.aulast=Health&rft.aufirst=Center+for+Devices+and+Radiological&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2FMedicalDevices%2FSafety%2FAlertsandNotices%2Fucm628900.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amber-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Amber_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Amber_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130117090500/http://www.aphrodisiacs-info.com/amber.html">"Amber as an aphrodisiac"</a>. <i>Aphrodisiacs-info.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aphrodisiacs-info.com/amber.html">the original</a> on 17 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aphrodisiacs-info.com&rft.atitle=Amber+as+an+aphrodisiac&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aphrodisiacs-info.com%2Famber.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmber" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thermer, Ernst T. "Saturated indane derivatives and processes for producing same" <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3703479">U.S. patent 3,703,479</a></span>, <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3681464">U.S. patent 3,681,464</a></span>, issue date 1972</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perfume compositions and perfume articles containing one isomer of an octahydrotetramethyl acetonaphthone, John B. Hall, Rumson; James Milton Sanders, Eatontown <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3929677">U.S. patent 3,929,677</a></span>, Publication Date: 30 December 1975</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sorceryofscent.blogspot.com/2008/07/amber-perfumery-myth.html">Sorcery of Scent: Amber: A perfume myth</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100114155516/http://sorceryofscent.blogspot.com/2008/07/amber-perfumery-myth.html">Archived</a> 14 January 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Sorceryofscent.blogspot.com (30 July 2008). Retrieved on 23 April 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGomes,_Paula_B.Mata,_Vera_G.Rodrigues,_A._E.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Gomes, Paula B.; Mata, Vera G.; Rodrigues, A. E. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120324060544/http://teresacasimiro.com.sapo.pt/Bibliographic_References/21.pdf">"Characterization of the Portuguese-Grown Cistus ladanifer Essential Oil"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Essential Oil Research</i>. <b>17</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">160–</span>165. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.694.8772">10.1.1.694.8772</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10412905.2005.9698864">10.1080/10412905.2005.9698864</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:96688538">96688538</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://teresacasimiro.com.sapo.pt/Bibliographic_References/21.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 24 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Essential+Oil+Research&rft.atitle=Characterization+of+the+Portuguese-Grown+Cistus+ladanifer+Essential+Oil&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E160-%3C%2Fspan%3E165&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.694.8772%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A96688538%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10412905.2005.9698864&rft.au=Gomes%2C+Paula+B.&rft.au=Mata%2C+Vera+G.&rft.au=Rodrigues%2C+A.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fteresacasimiro.com.sapo.pt%2FBibliographic_References%2F21.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAuziasLabourdette2022" class="citation book cs1">Auzias, Dominique; Labourdette, Jean-Paul (23 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MImdEAAAQBAJ&dq=musk+oud+arab+culture&pg=PT75"><i>QATAR (EN ANGLAIS) 2023/2024 Petit Futé</i></a>. Petit Futé. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782305096186" title="Special:BookSources/9782305096186"><bdi>9782305096186</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=QATAR+%28EN+ANGLAIS%29+2023%2F2024+Petit+Fut%C3%A9&rft.pub=Petit+Fut%C3%A9&rft.date=2022-11-23&rft.isbn=9782305096186&rft.aulast=Auzias&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rft.au=Labourdette%2C+Jean-Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMImdEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dmusk%2Boud%2Barab%2Bculture%26pg%3DPT75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmber" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatushevskaya2013">Matushevskaya 2013</a>, pp. 11–13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMatushevskaya2013">Matushevskaya 2013</a>, pp. 13–19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wagner-Wysiecka_2013_30-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner-Wysiecka_2013_30_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner-Wysiecka_2013_30_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner-Wysiecka2013">Wagner-Wysiecka 2013</a>, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bogdasarov_2013_38-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdasarov_2013_38_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdasarov_2013_38_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBogdasarovBogdasarov2013">Bogdasarov & Bogdasarov 2013</a>, p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBogdasarovBogdasarov2013">Bogdasarov & Bogdasarov 2013</a>, p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner-Wysiecka2013">Wagner-Wysiecka 2013</a>, p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wagner-Wysiecka_2013_32-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner-Wysiecka_2013_32_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wagner-Wysiecka_2013_32_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagner-Wysiecka2013">Wagner-Wysiecka 2013</a>, p. 32</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRudler1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rudler, Frederick William (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Amber_(resin)" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Amber (resin)">Amber</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">792–</span>794.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Amber&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E792-%3C%2Fspan%3E794&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Rudler&rft.aufirst=Frederick+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmber" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amber&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBogdasarovBogdasarov2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bogdasarov, Albert; Bogdasarov, Maksim (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200216162639/https://www.ambermuseum.ru/home/materials/read%3Fid%3D548f584d138c69fc0a0002a9">"Forgery and simulations from amber"</a> [Подделки и имитация янтаря]. In Kostjashova, Z. V. (ed.). <i>Янтарь и его имитации</i> <bdi lang="ru">Материалы международной научно-практической конференции 27 июня 2013 года</bdi> [<i>Amber and its imitations</i>] (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Amber_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaliningrad Amber Museum">Kaliningrad Amber Museum</a>, Ministry of Culture (Kaliningrad region, Russia). p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-903920-26-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-903920-26-6"><bdi>978-5-903920-26-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ambermuseum.ru/home/materials/read?id=548f584d138c69fc0a0002a9">the original</a> on 16 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Forgery+and+simulations+from+amber&rft.btitle=%D0%AF%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C+%D0%B8+%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+27+%D0%B8%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%8F+2013+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.place=Kaliningrad&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Kaliningrad+Amber+Museum%2C+Ministry+of+Culture+%28Kaliningrad+region%2C+Russia%29&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-5-903920-26-6&rft.aulast=Bogdasarov&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft.au=Bogdasarov%2C+Maksim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ambermuseum.ru%2Fhome%2Fmaterials%2Fread%3Fid%3D548f584d138c69fc0a0002a9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmber" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatushevskaya2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Matushevskaya, Aniela (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200216162639/https://www.ambermuseum.ru/home/materials/read%3Fid%3D548f584d138c69fc0a0002a9">"Natural and artificial resins – chosen aspects of structure and properties"</a>. In Kostjashova, Z. V. (ed.). <i>Янтарь и его имитации</i> <bdi lang="ru">Материалы международной научно-практической конференции 27 июня 2013 года</bdi> [<i>Amber and its imitations</i>] (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Amber_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaliningrad Amber Museum">Kaliningrad Amber Museum</a>, Ministry of Culture (Kaliningrad region, Russia). p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-903920-26-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-903920-26-6"><bdi>978-5-903920-26-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ambermuseum.ru/home/materials/read?id=548f584d138c69fc0a0002a9">the original</a> on 16 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Natural+and+artificial+resins+%E2%80%93+chosen+aspects+of+structure+and+properties&rft.btitle=%D0%AF%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C+%D0%B8+%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+27+%D0%B8%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%8F+2013+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.place=Kaliningrad&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Kaliningrad+Amber+Museum%2C+Ministry+of+Culture+%28Kaliningrad+region%2C+Russia%29&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-5-903920-26-6&rft.aulast=Matushevskaya&rft.aufirst=Aniela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ambermuseum.ru%2Fhome%2Fmaterials%2Fread%3Fid%3D548f584d138c69fc0a0002a9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmber" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWagner-Wysiecka2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wagner-Wysiecka, Eva (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200216162639/https://www.ambermuseum.ru/home/materials/read%3Fid%3D548f584d138c69fc0a0002a9">"Amber imitations through the eyes of a chemist"</a> [Имитация янтаря глазами химика]. In Kostjashova, Z. V. (ed.). <i>Янтарь и его имитации</i> <bdi lang="ru">Материалы международной научно-практической конференции 27 июня 2013 года</bdi> [<i>Amber and its imitations</i>] (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>: <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad_Amber_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaliningrad Amber Museum">Kaliningrad Amber Museum</a>, Ministry of Culture (Kaliningrad region, Russia). p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-903920-26-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-903920-26-6"><bdi>978-5-903920-26-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ambermuseum.ru/home/materials/read?id=548f584d138c69fc0a0002a9">the original</a> on 16 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Amber+imitations+through+the+eyes+of+a+chemist&rft.btitle=%D0%AF%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C+%D0%B8+%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+27+%D0%B8%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%8F+2013+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.place=Kaliningrad&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Kaliningrad+Amber+Museum%2C+Ministry+of+Culture+%28Kaliningrad+region%2C+Russia%29&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-5-903920-26-6&rft.aulast=Wagner-Wysiecka&rft.aufirst=Eva&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ambermuseum.ru%2Fhome%2Fmaterials%2Fread%3Fid%3D548f584d138c69fc0a0002a9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmber" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amber&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to:<br /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Amber" class="extiw" title="commons:Amber"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Amber</span></a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Amber" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Amber">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.farlang.com/gemstones/amber">Farlang many full text historical references on Amber</a> <a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Frederick_Kunz" title="George Frederick Kunz">George Frederick Kunz</a>, and special on <a href="/wiki/Baltic_amber" title="Baltic amber">Baltic amber</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050731084240/http://fossilinsects.net/lib.htm">IPS Publications on amber inclusions</a> International Paleoentomological Society: Scientific Articles on amber and its inclusions</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webmineral.com/data/Amber.shtml">Webmineral on Amber</a> Physical properties and mineralogical information</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindat.org/min-188.html">Mindat Amber</a> Image and locality information on amber</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E0CE2DD123BF936A1575AC0A964958260">NY Times</a> 40 million year old extinct bee in Dominican amber</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jewellery187" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewellery" 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href="/wiki/Belt_buckle" title="Belt buckle">Belt buckle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolo_tie" title="Bolo tie">Bolo tie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bracelet" title="Bracelet">Bracelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooch" title="Brooch">Brooch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery_chain" title="Jewellery chain">Chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatelaine_(chain)" title="Chatelaine (chain)">Chatelaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collar_pin" title="Collar pin">Collar pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown" title="Crown">Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cufflink" title="Cufflink">Cufflink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earring" title="Earring">Earring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferronni%C3%A8re" title="Ferronnière">Ferronnière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Genital jewellery">Genital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapel_pin" title="Lapel pin">Lapel pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necklace" title="Necklace">Necklace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neck_ring" title="Neck ring">Neck ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectoral_(Ancient_Egypt)" title="Pectoral (Ancient Egypt)">Pectoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendant" title="Pendant">Pendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_(jewellery)" title="Ring (jewellery)">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiara" title="Tiara">Tiara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_chain" title="Tie chain">Tie chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_clip" title="Tie clip">Tie clip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tie_pin" title="Tie pin">Tie pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toe_ring" title="Toe ring">Toe ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch" title="Watch">Watch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_watch" title="Pocket watch">pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch_strap" title="Watch strap">strap</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Making</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bench_jeweler" title="Bench jeweler">Bench jeweler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clockmaker" title="Clockmaker">Clockmaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldsmith" title="Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery_design" title="Jewellery design">Jewellery designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapidary" title="Lapidary">Lapidarist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silversmith" title="Silversmith">Silversmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchmaker" title="Watchmaker">Watchmaker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameo_(carving)" title="Cameo (carving)">Carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_casting" title="Metal casting">Casting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_casting_(silversmithing)" title="Centrifugal casting (silversmithing)">centrifugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost-wax_casting" title="Lost-wax casting">lost-wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_casting" title="Metal casting">vacuum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">Enameling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engraved_gem" title="Engraved gem">Engraving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filigree" title="Filigree">Filigree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewelry_model" title="Jewelry model">Jewelry model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_clay" title="Metal clay">Metal clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plating" title="Plating">Plating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polishing_(metalworking)" title="Polishing (metalworking)">Polishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repouss%C3%A9_and_chasing" title="Repoussé and chasing">Repoussé and chasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldering" title="Soldering">Soldering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonesetting" title="Stonesetting">Stonesetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_sculpture" title="Wire sculpture">Wire sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_wrapped_jewelry" title="Wire wrapped jewelry">Wire wrapped jewelry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Draw_plate" title="Draw plate">Draw plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_(tool)" title="File (tool)">File</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer" title="Hammer">Hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandrel" title="Mandrel">Mandrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliers" title="Pliers">Pliers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rhodium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Silver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precious metal <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_silver" title="Britannia silver">Britannia silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colored_gold" title="Colored gold">Colored gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_gold" title="Crown gold">Crown gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">Electrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakud%C5%8D" title="Shakudō">Shakudō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibuichi" title="Shibuichi">Shibuichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterling_silver" title="Sterling silver">Sterling silver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentium_sterling_silver" title="Argentium sterling silver">Argentium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbaga" title="Tumbaga">Tumbaga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Base_metal" title="Base metal">Base metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">Brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokume-gane" title="Mokume-gane">Mokume-gane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_silver" title="Nickel silver">Nickel silver (alpacca)</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pewter" title="Pewter">Pewter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinchbeck_(alloy)" title="Pinchbeck (alloy)">Pinchbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">Stainless steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Titanium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mineral <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gemstones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">Agate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonite" title="Amazonite">Amazonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">Amethyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventurine" title="Aventurine">Aventurine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryl" title="Beryl">Beryl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Red_beryl" title="Red beryl">red</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">Carnelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysoberyl" title="Chrysoberyl">Chrysoberyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysocolla" title="Chrysocolla">Chrysocolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrine_(quartz)" title="Citrine (quartz)">Citrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diopside" title="Diopside">Diopside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">Emerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">Fluorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">Garnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howlite" title="Howlite">Howlite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">Jade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper" title="Jasper">Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyanite" title="Kyanite">Kyanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labradorite" title="Labradorite">Labradorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapis_lazuli" title="Lapis lazuli">Lapis lazuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larimar" title="Larimar">Larimar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachite" title="Malachite">Malachite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcasite_jewellery" title="Marcasite jewellery">Marcasite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonstone_(gemstone)" title="Moonstone (gemstone)">Moonstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onyx" title="Onyx">Onyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">Opal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridot" title="Peridot">Peridot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasiolite" title="Prasiolite">Prasiolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">Quartz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Smoky_quartz" title="Smoky quartz">smoky</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">Sapphire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodalite" title="Sodalite">Sodalite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinel" title="Spinel">Spinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunstone" title="Sunstone">Sunstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanite" title="Tanzanite">Tanzanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger%27s_eye" title="Tiger's eye">Tiger's eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">Topaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourmaline" title="Tourmaline">Tourmaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">Turquoise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variscite" title="Variscite">Variscite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zircon" title="Zircon">Zircon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organic gemstones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalone" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammolite" title="Ammolite">Ammolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copal" title="Copal">Copal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">Coral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_coral" title="Black coral">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_coral" title="Precious coral">Precious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory" title="Ivory">Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_(gemstone)" title="Jet (gemstone)">Jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacre" title="Nacre">Nacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operculum_(gastropod)" title="Operculum (gastropod)">Operculum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">Pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tortoiseshell" title="Tortoiseshell">Tortoiseshell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other natural objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezoar" title="Bezoar">Bezoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog-wood" title="Bog-wood">Bog-wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebonite" title="Ebonite">Ebonite (vulcanite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_jewellery" class="mw-redirect" title="Hair jewellery">Hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_jewelry" title="Shell jewelry">Shell</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spondylus" title="Spondylus">Spondylus shell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toadstone" title="Toadstone">Toadstone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_jewelry" title="Art jewelry">Art jewelry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carat_(mass)" title="Carat (mass)">Carat</a> (mass)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fineness#Carat" title="Fineness">Carat</a> (purity)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finding_(jewelcrafting)" title="Finding (jewelcrafting)">Finding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fineness" title="Fineness">Fineness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>Related topics</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Body_piercing" title="Body piercing">Body piercing</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fashion" title="Fashion">Fashion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gemology" title="Gemology">Gemology</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">Metalworking</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Phaleristics" title="Phaleristics">Phaleristics</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wearable_art" title="Wearable art">Wearable art</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_technology434" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template talk:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_technology434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_technology" title="Prehistoric technology">Prehistoric technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_prehistory" title="Timeline of prehistory">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-age_system#Stone_Age_subdivisions" title="Three-age system">Subdivisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">New Stone Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology" title="Glossary of archaeology">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Tools434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Tools</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">Farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founder_crops" title="Founder crops">Founder crops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_crops" title="New World crops">New World crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard_(plough)" title="Ard (plough)">Ard / plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celt_(tool)" title="Celt (tool)">Celt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digging_stick" title="Digging stick">Digging stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goad" title="Goad">Goad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_products_revolution" title="Secondary products revolution">Secondary products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">Sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terracing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Food processing<br />(<a href="/wiki/Pleistocene_human_diet" title="Pleistocene human diet">Paleolithic diet</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basket" title="Basket">Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_oven" title="Earth oven">Earth oven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">Granaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_slab" title="Grinding slab">Grinding slab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_stone" title="Ground stone">Ground stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">Hearth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk#Hearths" title="Aşıklı Höyük">Aşıklı Höyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qesem_cave#Fire" title="Qesem cave">Qesem cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_(stone)" title="Mano (stone)">Manos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metate" title="Metate">Metate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">Mortar and pestle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_storage_pits" title="Prehistoric storage pits">Storage pits</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Throwing_stick" title="Throwing stick">throwing stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_archery" title="History of archery">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Hunting" title="Gravettian">Nets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">Spear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">spear-thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_fragment_(Palart_310)" title="Baton fragment (Palart 310)">baton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpoon" title="Harpoon">harpoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6ningen_spears" title="Schöningen spears">Schöningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woomera_(spear-thrower)" title="Woomera (spear-thrower)">woomera</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile points</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">Arrowhead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_arrowhead" title="Transverse arrowhead">Transverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare_Island_projectile_point" title="Bare Island projectile point">Bare Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_point" title="Cascade point">Cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creswellian_culture" title="Creswellian culture">Cresswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_point" title="Cumberland point">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamoka_projectile_point" title="Lamoka projectile point">Lamoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manis_Mastodon_site" title="Manis Mastodon site">Manis Mastodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_point" title="Plano point">Plano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_drive_system" title="Game drive system">Game drive system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">Buffalo jump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Toolmaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industry_(archaeology)" title="Industry (archaeology)">Earliest toolmaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupstone" title="Cupstone">Cupstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hardening" title="Fire hardening">Fire hardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian" title="Gravettian">Gravettian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafting" title="Hafting">Hafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_axe" title="Hand axe">Hand axe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grooves_(archaeology)" title="Grooves (archaeology)">Grooves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdale_axe_industry" title="Langdale axe industry">Langdale axe industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levallois_technique" title="Levallois technique">Levallois technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_core" title="Lithic core">Lithic core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_reduction" title="Lithic reduction">Lithic reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_analysis" title="Lithic analysis">analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debitage" title="Debitage">debitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">flake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Lithic technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microblade_technology" title="Microblade technology">Microblade technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grime%27s_Graves" title="Grime's Graves">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepared-core_technique" title="Prepared-core technique">Prepared-core technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striking_platform" title="Striking platform">Striking platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_stone" title="Tool stone">Tool stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniface" title="Uniface">Uniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yubetsu_technique" title="Yubetsu technique">Yubetsu technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Other tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stitching_awl" title="Stitching awl">Awl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Use_of_animal_remains" title="Gravettian">bone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannerstone" title="Bannerstone">Bannerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_(archaeology)" title="Blade (archaeology)">Blade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prismatic_blade" title="Prismatic blade">prismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_tool" title="Bone tool">Bone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_drill" title="Bow drill">Bow drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burin_(lithic_flake)" title="Burin (lithic flake)">Burin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe#History" title="Canoe">Canoe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_(archaeology)" title="Chopper (archaeology)">Chopper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chopping_tool" title="Chopping tool">tool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaver_(Stone_Age_tool)" title="Cleaver (Stone Age tool)">Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denticulate_tool" title="Denticulate tool">Denticulate tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_plough" title="Fire plough">Fire plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-saw" title="Fire-saw">Fire-saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerstone" title="Hammerstone">Hammerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">Knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">Microlith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racloir" title="Racloir">Racloir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scraper_(archaeology)" title="Scraper (archaeology)">Scraper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grattoir_de_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Grattoir de côté">side</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tally_stick#Paleolithic_tally_sticks" title="Tally stick">Tally stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_weapons#Copper_Age" title="History of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Wheel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronocice_pot" title="Bronocice pot">illustration</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Architecture434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Ceremonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Standing stones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Dwellings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_architecture" title="Neolithic architecture">Neolithic architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_long_house" title="Neolithic long house">long house</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_megalith_architecture" title="British megalith architecture">British megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_megalith_architecture" title="Nordic megalith architecture">Nordic megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdei" title="Burdei">Burdei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_dwelling" title="Cliff dwelling">Cliff dwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(shelter)" title="Dugout (shelter)">Dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hut" title="Hut">Hut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quiggly_hole" title="Quiggly hole">Quiggly hole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacal" title="Jacal">Jacal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse" title="Longhouse">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">Mudbrick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh#Lifestyle_and_technology" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit-house" title="Pit-house">Pit-house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_pueblitos" title="Navajo pueblitos">Pueblitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_shelter" title="Rock shelter">Rock shelter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abri_de_la_Madeleine" title="Abri de la Madeleine">Abri de la Madeleine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibudu_Cave" title="Sibudu Cave">Sibudu Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(dwelling)" title="Roundhouse (dwelling)">Roundhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilt_house" title="Stilt house">Stilt house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">Alp pile dwellings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ness_of_Brodgar" title="Ness of Brodgar">Stone roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">Wattle and daub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Water management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Check_dam" title="Check dam">Check dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet#History" title="Flush toilet">Flush toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feature_(archaeology)" title="Feature (archaeology)">Archaeological features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_mound" title="Burnt mound">Burnt mound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fulacht_fiadh" title="Fulacht fiadh">fulacht fiadh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causewayed_enclosure" title="Causewayed enclosure">Causewayed enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tor_enclosure" title="Tor enclosure">Tor enclosure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_circular_enclosures_in_Central_Europe" title="Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe">Circular enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goseck_Circle" title="Goseck Circle">Goseck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus" title="Cursus">Cursus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">Henge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thornborough_Henges" title="Thornborough Henges">Thornborough</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_architectural_elements" title="Megalithic architectural elements">Megalithic architectural elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_extant_buildings" title="List of oldest extant buildings">Oldest extant buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_circle" title="Timber circle">Timber circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_trackway" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber trackway">Timber trackway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Track" title="Sweet Track">Sweet Track</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arts_and_culture434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Material goods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basket_weaving" title="Basket weaving">Baskets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">Beadwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed#History" title="Bed">Beds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">Clothing/textiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cosmetics" title="History of cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Glue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hide_materials" title="History of hide materials">Hides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoe#History" title="Shoe">shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi#Clothes_and_shoes" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery#History" title="Jewellery">Jewelry</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Use">amber use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror#History" title="Mirror">Mirrors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery#History" title="Pottery">Pottery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardium_pottery" title="Cardium pottery">Cardium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cord-marked_pottery" title="Cord-marked pottery">Cord-marked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooved_ware" title="Grooved ware">Grooved ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_pottery" title="Jōmon pottery">Jōmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstan_ware" title="Unstan ware">Unstan ware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing_needle#History" title="Sewing needle">Sewing needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">Wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areni-1_winery" title="Areni-1 winery">winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press#Early_history" title="History of the wine press">wine press</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Upper Paleolithic">Art of the Upper Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Middle_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Middle Paleolithic">Art of the Middle Paleolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave#Archaeological_remains_and_material_culture_from_the_Middle_Stone_Age_levels" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stone_Age_art" title="List of Stone Age art">List of Stone Age art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_stone" title="Bird stone">Bird stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">Cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carved_stone_balls" title="Carved stone balls">Carved stone balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">Cave paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_and_ring_mark" title="Cup and ring mark">Cup and ring mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoglyph" title="Geoglyph">Geoglyph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_figure" title="Hill figure">Hill figure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_hat" title="Golden hat">Golden hats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_stones" title="Guardian stones">Guardian stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwion_Gwion_rock_paintings" title="Gwion Gwion rock paintings">Gwion Gwion rock paintings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting#Pre-history" title="History of painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigment#History" title="Pigment">pigment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_art" title="Megalithic art">Megalithic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroform" title="Petroform">Petroform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrosomatoglyph" title="Petrosomatoglyph">Petrosomatoglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">Rock art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_cupule" title="Rock cupule">Rock cupule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_carving" title="Stone carving">Stone carving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture#Prehistoric_periods" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_menhir" title="Statue menhir">Statue menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circle" title="Stone circle">Stone circle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stone_circles" title="List of stone circles">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circles_in_the_British_Isles_and_Brittany" title="Stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany">British Isles and Brittany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_figurine" title="Venus figurine">Venus figurine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Evolutionary musicology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">music archaeology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_drum" title="Alligator drum">Alligator drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_flute" title="Paleolithic flute">Paleolithic flute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divje_Babe_flute" title="Divje Babe flute">Divje Babe flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_(instrument)" title="Gudi (instrument)">Gudi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogenic_drugs_and_the_archaeological_record" title="Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record">Spiritual drug use</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Burial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Burial mounds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowl_barrow" title="Bowl barrow">Bowl barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_barrow" title="Round barrow">Round barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_mounds_in_the_United_States" title="List of burial mounds in the United States">U.S. sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_tomb" title="Chamber tomb">Chamber tomb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotswold-Severn_Group" title="Cotswold-Severn Group">Cotswold-Severn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cist" title="Cist">Cist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dartmoor_kistvaens" title="Dartmoor kistvaens">Dartmoor kistvaens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clava_cairn" title="Clava cairn">Clava cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_cairn" title="Court cairn">Court cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation#History" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_dolmen" title="Great dolmen">Great dolmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">Funeral pyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_grave" title="Gallery grave">Gallery grave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transepted_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Transepted gallery grave">transepted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge-shaped_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge-shaped gallery grave">wedge-shaped</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar_burial" title="Jar burial">Jar burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">Long barrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_barrow" title="Unchambered long barrow">unchambered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nsalen" title="Grønsalen">Grønsalen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic tomb">Megalithic tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_grave" title="Passage grave">Passage grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_dolmen" title="Rectangular dolmen">Rectangular dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_cairn" title="Ring cairn">Ring cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_dolmen" title="Simple dolmen">Simple dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_box_grave" title="Stone box grave">Stone box grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_cairn" title="Tor cairn">Tor cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_cairn" title="Unchambered long cairn">Unchambered long cairn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeoastronomical_sites_by_country" title="List of archaeoastronomical sites by country">sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_counting" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric counting">Prehistoric counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_medicine" title="Prehistoric medicine">Prehistoric medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">trepanning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diepkloof_Rock_Shelter" title="Diepkloof Rock Shelter">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howiesons_Poort#Symbolism" title="Howiesons Poort">symbolism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gemstones420" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gemstones" title="Template:Gemstones"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gemstones" title="Template talk:Gemstones"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gemstones" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gemstones"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gemstones420" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">Gemstones</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Gemmological classifications by E. Ya. Kievlenko (1980), updated</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">Jewelry</a> stones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_gem" title="Cardinal gem">1st order</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_(gemstone)" title="Diamond (gemstone)">Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">Ruby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">Emerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapphire#Blue_sapphire" title="Sapphire">Blue Sapphire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysoberyl#Alexandrite" title="Chrysoberyl">Alexandrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl#Natural_pearls" title="Pearl">Natural marine pearls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>2nd order</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sapphire#Pink_sapphires" title="Sapphire">Pink sapphire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demantoid" title="Demantoid">Demantoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsavorite" title="Tsavorite">Tsavorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinel" title="Spinel">Spinel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opal#Precious_opal" title="Opal">Precious Black Opal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanite" title="Tanzanite">Tanzanite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>3rd order</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sapphire#Sapphires_of_other_colors" title="Sapphire">Yellow, Green, Violet Sapphires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquamarine_(gem)" title="Aquamarine (gem)">Aquamarine</a></li> <li>Orange <a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">topaz</a> (Imperial)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbaite" title="Elbaite">Elbaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opal#Other_varieties_of_opal" title="Opal">Precious White and Fire Opal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>4th order</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourmaline" title="Tourmaline">Tourmaline</a> – Verdelite</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indicolite" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicolite">Indicolite</a>, polychromous</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beryl" title="Beryl">Beryl</a> – <a href="/wiki/Heliodor" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliodor">Heliodor</a>, pink, yellow-green</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">Topaz</a> yellow, blue, pink</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridot" title="Peridot">Peridot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">Garnets</a> – <a href="/wiki/Spessartine" title="Spessartine">Spessartine</a> (malaya), <a href="/wiki/Rhodolite" title="Rhodolite">Rhodolite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almandine" title="Almandine">Almandine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyrope" title="Pyrope">Pyrope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">Amethyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrine_quartz" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrine quartz">Citrine</a></li> <li>Blue <a href="/wiki/Turquoise" title="Turquoise">Turquoise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jewelry-Industrial<br />stones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>1st order</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lazurite" title="Lazurite">Lazurite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadeite" title="Jadeite">Jadeite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephrite" title="Nephrite">Nephrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malachite" title="Malachite">Malachite</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Amber</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baltic_amber" title="Baltic amber">Baltic amber</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysoprase" title="Chrysoprase">Chrysoprase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charoite" title="Charoite">Charoite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>2nd order</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">Agate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonite" title="Amazonite">Amazonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodonite" title="Rhodonite">Rhodonite</a></li> <li>Colorless, <a href="/wiki/Quartz#Smoky_quartz" title="Quartz">smoky</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quartz#Rose_quartz" title="Quartz">pink</a> <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hematite" title="Hematite">Hematite</a></li> <li>Common <a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">opal</a></li> <li>Opaque iridescent <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industrial stones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jasper" title="Jasper">Jasper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_texture" title="Graphic texture">Graphic</a> <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrified_wood" title="Petrified wood">Petrified wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cacholong" title="Cacholong">Cacholong</a> (Porouse <a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">opal</a>)</li> <li>Marble <a href="/wiki/Onyx" title="Onyx">onyx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">Obsidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listwanite" title="Listwanite">Listwanite</a> (green mica)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_(lignite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jet (lignite)">Jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenite_(mineral)" title="Selenite (mineral)">Selenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorite" title="Fluorite">Fluorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">Serpentinite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventurine" title="Aventurine">Aventurine</a> <a href="/wiki/Quartzite" title="Quartzite">quartzite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verd_antique" title="Verd antique">Ophicalcite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Serpentinite" title="Serpentinite">Serpentine</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">Calcite</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagodite" title="Pagodite">Pagodite</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pyrophyllite" title="Pyrophyllite">Pyrophyllite</a>/<a href="/wiki/Talc" title="Talc">Talc</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_gemstones" title="List of individual gemstones">List of individual gemstones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diamonds" title="List of diamonds">List of diamonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emeralds_by_size" title="List of emeralds by size">List of emeralds by size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sapphires_by_size" title="List of sapphires by size">List of sapphires by size</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_gemstones_by_species" title="List of gemstones by species">List of gemstones by species</a> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg/15px-Am%C3%A9thystre_sceptre2.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="19" class="mw-file-element" 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class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85004143">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="jantar"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph208845&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007294752405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/amber">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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