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id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Executable" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Executable"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Executable</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Executable-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Linking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relocation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relocation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Relocation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relocation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Static_libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Static_libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Static libraries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Static_libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shared_libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shared_libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Shared libraries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shared_libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Object_libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Object_libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Object libraries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Object_libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Class_libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Class_libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Class libraries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Class_libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Remote_libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remote_libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Remote libraries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remote_libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Code_generation_libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Code_generation_libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Code generation libraries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Code_generation_libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-File_naming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#File_naming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>File naming</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-File_naming-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle File naming subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-File_naming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Most_modern_Unix-like_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Most_modern_Unix-like_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Most modern Unix-like systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Most_modern_Unix-like_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-macOS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#macOS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>macOS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-macOS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microsoft_Windows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microsoft_Windows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.3</span> <span>Microsoft Windows</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microsoft_Windows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Library (computing)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" 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Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مكتبة برمجية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مكتبة برمجية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitabxana_(informatika)" title="Kitabxana (informatika) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kitabxana (informatika)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5)" title="Бібліятэка (праграмаванне) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бібліятэка (праграмаванне)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5)" title="Библиотека (програмиране) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Библиотека (програмиране)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteka_(ra%C4%8Dunarstvo)" title="Biblioteka (računarstvo) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Biblioteka (računarstvo)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_inform%C3%A0tica" title="Biblioteca informàtica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Biblioteca informàtica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knihovna_(programov%C3%A1n%C3%AD)" title="Knihovna (programování) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Knihovna (programování)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programbibliotek" title="Programbibliotek – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Programbibliotek" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programmbibliothek" title="Programmbibliothek – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Programmbibliothek" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teek" title="Teek – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Teek" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B8%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B7_(%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%82)" title="Βιβλιοθήκη (υπολογιστές) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιβλιοθήκη (υπολογιστές)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_(inform%C3%A1tica)" title="Biblioteca (informática) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Biblioteca (informática)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteko_(programado)" title="Biblioteko (programado) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Biblioteko (programado)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_(%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4)" title="کتابخانه (رایانش) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کتابخانه (رایانش)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_logicielle" title="Bibliothèque logicielle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bibliothèque logicielle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADomhchl%C3%A1r_leabharlainne" title="Ríomhchlár leabharlainne – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ríomhchlár leabharlainne" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EB%B8%8C%EB%9F%AC%EB%A6%AC_(%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%8C%85)" title="라이브러리 (컴퓨팅) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라이브러리 (컴퓨팅)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6_(%D5%AE%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4)" title="Գրադարան (ծրագրավորում) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գրադարան (ծրագրավորում)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8)" title="लाइब्रेरी (अभिकलन) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लाइब्रेरी (अभिकलन)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programska_knji%C5%BEnica" title="Programska knjižnica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Programska knjižnica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pustaka_(perangkat_lunak)" title="Pustaka (perangkat lunak) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pustaka (perangkat lunak)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libreria_(software)" title="Libreria (software) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Libreria (software)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94_(%D7%AA%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA)" title="ספרייה (תכנות) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספרייה (תכנות)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Программалар кітапханасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Программалар кітапханасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maktaba_(uhandisi_wa_programu)" title="Maktaba (uhandisi wa programu) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Maktaba (uhandisi wa programu)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programk%C3%B6nyvt%C3%A1r" title="Programkönyvtár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Programkönyvtár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pustaka_(pengkomputeran)" title="Pustaka (pengkomputeran) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pustaka (pengkomputeran)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliotheek_(informatica)" title="Bibliotheek (informatica) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bibliotheek (informatica)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AA" title="ライブラリ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ライブラリ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliotek_(programvare)" title="Bibliotek (programvare) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bibliotek (programvare)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programvarebibliotek" title="Programvarebibliotek – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Programvarebibliotek" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteka_programistyczna" title="Biblioteka programistyczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Biblioteka programistyczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_(computa%C3%A7%C3%A3o)" title="Biblioteca (computação) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Biblioteca (computação)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5)" title="Библиотека (программирование) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Библиотека (программирование)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kni%C5%BEnica_(programovanie)" 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data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirjasto_(tietotekniikka)" title="Kirjasto (tietotekniikka) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kirjasto (tietotekniikka)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programbibliotek" title="Programbibliotek – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Programbibliotek" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நிரலகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிரலகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87_(%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1)" title="คลัง (โปรแกรม) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คลัง (โปรแกรม)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCt%C3%BCphane_(bilgisayar_bilimi)" title="Kütüphane (bilgisayar bilimi) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kütüphane (bilgisayar bilimi)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Бібліотека підпрограм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бібліотека підпрограм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_(%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%B9%D9%86%DA%AF)" title="لائبریری (کمپیوٹنگ) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لائبریری (کمپیوٹنگ)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C6%B0_vi%E1%BB%87n_(m%C3%A1y_t%C3%ADnh)" title="Thư viện (máy tính) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Collection of resources used to develop a computer program</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Software library" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Library_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Library software">library software</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a software development concept. For a repository of digital assets, see <a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ogg_vorbis_libs_and_application_dia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ogg_vorbis_libs_and_application_dia.svg/277px-Ogg_vorbis_libs_and_application_dia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="277" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ogg_vorbis_libs_and_application_dia.svg/416px-Ogg_vorbis_libs_and_application_dia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Ogg_vorbis_libs_and_application_dia.svg/554px-Ogg_vorbis_libs_and_application_dia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of an application which uses libvorbisfile to play an <a href="/wiki/Ogg_Vorbis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogg Vorbis">Ogg Vorbis</a> file</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, a <b>library</b> is a collection of <a href="/wiki/System_resource" title="System resource">resources</a> that is leveraged during <a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">software development</a> to implement a <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer program</a>. </p><p>Historically, a library consisted of <a href="/wiki/Subroutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Subroutine">subroutines</a> (generally called functions today). The concept now includes other forms of <a href="/wiki/Executable" title="Executable">executable</a> code including <a href="/wiki/Class_(computer_programming)" title="Class (computer programming)">classes</a> and non-executable data including <a href="/wiki/Image" title="Image">images</a> and <a href="/wiki/Text_string" class="mw-redirect" title="Text string">text</a>. It can also refer to a collection of <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a>. </p><p>For example, a program could use a library to indirectly make <a href="/wiki/System_call" title="System call">system calls</a> instead of making those system calls directly in the program. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_(computing)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_(computing)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A library can be used by multiple, independent consumers (programs and other libraries). This differs from resources defined in a program which can usually only be used by that program. </p><p>When a consumer uses a library resource, it gains the value of the library without having to implement it itself. Libraries encourage <a href="/wiki/Code_reuse" title="Code reuse">code reuse</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Modular_programming" title="Modular programming">modular</a> fashion. </p><p>When writing code that uses a library, a programmer only needs to know high-level information such as what items it contains at and how to use the items – not all of the internal details of the library. </p><p>Libraries can use other libraries resulting in a hierarchy of libraries in a program. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Executable">Executable</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_(computing)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Executable"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A library of executable code has a well-defined <a href="/wiki/Interface_(computing)" title="Interface (computing)">interface</a> by which the functionality is invoked. For example, in <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, a library function is invoked via C's normal function call capability. The linker generates code to call a function via the library mechanism if the function is available from a library instead of from the program itself.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The functions of a library can be connected to the invoking program at different <a href="/wiki/Program_lifecycle_phase" title="Program lifecycle phase">program lifecycle phases</a>. If the code of the library is accessed during the build of the invoking program, then the library is called a <a href="/wiki/Static_library" title="Static library">static library</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Static_Libraries_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Static_Libraries-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternative is to build the program executable to be separate from the library file. The library functions are connected after the executable is started, either at <a href="/wiki/Load-time" class="mw-redirect" title="Load-time">load-time</a> or <a href="/wiki/Runtime_(program_lifecycle_phase)" class="mw-redirect" title="Runtime (program lifecycle phase)">runtime</a>. In this case, the library is called a <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_library" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic library">dynamic library</a>. </p><p>Most <a href="/wiki/Compiled_language" title="Compiled language">compiled languages</a> have a <a href="/wiki/Standard_library" title="Standard library">standard library</a>, although programmers can also create their own custom libraries. Most modern software systems provide libraries that implement the majority of the system services. Such libraries have organized the services which a modern application requires. As such, most code used by modern applications is provided in these system libraries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_(computing)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The idea of a computer library dates back to the first computers created by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Charles Babbage</a>. An 1888 paper on his <a href="/wiki/Analytical_Engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Analytical Engine">Analytical Engine</a> suggested that computer operations could be punched on separate cards from numerical input. If these operation punch cards were saved for reuse then "by degrees the engine would have a library of its own."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FirstCodeLibrary-ESDAC-ThePreparationOfProgramsForAnElectronicDigitalComputer-1951.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/FirstCodeLibrary-ESDAC-ThePreparationOfProgramsForAnElectronicDigitalComputer-1951.jpg/220px-FirstCodeLibrary-ESDAC-ThePreparationOfProgramsForAnElectronicDigitalComputer-1951.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/FirstCodeLibrary-ESDAC-ThePreparationOfProgramsForAnElectronicDigitalComputer-1951.jpg/330px-FirstCodeLibrary-ESDAC-ThePreparationOfProgramsForAnElectronicDigitalComputer-1951.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/FirstCodeLibrary-ESDAC-ThePreparationOfProgramsForAnElectronicDigitalComputer-1951.jpg/440px-FirstCodeLibrary-ESDAC-ThePreparationOfProgramsForAnElectronicDigitalComputer-1951.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="715" /></a><figcaption>A woman working next to a filing cabinet containing the subroutine library on reels of punched tape for the EDSAC computer.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1947 <a href="/wiki/Herman_Goldstine" title="Herman Goldstine">Goldstine</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">von Neumann</a> speculated that it would be useful to create a "library" of <a href="/wiki/Subroutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Subroutine">subroutines</a> for their work on the <a href="/wiki/IAS_machine" title="IAS machine">IAS machine</a>, an early computer that was not yet operational at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They envisioned a physical library of <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_wire_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic wire recording">magnetic wire recordings</a>, with each wire storing reusable computer code.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Inspired by von Neumann, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkes" title="Maurice Wilkes">Wilkes</a> and his team constructed <a href="/wiki/EDSAC" title="EDSAC">EDSAC</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Filing_cabinet" title="Filing cabinet">filing cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Punched_tape" title="Punched tape">punched tape</a> held the subroutine library for this computer.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Programs for EDSAC consisted of a main program and a sequence of subroutines copied from the subroutine library.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1951 the team published the first textbook on programming, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Preparation_of_Programs_for_an_Electronic_Digital_Computer" title="The Preparation of Programs for an Electronic Digital Computer">The Preparation of Programs for an Electronic Digital Computer</a></i>, which detailed the creation and the purpose of the library.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a> included "primitive capabilities for a library system" in 1959,<sup id="cite_ref-Wexelblat_1981_247_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wexelblat_1981_247-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but <a href="/wiki/Jean_E._Sammet" title="Jean E. Sammet">Jean Sammet</a> described them as "inadequate library facilities" in retrospect.<sup id="cite_ref-Wexelblat_1981_258_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wexelblat_1981_258-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/JOVIAL" title="JOVIAL">JOVIAL</a> has a Communication Pool (COMPOOL), roughly a library of header files. </p><p>Another major contributor to the modern library concept came in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Subprogram" class="mw-redirect" title="Subprogram">subprogram</a> innovation of <a href="/wiki/FORTRAN" class="mw-redirect" title="FORTRAN">FORTRAN</a>. FORTRAN subprograms can be compiled independently of each other, but the compiler lacked a <a href="/wiki/Linker_(computing)" title="Linker (computing)">linker</a>. So prior to the introduction of modules in Fortran-90, <a href="/wiki/Type_checking" class="mw-redirect" title="Type checking">type checking</a> between FORTRAN<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>NB 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> subprograms was impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_Clark_1988_126_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson_Clark_1988_126-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the mid 1960s, copy and macro libraries for assemblers were common. Starting with the popularity of the <a href="/wiki/IBM_System/360" title="IBM System/360">IBM System/360</a>, libraries containing other types of text elements, e.g., system parameters, also became common. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/OS/360_and_successors" title="OS/360 and successors">IBM's OS/360 and its successors</a> this is called a <a href="/wiki/Data_set_(IBM_mainframe)#Partitioned_datasets" title="Data set (IBM mainframe)">partitioned data set</a>. </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a> language, <a href="/wiki/Simula" title="Simula">Simula</a>, developed in 1965, supported adding <a href="/wiki/Class_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class (computer science)">classes</a> to libraries via its compiler. <sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_Clark_1988_52_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson_Clark_1988_52-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Wexelblat_1981_716_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wexelblat_1981_716-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linking"><span class="anchor" id="Smart_linking"></span>Linking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_(computing)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Linking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Link_time" title="Link time">Link time</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linker_(computing)" title="Linker (computing)">Linker (computing)</a></div> <p>Libraries are important in the program <i>linking</i> or <i>binding</i> process, which resolves references known as <i>links</i> or <i>symbols</i> to library modules. The linking process is usually automatically done by a <i><a href="/wiki/Linker_(computing)" title="Linker (computing)">linker</a></i> or <i>binder</i> program that searches a set of libraries and other modules in a given order. Usually it is not considered an error if a link target can be found multiple times in a given set of libraries. Linking may be done when an executable file is created (static linking), or whenever the program is used at <a href="/wiki/Runtime_(program_lifecycle_phase)" class="mw-redirect" title="Runtime (program lifecycle phase)">runtime</a> (dynamic linking). </p><p>The references being resolved may be addresses for jumps and other routine calls. They may be in the main program, or in one module depending upon another. They are resolved into fixed or relocatable addresses (from a common base) by allocating runtime memory for the <a href="/wiki/Memory_segment" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory segment">memory segments</a> of each module referenced. </p><p>Some programming languages use a feature called <i>smart linking</i> whereby the linker is aware of or integrated with the compiler, such that the linker knows how external references are used, and code in a library that is never actually <i>used</i>, even though internally referenced, can be discarded from the compiled application. For example, a program that only uses integers for arithmetic, or does no arithmetic operations at all, can exclude floating-point library routines. This smart-linking feature can lead to smaller application file sizes and reduced memory usage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relocation">Relocation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_(computing)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Relocation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Relocation_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Relocation (computer science)">Relocation (computer science)</a></div> <p>Some references in a program or library module are stored in a relative or symbolic form which cannot be resolved until all code and libraries are assigned final static addresses. <i>Relocation</i> is the process of adjusting these references, and is done either by the linker or the <a href="/wiki/Loader_(computing)" title="Loader (computing)">loader</a>. In general, relocation cannot be done to individual libraries themselves because the addresses in memory may vary depending on the program using them and other libraries they are combined with. <a href="/wiki/Position-independent_code" title="Position-independent code">Position-independent code</a> avoids references to absolute addresses and therefore does not require relocation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Static_libraries">Static libraries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_(computing)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Static libraries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Static_library" title="Static library">Static library</a></div> <p>When linking is performed during the creation of an executable or another object file, it is known as <i>static linking</i> or <i>early binding</i>. In this case, the linking is usually done by a <a href="/wiki/Linker_(computing)" title="Linker (computing)">linker</a>, but may also be done by the <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <i>static library</i>, also known as an <i>archive</i>, is one intended to be statically linked. Originally, only static libraries existed. Static linking must be performed when any modules are recompiled. </p><p>All of the modules required by a program are sometimes statically linked and copied into the executable file. This process, and the resulting stand-alone file, is known as a <a href="/wiki/Static_build" title="Static build">static build</a> of the program. A static build may not need any further <a href="/wiki/Relocation_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Relocation (computer science)">relocation</a> if <a href="/wiki/Virtual_memory" title="Virtual memory">virtual memory</a> is used and no <a href="/wiki/Address_space_layout_randomization" title="Address space layout randomization">address space layout randomization</a> is desired.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shared_libraries">Shared libraries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_(computing)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Shared libraries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shared_library" title="Shared library">Shared library</a></div> <p>A <b>shared library</b> or <b>shared object</b> is a file that is intended to be shared by <a href="/wiki/Executable_files" class="mw-redirect" title="Executable files">executable files</a> and further shared <a href="/wiki/Object_file" title="Object file">object files</a>. Modules used by a program are loaded from individual shared objects into memory at <a href="/wiki/Load_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Load time">load time</a> or <a href="/wiki/Runtime_(program_lifecycle_phase)" class="mw-redirect" title="Runtime (program lifecycle phase)">runtime</a>, rather than being copied by a linker when it creates a single monolithic executable file for the program. </p><p>Shared libraries can be statically linked during compile-time, meaning that references to the library modules are resolved and the modules are allocated memory when the executable file is created.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> But often linking of shared libraries is postponed until they are loaded.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (May 2014)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Library_(computing)#Dubious" title="Talk:Library (computing)">discuss</a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Object_libraries">Object libraries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_(computing)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Object libraries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although originally pioneered in the 1960s, dynamic linking did not reach the most commonly-used <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> until the late 1980s. It was generally available in some form in most operating systems by the early 1990s. During this same period, <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented programming</a> (OOP) was becoming a significant part of the programming landscape. OOP with runtime binding requires additional information that traditional libraries do not supply. In addition to the names and entry points of the code located within, they also require a list of the objects they depend on. This is a side-effect of one of OOP's core concepts, inheritance, which means that parts of the complete definition of any method may be in different places. This is more than simply listing that one library requires the services of another: in a true OOP system, the libraries themselves may not be known at <a href="/wiki/Compile_time" title="Compile time">compile time</a>, and vary from system to system. </p><p>At the same time many developers worked on the idea of multi-tier programs, in which a "display" running on a desktop computer would use the services of a <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe</a> or <a href="/wiki/Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">minicomputer</a> for data storage or processing. For instance, a program on a GUI-based computer would send messages to a minicomputer to return small samples of a huge dataset for display. <a href="/wiki/Remote_procedure_call" title="Remote procedure call">Remote procedure calls</a> (RPC) already handled these tasks, but there was no standard RPC system. </p><p>Soon the majority of the minicomputer and mainframe vendors instigated projects to combine the two, producing an OOP library format that could be used anywhere. Such systems were known as <b>object libraries</b>, or <b>distributed objects</b>, if they supported remote access (not all did). Microsoft's COM is an example of such a system for local use. DCOM, a modified version of COM, supports remote access. </p><p>For some time object libraries held the status of the "next big thing" in the programming world. There were a number of efforts to create systems that would run across platforms, and companies competed to try to get developers locked into their own system. Examples include <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>'s <a href="/wiki/System_Object_Model" class="mw-redirect" title="System Object Model">System Object Model</a> (SOM/DSOM), <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a>' <a href="/wiki/Distributed_Objects_Everywhere" title="Distributed Objects Everywhere">Distributed Objects Everywhere</a> (DOE), <a href="/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT">NeXT</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Portable_Distributed_Objects" title="Portable Distributed Objects">Portable Distributed Objects</a> (PDO), <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=ObjectBroker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ObjectBroker (page does not exist)">ObjectBroker</a>, Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/Component_Object_Model" title="Component Object Model">Component Object Model</a> (COM/DCOM), and any number of <a href="/wiki/CORBA" class="mw-redirect" title="CORBA">CORBA</a>-based systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Class_libraries">Class libraries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_(computing)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Class libraries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Class libraries</b> are the rough OOP equivalent of older types of code libraries. They contain <a href="/wiki/Class_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Class (computer science)">classes</a>, which describe characteristics and define actions (<a href="/wiki/Method_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Method (computer science)">methods</a>) that involve objects. Class libraries are used to create <a href="/wiki/Instance_(computer_science)" title="Instance (computer science)">instances</a>, or objects with their characteristics set to specific values. In some OOP languages, like <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, the distinction is clear, with the classes often contained in library files (like Java's <a href="/wiki/Jar_(file_format)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jar (file format)">JAR file format</a>) and the instantiated objects residing only in memory (although potentially able to be made <a href="/wiki/Persistence_(computer_science)" title="Persistence (computer science)">persistent</a> in separate files). In others, like <a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a>, the class libraries are merely the starting point for a <a href="/wiki/System_image" title="System image">system image</a> that includes the entire state of the environment, classes and all instantiated objects. </p><p>Today most class libraries are stored in a <a href="/wiki/Package_repository" class="mw-redirect" title="Package repository">package repository</a> (such as Maven Central for Java). Client code explicitly declare the dependencies to external libraries in <a href="/wiki/Software_build" title="Software build">build</a> configuration files (such as a Maven Pom in Java). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Remote_libraries">Remote libraries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_(computing)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Remote libraries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another library technique uses completely separate executables (often in some lightweight form) and calls them using a <a href="/wiki/Remote_procedure_call" title="Remote procedure call">remote procedure call</a> (RPC) over a network to another computer. This maximizes operating system re-use: the code needed to support the library is the same code being used to provide application support and security for every other program. Additionally, such systems do not require the library to exist on the same machine, but can forward the requests over the network. </p><p>However, such an approach means that every library call requires a considerable amount of overhead. RPC calls are much more expensive than calling a shared library that has already been loaded on the same machine. This approach is commonly used in a <a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">distributed architecture</a> that makes heavy use of such remote calls, notably client-server systems and <a href="/wiki/Application_server" title="Application server">application servers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_JavaBean" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterprise JavaBean">Enterprise JavaBeans</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Code_generation_libraries">Code generation libraries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_(computing)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Code generation libraries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Code generation libraries are high-level <a href="/wiki/Application_Programming_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application Programming Interface">APIs</a> that can generate or transform <a href="/wiki/Byte_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Byte code">byte code</a> for <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>. They are used by <a href="/wiki/Aspect-oriented_programming" title="Aspect-oriented programming">aspect-oriented programming</a>, some data access frameworks, and for testing to generate dynamic proxy objects. They also are used to intercept field access.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="File_naming">File naming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_(computing)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: File naming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Most_modern_Unix-like_systems">Most modern Unix-like systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_(computing)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Most modern Unix-like systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a></div> <p>The system stores <code>libfoo.a</code> and <code>libfoo.so</code> files in directories such as <code>/lib</code>, <code>/usr/lib</code> or <code>/usr/local/lib</code>. The filenames always start with <code>lib</code>, and end with a suffix of <code>.a</code> (<a href="/wiki/Ar_(file_format)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ar (file format)">archive</a>, static library) or of <code>.so</code> (shared object, dynamically linked library). Some systems might have multiple names for a dynamically linked library. These names typically share the same prefix and have different suffixes indicating the version number. Most of the names are names for <a href="/wiki/Symbolic_links" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbolic links">symbolic links</a> to the latest version. For example, on some systems <code>libfoo.so.2</code> would be the filename for the second major interface revision of the dynamically linked library <code>libfoo</code>. The <code>.la</code> files sometimes found in the library directories are <a href="/wiki/Libtool" class="mw-redirect" title="Libtool">libtool</a> archives, not usable by the system as such. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="macOS">macOS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_(computing)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: macOS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a></div> <p>The system inherits static library conventions from <a href="/wiki/BSD" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD">BSD</a>, with the library stored in a <code>.a</code> file, and can use <code>.so</code>-style dynamically linked libraries (with the <code>.dylib</code> suffix instead). Most libraries in macOS, however, consist of "frameworks", placed inside special directories called "<a href="/wiki/Bundle_(macOS)" title="Bundle (macOS)">bundles</a>" which wrap the library's required files and metadata. For example, a framework called <code>MyFramework</code> would be implemented in a bundle called <code>MyFramework.framework</code>, with <code>MyFramework.framework/MyFramework</code> being either the dynamically linked library file or being a symlink to the dynamically linked library file in <code>MyFramework.framework/Versions/Current/MyFramework</code>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microsoft_Windows">Microsoft Windows</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_(computing)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Microsoft Windows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dynamic-link_library" title="Dynamic-link library">Dynamic-link libraries</a> usually have the suffix <code>*.DLL</code>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although other file name extensions may identify specific-purpose dynamically linked libraries, e.g. <code>*.OCX</code> for <a href="/wiki/Object_Linking_and_Embedding" title="Object Linking and Embedding">OLE</a> libraries. The interface revisions are either encoded in the file names, or abstracted away using <a href="/wiki/Component_object_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Component object model">COM-object</a> interfaces. Depending on how they are compiled, <code>*.LIB</code> files can be either static libraries or representations of dynamically linkable libraries needed only during compilation, known as "<a href="/wiki/Dynamic-link_library#Import_libraries" title="Dynamic-link library">import libraries</a>". Unlike in the <a href="/wiki/UNIX" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIX">UNIX</a> world, which uses different file extensions, when linking against <code>.LIB</code> file in <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> one must first know if it is a regular static library or an import library. In the latter case, a <code>.DLL</code> file must be present at runtime. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_(computing)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Code_reuse" title="Code reuse">Code reuse</a> – Use of existing software to build new software</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linker_(computing)" title="Linker (computing)">Linker (computing)</a> – Computer program which combines multiple object files into a single file</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loader_(computing)" title="Loader (computing)">Loader (computing)</a> – Part of an operating system</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic-link_library" title="Dynamic-link library">Dynamic-link library</a> – Microsoft's implementation of the shared library concept in Windows and OS/2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_file" title="Object file">Object file</a> – File containing relocatable format machine code</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug-in_(computing)" title="Plug-in (computing)">Plug-in</a> – Software component that adds a specific feature to an existing software application</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prelink" title="Prelink">Prelink</a>, also known as prebinding</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Static_library" title="Static library">Static library</a> – set of routines, external functions and variables in computer science<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runtime_library" title="Runtime library">Runtime library</a> – Type of software library</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Component_Library" title="Visual Component Library">Visual Component Library</a> – Object Pascal framework for Windows (VCL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Component_Library_for_Cross_Platform" title="Component Library for Cross Platform">Component Library for Cross Platform</a> (CLX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_standard_library" title="C standard library">C standard library</a> – Standard library for the C programming language</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Class_Library" title="Java Class Library">Java Class Library</a> – standard library for Java and other JVM programming languages<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framework_Class_Library" title="Framework Class Library">Framework Class Library</a> – Standard library of Microsoft's .NET Framework</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generic_programming" title="Generic programming">Generic programming</a> – Style of computer programming (used by the <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B_Standard_Library" title="C++ Standard Library">C++ Standard Library</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soname" title="Soname">soname</a> – Field of data in a shared object file</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_stub" title="Method stub">Method stub</a> – Short and simple version of a method</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_(computing)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It was possible earlier between, e.g., Ada subprograms.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_(computing)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDeshpande2013" class="citation thesis cs1">Deshpande, Prasad (2013). <i>Metamorphic Detection Using Function Call Graph Analysis</i> (Thesis). San Jose State University Library. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31979%2Fetd.t9xm-ahsc">10.31979/etd.t9xm-ahsc</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Metamorphic+Detection+Using+Function+Call+Graph+Analysis&rft.inst=San+Jose+State+University+Library&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31979%2Fetd.t9xm-ahsc&rft.aulast=Deshpande&rft.aufirst=Prasad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Static_Libraries-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Static_Libraries_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Program-Library-HOWTO/static-libraries.html">"Static Libraries"</a>. TLDP. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130703011904/http://tldp.org/HOWTO/Program-Library-HOWTO/static-libraries.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-07-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Static+Libraries&rft.pub=TLDP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftldp.org%2FHOWTO%2FProgram-Library-HOWTO%2Fstatic-libraries.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabbage1888" class="citation journal cs1">Babbage, H. P. (1888-09-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fourmilab.ch/babbage/hpb.html">"The Analytical Engine"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the British Association</i>. Bath.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+British+Association&rft.atitle=The+Analytical+Engine&rft.date=1888-09-12&rft.aulast=Babbage&rft.aufirst=H.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fourmilab.ch%2Fbabbage%2Fhpb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstine2008" class="citation book cs1">Goldstine, Herman H. (2008-12-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400820139"><i>The Computer from Pascal to von Neumann</i></a>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781400820139">10.1515/9781400820139</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2013-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2013-9"><bdi>978-1-4008-2013-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Computer+from+Pascal+to+von+Neumann&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2008-12-31&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781400820139&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-2013-9&rft.aulast=Goldstine&rft.aufirst=Herman+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1515%2F9781400820139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldstinevon_Neumann1947" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herman_Goldstine" title="Herman Goldstine">Goldstine, Herman</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">von Neumann, John</a> (1947). Planning and coding of problems for an electronic computing instrument (Report). Institute for Advanced Study. pp. 3, 21–22. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/26239859">26239859</a>. <q>it will probably be very important to develop an extensive "library" of subroutines</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Planning+and+coding+of+problems+for+an+electronic+computing+instrument&rft.pages=3%2C+21-22&rft.pub=Institute+for+Advanced+Study&rft.date=1947&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F26239859&rft.aulast=Goldstine&rft.aufirst=Herman&rft.au=von+Neumann%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkes1951" class="citation conference cs1">Wilkes, M. V. (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/afips.1951.13">"The EDSAC Computer"</a>. <i>1951 International Workshop on Managing Requirements Knowledge</i>. 1951 International Workshop on Managing Requirements Knowledge. IEEE. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2Fafips.1951.13">10.1109/afips.1951.13</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=The+EDSAC+Computer&rft.btitle=1951+International+Workshop+on+Managing+Requirements+Knowledge&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=IEEE&rft.date=1951&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2Fafips.1951.13&rft.aulast=Wilkes&rft.aufirst=M.+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1109%2Fafips.1951.13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell-Kelly2011" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell-Kelly, Martin (September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cacm.acm.org/magazines/2011/9/122802-in-praise-of-wilkes-wheeler-and-gill/fulltext">"In Praise of 'Wilkes, Wheeler, and Gill'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Communications of the ACM</i>. <b>54</b> (9): 25–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F1995376.1995386">10.1145/1995376.1995386</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:20261972">20261972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communications+of+the+ACM&rft.atitle=In+Praise+of+%27Wilkes%2C+Wheeler%2C+and+Gill%27&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=25-27&rft.date=2011-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F1995376.1995386&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A20261972%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Campbell-Kelly&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcacm.acm.org%2Fmagazines%2F2011%2F9%2F122802-in-praise-of-wilkes-wheeler-and-gill%2Ffulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkesWheelerGill1951" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkes" title="Maurice Wilkes">Wilkes, Maurice</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Wheeler_(computer_scientist)" title="David Wheeler (computer scientist)">Wheeler, David</a>; <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Gill" title="Stanley Gill">Gill, Stanley</a> (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/programsforelect00wilk/page/80/mode/2up?q=library"><i>The Preparation of Programs for an Electronic Digital Computer</i></a>. Addison-Wesley. pp. 45, 80–91, 100. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/641145988">641145988</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Preparation+of+Programs+for+an+Electronic+Digital+Computer&rft.pages=45%2C+80-91%2C+100&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1951&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F641145988&rft.aulast=Wilkes&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+David&rft.au=Gill%2C+Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprogramsforelect00wilk%2Fpage%2F80%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dlibrary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wexelblat_1981_247-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wexelblat_1981_247_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWexelblat1981" class="citation book cs1">Wexelblat, Richard (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofprogram0000hist/page/274"><i>History of Programming Languages</i></a>. ACM Monograph Series. New York, NY: Academic Press (A subsidiary of <a href="/wiki/Harcourt_Brace" class="mw-redirect" title="Harcourt Brace">Harcourt Brace</a>). p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofprogram0000hist/page/274">274</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-745040-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-745040-8"><bdi>0-12-745040-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Programming+Languages&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.series=ACM+Monograph+Series&rft.pages=274&rft.pub=Academic+Press+%28A+subsidiary+of+Harcourt+Brace%29&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-12-745040-8&rft.aulast=Wexelblat&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofprogram0000hist%2Fpage%2F274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wexelblat_1981_258-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wexelblat_1981_258_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wexelblat, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 258</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson_Clark_1988_126-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_Clark_1988_126_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonClark1988" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Leslie B.; Clark, Robert G. (1988). <i>Comparative Programming Languages</i>. Wokingham, England: Addison-Wesley. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-18483-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-18483-4"><bdi>0-201-18483-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Programming+Languages&rft.place=Wokingham%2C+England&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-201-18483-4&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Leslie+B.&rft.au=Clark%2C+Robert+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilson_Clark_1988_52-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wilson_Clark_1988_52_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson and Clark, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wexelblat_1981_716-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wexelblat_1981_716_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wexelblat, <i>op. cit.</i>, p. 716</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaminsky2008" class="citation book cs1">Kaminsky, Dan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-59749-237-9.00003-x">"Chapter 3 - Portable Executable and Executable and Linking Formats"</a>. <i>Reverse Engineering Code with IDA Pro</i>. Elsevier. pp. 37–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-1-59749-237-9.00003-x">10.1016/b978-1-59749-237-9.00003-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59749-237-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59749-237-9"><bdi>978-1-59749-237-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-05-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+3+-+Portable+Executable+and+Executable+and+Linking+Formats&rft.btitle=Reverse+Engineering+Code+with+IDA+Pro&rft.pages=37-66&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fb978-1-59749-237-9.00003-x&rft.isbn=978-1-59749-237-9&rft.aulast=Kaminsky&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1016%2Fb978-1-59749-237-9.00003-x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollbergHartmanBabuUdupa2003" class="citation conference cs1">Collberg, Christian; Hartman, John H.; Babu, Sridivya; Udupa, Sharath K. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usenix.org/legacy/publications/library/proceedings/usenix05/tech/general/full_papers/collberg/collberg_html/main.html"><i>SLINKY: Static Linking Reloaded</i></a>. USENIX '05. Department of Computer Science, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arizona" title="University of Arizona">University of Arizona</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160323214637/https://www.usenix.org/legacy/publications/library/proceedings/usenix05/tech/general/full_papers/collberg/collberg_html/main.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=SLINKY%3A+Static+Linking+Reloaded&rft.pub=Department+of+Computer+Science%2C+University+of+Arizona&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Collberg&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft.au=Hartman%2C+John+H.&rft.au=Babu%2C+Sridivya&rft.au=Udupa%2C+Sharath+K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusenix.org%2Flegacy%2Fpublications%2Flibrary%2Fproceedings%2Fusenix05%2Ftech%2Fgeneral%2Ffull_papers%2Fcollberg%2Fcollberg_html%2Fmain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourceforge.net/projects/cglib/">"Code Generation Library"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Source_Forge" class="mw-redirect" title="Source Forge">Source Forge</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100112154306/http://sourceforge.net/projects/cglib/">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-01-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-03</span></span>. <q>Byte Code Generation Library is high level API to generate and transform JAVA byte code. It is used by AOP, testing, data access frameworks to generate dynamic proxy objects and intercept field access.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Code+Generation+Library&rft.pub=Source+Forge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsourceforge.net%2Fprojects%2Fcglib%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBresnahanBlum2015" class="citation book cs1">Bresnahan, Christine; Blum, Richard (2015-04-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jf3zBgAAQBAJ"><i>LPIC-1 Linux Professional Institute Certification Study Guide: Exam 101-400 and Exam 102-400</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons (published 2015). p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781119021186" title="Special:BookSources/9781119021186"><bdi>9781119021186</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924234210/https://books.google.com/books?id=jf3zBgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-09-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-09-03</span></span>. <q>Linux shared libraries are similar to the dynamic link libraries (DLLs) of Windows. Windows DLLs are usually identified by <code>.dll</code> filename extensions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=LPIC-1+Linux+Professional+Institute+Certification+Study+Guide%3A+Exam+101-400+and+Exam+102-400&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015-04-27&rft.isbn=9781119021186&rft.aulast=Bresnahan&rft.aufirst=Christine&rft.au=Blum%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djf3zBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Library_(computing)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_R._Levine" title="John R. Levine">Levine, John R.</a> (2000) [October 1999]. "Chapter 9: Shared Libraries & Chapter 10: Dynamic Linking and Loading". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iecc.com/linker/"><i>Linkers and Loaders</i></a>. The Morgan Kaufmann Series in Software Engineering and Programming (1 ed.). San Francisco, USA: <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Kaufmann" class="mw-redirect" title="Morgan Kaufmann">Morgan Kaufmann</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55860-496-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-55860-496-0"><bdi>1-55860-496-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/42413382">42413382</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121205032107/http://www.iecc.com/linker/">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-12-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+9%3A+Shared+Libraries+%26+Chapter+10%3A+Dynamic+Linking+and+Loading&rft.btitle=Linkers+and+Loaders&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+USA&rft.series=The+Morgan+Kaufmann+Series+in+Software+Engineering+and+Programming&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Morgan+Kaufmann&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F42413382&rft.isbn=1-55860-496-0&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iecc.com%2Flinker%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALibrary+%28computing%29" class="Z3988"></span> Code: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.today/20200114225034/https://linker.iecc.com/code.html">[1]</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="ftp://ftp.iecc.com/pub/linker/">[2]</a> Errata: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://linker.iecc.com/">[3]</a></li> <li>Article <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lurklurk.org/linkers/linkers.html">Beginner's Guide to Linkers</a></i> by David Drysdale</li> <li>Article <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://objprelink.sourceforge.net/objprelink.html">Faster C++ program startups by improving runtime linking efficiency</a></i> by Léon Bottou and John Ryland</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enderunix.org/simsek/articles/libraries.pdf">How to Create Program Libraries</a> by Baris Simsek</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sourceware.org/binutils/docs-2.30/bfd/index.html">BFD</a> - the Binary File Descriptor Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcsd05.cs.tamu.edu">1st Library-Centric Software Design Workshop LCSD'05</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190828045251/http://lcsd05.cs.tamu.edu/">Archived</a> 2019-08-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at OOPSLA'05</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060618065018/http://lcsd.cs.tamu.edu/2006/">2nd Library-Centric Software Design Workshop LCSD'06</a> at OOPSLA'06</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.redhat.com/drepper/dsohowto.pdf">How to create shared library</a> by Ulrich Drepper (with much background info)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/linux/library/l-dynamic-libraries/">Anatomy of Linux dynamic libraries</a> at IBM.com</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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hardware">Hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">Printed circuit board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral" title="Peripheral">Peripheral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Scale_Integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Very Large Scale Integration">Very Large Scale Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">Systems on Chip (SoCs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_computing" title="Green computing">Energy consumption (Green computing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_design_automation" title="Electronic design automation">Electronic design automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware acceleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_size_categories" title="List of computer size categories">Size</a> / <a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(design)" title="Form factor (design)">Form</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computer systems organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Computer architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity" title="Computational complexity">Computational complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependability" title="Dependability">Dependability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">Embedded system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">Real-time computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Network_architecture" title="Network architecture">Network architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Network protocol">Network protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networking_hardware" title="Networking hardware">Network components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_scheduler" title="Network scheduler">Network scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_performance" title="Network performance">Network performance evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_service" title="Network service">Network service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">Interpreter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleware" title="Middleware">Middleware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">Virtual machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language_theory" title="Programming language theory">Software notations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compiler_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Compiler construction">Compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">Domain-specific language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_framework" title="Software framework">Software framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated development environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Software library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_repository" title="Software repository">Software repository</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_variable_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Control variable (programming)">Control variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_analysis" title="Requirements analysis">Requirements analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_construction" title="Software construction">Software construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Software deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_team" title="Programming team">Programming team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_computation" title="Theory of computation">Theory of computation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_of_computation" title="Model of computation">Model of computation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic_computing" title="Stochastic computing">Stochastic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_language" title="Formal language">Formal language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automata_theory" title="Automata theory">Automata theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computability_theory" title="Computability theory">Computability theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity_theory" title="Computational complexity theory">Computational complexity theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_computer_science" title="Logic in computer science">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics_(computer_science)" title="Semantics (computer science)">Semantics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">Algorithms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithm_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithm design">Algorithm design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_algorithms" title="Analysis of algorithms">Analysis of algorithms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_efficiency" title="Algorithmic efficiency">Algorithmic efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randomized_algorithm" title="Randomized algorithm">Randomized algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_geometry" title="Computational geometry">Computational geometry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mathematics of <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_mathematics" title="Discrete mathematics">Discrete mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">Probability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_software" title="Mathematical software">Mathematical software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_analysis" title="Mathematical analysis">Mathematical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">Numerical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_computer_science" title="Theoretical computer science">Theoretical computer science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">Information systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Database management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Information storage systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_information_system" title="Enterprise information system">Enterprise information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_software" title="Social software">Social information systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">Geographic information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_support_system" title="Decision support system">Decision support system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Process control">Process control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_database" title="Multimedia database">Multimedia information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">Data mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Computing platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_marketing" title="Digital marketing">Digital marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">Information retrieval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">Formal methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_hacker" title="Security hacker">Security hacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_service_(telecommunication)" title="Security service (telecommunication)">Security services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrusion_detection_system" title="Intrusion detection system">Intrusion detection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_security" title="Hardware security">Hardware security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_security" title="Network security">Network security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_security" title="Information security">Information security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application_security" title="Application security">Application security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">Human–computer interaction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">Interaction design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_computing" title="Social computing">Social computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">Ubiquitous computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_accessibility" title="Computer accessibility">Accessibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">Concurrency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">Concurrent computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">Multithreading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge representation and reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_planning_and_scheduling" title="Automated planning and scheduling">Automated planning and scheduling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_optimization" title="Mathematical optimization">Search methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">Control method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Philosophy of artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_artificial_intelligence" title="Distributed artificial intelligence">Distributed artificial intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_learning" title="Supervised learning">Supervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsupervised_learning" title="Unsupervised learning">Unsupervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">Reinforcement learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-task_learning" title="Multi-task learning">Multi-task learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-validation_(statistics)" title="Cross-validation (statistics)">Cross-validation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">Graphics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">Rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph_manipulation" title="Photograph manipulation">Photograph manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_reality" title="Mixed reality">Mixed reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">Virtual reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">Image compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_modeling" title="Solid modeling">Solid modeling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applied computing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum Computing">Quantum Computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">E-commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_software" title="Enterprise software">Enterprise software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_mathematics" title="Computational mathematics">Computational mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_physics" title="Computational physics">Computational physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_chemistry" title="Computational chemistry">Computational chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_biology" title="Computational biology">Computational biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_social_science" title="Computational social science">Computational social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_engineering" title="Computational engineering">Computational engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Differentiable_computing" title="Template:Differentiable computing">Differentiable computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_informatics" title="Health informatics">Computational healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">Electronic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting" title="Electronic voting">Electronic voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_processor" title="Word processor">Word processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><a 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title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_computer_science" title="Outline of computer science">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_structure_alignment" title="Data structure alignment">Alignment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calling_convention" title="Calling convention">Calling convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_stack" title="Call stack">Call stack</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Library</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Static_library" title="Static library">static</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_code" title="Machine code">Machine code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_segmentation" title="Memory segmentation">Memory segmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_mangling" title="Name mangling">Name mangling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_code" title="Object code">Object code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opaque_pointer" title="Opaque pointer">Opaque pointer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Position-independent_code" title="Position-independent code">Position-independent code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relocation_(computing)" title="Relocation (computing)">Relocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_call" title="System call">System call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_method_table" title="Virtual method table">Virtual method table</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binary-code_compatibility" title="Binary-code compatibility">Binary-code compatibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_function_interface" title="Foreign function interface">Foreign function interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_binding" title="Language binding">Language binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linker_(computing)" title="Linker (computing)">Linker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_linker" title="Dynamic linker">dynamic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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(CP/M)">CMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COM_file" title="COM file">COM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECOFF" title="ECOFF">ECOFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executable_and_Linkable_Format" title="Executable and Linkable Format">ELF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOFF" title="GOFF">GOFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Hunk" title="Amiga Hunk">Hunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mach-O" title="Mach-O">Mach-O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOS_MZ_executable" title="DOS MZ executable">MZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Executable" title="New Executable">NE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relocatable_Object_Module_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Relocatable Object Module Format">OMF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS/360_Object_File_Format" title="OS/360 Object File Format">OS/360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_Executable" title="Portable Executable">PE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preferred_Executable_Format" title="Preferred Executable Format">PEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.X_(Human68K)" 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