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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Biology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Biology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_molds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_molds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Common molds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_molds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Food production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmaceuticals_from_molds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmaceuticals_from_molds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pharmaceuticals from molds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmaceuticals_from_molds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Health effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth_in_buildings_and_homes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth_in_buildings_and_homes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Growth in buildings and homes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth_in_buildings_and_homes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Use in art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mold</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 82 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-82" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">82 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schimmelpilz" title="Schimmelpilz – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Schimmelpilz" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%81%D9%86" title="عفن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عفن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floridura" title="Floridura – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Floridura" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Բորբոսասունկեր – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Բորբոսասունկեր" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kif" title="Kif – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kif" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%81" title="کیف – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کیف" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE_(%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95)" title="ছাতা (ছত্রাক) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ছাতা (ছত্রাক)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Цвіль – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цвіль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Цьвіль – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Цьвіль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Плесен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Плесен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plijesni" title="Plijesni – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Plijesni" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floridura" title="Floridura – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Floridura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%C4%83%D0%BC%C4%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Кăмăска – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Кăмăска" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%ADse%C5%88" title="Plíseň – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Plíseň" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiwundudzi" title="Chiwundudzi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chiwundudzi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llwydni" title="Llwydni – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llwydni" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skimmelsvamp" title="Skimmelsvamp – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skimmelsvamp" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schimmelpilze" title="Schimmelpilze – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schimmelpilze" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hallitusseened" title="Hallitusseened – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hallitusseened" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%87%CE%BB%CE%B1" title="Μούχλα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μούχλα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C" title="Чекарь – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Чекарь" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moho" title="Moho – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Moho" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Cimo" title="Ŝimo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝimo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lizun" title="Lizun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lizun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%BE%DA%A9" title="کپک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کپک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moisissure" title="Moisissure – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Moisissure" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsc%C3%A1n" title="Múscán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Múscán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mofo" title="Mofo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mofo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B0%ED%8C%A1%EC%9D%B4" title="곰팡이 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="곰팡이" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Բորբոսասնկեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բորբոսասնկեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plijesan" title="Plijesan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Plijesan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldo" title="Moldo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Moldo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapang" title="Kapang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kapang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mygla" title="Mygla – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mygla" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muffa" title="Muffa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Muffa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A9" title="עובש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עובש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayum" title="Tayum – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Tayum" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%81" title="ಬೂಷ್ಟು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬೂಷ್ಟು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ობის სოკოები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ობის სოკოები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D2%A3_%D1%81%D0%B0%D2%A3%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83%D2%9B%D2%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Зең саңырауқұлақтары – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Зең саңырауқұлақтары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tewo" title="Tewo – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Tewo" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pel%C4%93jums" title="Pelējums – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pelējums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pel%C4%97sis" title="Pelėsis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pelėsis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mofo" title="Mofo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Mofo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pen%C3%A9szgomb%C3%A1k" title="Penészgombák – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Penészgombák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Мувла – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мувла" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D" title="ფოკვაშ სოკოეფო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფოკვაშ სოკოეფო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulapuk" title="Kulapuk – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kulapuk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C3%B2i-k%E1%B9%B3%CC%84ng" title="Muòi-kṳ̄ng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Muòi-kṳ̄ng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beschimmeling" title="Beschimmeling – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Beschimmeling" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%93" title="カビ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カビ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skemel_(swaamp)" title="Skemel (swaamp) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Skemel (swaamp)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muggsopp" title="Muggsopp – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Muggsopp" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosidura" title="Mosidura – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mosidura" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ple%C5%9B%C5%84" title="Pleśń – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pleśń" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolor" title="Bolor – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bolor" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucegai" title="Mucegai – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mucegai" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qurwara" title="Qurwara – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qurwara" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Плесневые грибы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Плесневые грибы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mould" title="Mould – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mould" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plese%C5%88_(vreckat%C3%A9_a_sp%C3%A1jav%C3%A9_huby)" title="Pleseň (vreckaté a spájavé huby) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pleseň (vreckaté a spájavé huby)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plesen" title="Plesen – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Plesen" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%95%DA%95%D9%88%D9%88" title="کەڕوو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کەڕوو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bu%C4%91" title="Buđ – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Buđ" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home" title="Home – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Home" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B6gel" title="Mögel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mögel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amag" title="Amag – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Amag" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C9%A3emmalt" title="Taɣemmalt – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Taɣemmalt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2" title="รา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Мағор – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мағор" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCf_mantar%C4%B1" title="Küf mantarı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Küf mantarı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Пліснява – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пліснява" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moengj" title="Moengj – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Moengj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mufa" title="Mufa – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Mufa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BB%91c" title="Mốc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mốc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchamosseure" title="Tchamosseure – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tchamosseure" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamag" title="Alamag – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Alamag" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E6%AE%95%E6%AF%9B" title="白殕毛 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="白殕毛" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cbu" title="Ìbu – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìbu" 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title="Mold (fungus)">Mold (fungus)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Wooly, dust-like fungal structure or substance</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about true fungi. For non-fungal 'molds', see <a href="/wiki/Slime_mold" title="Slime mold">Slime mold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_mold" class="mw-redirect" title="Water mold">Water mold</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mold_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Mold (disambiguation)">Mold (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mold_on_a_strawberry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Mold_on_a_strawberry.jpg/220px-Mold_on_a_strawberry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Mold_on_a_strawberry.jpg/330px-Mold_on_a_strawberry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Mold_on_a_strawberry.jpg/440px-Mold_on_a_strawberry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Close up of mold on a strawberry</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mouldy_Clementine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Mouldy_Clementine.jpg/220px-Mouldy_Clementine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Mouldy_Clementine.jpg/330px-Mouldy_Clementine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Mouldy_Clementine.jpg/440px-Mouldy_Clementine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1019" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Penicillium" title="Penicillium">Penicillium</a></i> mold growing on a <a href="/wiki/Clementine" title="Clementine">clementine</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>mold</b> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_English" title="Philippine English">PH</a></span>) or <b>mould</b> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth English">CW</a></span>) is one of the structures that certain <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a> can form. The dust-like, colored appearance of molds is due to the formation of <a href="/wiki/Spore#Fungi" title="Spore">spores</a> containing <a href="/wiki/Secondary_metabolite#Fungal_secondary_metabolites" title="Secondary metabolite">fungal secondary metabolites</a>. The spores are the dispersal units of the fungi.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brock_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brock-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not all fungi form molds. Some fungi form <a href="/wiki/Mushrooms" class="mw-redirect" title="Mushrooms">mushrooms</a>; others grow as <a href="/wiki/Unicellular_organism" title="Unicellular organism">single cells</a> and are called <a href="/wiki/Microfungi" title="Microfungi">microfungi</a> (for example <a href="/wiki/Yeast" title="Yeast">yeasts</a>). </p><p>A large and <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomically</a> diverse number of fungal species form molds. The growth of <a href="/wiki/Hypha" title="Hypha">hyphae</a> results in discoloration and a fuzzy appearance, especially on food.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The network of these tubular branching hyphae, called a <a href="/wiki/Mycelium" title="Mycelium">mycelium</a>, is considered a single <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organism</a>. The hyphae are generally transparent, so the mycelium appears like very fine, fluffy white threads over the surface. Cross-walls (septa) may delimit connected compartments along the hyphae, each containing one or multiple, genetically identical <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">nuclei</a>. The dusty texture of many molds is caused by profuse production of asexual spores (<a href="/wiki/Conidia" class="mw-redirect" title="Conidia">conidia</a>) formed by differentiation at the ends of hyphae. The mode of formation and shape of these spores is traditionally used to classify molds.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these spores are colored, making the fungus much more obvious to the human eye at this stage in its life-cycle. </p><p>Molds are considered to be <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microbes</a> and do not form a specific <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogeny">phylogenetic</a> grouping, but can be found in the divisions <a href="/wiki/Zygomycota" title="Zygomycota">Zygomycota</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ascomycota" title="Ascomycota">Ascomycota</a>. In the past, most molds were classified within the <a href="/wiki/Deuteromycota" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuteromycota">Deuteromycota</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hibbett2007_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hibbett2007-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mold had been used as a common name for now non-fungal groups such as <a href="/wiki/Water_molds" class="mw-redirect" title="Water molds">water molds</a> or <a href="/wiki/Slime_molds" class="mw-redirect" title="Slime molds">slime molds</a> that were once considered fungi.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Molds cause <a href="/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">biodegradation</a> of natural materials, which can be unwanted when it becomes <a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">food spoilage</a> or damage to property. They also play important roles in biotechnology and food science in the production of various pigments, foods, beverages, <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a>, pharmaceuticals and <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some diseases of animals and humans can be caused by certain molds: disease may result from allergic sensitivity to mold spores, from growth of <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogenic</a> molds within the body, or from the effects of ingested or inhaled toxic compounds (<a href="/wiki/Mycotoxin" title="Mycotoxin">mycotoxins</a>) produced by molds.<sup id="cite_ref-Moore_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moore-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biology">Biology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mold&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spinellus_fusiger_51504.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Spinellus_fusiger_51504.jpg/220px-Spinellus_fusiger_51504.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Spinellus_fusiger_51504.jpg/330px-Spinellus_fusiger_51504.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Spinellus_fusiger_51504.jpg/440px-Spinellus_fusiger_51504.jpg 2x" data-file-width="865" data-file-height="692" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Spinellus_fusiger" title="Spinellus fusiger">Spinellus fusiger</a></i> growing on the mushroom <i><a href="/wiki/Mycena_haematopus" title="Mycena haematopus">Mycena haematopus</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>There are thousands of known species of mold fungi with diverse life-styles including <a href="/wiki/Saprotroph" class="mw-redirect" title="Saprotroph">saprotrophs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesophile" title="Mesophile">mesophiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychrophile" title="Psychrophile">psychrophiles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thermophile" title="Thermophile">thermophiles</a>, and a very few <a href="/wiki/Opportunistic_pathogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Opportunistic pathogen">opportunistic pathogens</a> of humans.<sup id="cite_ref-Sherris_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherris-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They all require moisture for growth and some live in aquatic environments. Like all fungi, molds derive energy not through <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> but from the <a href="/wiki/Organic_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic material">organic</a> matter on which they live, utilizing <a href="/wiki/Heterotroph" title="Heterotroph">heterotrophy</a>. Typically, molds secrete hydrolytic <a href="/wiki/Enzymes" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzymes">enzymes</a>, mainly from the hyphal tips. These enzymes degrade complex <a href="/wiki/Biopolymers" class="mw-redirect" title="Biopolymers">biopolymers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">lignin</a> into simpler substances which can be absorbed by the hyphae. In this way, molds play a major role in causing <a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">decomposition</a> of organic material, enabling the recycling of nutrients throughout <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>. Many molds also synthesize <a href="/wiki/Mycotoxin" title="Mycotoxin">mycotoxins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siderophore" title="Siderophore">siderophores</a> which, together with <a href="/wiki/Lysis" title="Lysis">lytic</a> enzymes, inhibit the growth of competing <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a>. Molds can also grow on stored food for animals and humans, making the food unpalatable or toxic and are thus a major source of food losses and illness.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many strategies for <a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">food preservation</a> (salting, pickling, jams, bottling, freezing, drying) are to prevent or slow mold growth as well as the growth of other microbes. </p><p>Molds reproduce by producing large numbers of small <a href="/wiki/Spores" class="mw-redirect" title="Spores">spores</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Sherris_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sherris-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which may contain a single <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">nucleus</a> or be <a href="/wiki/Multinucleate" title="Multinucleate">multinucleate</a>. Mold spores can be asexual (the products of <a href="/wiki/Mitosis" title="Mitosis">mitosis</a>) or sexual (the products of <a href="/wiki/Meiosis" title="Meiosis">meiosis</a>); many species can produce both types. Some molds produce small, <a href="/wiki/Hydrophobe" title="Hydrophobe">hydrophobic</a> spores that are adapted for wind dispersal and may remain airborne for long periods; in some the cell walls are darkly pigmented, providing resistance to damage by <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet radiation</a>. Other mold spores have slimy sheaths and are more suited to water dispersal. Mold spores are often spherical or ovoid single cells, but can be multicellular and variously shaped. Spores may cling to clothing or fur; some are able to survive extremes of temperature and pressure. </p><p>Although molds can grow on dead organic matter everywhere in nature, their presence is visible to the unaided eye only when they form large <a href="/wiki/Colony_(biology)" title="Colony (biology)">colonies</a>. A mold colony does not consist of discrete organisms but is an interconnected network of hyphae called a <a href="/wiki/Mycelium" title="Mycelium">mycelium</a>. All growth occurs at hyphal tips, with <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cytoplasm</a> and organelles flowing forwards as the hyphae advance over or through new food sources. Nutrients are absorbed at the hyphal tip. In artificial environments such as buildings, humidity and temperature are often stable enough to foster the growth of mold colonies, commonly seen as a downy or furry coating growing on food or other surfaces. </p><p>Few molds can begin growing at temperatures of 4 °C (39 °F) or below, so food is typically <a href="/wiki/Refrigeration" title="Refrigeration">refrigerated</a> at this temperature. When conditions do not enable growth to take place, molds may remain alive in a dormant state depending on the species, within a large range of temperatures. The many different mold species vary enormously in their tolerance to temperature and humidity extremes. Certain molds can survive harsh conditions such as the snow-covered soils of Antarctica, refrigeration, highly acidic solvents, anti-bacterial soap and even petroleum products such as jet fuel.<sup id="cite_ref-malloch1981_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malloch1981-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22">: 22 </span></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Xerophile" title="Xerophile">Xerophilic</a> molds are able to grow in relatively dry, salty, or sugary environments, where <a href="/wiki/Water_activity" title="Water activity">water activity</a> (a<sub>w</sub>) is less than 0.85; other molds need more moisture.<sup id="cite_ref-Pitt2009_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pitt2009-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_molds">Common molds</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mold&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Common molds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ojmold1000xa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Ojmold1000xa.jpg/220px-Ojmold1000xa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Ojmold1000xa.jpg/330px-Ojmold1000xa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Ojmold1000xa.jpg/440px-Ojmold1000xa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1272" data-file-height="952" /></a><figcaption>Spores from green mold growing on an orange, 1000× wet mount</figcaption></figure> <p>Common <a href="/wiki/Genera" class="mw-redirect" title="Genera">genera</a> of molds include: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acremonium" title="Acremonium">Acremonium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alternaria" title="Alternaria">Alternaria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aspergillus" title="Aspergillus">Aspergillus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cladosporium" title="Cladosporium">Cladosporium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fusarium" title="Fusarium">Fusarium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mucor" title="Mucor">Mucor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Penicillium" title="Penicillium">Penicillium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhizopus" title="Rhizopus">Rhizopus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stachybotrys" title="Stachybotrys">Stachybotrys</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trichoderma" title="Trichoderma">Trichoderma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trichophyton" title="Trichophyton">Trichophyton</a></i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Food_production">Food production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mold&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Food production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dji_mold" class="mw-redirect" title="Kōji mold">Kōji molds</a> are a group of <i><a href="/wiki/Aspergillus" title="Aspergillus">Aspergillus</a></i> species, notably <i><a href="/wiki/Aspergillus_oryzae" title="Aspergillus oryzae">Aspergillus oryzae</a></i>, and secondarily <i><a href="/wiki/Aspergillus_sojae" title="Aspergillus sojae">A. sojae</a></i>, that have been cultured in eastern Asia for many centuries. They are used to ferment a soybean and wheat mixture to make <a href="/wiki/Miso" title="Miso">soybean paste</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shoyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoyu">soy sauce</a>. <i>Koji</i> molds break down the <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a> in rice, barley, sweet potatoes, etc., a process called <a href="/wiki/Hydrolysis#saccharification" title="Hydrolysis">saccharification</a>, in the production of <i><a href="/wiki/Sake" title="Sake">sake</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dch%C5%AB" title="Shōchū">shōchū</a></i> and other distilled spirits. <i>Koji</i> molds are also used in the preparation of <a href="/wiki/Katsuobushi" title="Katsuobushi">Katsuobushi</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Red_rice_yeast" class="mw-redirect" title="Red rice yeast">Red rice yeast</a> is a product of the mold <i><a href="/wiki/Monascus_purpureus" title="Monascus purpureus">Monascus purpureus</a></i> grown on rice, and is common in Asian diets. The yeast contains several compounds collectively known as <a href="/wiki/Monacolin" title="Monacolin">monacolins</a>, which are known to inhibit cholesterol synthesis.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study has shown that red rice yeast used as a dietary supplement, combined with fish oil and healthy lifestyle changes, may help reduce "bad" <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a> as effectively as certain commercial <a href="/wiki/Statin" title="Statin">statin</a> drugs.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, other work has shown it may not be reliable (perhaps due to non-standardization) and even toxic to liver and kidneys.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Sausage" title="Sausage">sausages</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Salami" title="Salami">salami</a>, incorporate starter cultures of molds <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to improve flavor and reduce bacterial spoilage during curing. <i><a href="/wiki/Penicillium_nalgiovense" title="Penicillium nalgiovense">Penicillium nalgiovense</a></i>, for example, may appear as a powdery white coating on some varieties of dry-cured sausage. </p><p>Other molds that have been used in food production include: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fusarium_venenatum" title="Fusarium venenatum">Fusarium venenatum</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Quorn" title="Quorn">quorn</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geotrichum_candidum" title="Geotrichum candidum">Geotrichum candidum</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">cheese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neurospora_sitophila" title="Neurospora sitophila">Neurospora sitophila</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Oncom" title="Oncom">oncom</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Penicillium" title="Penicillium">Penicillium</a></i> spp. – various cheeses including <a href="/wiki/Brie" title="Brie">Brie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blue_cheese" title="Blue cheese">Blue cheese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhizomucor_miehei" title="Rhizomucor miehei">Rhizomucor miehei</a></i> – microbial <a href="/wiki/Rennet" title="Rennet">rennet</a> for making vegetarian and other cheeses</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhizopus_oligosporus" title="Rhizopus oligosporus">Rhizopus oligosporus</a></i> – <a href="/wiki/Tempeh" title="Tempeh">tempeh</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhizopus_oryzae" title="Rhizopus oryzae">Rhizopus oryzae</a></i> – tempeh, <a href="/wiki/Jiuqu" title="Jiuqu">jiuqu</a> for <a href="/wiki/Jiuniang" title="Jiuniang">jiuniang</a> or precursor for making <a href="/wiki/Mijiu" title="Mijiu">Chinese rice wine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmaceuticals_from_molds">Pharmaceuticals from molds</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mold&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pharmaceuticals from molds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mold(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mold%28%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%29.jpg/220px-Mold%28%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mold%28%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%29.jpg/330px-Mold%28%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mold%28%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%29.jpg/440px-Mold%28%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="687" /></a><figcaption>Molds on a <a href="/wiki/Petri_dish" title="Petri dish">Petri dish</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a>'s accidental discovery of the antibiotic <a href="/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin">penicillin</a> involved a <i><a href="/wiki/Penicillium" title="Penicillium">Penicillium</a></i> mold called <i>Penicillium rubrum</i> (although the species was later established to be <i><a href="/wiki/Penicillium_rubens" title="Penicillium rubens">Penicillium rubens</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-The_Nobel_Prize_website_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Nobel_Prize_website-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fleming continued to investigate penicillin, showing that it could inhibit various types of bacteria found in infections and other ailments, but he was unable to produce the compound in large enough amounts necessary for production of a medicine.<sup id="cite_ref-TNPM_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TNPM-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His work was expanded by a team at Oxford University; Clutterbuck, Lovell, and Raistrick, who began to work on the problem in 1931. This team was also unable to produce the pure compound in any large amount, and found that the purification process diminished its effectiveness and negated the anti-bacterial properties it had.<sup id="cite_ref-TNPM_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TNPM-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Howard Florey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Chain" title="Ernst Chain">Ernst Chain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Heatley" title="Norman Heatley">Norman Heatley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Abraham" title="Edward Abraham">Edward Abraham</a>, also all at Oxford, continued the work.<sup id="cite_ref-TNPM_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TNPM-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They enhanced and developed the concentration technique by using organic solutions rather than water, and created the "Oxford Unit" to measure penicillin concentration within a solution. They managed to purify the solution, increasing its concentration by 45–50 times, but found that a higher concentration was possible. Experiments were conducted and the results published in 1941, though the quantities of penicillin produced were not always high enough for the treatments required.<sup id="cite_ref-TNPM_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TNPM-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As this was during the Second World War, Florey sought US government involvement. With research teams in the UK and some in the US, industrial-scale production of crystallized penicillin was developed during 1941–1944 by the <a href="/wiki/USDA" class="mw-redirect" title="USDA">USDA</a> and by Pfizer.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Nobel_Prize_website_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Nobel_Prize_website-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several <a href="/wiki/Statin" title="Statin">statin</a> cholesterol-lowering drugs (such as <a href="/wiki/Lovastatin" title="Lovastatin">lovastatin</a>, from <i>Aspergillus terreus</i>) are derived from molds.<sup id="cite_ref-CoxSimpson2010_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoxSimpson2010-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The immunosuppressant drug <a href="/wiki/Cyclosporine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclosporine">cyclosporine</a>, used to suppress the rejection of transplanted organs, is derived from the mold <i><a href="/wiki/Tolypocladium_inflatum" title="Tolypocladium inflatum">Tolypocladium inflatum</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_effects">Health effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mold&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Health effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mold_health_issues" title="Mold health issues">Mold health issues</a></div> <p>Molds are <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ubiquitous#Adjective" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:ubiquitous">ubiquitous</a>, and mold spores are a common component of household and workplace dust; however, when mold spores are present in large quantities, they can present a health hazard to humans, potentially causing allergic reactions and respiratory problems.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some molds also produce mycotoxins that can pose serious health risks to humans and animals. Some studies claim that exposure to high levels of mycotoxins can lead to neurological problems and, in some cases, death.<sup id="cite_ref-Toxicol_Ind_Health_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toxicol_Ind_Health-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prolonged exposure, e.g. daily home exposure, may be particularly harmful. Research on the health impacts of mold has not been conclusive.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "toxic mold" refers to molds that produce mycotoxins, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Stachybotrys_chartarum" title="Stachybotrys chartarum">Stachybotrys chartarum</a></i>, and not to all molds in general.<sup id="cite_ref-niosh_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-niosh-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mold_from_a_grapefruit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Mold_from_a_grapefruit.jpg/220px-Mold_from_a_grapefruit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Mold_from_a_grapefruit.jpg/330px-Mold_from_a_grapefruit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Mold_from_a_grapefruit.jpg/440px-Mold_from_a_grapefruit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Mold on a grapefruit under the microscope</figcaption></figure> <p>Mold in the home can usually be found in damp, dark or steamy areas, e.g. bathrooms, kitchens, cluttered storage areas, recently flooded areas, basement areas, plumbing spaces, areas with poor ventilation and outdoors in humid environments. Symptoms caused by mold allergy are: watery, itchy eyes; a chronic cough; headaches or migraines; difficulty breathing; rashes; tiredness; sinus problems; nasal blockage and frequent sneezing. </p><p>Molds can also pose a hazard to human and animal health when they are consumed following the growth of certain mold species in stored food. Some species produce toxic secondary metabolites, collectively termed <a href="/wiki/Mycotoxin" title="Mycotoxin">mycotoxins</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Aflatoxin" title="Aflatoxin">aflatoxins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ochratoxin" title="Ochratoxin">ochratoxins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fumonisin" title="Fumonisin">fumonisins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trichothecene" title="Trichothecene">trichothecenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Citrinin" title="Citrinin">citrinin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Patulin" title="Patulin">patulin</a>. These toxic properties may be used for the benefit of humans when the toxicity is directed against other organisms; for example, <a href="/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin">penicillin</a> adversely affects the growth of Gram-positive bacteria (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Clostridium" title="Clostridium">Clostridium</a> species), certain <a href="/wiki/Spirochetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirochetes">spirochetes</a> and certain <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Growth_in_buildings_and_homes">Growth in buildings and homes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mold&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Growth in buildings and homes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Indoor_mold" title="Indoor mold">Indoor mold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indoor_air_quality" title="Indoor air quality">Indoor air quality</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moldy_Housecorner_both_Sides.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Moldy_Housecorner_both_Sides.jpg/300px-Moldy_Housecorner_both_Sides.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Moldy_Housecorner_both_Sides.jpg/450px-Moldy_Housecorner_both_Sides.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Moldy_Housecorner_both_Sides.jpg/600px-Moldy_Housecorner_both_Sides.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8032" data-file-height="3216" /></a><figcaption>Moldy housecorner from outside and inside</figcaption></figure> <p>Mold growth in buildings generally occurs as fungi colonize porous building materials, such as wood.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many building products commonly incorporate paper, wood products, or solid wood members, such as paper-covered drywall, wood cabinets, and insulation. Interior mold colonization can lead to a variety of health problems as microscopic airborne reproductive spores, analogous to tree pollen, are inhaled by building occupants. High quantities of indoor airborne spores as compared to exterior conditions are strongly suggestive of indoor mold growth.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Determination of airborne spore counts is accomplished by way of an air sample, in which a specialized pump with a known flow rate is operated for a known period of time. To account for background levels, air samples should be drawn from the affected area, a control area, and the exterior. </p><p>The air sampler pump draws in air and deposits microscopic airborne particles on a culture medium. The medium is cultured in a laboratory and the fungal genus and species are determined by visual microscopic observation. Laboratory results also quantify fungal growth by way of a spore count for comparison among samples. The pump operation time is recorded and when multiplied by pump flow rate results in a specific volume of air obtained. Although a small volume of air is actually analyzed, common laboratory reports extrapolate the spore count data to estimate spores that would be present in a cubic meter of air.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mold spores are drawn to specific environments, making it easier for them to grow. These spores will usually only turn into a full-blown outbreak if certain conditions are met.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various practices can be followed to mitigate mold issues in buildings, the most important of which is to reduce moisture levels that can facilitate mold growth.<sup id="cite_ref-niosh_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-niosh-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Air filtration reduces the number of spores available for germination, especially when a High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filter is used. A properly functioning AC unit also reduces the relative humidity in rooms.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) currently recommends that relative humidity be maintained below 60%, ideally between 30% and 50%, to inhibit mold growth.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eliminating the moisture source is the first step at fungal remediation. Removal of affected materials may also be necessary for remediation, if materials are easily replaceable and not part of the load-bearing structure. Professional drying of concealed wall cavities and enclosed spaces such as cabinet toekick spaces may be required. Post-remediation verification of moisture content and fungal growth is required for successful remediation. Many contractors perform post-remediation verification themselves, but property owners may benefit from independent verification. Left untreated, mold can potentially cause serious cosmetic and structural damage to a property.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_art">Use in art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mold&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Use in art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fungi_in_art" title="Fungi in art">Fungi in art</a></div> <p>Various artists have used mold in various artistic fashions. Daniele Del Nero, for example, constructs scale models of houses and office buildings and then induces mold to grow on them, giving them an unsettling, reclaimed-by-nature look.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stacy_Levy" title="Stacy Levy">Stacy Levy</a> sandblasts enlarged images of mold onto glass, then allows mold to grow in the crevasses she has made, creating a macro-micro portrait.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sam_Taylor-Johnson" title="Sam Taylor-Johnson">Sam Taylor-Johnson</a> has made a number of time-lapse films capturing the gradual decay of classically arranged still lifes.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mold&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png/25px-Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png/38px-Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png/51px-Karl_Johanssvamp%2C_Iduns_kokbok.png 2x" data-file-width="1105" data-file-height="1215" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Fungi" title="Portal:Fungi">Fungi portal</a></span></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioaerosol" title="Bioaerosol">Bioaerosol</a> – Airborne particles containing living organisms</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">Decay</a> – Process in which organic substances are broken down into simpler organic matter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_mold" title="Indoor mold">Indoor mold</a> – Fungal growth that develops on wet materials</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicinal_fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicinal fungi">Medicinal fungi</a> – Fungi that can be used to develop medications<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildew" title="Mildew">Mildew</a> – Form of fungus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mold_mite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mold mite">Mold mite</a> – Species of mite<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycorrhiza" title="Mycorrhiza">Mycorrhiza</a> – Fungus-plant symbiotic association</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oomycete" title="Oomycete">Oomycete</a> – Fungus-like eukaryotic microorganism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slime_mold" title="Slime mold">Slime mold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_mold" class="mw-redirect" title="Water mold">Water mold</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mold&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Moore-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moore_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moore_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMooreRobsonTrinci2011" class="citation book cs1">Moore D, Robson GD, Trinci AP, eds. (2011). <i>21st Century Guidebook to Fungi</i> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521186957" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521186957"><bdi>978-0521186957</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=21st+Century+Guidebook+to+Fungi&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0521186957&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brock-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brock_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadiganMartinko2005" class="citation book cs1">Madigan M, Martinko J, eds. (2005). <i>Brock Biology of Microorganisms</i> (11th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-144329-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-144329-7"><bdi>978-0-13-144329-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57001814">57001814</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brock+Biology+of+Microorganisms&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57001814&rft.isbn=978-0-13-144329-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan" class="citation web cs1">Morgan, Mike. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artjan99/mmould.html">"Moulds"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fungus+and+Actinomycetes+Gallery&rft.pub=Chiba+University+Medical+Mycology+Research+Center&rft.au=Chiba+University%2C+Japan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pf.chiba-u.ac.jp%2Fenglish%2Fgallery.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbett2007-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hibbett2007_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHibbettBinderBischoffBlackwell2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hibbett DS, Binder M, Bischoff JF, Blackwell M, Cannon PF, Eriksson OE, et al. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clarku.edu/faculty/dhibbett/AFTOL/documents/AFTOL%20class%20mss%2023,%2024/AFTOL%20CLASS%20MS%20resub.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2009-03-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mycological+Research&rft.atitle=A+higher+level+phylogenetic+classification+of+the+Fungi&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E509-%3C%2Fspan%3E547&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.626.9582%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4686378%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17572334&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.mycres.2007.03.004&rft.aulast=Hibbett&rft.aufirst=DS&rft.au=Binder%2C+M&rft.au=Bischoff%2C+JF&rft.au=Blackwell%2C+M&rft.au=Cannon%2C+PF&rft.au=Eriksson%2C+OE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clarku.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fdhibbett%2FAFTOL%2Fdocuments%2FAFTOL%2520class%2520mss%252023%2C%252024%2FAFTOL%2520CLASS%2520MS%2520resub.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://herbarium.usu.edu/fun-with-fungi/slime-molds">"Slime Molds"</a>. <i>herbarium.usu.edu</i>. 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UC Berkeley. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200506035535/https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/chromista/oomycota.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ucmp.berkeley.edu&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+the+Oomycota&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fucmp.berkeley.edu%2Fchromista%2Foomycota.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomaNazirMahmudMishra2021" class="citation journal cs1">Toma, Maria Afroz; Nazir, K. H. M. Nazmul Hussain; Mahmud, Md Muket; Mishra, Pravin; Ali, Md Kowser; Kabir, Ajran; Shahid, Md Ahosanul Haque; Siddique, Mahbubul Pratik; Alim, Md Abdul (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8227025">"Isolation and Identification of Natural Colorant Producing Soil-Borne Aspergillus niger from Bangladesh and Extraction of the Pigment"</a>. <i>Foods</i>. <b>10</b> (6): 1280. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Ffoods10061280">10.3390/foods10061280</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8227025">8227025</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34205202">34205202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foods&rft.atitle=Isolation+and+Identification+of+Natural+Colorant+Producing+Soil-Borne+Aspergillus+niger+from+Bangladesh+and+Extraction+of+the+Pigment&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1280&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8227025%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34205202&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Ffoods10061280&rft.aulast=Toma&rft.aufirst=Maria+Afroz&rft.au=Nazir%2C+K.+H.+M.+Nazmul+Hussain&rft.au=Mahmud%2C+Md+Muket&rft.au=Mishra%2C+Pravin&rft.au=Ali%2C+Md+Kowser&rft.au=Kabir%2C+Ajran&rft.au=Shahid%2C+Md+Ahosanul+Haque&rft.au=Siddique%2C+Mahbubul+Pratik&rft.au=Alim%2C+Md+Abdul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8227025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sherris-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sherris_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sherris_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyanRay2004" class="citation book cs1">Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. 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(1981). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mouldstheirisola0000mall"><i>Moulds : their isolation, cultivation and identification</i></a></span>. Toronto Canada: Univ. of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-2418-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-2418-3"><bdi>978-0-8020-2418-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moulds+%3A+their+isolation%2C+cultivation+and+identification&rft.place=Toronto+Canada&rft.pub=Univ.+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-2418-3&rft.aulast=Malloch&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmouldstheirisola0000mall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pitt2009-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pitt2009_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPittHocking2009" class="citation book cs1">Pitt JI, Hocking AD (2009). "Xerophiles". <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fungifoodspoilag00pitt_565"><i>Fungi and Food Spoilage</i></a></span>. London: Springer. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fungifoodspoilag00pitt_565/page/n347">339</a>–355. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-0-387-92207-2_9">10.1007/978-0-387-92207-2_9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-92206-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-92206-5"><bdi>978-0-387-92206-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Xerophiles&rft.btitle=Fungi+and+Food+Spoilage&rft.place=London&rft.pages=339-355&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-0-387-92207-2_9&rft.isbn=978-0-387-92206-5&rft.aulast=Pitt&rft.aufirst=JI&rft.au=Hocking%2C+AD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffungifoodspoilag00pitt_565&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/red-yeast-rice/NS_patient-redyeast">"Red yeast rice (Monascus purpureus)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" title="Mayo Clinic">Mayo Clinic</a>. 2009-09-01. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100206021521/http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/red-yeast-rice/ns_patient-redyeast">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-02-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Epub 2017 Jun 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunesenStahnke2003" class="citation journal cs1">Sunesen LO, Stahnke LH (November 2003). 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"Fungal Type I Polyketides". <i>Comprehensive Natural Products II</i>. p. 355. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-008045382-8.00017-4">10.1016/B978-008045382-8.00017-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080453828" title="Special:BookSources/9780080453828"><bdi>9780080453828</bdi></a>. <q>Lovastatin (also known as mevinolin) is produced by Aspergillus terreus</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fungal+Type+I+Polyketides&rft.btitle=Comprehensive+Natural+Products+II&rft.pages=355&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-008045382-8.00017-4&rft.isbn=9780080453828&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=Russell+J.&rft.au=Simpson%2C+Thomas+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGentRenBelangerTriche2002" class="citation journal cs1">Gent, Janneane F; Ren, Ping; Belanger, Kathleen; Triche, Elizabeth; Bracken, Michael B; Holford, Theodore R; Leaderer, Brian P (December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1241132">"Levels of household mold associated with respiratory symptoms in the first year of life in a cohort at risk for asthma"</a>. <i>Environmental Health Perspectives</i>. <b>110</b> (12): A781–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.021100781">10.1289/ehp.021100781</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0091-6765">0091-6765</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1241132">1241132</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12460818">12460818</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Levels+of+household+mold+associated+with+respiratory+symptoms+in+the+first+year+of+life+in+a+cohort+at+risk+for+asthma.&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=A781-6&rft.date=2002-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1241132%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0091-6765&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12460818&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.021100781&rft.aulast=Gent&rft.aufirst=Janneane+F&rft.au=Ren%2C+Ping&rft.au=Belanger%2C+Kathleen&rft.au=Triche%2C+Elizabeth&rft.au=Bracken%2C+Michael+B&rft.au=Holford%2C+Theodore+R&rft.au=Leaderer%2C+Brian+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1241132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Toxicol_Ind_Health-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Toxicol_Ind_Health_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmpting2009" class="citation journal cs1">Empting, L. 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"Neurologic and neuropsychiatric syndrome features of mold and mycotoxin exposure". <i>Toxicology and Industrial Health</i>. <b>25</b> (<span class="nowrap">9–</span>10): <span class="nowrap">577–</span>81. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ToxIH..25..577E">2009ToxIH..25..577E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0748233709348393">10.1177/0748233709348393</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19854819">19854819</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27769836">27769836</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toxicology+and+Industrial+Health&rft.atitle=Neurologic+and+neuropsychiatric+syndrome+features+of+mold+and+mycotoxin+exposure&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E577-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0748233709348393&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27769836%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19854819&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009ToxIH..25..577E&rft.aulast=Empting&rft.aufirst=L.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoney2004" class="citation book cs1">Money, Nicholas (2004). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/monsterskillersp00mone"><i>Carpet Monsters and Killer Spores: A Natural History of Toxic Mold</i></a></span>. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/monsterskillersp00mone/page/n190">178</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517227-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517227-0"><bdi>978-0-19-517227-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carpet+Monsters+and+Killer+Spores%3A+A+Natural+History+of+Toxic+Mold&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517227-0&rft.aulast=Money&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmonsterskillersp00mone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-niosh-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-niosh_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-niosh_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/indoorenv/mold.html">Indoor Environmental Quality: Dampness and Mold in Buildings</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200507222501/https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/indoorenv/mold.html">Archived</a> 2020-05-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. August 1, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary, Blood and Studdert, 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaireyChandraMoyer" class="citation web cs1">Fairey, Philip; Chandra, Subrato; Moyer, Neil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/consumer/buildings/basics/moldgrowth.htm">"Mold Growth"</a>. <i>Florida Solar Energy Center</i>. University of Central Florida. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190827183935/http://www.fsec.ucf.edu/en/consumer/buildings/basics/moldgrowth.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Florida+Solar+Energy+Center&rft.atitle=Mold+Growth&rft.aulast=Fairey&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Chandra%2C+Subrato&rft.au=Moyer%2C+Neil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fsec.ucf.edu%2Fen%2Fconsumer%2Fbuildings%2Fbasics%2Fmoldgrowth.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IICRC S500 Standard and Reference Guide for Professional Water Damage Restoration</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prestige-em.com/tech/AirborneFungalSporesByCulture.htm">"Prestige EnviroMicrobiology, Inc"</a>. <i>prestige-em.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170301233659/http://prestige-em.com/tech/AirborneFungalSporesByCulture.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-03-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=prestige-em.com&rft.atitle=Prestige+EnviroMicrobiology%2C+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprestige-em.com%2Ftech%2FAirborneFungalSporesByCulture.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/mold/brief-guide-mold-moisture-and-your-home">"A Brief Guide to Mold, Moisture and Your Home"</a>. <i>EPA</i>. 13 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EPA&rft.atitle=A+Brief+Guide+to+Mold%2C+Moisture+and+Your+Home&rft.date=2014-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fmold%2Fbrief-guide-mold-moisture-and-your-home&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aiha.org/publications-and-resources/TopicsofInterest/Hazards/Pages/Facts-About-Mold.aspx">"Facts About Mold"</a>. <i>www.aiha.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aiha.org&rft.atitle=Facts+About+Mold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aiha.org%2Fpublications-and-resources%2FTopicsofInterest%2FHazards%2FPages%2FFacts-About-Mold.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200106221435/https://www.epa.gov/mold/brief-guide-mold-moisture-and-your-home">"A Brief Guide to Mold, Moisture and Your Home"</a>. <i>US EPA</i>. 13 August 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/mold/brief-guide-mold-moisture-and-your-home">the original</a> on January 6, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+EPA&rft.atitle=A+Brief+Guide+to+Mold%2C+Moisture+and+Your+Home&rft.date=2014-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fmold%2Fbrief-guide-mold-moisture-and-your-home&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMold" class="Z3988"></span> Click on "Moisture and Mold Prevention and Control Tips".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gtamoldremoval.com/mississauga.html">"What is Mold?"</a>. <i>gtamoldremoval.com</i>. 14 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gtamoldremoval.com&rft.atitle=What+is+Mold%3F&rft.date=2024-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gtamoldremoval.com%2Fmississauga.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolon2010" class="citation magazine cs1">Solon, Olivia (30 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.co.uk/article/mould-art">"Artist uses mould to create decayed architectural models"</a>. <i>Wired UK</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190819232102/https://www.wired.co.uk/article/mould-art">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired+UK&rft.atitle=Artist+uses+mould+to+create+decayed+architectural+models&rft.date=2010-11-30&rft.aulast=Solon&rft.aufirst=Olivia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fmould-art&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discardstudies.com/2012/01/02/the-art-of-mould/">"The Art of Mould"</a>. <i>Discard Studies</i>. 2 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://samtaylorjohnson.com/moving-image/art/still-life-2001">the original</a> on 2017-03-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sam+Taylor-Johnson&rft.atitle=Still+Life%2C+2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsamtaylorjohnson.com%2Fmoving-image%2Fart%2Fstill-life-2001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMold" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mold&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fungus" title="Template talk:Fungus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fungus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fungus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Microbiology:_Fungus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">Microbiology</a>: <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">Fungus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_fungi" title="Outline of fungi">Outline of fungi</a> · <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_lichens" title="Outline of lichens">Outline of lichens</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Branch</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomycology" title="Ethnomycology">Ethnomycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichenology" title="Lichenology">Lichenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_fungi" title="Marine fungi">Marine fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicinal_uses_of_fungi" title="Medicinal uses of fungi">Medicinal fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycology" title="Mycology">Mycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycosis">Mycosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycotoxicology" title="Mycotoxicology">Mycotoxicology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reproduction/<a href="/wiki/Spore" title="Spore">spore</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Teleomorph,_anamorph_and_holomorph" title="Teleomorph, anamorph and holomorph">teleomorph/sexual</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Zygospore" title="Zygospore">Zygospore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascospore" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascospore">Ascospore</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ascus" title="Ascus">Ascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basidiospore" title="Basidiospore">Basidiospore</a>/<a href="/wiki/Basidium" title="Basidium">Basidium</a>/<a href="/wiki/Teliospore" title="Teliospore">Teliospore</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Teleomorph,_anamorph_and_holomorph" title="Teleomorph, anamorph and holomorph">anamorph/asexual</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Sporangium" title="Sporangium">Sporangium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conidium" title="Conidium">Conidium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlamydospore" title="Chlamydospore">Chlamydospore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oidium_(spore)" title="Oidium (spore)">Oidium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pycniospore" title="Pycniospore">Pycniospore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypha" title="Hypha">Hypha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haustorium" title="Haustorium">Haustorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycelium" title="Mycelium">Mycelium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">Cell wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporocarp_(fungi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sporocarp (fungi)">Sporocarp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Growth patterns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dimorphic_fungus" title="Dimorphic fungus">Dimorphic fungi</a></li> <li><a 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