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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Composition_and_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Composition_and_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Composition and structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Composition_and_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Biological function</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economic significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biosynthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biosynthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Biosynthesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biosynthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodegradation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodegradation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Biodegradation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biodegradation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biodegradation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biodegradation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lignin_degradation_by_fungi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lignin_degradation_by_fungi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Lignin degradation by fungi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lignin_degradation_by_fungi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lignin_degradation_by_bacteria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lignin_degradation_by_bacteria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Lignin degradation by bacteria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lignin_degradation_by_bacteria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pyrolysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pyrolysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Pyrolysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pyrolysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Chemical analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lignin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%BA%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ليغنين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليغنين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="لیقنین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لیقنین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Лігнін – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лігнін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Лигнин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лигнин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Lignin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignina" title="Lignina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lignina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lignin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lignin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lignin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligniin" title="Ligniin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ligniin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B9%CE%B3%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7" title="Λιγνίνη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λιγνίνη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignina" title="Lignina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lignina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignino" title="Lignino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lignino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignina" title="Lignina – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lignina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="لیگنین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لیگنین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignine" title="Lignine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lignine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignina" title="Lignina – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lignina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EA%B7%B8%EB%8B%8C" title="리그닌 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리그닌" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Լիգնին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լիգնին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lignin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignino" title="Lignino – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Lignino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lignin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lign%C3%ADn" title="Lignín – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lignín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignina" title="Lignina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lignina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9F" title="ליגנין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ליגנין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Lignin" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ლიგნინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლიგნინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Лигнин – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Лигнин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lign%C4%ABns" title="Lignīns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lignīns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligninas" title="Ligninas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ligninas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lignin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="ലിഗ്നിൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലിഗ്നിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="लिग्नीन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लिग्नीन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lignin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignine" title="Lignine – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lignine" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B0%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3" title="リグニン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リグニン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lignin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lignin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Lignin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignina" title="Lignina – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lignina" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignina" title="Lignina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lignina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin%C4%83" title="Lignină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lignină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Лигнин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лигнин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lign%C3%ADn" title="Lignín – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lignín" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lignin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignini" title="Lignini – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Lignini" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lignin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Lignin" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligniini" title="Ligniini – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ligniini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lignin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Structural phenolic polymer in plant cell walls</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the wood polymer. For the phytoestrogen, see <a href="/wiki/Lignan" title="Lignan">Lignan</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lignin_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Lignin_structure.svg/500px-Lignin_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="483" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Lignin_structure.svg/750px-Lignin_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Lignin_structure.svg/1000px-Lignin_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1470" data-file-height="1420" /></a><figcaption>Idealized structure of lignin from a softwood</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Lignin</b> is a class of complex <a href="/wiki/Organic_polymer" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic polymer">organic polymers</a> that form key structural materials in the support tissues of most plants.<sup id="cite_ref-Saake-2007_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saake-2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lignins are particularly important in the formation of <a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">cell walls</a>, especially in <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bark_(botany)" title="Bark (botany)">bark</a>, because they lend rigidity and do not <a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">rot</a> easily. Chemically, lignins are polymers made by cross-linking <a href="/wiki/Phenols" title="Phenols">phenolic</a> precursors.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lignin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lignin was first mentioned in 1813 by the Swiss botanist <a href="/wiki/Augustin_Pyramus_de_Candolle" title="Augustin Pyramus de Candolle">A. P. de Candolle</a>, who described it as a fibrous, tasteless material, insoluble in water and alcohol but soluble in weak alkaline solutions, and which can be <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(chemistry)" title="Precipitation (chemistry)">precipitated</a> from solution using acid.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He named the substance "lignine", which is derived from the Latin word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lignum" class="extiw" title="wikt:lignum">lignum</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Sjöström-1993_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sjöström-1993-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meaning wood. It is one of the most abundant <a href="/wiki/Organic_polymer" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic polymer">organic polymers</a> on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, exceeded only by <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chitin" title="Chitin">chitin</a>. Lignin constitutes 30% of terrestrial non-<a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> organic <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a><sup id="cite_ref-Baucher-2003_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baucher-2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on Earth, and 20 to 35% of the dry mass of wood.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lignin is present in <a href="/wiki/Red_algae" title="Red algae">red algae</a>, which suggest that the common ancestor of plants and red algae may have been pre-adapted to synthesize lignin. This finding also suggests that the original function of lignin may have been structural as it plays this role in the red alga <i><a href="/wiki/Calliarthron" title="Calliarthron">Calliarthron</a></i>, where it supports joints between <a href="/wiki/Calcification" title="Calcification">calcified</a> segments.<sup id="cite_ref-Ralph-2009_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ralph-2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Composition_and_structure">Composition and structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lignin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Composition and structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The composition of lignin varies from species to species. An example of composition from an <a href="/wiki/Aspen" title="Aspen">aspen</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sample is 63.4% carbon, 5.9% hydrogen, 0.7% ash (mineral components), and 30% oxygen (by difference),<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> corresponding approximately to the formula (C<sub>31</sub>H<sub>34</sub>O<sub>11</sub>)<sub>n</sub>. </p><p>Lignin is a collection of highly <a href="/wiki/Heterogeneous" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterogeneous">heterogeneous</a> polymers derived from a handful of precursor lignols. Heterogeneity arises from the diversity and degree of crosslinking between these lignols. The <a href="/wiki/Monolignol" title="Monolignol">lignols</a> that <a href="/wiki/Cross-link" title="Cross-link">crosslink</a> are of three main types, all derived from phenylpropane: <a href="/wiki/Coniferyl_alcohol" title="Coniferyl alcohol">coniferyl alcohol</a> (3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylpropane; its radical, G, is sometimes called guaiacyl), <a href="/wiki/Sinapyl_alcohol" title="Sinapyl alcohol">sinapyl alcohol</a> (3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenylpropane; its radical, S, is sometimes called syringyl), and <a href="/wiki/Paracoumaryl_alcohol" title="Paracoumaryl alcohol">paracoumaryl alcohol</a> (4-hydroxyphenylpropane; its radical, H, is sometimes called 4-hydroxyphenyl).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The relative amounts of the precursor "monomers" (lignols or monolignols) vary according to the plant source.<sup id="cite_ref-Baucher-2003_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baucher-2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lignins are typically classified according to their syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) ratio. Lignin from <a href="/wiki/Gymnosperm" title="Gymnosperm">gymnosperms</a> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Coniferyl_alcohol" title="Coniferyl alcohol">coniferyl alcohol</a>, which gives rise to G upon pyrolysis. In <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiosperm">angiosperms</a> some of the coniferyl alcohol is converted to S. Thus, lignin in angiosperms has both G and S components.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Li-2001_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li-2001-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lignin's <a href="/wiki/Molecular_mass" title="Molecular mass">molecular masses</a> exceed 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Atomic_mass_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomic mass unit">u</a>. It is <a href="/wiki/Hydrophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophobic">hydrophobic</a> as it is rich in <a href="/wiki/Aromatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatic">aromatic</a> subunits. The <a href="/wiki/Degree_of_polymerisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Degree of polymerisation">degree of polymerisation</a> is difficult to measure, since the material is heterogeneous. Different types of lignin have been described depending on the means of isolation.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monolignols_general.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Monolignols_general.svg/200px-Monolignols_general.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Monolignols_general.svg/300px-Monolignols_general.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Monolignols_general.svg/400px-Monolignols_general.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="615" /></a><figcaption>The three common monolignols: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ol><li><a href="/wiki/Paracoumaryl_alcohol" title="Paracoumaryl alcohol">paracoumaryl alcohol</a>, H</li><li><a href="/wiki/Coniferyl_alcohol" title="Coniferyl alcohol">coniferyl alcohol</a>, G</li><li><a href="/wiki/Sinapyl_alcohol" title="Sinapyl alcohol">sinapyl alcohol</a>, S</li></ol></div></figcaption></figure> <p>Many grasses have mostly G, while some palms have mainly S.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All lignins contain small amounts of incomplete or modified monolignols, and other monomers are prominent in non-woody plants.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_function">Biological function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lignin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Biological function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lignin fills the spaces in the <a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">cell wall</a> between <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemicellulose" title="Hemicellulose">hemicellulose</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pectin" title="Pectin">pectin</a> components, especially in vascular and support tissues: <a href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">xylem</a> <a href="/wiki/Tracheid" title="Tracheid">tracheids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vessel_element" title="Vessel element">vessel elements</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sclereid" title="Sclereid">sclereid</a> cells.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Lignin plays a crucial part in conducting water and aqueous nutrients in <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plant</a> stems. The <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">polysaccharide</a> components of plant <a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">cell walls</a> are highly <a href="/wiki/Hydrophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophilic">hydrophilic</a> and thus <a href="/wiki/Semipermeable_membrane" title="Semipermeable membrane">permeable</a> to water, whereas lignin is more <a href="/wiki/Hydrophobic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrophobic">hydrophobic</a>. The crosslinking of polysaccharides by lignin is an obstacle for water absorption to the cell wall. Thus, lignin makes it possible for the plant's vascular tissue to conduct water efficiently.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarkanen-1971_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarkanen-1971-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lignin is present in all <a href="/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plants</a>, but not in <a href="/wiki/Bryophyte" title="Bryophyte">bryophytes</a>, supporting the idea that the original function of lignin was restricted to water transport. </p><p>It is <a href="/wiki/Covalent" class="mw-redirect" title="Covalent">covalently</a> linked to <a href="/wiki/Hemicellulose" title="Hemicellulose">hemicellulose</a> and therefore <a href="/wiki/Cross-link" title="Cross-link">cross-links</a> different plant <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">polysaccharides</a>, conferring mechanical strength to the <a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">cell wall</a> and by extension the plant as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its most commonly noted function is the support through strengthening of wood (mainly composed of <a href="/wiki/Xylem" title="Xylem">xylem</a> cells and lignified <a href="/wiki/Sclerenchyma" class="mw-redirect" title="Sclerenchyma">sclerenchyma</a> fibres) in vascular plants.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, lignin also confers disease resistance by accumulating at the site of pathogen infiltration, making the plant cell less accessible to cell wall degradation.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_significance">Economic significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lignin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Economic significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zellstoffwerk_Rosenthal_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Zellstoffwerk_Rosenthal_4.jpg/220px-Zellstoffwerk_Rosenthal_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Zellstoffwerk_Rosenthal_4.jpg/330px-Zellstoffwerk_Rosenthal_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Zellstoffwerk_Rosenthal_4.jpg/440px-Zellstoffwerk_Rosenthal_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="845" /></a><figcaption>Pulp mill at <a href="/wiki/Blankenstein" title="Blankenstein">Blankenstein</a>, Germany. In such mills, using the <a href="/wiki/Kraft_process" title="Kraft process">kraft</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Sulfite_process" title="Sulfite process">sulfite process</a>, lignin is removed from lignocellulose to yield pulp for papermaking.</figcaption></figure> <p>Global commercial production of lignin is a consequence of papermaking. In 1988, more than 220 million tons of paper were produced worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of this paper was delignified; lignin comprises about 1/3 of the mass of lignocellulose, the precursor to paper. Lignin is an impediment to papermaking as it is colored, it yellows in air, and its presence weakens the paper. Once separated from the cellulose, it is burned as fuel. Only a fraction is used in a wide range of low volume applications where the form but not the quality is important.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mechanical, or high-yield <a href="/wiki/Wood_pulp" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood pulp">pulp</a>, which is used to make <a href="/wiki/Newsprint" title="Newsprint">newsprint</a>, still contains most of the lignin originally present in the wood. This lignin is responsible for newsprint's yellowing with age.<sup id="cite_ref-Sjöström-1993_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sjöström-1993-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High quality paper requires the removal of lignin from the pulp. These delignification processes are core technologies of the papermaking industry as well as the source of significant environmental concerns.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Sulfite_process" title="Sulfite process">sulfite pulping</a>, lignin is removed from wood pulp as <a href="/wiki/Lignosulfonates" title="Lignosulfonates">lignosulfonates</a>, for which many applications have been proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are used as <a href="/wiki/Dispersant" title="Dispersant">dispersants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humectant" title="Humectant">humectants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emulsion_stabilization_using_polyelectrolytes" title="Emulsion stabilization using polyelectrolytes">emulsion stabilizers</a>, and sequestrants (<a href="/wiki/Water_treatment" title="Water treatment">water treatment</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lignosulfonate was also the first family of <a href="/wiki/Water_reducer" title="Water reducer">water reducers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Superplasticizer" title="Superplasticizer">superplasticizers</a> to be added in the 1930s as admixture to fresh <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a> in order to decrease the water-to-cement (<i>w/c</i>) ratio, the main parameter controlling the concrete <a href="/wiki/Porosity" title="Porosity">porosity</a>, and thus its <a href="/wiki/Mechanical_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Mechanical strength">mechanical strength</a>, its <a href="/wiki/Diffusion_coefficient" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffusion coefficient">diffusivity</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_conductivity" title="Hydraulic conductivity">hydraulic conductivity</a>, all parameters essential for its durability. It has application in environmentally sustainable dust suppression agent for roads. Also, lignin can be used in making biodegradable plastic along with cellulose as an alternative to hydrocarbon-made plastics if lignin extraction is achieved through a more environmentally viable process than generic plastic manufacturing.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lignin removed by the <a href="/wiki/Kraft_process" title="Kraft process">kraft process</a> is usually burned for its fuel value, providing energy to power the paper mill. Two commercial processes exist to remove lignin from <a href="/wiki/Black_liquor" title="Black liquor">black liquor</a> for higher value uses: LignoBoost (Sweden) and LignoForce (Canada). Higher quality lignin presents the potential to become a renewable source of <a href="/wiki/Aromatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatic">aromatic</a> compounds for the chemical industry, with an addressable market of more than $130bn.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Given that it is the most prevalent biopolymer after <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>, lignin has been investigated as a feedstock for biofuel production and can become a crucial plant extract in the development of a new class of biofuels.<sup id="cite_ref-Folkedahl-2016_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Folkedahl-2016-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Abengoa-2016_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abengoa-2016-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biosynthesis">Biosynthesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lignin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Biosynthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lignin <a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">biosynthesis</a> begins in the <a href="/wiki/Cytosol" title="Cytosol">cytosol</a> with the synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Glycosylation" title="Glycosylation">glycosylated</a> monolignols from the <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> <a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">phenylalanine</a>. These first <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">reactions</a> are shared with the <a href="/wiki/Phenylpropanoid" title="Phenylpropanoid">phenylpropanoid</a> pathway. The attached <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> renders them water-soluble and less <a href="/wiki/Toxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic">toxic</a>. Once transported through the <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell membrane</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Apoplast" title="Apoplast">apoplast</a>, the glucose is removed, and the polymerisation commences.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much about its <a href="/wiki/Anabolism" title="Anabolism">anabolism</a> is not understood even after more than a century of study.<sup id="cite_ref-Baucher-2003_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baucher-2003-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LigninPolymerisation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/LigninPolymerisation.png/200px-LigninPolymerisation.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/LigninPolymerisation.png/300px-LigninPolymerisation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/LigninPolymerisation.png/400px-LigninPolymerisation.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption>Polymerisation of <a href="/wiki/Coniferyl_alcohol" title="Coniferyl alcohol">coniferyl alcohol</a> to lignin. The reaction has two alternative routes <a href="/wiki/Catalysed" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalysed">catalysed</a> by two different oxidative enzymes, <a href="/wiki/Peroxidase" title="Peroxidase">peroxidases</a> or <a href="/wiki/Oxidase" title="Oxidase">oxidases</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Polymerisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymerisation">polymerisation</a> step, that is a radical-radical coupling, is <a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalysed</a> by <a href="/wiki/Oxidative_enzyme" title="Oxidative enzyme">oxidative enzymes</a>. Both <a href="/wiki/Peroxidase" title="Peroxidase">peroxidase</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laccase" title="Laccase">laccase</a> enzymes are present in the <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plant</a> <a href="/wiki/Cell_walls" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell walls">cell walls</a>, and it is not known whether one or both of these groups participates in the polymerisation. Low molecular weight oxidants might also be involved. The oxidative enzyme catalyses the formation of monolignol <a href="/wiki/Radical_(chemistry)" title="Radical (chemistry)">radicals</a>. These radicals are often said to undergo uncatalyzed coupling to form the lignin <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternative theory invokes an unspecified biological control.<sup id="cite_ref-Saake-2007_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saake-2007-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biodegradation">Biodegradation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lignin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Biodegradation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In contrast to other bio-polymers (e.g. proteins, DNA, and even cellulose), lignin resists degradation. It is immune to both acid- and base-catalyzed hydrolysis. The degradability varies with species and plant tissue type. For example, syringyl (S) lignin is more susceptible to degradation by fungal decay as it has fewer aryl-aryl bonds and a lower redox potential than guaiacyl units.<sup id="cite_ref-Vane-2003_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vane-2003-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vane-2006_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vane-2006-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because it is cross-linked with the other cell wall components, lignin minimizes the accessibility of cellulose and hemicellulose to microbial enzymes, leading to a reduced digestibility of biomass.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarkanen-1971_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarkanen-1971-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some ligninolytic enzymes include <a href="/wiki/Haem_peroxidase" title="Haem peroxidase">heme peroxidases</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Lignin_peroxidase" title="Lignin peroxidase">lignin peroxidases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese_peroxidase" title="Manganese peroxidase">manganese peroxidases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Versatile_peroxidase" title="Versatile peroxidase">versatile peroxidases</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dye_decolorizing_peroxidase" title="Dye decolorizing peroxidase">dye-decolourizing peroxidases</a> as well as copper-based <a href="/wiki/Laccase" title="Laccase">laccases</a>. Lignin peroxidases oxidize non-phenolic lignin, whereas manganese peroxidases only oxidize the phenolic structures. Dye-decolorizing peroxidases, or DyPs, exhibit catalytic activity on a wide range of lignin model compounds, but their <i>in vivo</i> substrate is unknown. In general, laccases oxidize phenolic substrates but some fungal laccases have been shown to oxidize non-phenolic substrates in the presence of synthetic redox mediators.<sup id="cite_ref-Gadd-2013_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gadd-2013-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-de_Gonzalo-2016_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Gonzalo-2016-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lignin_degradation_by_fungi">Lignin degradation by fungi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lignin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lignin degradation by fungi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Well-studied ligninolytic enzymes are found in <i><a href="/wiki/Phanerochaete_chrysosporium" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanerochaete chrysosporium">Phanerochaete chrysosporium</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other <a href="/wiki/White_rot" class="mw-redirect" title="White rot">white rot fungi</a>. Some white rot fungi, such as <i>Ceriporiopsis subvermispora</i>, can degrade the lignin in <a href="/wiki/Lignocellulosic_biomass" title="Lignocellulosic biomass">lignocellulose</a>, but others lack this ability. Most fungal lignin degradation involves secreted <a href="/wiki/Peroxidase" title="Peroxidase">peroxidases</a>. Many fungal <a href="/wiki/Laccase" title="Laccase">laccases</a> are also secreted, which facilitate degradation of phenolic lignin-derived compounds, although several intracellular fungal laccases have also been described. An important aspect of fungal lignin degradation is the activity of accessory enzymes to produce the H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> required for the function of <a href="/wiki/Lignin_peroxidase" title="Lignin peroxidase">lignin peroxidase</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Heme_peroxidase" class="mw-redirect" title="Heme peroxidase">heme peroxidases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gadd-2013_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gadd-2013-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lignin_degradation_by_bacteria">Lignin degradation by bacteria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lignin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Lignin degradation by bacteria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bacteria lack most of the enzymes employed by fungi to degrade lignin, and lignin derivatives (aliphatic acids, furans, and solubilized phenolics) inhibit the growth of bacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, bacterial degradation can be quite extensive,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially in aquatic systems such as lakes, rivers, and streams, where inputs of terrestrial material (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Leaf_litter" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf litter">leaf litter</a>) can enter waterways. The ligninolytic activity of bacteria has not been studied extensively even though it was first described in 1930. Many bacterial DyPs have been characterized. Bacteria do not express any of the plant-type peroxidases (lignin peroxidase, Mn peroxidase, or versatile peroxidases), but three of the four classes of DyP are only found in bacteria. In contrast to fungi, most bacterial enzymes involved in lignin degradation are intracellular, including two classes of DyP and most bacterial laccases.<sup id="cite_ref-de_Gonzalo-2016_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de_Gonzalo-2016-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the environment, lignin can be degraded either biotically via bacteria or abiotically via photochemical alteration, and oftentimes the latter assists in the former.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the presence or absence of light, several of environmental factors affect the <a href="/wiki/Biodegradability" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodegradability">biodegradability</a> of lignin, including bacterial community composition, mineral associations, and redox state.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Shipworm" title="Shipworm">shipworms</a>, the lignin it ingests is digested by "<a href="/wiki/Alteromonas" title="Alteromonas">Alteromonas-like sub-group</a>" bacteria <a href="/wiki/Symbiosis" title="Symbiosis">symbionts</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Typhlosole" title="Typhlosole">typhlosole</a> sub-organ of its <a href="/wiki/Cecum" title="Cecum">cecum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Goodell-2024_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodell-2024-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pyrolysis">Pyrolysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lignin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pyrolysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pyrolysis" title="Pyrolysis">Pyrolysis</a> of lignin during the <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a> of wood or <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a> production yields a range of products, of which the most characteristic ones are <a href="/wiki/Methoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Methoxy">methoxy</a>-substituted <a href="/wiki/Phenols" title="Phenols">phenols</a>. Of those, the most important are <a href="/wiki/Guaiacol" title="Guaiacol">guaiacol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syringol" title="Syringol">syringol</a> and their derivatives. Their presence can be used to trace a <a href="/wiki/Smoke" title="Smoke">smoke</a> source to a wood fire. In <a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">cooking</a>, lignin in the form of <a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">hardwood</a> is an important source of these two compounds, which impart the characteristic aroma and taste to <a href="/wiki/Smoking_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoking (food)">smoked foods</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Barbecue" title="Barbecue">barbecue</a>. The main flavor compounds of <a href="/wiki/Smoked_ham" class="mw-redirect" title="Smoked ham">smoked ham</a> are <a href="/wiki/Guaiacol" title="Guaiacol">guaiacol</a>, and its 4-, 5-, and 6-methyl derivatives as well as 2,6-dimethylphenol. These compounds are produced by thermal breakdown of lignin in the wood used in the smokehouse.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemical_analysis">Chemical analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lignin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Chemical analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lignin_characterization" title="Lignin characterization">Lignin characterization</a></div> <p>The conventional method for lignin quantitation in the pulp industry is the Klason lignin and acid-soluble lignin test, which is standardized procedures. The cellulose is digested thermally in the presence of acid. The residue is termed Klason lignin. Acid-soluble lignin (ASL) is quantified by the intensity of its <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultraviolet spectroscopy">Ultraviolet spectroscopy</a>. The carbohydrate composition may be also analyzed from the Klason liquors, although there may be sugar breakdown products (furfural and <a href="/wiki/5-hydroxymethylfurfural" class="mw-redirect" title="5-hydroxymethylfurfural">5-hydroxymethylfurfural</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A solution of hydrochloric acid and <a href="/wiki/Phloroglucinol" title="Phloroglucinol">phloroglucinol</a> is used for the detection of lignin (Wiesner test). A brilliant red color develops, owing to the presence of <a href="/wiki/Coniferaldehyde" class="mw-redirect" title="Coniferaldehyde">coniferaldehyde</a> groups in the lignin.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Thioglycolysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Thioglycolysis">Thioglycolysis</a> is an analytical technique for lignin <a href="/wiki/Quantitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantitation">quantitation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lignin structure can also be studied by computational simulation.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thermochemolysis (chemical break down of a substance under vacuum and at high temperature) with <a href="/wiki/Tetramethylammonium_hydroxide" title="Tetramethylammonium hydroxide">tetramethylammonium hydroxide</a> (TMAH) or <a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_oxide" title="Copper(II) oxide">cupric oxide</a><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has also been used to characterize lignins. The ratio of syringyl lignol (S) to vanillyl lignol (V) and cinnamyl lignol (C) to vanillyl lignol (V) is variable based on plant type and can therefore be used to trace plant sources in aquatic systems (woody vs. non-woody and angiosperm vs. gymnosperm).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ratios of carboxylic acid (Ad) to aldehyde (Al) forms of the lignols (Ad/Al) reveal diagenetic information, with higher ratios indicating a more highly degraded material.<sup id="cite_ref-Vane-2003_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vane-2003-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vane-2006_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vane-2006-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Increases in the (Ad/Al) value indicate an oxidative cleavage reaction has occurred on the alkyl lignin side chain which has been shown to be a step in the decay of wood by many <a href="/wiki/Wood-decay_fungus" title="Wood-decay fungus">white-rot</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Wood-decay_fungus" title="Wood-decay fungus">soft rot fungi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vane-2003_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vane-2003-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vane-2006_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vane-2006-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vane-2001b_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vane-2001b-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vane-2001a_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vane-2001a-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vane-2005_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vane-2005-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lignin and its models have been well examined by <sup>1</sup>H and <sup>13</sup>C NMR spectroscopy. Owing to the structural complexity of lignins, the spectra are poorly resolved and quantitation is challenging.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lignin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Saake-2007-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Saake-2007_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Saake-2007_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSaakeLehnen2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Saake, Bodo; Lehnen, Ralph (2007). "Lignin". <i><a href="/wiki/Ullmann%27s_Encyclopedia_of_Industrial_Chemistry" title="Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry">Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</a></i>. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a15_305.pub3">10.1002/14356007.a15_305.pub3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3527306732" title="Special:BookSources/978-3527306732"><bdi>978-3527306732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lignin&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a15_305.pub3&rft.isbn=978-3527306732&rft.aulast=Saake&rft.aufirst=Bodo&rft.au=Lehnen%2C+Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALignin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeboGargulak,_Jerry_D.McNally,_Timothy_J.2001" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lebo, Stuart E. Jr.; Gargulak, Jerry D.; McNally, Timothy J. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mrw.interscience.wiley.com/emrw/9780471238966/kirk/article/lignlin.a01/current/pdf">"Lignin"</a>. <i>Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology</i>. <i>Kirk‑Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology</i>. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F0471238961.12090714120914.a01.pub2">10.1002/0471238961.12090714120914.a01.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-23896-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-23896-6"><bdi>978-0-471-23896-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kirk-Othmer+Encyclopedia+of+Chemical+Technology&rft.btitle=Kirk%E2%80%91Othmer+Encyclopedia+of+Chemical+Technology&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F0471238961.12090714120914.a01.pub2&rft.isbn=978-0-471-23896-6&rft.aulast=Lebo&rft.aufirst=Stuart+E.+Jr.&rft.au=Gargulak%2C+Jerry+D.&rft.au=McNally%2C+Timothy+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mrw.interscience.wiley.com%2Femrw%2F9780471238966%2Fkirk%2Farticle%2Flignlin.a01%2Fcurrent%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALignin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Candolle1813" class="citation book cs1">de Candolle, M.A.P. (1813). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thorielmenc00cand"><i>Theorie Elementaire de la Botanique ou Exposition des Principes de la Classification Naturelle et de l'Art de Decrire et d'Etudier les Vegetaux</i></a>. Paris: Deterville.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theorie+Elementaire+de+la+Botanique+ou+Exposition+des+Principes+de+la+Classification+Naturelle+et+de+l%27Art+de+Decrire+et+d%27Etudier+les+Vegetaux&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Deterville&rft.date=1813&rft.aulast=de+Candolle&rft.aufirst=M.A.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthorielmenc00cand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALignin" class="Z3988"></span> See p. 417.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sjöström-1993-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sjöström-1993_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sjöström-1993_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Sjöström1993" class="citation book cs1">E. Sjöström (1993). <i>Wood Chemistry: Fundamentals and Applications</i>. <a href="/wiki/Academic_Press" title="Academic Press">Academic Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-647480-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-647480-0"><bdi>978-0-12-647480-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wood+Chemistry%3A+Fundamentals+and+Applications&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-12-647480-0&rft.au=E.+Sj%C3%B6str%C3%B6m&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALignin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baucher-2003-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baucher-2003_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baucher-2003_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baucher-2003_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._BoerjanJ._RalphM._Baucher2003" class="citation journal cs1">W. 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"Degradation of Lignin in Wheat Straw during Growth of the Oyster Mushroom (<i>Pleurotus ostreatus</i>) Using Off-line Thermochemolysis with Tetramethylammonium Hydroxide and Solid-State <sup>13</sup>C NMR". <i>Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry</i>. <b>49</b> (6): 2709–2716. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf001409a">10.1021/jf001409a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11409955">11409955</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Agricultural+and+Food+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Degradation+of+Lignin+in+Wheat+Straw+during+Growth+of+the+Oyster+Mushroom+%28Pleurotus+ostreatus%29+Using+Off-line+Thermochemolysis+with+Tetramethylammonium+Hydroxide+and+Solid-State+%3Csup%3E13%3C%2Fsup%3EC+NMR&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=2709-2716&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjf001409a&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11409955&rft.aulast=Vane&rft.aufirst=C.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALignin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vane-2005-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vane-2005_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVane2005" class="citation journal cs1">Vane, C. H.; et al. (2005). "Decay of cultivated apricot wood (<i>Prunus armeniaca</i>) by the ascomycete <i>Hypocrea sulphurea</i>, using solid state <sup>13</sup>C NMR and off-line TMAH thermochemolysis with GC–MS". <i>International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation</i>. <b>55</b> (3): 175–185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ibiod.2004.11.004">10.1016/j.ibiod.2004.11.004</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Biodeterioration+%26+Biodegradation&rft.atitle=Decay+of+cultivated+apricot+wood+%28Prunus+armeniaca%29+by+the+ascomycete+Hypocrea+sulphurea%2C+using+solid+state+%3Csup%3E13%3C%2Fsup%3EC+NMR+and+off-line+TMAH+thermochemolysis+with+GC%E2%80%93MS.&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=175-185&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ibiod.2004.11.004&rft.aulast=Vane&rft.aufirst=C.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALignin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRalphLanducci2010" class="citation book cs1">Ralph, John; Landucci, Larry L. (2010). "NMR of Lignin and Lignans". <i>Lignin and Lignans: Advances in Chemistry</i>. Boca Raton, FL: Taylor & Francis. pp. 137–244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1574444865" title="Special:BookSources/978-1574444865"><bdi>978-1574444865</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=NMR+of+Lignin+and+Lignans&rft.btitle=Lignin+and+Lignans%3A+Advances+in+Chemistry&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+FL&rft.pages=137-244&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1574444865&rft.aulast=Ralph&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Landucci%2C+Larry+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALignin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lignin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreudenbergNash1968" class="citation book cs1">Freudenberg, K. & Nash, A. C., eds. (1968). <i>Constitution and Biosynthesis of Lignin</i>. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitution+and+Biosynthesis+of+Lignin&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag&rft.date=1968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALignin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lignins: Occurrence, formation, structure and reactions; edited by <a href="/wiki/Kyosti_Vilho_Sarkanen" title="Kyosti Vilho Sarkanen">K. V. Sarkanen</a> and C. H. Ludwig, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1971</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lignin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140725132911/http://www.tecnaro.de/english/willkommen.htm?section=we">Tecnaro website</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a href="/wiki/Phenylpropanoid" title="Phenylpropanoid">phenylpropanoids</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classes of <a href="/wiki/Phenylpropanoid" title="Phenylpropanoid">phenylpropanoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxycinnamic_acid" title="Hydroxycinnamic acid">Hydroxycinnamic acids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromone" title="Chromone">Chromones</a> (<a href="/wiki/Furanochromone" title="Furanochromone">Furanochromones</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamaldehyde" title="Cinnamaldehyde">Cinnamaldehydes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolignol" title="Monolignol">Monolignols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coumarin" title="Coumarin">Coumarins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcone" title="Chalcone">Chalcones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavonoid" title="Flavonoid">Flavonoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allylbenzenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Allylbenzenes">Allylbenzenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilbenoid" title="Stilbenoid">Stilbenoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignan" title="Lignan">Lignans</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lignins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suberin" title="Suberin">Suberins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Examples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhododendrin" title="Rhododendrin">Rhododendrin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Paper" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paper" title="Template:Paper"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paper" title="Template talk:Paper"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paper" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paper"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paper" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paper_engineering" title="Paper engineering">Paper engineering</a> / <a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_paper" title="History of paper">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talas" title="Battle of Talas">Battle of Talas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missal_of_Silos" title="Missal of Silos">Missal of Silos</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Originators" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Originators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Lun" title="Cai Lun">Cai Lun</a> (Zuo Bo/Tso Po/Tso Tzǔ-yi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damjing" title="Damjing">Damjing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Developers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Koops" title="Matthias Koops">Matthias Koops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gottlob_Keller" title="Friedrich Gottlob Keller">Friedrich Gottlob Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fenerty" title="Charles Fenerty">Charles Fenerty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Francis_Carter" title="Thomas Francis Carter">Thomas Francis Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dard_Hunter" title="Dard Hunter">Dard Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsien_Tsuen-hsuin" title="Tsien Tsuen-hsuin">Tsien Tsuen-hsuin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid-free_paper" title="Acid-free paper">Acid-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air-laid_paper" title="Air-laid paper">Air-laid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amate" title="Amate">Amate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bituminous_waterproofing#Roofing_felt" title="Bituminous waterproofing">Asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_paper" title="Banana paper">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_paper" title="Bible paper">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blotting_paper" title="Blotting paper">Blotting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bond_paper" title="Bond paper">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_board" title="Bristol board">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_paper" title="Carbon paper">Carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardboard" title="Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Card_stock" title="Card stock">Cardstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartridge_paper" title="Cartridge paper">Cartridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coated_paper" title="Coated paper">Coated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_paper" title="Construction paper">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_paper" title="Contact paper">Contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_fine_paper#Copy_paper" title="Special fine paper">Copy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbonless_copy_paper" title="Carbonless copy paper">Carbonless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correction_paper" title="Correction paper">Correction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_paper" title="Cotton paper">Cotton (rag)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_paper" title="Crêpe paper">Crêpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_board" title="Display board">Display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B3_paper" title="Dó paper">Dó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_insulation_paper" title="Electrical insulation paper">Electrical insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_paper" title="Filter paper">Filteration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genk%C5%8D_y%C5%8Dshi" title="Genkō yōshi">Genkō yōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassine" title="Glassine">Glassine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_paper" title="Graph paper">Graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greaseproof_paper" title="Greaseproof paper">Greaseproof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_paper" title="Hemp paper">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_paper" title="India paper">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inkjet_paper" title="Inkjet paper">Inkjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingres_paper" title="Ingres paper">Ingres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_paper" title="Korean paper">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraft_paper" title="Kraft paper">Kraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butcher_paper" title="Butcher paper">Butcher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laid_paper" title="Laid paper">Laid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokta_paper" title="Lokta paper">Lokta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_paper" title="Manila paper">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_paper" title="Mummy paper">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsprint" title="Newsprint">Newsprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onionskin" title="Onionskin">Onionskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origami_paper" title="Origami paper">Origami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">Paperboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parchment_paper" title="Parchment paper">Parchment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_paper" title="Photographic paper">Photographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic-coated_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic-coated paper">Plastic-coated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_rosin_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Red rosin paper">Red rosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_paper" title="Rice paper">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_paper" title="Rolling paper">Rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_paper" title="Bible paper">Scritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_paper" title="Security paper">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed_paper" title="Seed paper">Seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_paper" title="Stone paper">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar_paper" title="Tar paper">Tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_paper" title="Thermal paper">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissue_paper" title="Tissue paper">Tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracing_paper" title="Tracing paper">Tracing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_paper" title="Transfer paper">Transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree-free_paper" title="Tree-free paper">Tree-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallpaper" title="Wallpaper">Wallpaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washi" title="Washi">Washi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasli" title="Wasli">Wasli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterproof_paper" title="Waterproof paper">Waterproof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wax_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Wax paper">Wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-free_paper" title="Wood-free paper">Wood-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wove_paper" title="Wove paper">Wove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_and_writing_paper" title="Printing and writing paper">Writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuan_paper" title="Xuan paper">Xuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaolinite" title="Kaolinite">China clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">Corrugated fiberboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_crop" title="Fiber crop">Fiber crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_chemicals" title="Paper chemicals">Paper chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">Papyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">Wood pulp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paper#Types,_thickness_and_weight" title="Paper">Specifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paper_density" title="Paper density">Density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammage" title="Grammage">Grammage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_size" title="Paper size">Paper sizes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_chemistry_of_paper" title="Surface chemistry of paper">Surface chemistry of paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Units_of_paper_quantity" title="Units of paper quantity">Units of paper quantity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_strength" title="Wet strength">Wet strength</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacture<br />and process</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleaching_of_wood_pulp" title="Bleaching of wood pulp">Bleaching of wood pulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calender" title="Calender">Calender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conical_refiner" title="Conical refiner">Conical refiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deinking" title="Deinking">Deinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elemental_chlorine_free" title="Elemental chlorine free">Elemental chlorine free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_paper" title="Environmental impact of paper">Environmental impact of paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papermaking#Manual_papermaking" title="Papermaking">Handmade paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollander_beater" title="Hollander beater">Hollander beater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraft_process" title="Kraft process">Kraft process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organosolv" title="Organosolv">Organosolv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_machine" title="Paper machine">Paper machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_recycling" title="Paper recycling">Paper recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda_pulping" title="Soda pulping">Soda pulping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfite_process" title="Sulfite process">Sulfite process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">Paper industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Canada" title="Pulp and paper industry in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Europe" title="Pulp and paper industry in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_India" title="Pulp and paper industry in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Indonesia" title="Pulp and paper industry in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Japan" title="Pulp and paper industry in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Pulp and paper industry in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_mill" title="Paper mill">Paper mill</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_paper_mills" title="List of paper mills">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lined_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Lined paper">Lined paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_towel" title="Paper towel">Paper towels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" title="Papier-mâché">Papier-mâché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardboard" title="Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_clothing" title="Paper clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissue_paper" title="Tissue paper">Tissues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notebook" title="Notebook">Notebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watercolor_paper" title="Watercolor paper">Watercolor paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_money" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper money">Paper money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverage_carton" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverage carton">Beverage cartons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Paper" title="Category:Paper">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Paper" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Paper">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wood_products" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wood_products" title="Template:Wood products"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wood_products" title="Template talk:Wood products"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wood_products" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wood products"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wood_products" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">Wood products</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">Lumber</a>/<br />timber</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batten" title="Batten">Batten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beam_(structure)" title="Beam (structure)">Beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bressummer" title="Bressummer">Bressummer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Lumber_Standard" title="Canadian Lumber Standard">CLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruck" title="Cruck">Cruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flitch_beam" title="Flitch beam">Flitch beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_flooring" title="Wood flooring">Flooring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joist" title="Joist">Joist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lath" title="Lath">Lath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_building" title="Log building">Log building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_cabin" title="Log cabin">Log cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_house" title="Log house">Log house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molding_(decorative)" title="Molding (decorative)">Molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panelling" title="Panelling">Panelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plank_(wood)" title="Plank (wood)">Plank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_plate" title="Wall plate">Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_(structural)" title="Post (structural)">Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purlin" title="Purlin">Purlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafter" title="Rafter">Rafter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railroad_tie#Wooden" title="Railroad tie">Railroad ties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_lumber" title="Reclaimed lumber">Reclaimed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_shingle" title="Wood shingle">Shingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siding_(construction)#Wood_siding" title="Siding (construction)">Siding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sill_plate" title="Sill plate">Sill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_stud" title="Wall stud">Stud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_roof_truss" title="Timber roof truss">Timber truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treenail" title="Treenail">Treenail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truss" title="Truss">Truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_pole" title="Utility pole">Utility pole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">Engineered<br />wood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber" title="Cross-laminated timber">Cross-laminated timber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glued_laminated_timber" title="Glued laminated timber">Glued laminated timber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wood_veneer" title="Wood veneer">veneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laminated_veneer_lumber" title="Laminated veneer lumber">LVL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallam" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallam">parallel strand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-joist" title="I-joist">I-joist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiberboard" title="Fiberboard">Fiberboard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardboard" title="Hardboard">hardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonite" title="Masonite">Masonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium-density_fibreboard" title="Medium-density fibreboard">MDF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriented_strand_board" title="Oriented strand board">Oriented strand board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriented_structural_straw_board" title="Oriented structural straw board">Oriented structural straw board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_board" title="Particle board">Particle board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">Plywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_insulated_panel" title="Structural insulated panel">Structural insulated panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood%E2%80%93plastic_composite" title="Wood–plastic composite">Wood–plastic composite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composite_lumber" title="Composite lumber">lumber</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fuelwood</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">Charcoal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochar" title="Biochar">biochar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firelog" title="Firelog">Firelog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewood" title="Firewood">Firewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_fuel" title="Pellet fuel">Pellet fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">Wood fuel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wood_fibre" title="Wood fibre">Fibers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardboard" title="Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">Corrugated fiberboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">Paperboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">Pulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulpwood" title="Pulpwood">Pulpwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">Rayon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birch-tar" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch-tar">Birch-tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanocellulose" title="Nanocellulose">nano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemicellulose" title="Hemicellulose">Hemicellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol" title="Cellulosic ethanol">Cellulosic ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyewoods" title="Dyewoods">Dyes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lignin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_smoke" title="Liquid smoke">Liquid smoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lye" title="Lye">Lye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroligneous_acid" title="Pyroligneous acid">Pyroligneous acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_tar" title="Pine tar">Pine tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalwood_oil" title="Sandalwood oil">Sandalwood oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">Tannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_gas" title="Wood gas">Wood gas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/By-product" title="By-product">By-products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barkdust" title="Barkdust">Barkdust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_liquor" title="Black liquor">Black liquor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramial_chipped_wood" title="Ramial chipped wood">Ramial chipped wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawdust" title="Sawdust">Sawdust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_oil" title="Tall oil">Tall oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_flour" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood flour">Wood flour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_wool" title="Wood wool">Wood wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodchips" title="Woodchips">Woodchips</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axe_ties" class="mw-redirect" title="Axe ties">Axe ties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavin_(wood)" title="Bavin (wood)">Bavin (wood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billet_(wood)" title="Billet (wood)">Billet (wood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clapboard_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clapboard (architecture)">Clapboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dugout (boat)">Dugout canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">Potash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawdust_brandy" title="Sawdust brandy">Sawdust brandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split-rail_fence" title="Split-rail fence">Split-rail fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">Tanbark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_framing" title="Timber framing">Timber framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">Wooden masts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certified_wood" title="Certified wood">Certified wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destructive_distillation" title="Destructive distillation">Destructive distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_distillation" title="Dry distillation">Dry distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineered_bamboo" title="Engineered bamboo">Engineered bamboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_building_and_wood" title="Green building and wood">Green building and wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_woods" title="List of woods">List of woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulch" title="Mulch">Mulch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">Non-timber forest products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">Natural building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_lumber" title="Reclaimed lumber">Reclaimed lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">Timber recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_drying" title="Wood drying">Wood drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation" title="Wood preservation">Wood preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_processing" title="Wood processing">Wood processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yakisugi" title="Yakisugi">Yakisugi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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