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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bell tower</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 59 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-59" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">59 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloktoring" title="Kloktoring – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kloktoring" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B3" title="برج الناقوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برج الناقوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%B0" title="ঘণ্টাঘর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ঘণ্টাঘর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Званіца – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Званіца" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Званіца – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Званіца" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Камбанария – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Камбанария" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvonik" title="Zvonik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zvonik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloc%27hdi" title="Kloc'hdi – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kloc'hdi" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanar_(torre)" title="Campanar (torre) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Campanar (torre)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvonice" title="Zvonice – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zvonice" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klokket%C3%A5rn" title="Klokketårn – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Klokketårn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glockenturm" title="Glockenturm – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Glockenturm" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kellatorn" title="Kellatorn – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kellatorn" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%8C" title="Καμπαναριό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καμπαναριό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_campanario" title="Torre campanario – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Torre campanario" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonorilturo" title="Sonorilturo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sonorilturo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B3" title="برج ناقوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برج ناقوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clocher-tour" title="Clocher-tour – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Clocher-tour" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cjampanili" title="Cjampanili – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Cjampanili" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloigtheach" title="Cloigtheach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cloigtheach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A2%85%ED%83%91" title="종탑 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="종탑" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Զանգակատուն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Զանգակատուն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvonik" title="Zvonik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zvonik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93" title="কামপানারিও – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="কামপানারিও" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menara_lonceng" title="Menara lonceng – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Menara lonceng" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanil" title="Campanil – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Campanil" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanile" title="Campanile – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Campanile" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%93%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מגדל פעמונים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מגדל פעמונים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D" title="სამრეკლო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სამრეკლო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zw%C3%B2nica" title="Zwònica – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Zwònica" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klackentuerm" title="Klackentuerm – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Klackentuerm" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varpin%C4%97" title="Varpinė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Varpinė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harangtorony" title="Harangtorony – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Harangtorony" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Камбанарија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Камбанарија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klokketoren" title="Klokketoren – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Klokketoren" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%90%98%E5%A1%94" title="鐘塔 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鐘塔" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klokket%C3%A5rn" title="Klokketårn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Klokketårn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klokket%C3%A5rn" title="Klokketårn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Klokketårn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cllochi" title="Cllochi – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Cllochi" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzwonnica" title="Dzwonnica – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dzwonnica" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torre_sineira" title="Torre sineira – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Torre sineira" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clopotni%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Clopotniță – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Clopotniță" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Колокольня – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Колокольня" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulla_e_ziles" title="Kulla e ziles – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kulla e ziles" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanaru" title="Campanaru – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Campanaru" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_tower" title="Bell tower – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bell tower" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvonica" title="Zvonica – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zvonica" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvonik" title="Zvonik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Campanile&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Campanile">Campanile</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Tower containing or designed to hold bells</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Bell_tower_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Bell tower (disambiguation)">Bell tower (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Campanile" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Campanile_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Campanile (disambiguation)">Campanile (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D%C3%BCrnstein_-_ehem._Augustinerchorherren-Stift,_Turm_(b).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/D%C3%BCrnstein_-_ehem._Augustinerchorherren-Stift%2C_Turm_%28b%29.JPG/220px-D%C3%BCrnstein_-_ehem._Augustinerchorherren-Stift%2C_Turm_%28b%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/D%C3%BCrnstein_-_ehem._Augustinerchorherren-Stift%2C_Turm_%28b%29.JPG/330px-D%C3%BCrnstein_-_ehem._Augustinerchorherren-Stift%2C_Turm_%28b%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/D%C3%BCrnstein_-_ehem._Augustinerchorherren-Stift%2C_Turm_%28b%29.JPG/440px-D%C3%BCrnstein_-_ehem._Augustinerchorherren-Stift%2C_Turm_%28b%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1934" data-file-height="2900" /></a><figcaption>Bell tower of the former monastery in <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCrnstein" title="Dürnstein">Dürnstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Austria" title="Lower Austria">Lower Austria</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>bell tower</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Tower" title="Tower">tower</a> that contains one or more <a href="/wiki/Bell" title="Bell">bells</a>, or that is designed to hold bells even if it has none. Such a tower commonly serves as part of a Christian <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">church</a>, and will contain <a href="/wiki/Church_bell" title="Church bell">church bells</a>, but there are also many secular bell towers, often part of a municipal building, an educational establishment, or a tower built specifically to house a <a href="/wiki/Carillon" title="Carillon">carillon</a>. Church bell towers often incorporate clocks, and secular towers usually do, as a public service. </p><p>The term <b>campanile</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <small>also</small> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>-/</a></span></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[kampaˈniːle]</a></span>), from the Italian <i>campanile</i>, which in turn derives from <i>campana</i>, meaning "bell", is synonymous with <i>bell tower</i>; though in English usage campanile tends to be used to refer to a free standing bell tower. A bell tower may also in some traditions be called a <a href="/wiki/Belfry_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Belfry (architecture)">belfry</a>, though this term may also refer specifically to the substructure that houses the bells and the ringers rather than the complete tower. </p><p>The tallest free-standing bell tower in the world, 113.2 metres (371 ft) high, is the <a href="/wiki/Mortegliano" title="Mortegliano">Mortegliano</a> Bell Tower, in the <a href="/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia" title="Friuli-Venezia Giulia">Friuli-Venezia Giulia</a> region, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CTBUH_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CTBUH-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose">Purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_tower&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 163.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_Tower_2014-09-21_205MP.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Elizabeth Tower, London completed in 1859; better known as Big Ben."><img alt="Elizabeth Tower, London completed in 1859; better known as Big Ben." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Elizabeth_Tower_2014-09-21_205MP.jpg/245px-Elizabeth_Tower_2014-09-21_205MP.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Elizabeth_Tower_2014-09-21_205MP.jpg/368px-Elizabeth_Tower_2014-09-21_205MP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Elizabeth_Tower_2014-09-21_205MP.jpg/490px-Elizabeth_Tower_2014-09-21_205MP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11719" data-file-height="17554" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Tower">Elizabeth Tower</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> completed in 1859; better known as <a href="/wiki/Big_Ben" title="Big Ben">Big Ben</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 177.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 175.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italy_-_Pisa_-_Leaning_Tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Leaning Tower of Pisa, campanile of the Duomo di Pisa, Italy"><img alt="The Leaning Tower of Pisa, campanile of the Duomo di Pisa, Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Italy_-_Pisa_-_Leaning_Tower.jpg/263px-Italy_-_Pisa_-_Leaning_Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Italy_-_Pisa_-_Leaning_Tower.jpg/395px-Italy_-_Pisa_-_Leaning_Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Italy_-_Pisa_-_Leaning_Tower.jpg/526px-Italy_-_Pisa_-_Leaning_Tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3257" data-file-height="4544" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa" title="Leaning Tower of Pisa">Leaning Tower of Pisa</a>, campanile of the <a href="/wiki/Duomo_di_Pisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Duomo di Pisa">Duomo di Pisa</a>, Italy</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Venezia_-_Panorama_010,_Campanile_San_Marco.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St Mark's Campanile, Venice"><img alt="St Mark's Campanile, Venice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Venezia_-_Panorama_010%2C_Campanile_San_Marco.jpg/241px-Venezia_-_Panorama_010%2C_Campanile_San_Marco.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Venezia_-_Panorama_010%2C_Campanile_San_Marco.jpg/362px-Venezia_-_Panorama_010%2C_Campanile_San_Marco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Venezia_-_Panorama_010%2C_Campanile_San_Marco.jpg/482px-Venezia_-_Panorama_010%2C_Campanile_San_Marco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2432" data-file-height="3705" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Campanile" title="St Mark's Campanile">St Mark's Campanile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a></div> </li> </ul> <p>Bells are rung from a tower to enable them to be heard at a distance. Church bells can signify the time for worshippers to go to church for a communal <a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">service</a>, and can be an indication of the <a href="/wiki/Fixed_prayer_times#Christianity" title="Fixed prayer times">fixed times</a> of daily <a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Christian prayer</a>, called the <a href="/wiki/Canonical_hours" title="Canonical hours">canonical hours</a>, which number seven and are contained in <a href="/wiki/Breviary" title="Breviary">breviaries</a>. They are also rung on special occasions such as a <a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">wedding</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">funeral</a> service. In some religious traditions they are used within the liturgy of the church service to signify to people that a particular part of the service has been reached.<sup id="cite_ref-Church_Words:_Origins_and_Meanings_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Church_Words:_Origins_and_Meanings-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ball-state-university-bell-tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Ball-state-university-bell-tower.jpg/220px-Ball-state-university-bell-tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Ball-state-university-bell-tower.jpg/330px-Ball-state-university-bell-tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Ball-state-university-bell-tower.jpg/440px-Ball-state-university-bell-tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shafer_Tower" title="Shafer Tower">Shafer Tower</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ball_State_University" title="Ball State University">Ball State University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Muncie,_Indiana" title="Muncie, Indiana">Muncie, Indiana</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A bell tower may have a single bell, or a collection of bells which are tuned to a common scale. They may be stationary and chimed, rung randomly by swinging through a small arc, or swung through a full circle to enable the high degree of control of English <a href="/wiki/Change_ringing" title="Change ringing">change ringing</a>. They may house a <a href="/wiki/Carillon" title="Carillon">carillon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chime_(bell_instrument)" title="Chime (bell instrument)">chimes</a>, in which the bells are sounded by hammers connected via cables to a keyboard. These can be found in many churches and secular buildings in Europe and America including <a href="/wiki/College" title="College">college</a> and <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">university</a> campuses.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A variety of electronic devices exist to simulate the sound of bells, but any substantial tower in which a considerable sum of money has been invested will generally have a real set of bells. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clocher_d%27Ivan_le_Grand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Clocher_d%27Ivan_le_Grand.jpg/170px-Clocher_d%27Ivan_le_Grand.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Clocher_d%27Ivan_le_Grand.jpg/255px-Clocher_d%27Ivan_le_Grand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Clocher_d%27Ivan_le_Grand.jpg/340px-Clocher_d%27Ivan_le_Grand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ivan_The_Great_Bell_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan The Great Bell Tower">Ivan The Great Bell Tower</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kremlin" title="Kremlin">Kremlin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, built in 1508</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iglesia_de_Santo_Tom%C3%A1s_-_Campanario_y_c%C3%BApula2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Iglesia_de_Santo_Tom%C3%A1s_-_Campanario_y_c%C3%BApula2.jpg/170px-Iglesia_de_Santo_Tom%C3%A1s_-_Campanario_y_c%C3%BApula2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Iglesia_de_Santo_Tom%C3%A1s_-_Campanario_y_c%C3%BApula2.jpg/255px-Iglesia_de_Santo_Tom%C3%A1s_-_Campanario_y_c%C3%BApula2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Iglesia_de_Santo_Tom%C3%A1s_-_Campanario_y_c%C3%BApula2.jpg/340px-Iglesia_de_Santo_Tom%C3%A1s_-_Campanario_y_c%C3%BApula2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="2384" /></a><figcaption>The Santo Tomás parish church in <a href="/wiki/Haro,_La_Rioja" title="Haro, La Rioja">Haro, La Rioja</a> has an <a href="/wiki/Conjuratory" title="Conjuratory">exconjuratory</a> for weather prayers in its bell tower.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some churches have an <a href="/wiki/Exconjuratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Exconjuratory">exconjuratory</a> in the bell tower, a space where ceremonies were conducted to ward off weather-related calamities, like storms and excessive rain. The main bell tower of the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Murcia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Murcia">Cathedral of Murcia</a> has four. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, many churches ring their church bells from belltowers three times a day, at 9 am, 12 pm and 3 pm to summon the Christian faithful to recite the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Dryer_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dryer-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Honig_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Honig-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the injunction to pray the Lord's prayer thrice daily was given in <i><a href="/wiki/Didache" title="Didache">Didache</a></i> 8, 2 f.,<sup id="cite_ref-KF_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KF-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beckwith_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beckwith-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Standing_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Standing-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which, in turn, was influenced by the Jewish practice of praying thrice daily found in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>, specifically in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Psalms#55:17" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Psalms">Psalm 55:17</a>, which suggests "evening and morning and at noon", and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Daniel#6:10" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Daniel">Daniel 6:10</a>, in which the prophet <a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">Daniel</a> prays thrice a day.<sup id="cite_ref-KF_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KF-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beckwith_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beckwith-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-White_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CCC_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CCC-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early Christians thus came to pray the Lord's Prayer at 9 am, 12 pm and 3 pm;<sup id="cite_ref-Beckwith2005_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beckwith2005-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as such, in Christianity, many <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> churches ring their <a href="/wiki/Church_bell" title="Church bell">church bells</a> from belltowers three times a day: in the morning, at noon and in the evening calling Christians to recite the Lord's Prayer.<sup id="cite_ref-Dryer_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dryer-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Honig_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Honig-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Catholic Christian churches ring their bells thrice a day, at 6<span class="nowrap"> </span>a.m., noon, and 6<span class="nowrap"> </span>p.m., to call the faithful to recite the <a href="/wiki/Angelus" title="Angelus">Angelus</a>, a prayer recited in honour of the <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">Incarnation of God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anglican_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anglican-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox Christian">Oriental Orthodox Christians</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Copts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Orthodox Church">Indians</a>, use a <a href="/wiki/Breviary" title="Breviary">breviary</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Agpeya" title="Agpeya">Agpeya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shehimo" title="Shehimo">Shehimo</a> to <a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">pray</a> the <a href="/wiki/Canonical_hours" title="Canonical hours">canonical hours</a> seven times a day while facing in the <a href="/wiki/Ad_orientem" title="Ad orientem">eastward direction</a>; church bells are tolled, especially in monasteries, to mark these <a href="/wiki/Fixed_prayer_times#Christianity" title="Fixed prayer times">seven fixed prayer times</a> (cf. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Psalms#119:164" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Psalms">Psalm 119:164</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Amherst1906_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amherst1906-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Christian tradition of the ringing of church bells from a belltower is analogous to <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a> tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Adhan" title="Adhan">adhan</a> (call to prayer) from a <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minaret</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Old bell towers which are no longer used for their original purpose may be kept for their <a href="/wiki/Historic" class="mw-redirect" title="Historic">historic</a> or architectural value, though in countries with a strong <a href="/wiki/Campanology" title="Campanology">campanological</a> tradition they often continue to have the bells rung. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_tower&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_tower&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 400 AD, <a href="/wiki/Paulinus_of_Nola" title="Paulinus of Nola">Paulinus of Nola</a> introduced church bells into the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roger_J._Smith_1997_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roger_J._Smith_1997-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 11th century, bells housed in belltowers became commonplace.<sup id="cite_ref-Roger_J._Smith_1997_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roger_J._Smith_1997-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historic bell towers exist throughout Europe. The <a href="/wiki/Irish_round_tower" title="Irish round tower">Irish round towers</a> are thought to have functioned in part as bell towers. Famous medieval European examples include Bruges (<a href="/wiki/Belfry_of_Bruges" title="Belfry of Bruges">Belfry of Bruges</a>), Ypres (<a href="/wiki/Cloth_Hall,_Ypres" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloth Hall, Ypres">Cloth Hall, Ypres</a>), Ghent (<a href="/wiki/Belfry_of_Ghent" title="Belfry of Ghent">Belfry of Ghent</a>). Perhaps the most famous European free-standing bell tower, however, is the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa" title="Leaning Tower of Pisa">Leaning Tower of Pisa</a>", which is the campanile of the <a href="/wiki/Duomo_di_Pisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Duomo di Pisa">Duomo di Pisa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. In 1999 thirty-two <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgian</a> belfries were added to the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>'s <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Europe#Transboundary_sites" class="mw-redirect" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Europe">list of World Heritage Sites</a>. In 2005 this list was extended with one Belgian and twenty-three Northern <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> belfries and is since known as <i><a href="/wiki/Belfries_of_Belgium_and_France" title="Belfries of Belgium and France">Belfries of Belgium and France</a></i>. Most of these were attached to civil buildings, mainly city halls, as symbols of the greater power the cities in the region got in the Middle Ages; a small number of buildings not connected with a belfry, such as bell towers of—or with their—churches, also occur on this same list (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/943/multiple=1&unique_number=1100">details</a>). In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, cities sometimes kept their important documents in belfries. Not all are on a large scale; the "bell" tower of <a href="/wiki/Kat%C3%BA%C5%88" title="Katúň">Katúň</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, is typical of the many more modest structures that were once common in country areas. Archaic wooden bell towers survive adjoining churches in <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> and as well as in some parts of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. </p><p>In Orthodox Eastern Europe bell ringing also has a strong cultural significance (<a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_bell_ringing" title="Russian Orthodox bell ringing">Russian Orthodox bell ringing</a>), and churches were constructed with bell towers (see also <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_Orthodox_churches#Bell_towers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tallest Orthodox churches">List of tall Orthodox Bell towers</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_tower&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bell towers (Chinese: <i><a href="/wiki/Bell_tower_(Chinese_Buddhism)" title="Bell tower (Chinese Buddhism)">Zhonglou</a></i>, Japanese: <i><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dr%C5%8D" title="Shōrō">Shōrō</a></i>) are common in China and the countries of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cultural_sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese cultural sphere">related cultures</a>. They may appear both as part of a temple complex and as an independent civic building, often paired with a <a href="/wiki/Drum_tower_(Asia)" title="Drum tower (Asia)">drum tower</a>, as well as in local church buildings. Among the best known examples are the <a href="/wiki/Gulou_and_Zhonglou_(Beijing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulou and Zhonglou (Beijing)">Bell Tower (<i>Zhonglou</i>) of Beijing</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Tower_of_Xi%27an" title="Bell Tower of Xi'an">Bell Tower of Xi'an</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_tower&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed" style="font-size:95%; line-height:130%"> <li class="gallerycaption">Bell towers, belfries and campaniles by date</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Todaiji_shoro.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old Belfry of Tōdai-ji, Japan (752, rebuilt 1200)"><img alt="Old Belfry of Tōdai-ji, Japan (752, rebuilt 1200)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Todaiji_shoro.jpg/340px-Todaiji_shoro.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Todaiji_shoro.jpg/511px-Todaiji_shoro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Todaiji_shoro.jpg/680px-Todaiji_shoro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Old Belfry of <a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Ddai-ji" title="Tōdai-ji">Tōdai-ji</a>, Japan (752, rebuilt 1200)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 115.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 113.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Glendalough_Round_Tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An Irish round tower, bell tower, at Glendalough, Ireland, c. 900 AD"><img alt="An Irish round tower, bell tower, at Glendalough, Ireland, c. 900 AD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Glendalough_Round_Tower.jpg/170px-Glendalough_Round_Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Glendalough_Round_Tower.jpg/255px-Glendalough_Round_Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Glendalough_Round_Tower.jpg/340px-Glendalough_Round_Tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3888" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An <a href="/wiki/Irish_round_tower" title="Irish round tower">Irish round tower</a>, bell tower, at <a href="/wiki/Glendalough" title="Glendalough">Glendalough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 900 AD</span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 108.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 106.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Katunbelltower.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Primitive bell tower at Katúň, Slovakia (c. 12th century)"><img alt="Primitive bell tower at Katúň, Slovakia (c. 12th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Katunbelltower.JPG/160px-Katunbelltower.JPG" decoding="async" width="107" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Katunbelltower.JPG/241px-Katunbelltower.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Katunbelltower.JPG/320px-Katunbelltower.JPG 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Primitive bell tower at <a href="/wiki/Kat%C3%BA%C5%88" title="Katúň">Katúň</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 12th century</span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Korte-Nieuwstraat_Domtoren_Utrecht_Nederland.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The Domtoren, bell tower of the St. Martin's Cathedral, Utrecht, Netherlands (13th century)"><img alt="The Domtoren, bell tower of the St. Martin's Cathedral, Utrecht, Netherlands (13th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Korte-Nieuwstraat_Domtoren_Utrecht_Nederland.JPG/191px-Korte-Nieuwstraat_Domtoren_Utrecht_Nederland.JPG" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Korte-Nieuwstraat_Domtoren_Utrecht_Nederland.JPG/287px-Korte-Nieuwstraat_Domtoren_Utrecht_Nederland.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Korte-Nieuwstraat_Domtoren_Utrecht_Nederland.JPG/382px-Korte-Nieuwstraat_Domtoren_Utrecht_Nederland.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i>Domtoren</i>, bell tower of the <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Cathedral,_Utrecht" title="St. Martin's Cathedral, Utrecht">St. Martin's Cathedral, Utrecht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> (13th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FeockChurchBell-tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Separate bell tower at Feock Church, Cornwall (13th century)"><img alt="Separate bell tower at Feock Church, Cornwall (13th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/FeockChurchBell-tower.jpg/191px-FeockChurchBell-tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/FeockChurchBell-tower.jpg/287px-FeockChurchBell-tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/FeockChurchBell-tower.jpg/382px-FeockChurchBell-tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Separate bell tower at <a href="/wiki/Feock,_Cornwall" title="Feock, Cornwall">Feock</a> Church, Cornwall (13th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Medard%27s_bells.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Inside the belfry of St Medard & St Gildard's, in Little Bytham in Lincolnshire, England (13th century)"><img alt="Inside the belfry of St Medard & St Gildard's, in Little Bytham in Lincolnshire, England (13th century)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/St_Medard%27s_bells.jpg/340px-St_Medard%27s_bells.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/St_Medard%27s_bells.jpg/511px-St_Medard%27s_bells.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/St_Medard%27s_bells.jpg 2x" data-file-width="653" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Inside the belfry of <a href="/wiki/St_Medardus_and_St_Gildardus_Church,_Little_Bytham" title="St Medardus and St Gildardus Church, Little Bytham">St Medard & St Gildard's</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Little_Bytham" title="Little Bytham">Little Bytham</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a>, England (13th century)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beijingbelltower2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beijing Bell Tower (1272, reconstructed 1420, 1800)"><img alt="Beijing Bell Tower (1272, reconstructed 1420, 1800)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Beijingbelltower2.jpg/340px-Beijingbelltower2.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Beijingbelltower2.jpg/511px-Beijingbelltower2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Beijingbelltower2.jpg/680px-Beijingbelltower2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gulou_and_Zhonglou_(Beijing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulou and Zhonglou (Beijing)">Beijing Bell Tower</a> (1272, reconstructed 1420, 1800)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 115.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 113.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Bell_Tower_of_Xi%27an.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Bell Tower of Xi'an (1384)"><img alt="Bell Tower of Xi'an (1384)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/The_Bell_Tower_of_Xi%27an.JPG/170px-The_Bell_Tower_of_Xi%27an.JPG" decoding="async" width="114" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/The_Bell_Tower_of_Xi%27an.JPG/255px-The_Bell_Tower_of_Xi%27an.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/The_Bell_Tower_of_Xi%27an.JPG/340px-The_Bell_Tower_of_Xi%27an.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2792" data-file-height="4188" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bell_Tower_of_Xi%27an" title="Bell Tower of Xi'an">Bell Tower of Xi'an</a> (1384)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 115.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 113.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aalst_belfry.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Belfry of Aalst, Belgium (1460)"><img alt="Belfry of Aalst, Belgium (1460)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Aalst_belfry.jpg/170px-Aalst_belfry.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Aalst_belfry.jpg/255px-Aalst_belfry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Aalst_belfry.jpg/340px-Aalst_belfry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Belfry_of_Aalst" class="mw-redirect" title="Belfry of Aalst">Belfry of Aalst</a>, Belgium (1460)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zoravar_Belfry.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The belfry of Surb Zoravor church in Yerevan, Armenia (1693)"><img alt="The belfry of Surb Zoravor church in Yerevan, Armenia (1693)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Zoravar_Belfry.JPG/191px-Zoravar_Belfry.JPG" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Zoravar_Belfry.JPG/287px-Zoravar_Belfry.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Zoravar_Belfry.JPG/382px-Zoravar_Belfry.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The belfry of <a href="/wiki/Surb_Zoravor_Church_of_Yerevan" class="mw-redirect" title="Surb Zoravor Church of Yerevan">Surb Zoravor church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> (1693)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kievo-Pecherska_Lavra_Belltower.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Great Lavra Bell Tower of Kyiv Pechersk Lavra, Ukraine (1745)"><img alt="Great Lavra Bell Tower of Kyiv Pechersk Lavra, Ukraine (1745)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Kievo-Pecherska_Lavra_Belltower.jpg/191px-Kievo-Pecherska_Lavra_Belltower.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Kievo-Pecherska_Lavra_Belltower.jpg/287px-Kievo-Pecherska_Lavra_Belltower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Kievo-Pecherska_Lavra_Belltower.jpg/382px-Kievo-Pecherska_Lavra_Belltower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Great_Lavra_Bell_Tower" title="Great Lavra Bell Tower">Great Lavra Bell Tower</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Pechersk_Lavra" title="Kyiv Pechersk Lavra">Kyiv Pechersk Lavra</a>, Ukraine (1745)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 115.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 113.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:16_21_0429_carmel_mission.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bell tower at Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo (1797)"><img alt="Bell tower at Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo (1797)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/16_21_0429_carmel_mission.jpg/170px-16_21_0429_carmel_mission.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/16_21_0429_carmel_mission.jpg/255px-16_21_0429_carmel_mission.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/16_21_0429_carmel_mission.jpg/340px-16_21_0429_carmel_mission.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bell tower at <a href="/wiki/Mission_San_Carlos_Borromeo_de_Carmelo" title="Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo">Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmelo</a> (1797)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 115.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 113.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Belfort_Brugge.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Belfry of Bruges, Belgium (1240) (modified 1480s, 1820)"><img alt="Belfry of Bruges, Belgium (1240) (modified 1480s, 1820)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Belfort_Brugge.jpg/170px-Belfort_Brugge.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Belfort_Brugge.jpg/255px-Belfort_Brugge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Belfort_Brugge.jpg/340px-Belfort_Brugge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Belfry_of_Bruges" title="Belfry of Bruges">Belfry of Bruges</a>, Belgium (1240) (modified 1480s, 1820)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vanha_kirkko_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Belfry of Tampere Old Church, Finland (1828)"><img alt="Belfry of Tampere Old Church, Finland (1828)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Vanha_kirkko_1.JPG/191px-Vanha_kirkko_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Vanha_kirkko_1.JPG/287px-Vanha_kirkko_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Vanha_kirkko_1.JPG/382px-Vanha_kirkko_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Belfry of <a href="/wiki/Tampere_Old_Church" title="Tampere Old Church">Tampere Old Church</a>, Finland (1828)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 78px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 76px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bell_Tower,_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_(Rosemont,_Pennsylvania).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bell Tower, Church of the Good Shepherd (Rosemont, Pennsylvania) (1894)"><img alt="Bell Tower, Church of the Good Shepherd (Rosemont, Pennsylvania) (1894)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bell_Tower%2C_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_%28Rosemont%2C_Pennsylvania%29.jpg/114px-Bell_Tower%2C_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_%28Rosemont%2C_Pennsylvania%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bell_Tower%2C_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_%28Rosemont%2C_Pennsylvania%29.jpg/171px-Bell_Tower%2C_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_%28Rosemont%2C_Pennsylvania%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bell_Tower%2C_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_%28Rosemont%2C_Pennsylvania%29.jpg/228px-Bell_Tower%2C_Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_%28Rosemont%2C_Pennsylvania%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="871" data-file-height="1943" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bell Tower, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Good_Shepherd_(Rosemont,_Pennsylvania)" title="Church of the Good Shepherd (Rosemont, Pennsylvania)">Church of the Good Shepherd (Rosemont, Pennsylvania)</a> (1894)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CampanileMtTamalpiasSunset-original.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sather Tower (more commonly known as "The Campanile"), Berkeley, CA (1914)"><img alt="Sather Tower (more commonly known as "The Campanile"), Berkeley, CA (1914)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/CampanileMtTamalpiasSunset-original.jpg/191px-CampanileMtTamalpiasSunset-original.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/CampanileMtTamalpiasSunset-original.jpg/287px-CampanileMtTamalpiasSunset-original.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/CampanileMtTamalpiasSunset-original.jpg/382px-CampanileMtTamalpiasSunset-original.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sather_Tower" title="Sather Tower">Sather Tower</a> (more commonly known as "The Campanile"), Berkeley, CA (1914)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lille,_Belfry.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Belfry of Lille, France (1921)"><img alt="Belfry of Lille, France (1921)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lille%2C_Belfry.JPG/191px-Lille%2C_Belfry.JPG" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lille%2C_Belfry.JPG/287px-Lille%2C_Belfry.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lille%2C_Belfry.JPG/382px-Lille%2C_Belfry.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Belfry of <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a>, France (1921)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Memorial_Tower,_Louisiana_State_University,_Baton_Rouge,_Louisiana_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Memorial Tower at Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana (1923)"><img alt="Memorial Tower at Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana (1923)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Memorial_Tower%2C_Louisiana_State_University%2C_Baton_Rouge%2C_Louisiana_%281%29.jpg/169px-Memorial_Tower%2C_Louisiana_State_University%2C_Baton_Rouge%2C_Louisiana_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Memorial_Tower%2C_Louisiana_State_University%2C_Baton_Rouge%2C_Louisiana_%281%29.jpg/254px-Memorial_Tower%2C_Louisiana_State_University%2C_Baton_Rouge%2C_Louisiana_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Memorial_Tower%2C_Louisiana_State_University%2C_Baton_Rouge%2C_Louisiana_%281%29.jpg/338px-Memorial_Tower%2C_Louisiana_State_University%2C_Baton_Rouge%2C_Louisiana_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4928" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Tower" title="Memorial Tower">Memorial Tower</a> at <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_State_University" title="Louisiana State University">Louisiana State University</a>, Baton Rouge, Louisiana (1923)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_Northern_Iowa_Campanile_4-13-18.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Campanile at the University of Northern Iowa (1927)"><img alt="Campanile at the University of Northern Iowa (1927)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/University_of_Northern_Iowa_Campanile_4-13-18.jpg/191px-University_of_Northern_Iowa_Campanile_4-13-18.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/University_of_Northern_Iowa_Campanile_4-13-18.jpg/287px-University_of_Northern_Iowa_Campanile_4-13-18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/University_of_Northern_Iowa_Campanile_4-13-18.jpg/382px-University_of_Northern_Iowa_Campanile_4-13-18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Campanile at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Northern_Iowa" title="University of Northern Iowa">University of Northern Iowa</a> (1927)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 95.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 93.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bok_Tower.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Singing Tower at Bok Tower Gardens, Lake Wales, FL (1929)"><img alt="The Singing Tower at Bok Tower Gardens, Lake Wales, FL (1929)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bok_Tower.png/140px-Bok_Tower.png" decoding="async" width="94" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bok_Tower.png/210px-Bok_Tower.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Bok_Tower.png/280px-Bok_Tower.png 2x" data-file-width="1397" data-file-height="2541" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Singing Tower at <a href="/wiki/Bok_Tower_Gardens" title="Bok Tower Gardens">Bok Tower Gardens</a>, Lake Wales, FL (1929)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UT_Tower_-_Main_Building.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Main Building (University of Texas at Austin), Austin, TX (1937)"><img alt="Main Building (University of Texas at Austin), Austin, TX (1937)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/UT_Tower_-_Main_Building.JPG/340px-UT_Tower_-_Main_Building.JPG" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/UT_Tower_-_Main_Building.JPG/511px-UT_Tower_-_Main_Building.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/UT_Tower_-_Main_Building.JPG/680px-UT_Tower_-_Main_Building.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Main_Building_(University_of_Texas_at_Austin)" title="Main Building (University of Texas at Austin)">Main Building (University of Texas at Austin)</a>, Austin, TX (1937)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 97.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 95.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rainbow_Carillon_Tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rainbow Tower, Niagara Falls, Canada (1947)"><img alt="A The Rainbow Carillon Tower." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Rainbow_Carillon_Tower.jpg/143px-Rainbow_Carillon_Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Rainbow_Carillon_Tower.jpg/215px-Rainbow_Carillon_Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Rainbow_Carillon_Tower.jpg/287px-Rainbow_Carillon_Tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2988" data-file-height="5312" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Tower" title="Rainbow Tower">Rainbow Tower</a>, Niagara Falls, Canada (1947)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Basilica_of_the_National_Shrine_of_the_Immaculate_Conception,_Washington.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Campanile at the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception, Washington, D.C., paid for by the Knights of Columbus; known as "The Knight's Tower". (1959)"><img alt="Campanile at the Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception, Washington, D.C., paid for by the Knights of Columbus; known as "The Knight's Tower". (1959)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Basilica_of_the_National_Shrine_of_the_Immaculate_Conception%2C_Washington.jpg/240px-Basilica_of_the_National_Shrine_of_the_Immaculate_Conception%2C_Washington.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Basilica_of_the_National_Shrine_of_the_Immaculate_Conception%2C_Washington.jpg/361px-Basilica_of_the_National_Shrine_of_the_Immaculate_Conception%2C_Washington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Basilica_of_the_National_Shrine_of_the_Immaculate_Conception%2C_Washington.jpg/480px-Basilica_of_the_National_Shrine_of_the_Immaculate_Conception%2C_Washington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2434" data-file-height="2584" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Campanile at the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_the_National_Shrine_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception">Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception</a>, Washington, D.C., paid for by the Knights of Columbus; known as "The Knight's Tower". (1959)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Petropolis-Cathedral6.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The bell tower of the Cathedral of Petrópolis, Brazil (1960s)"><img alt="The bell tower of the Cathedral of Petrópolis, Brazil (1960s)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Petropolis-Cathedral6.jpg/191px-Petropolis-Cathedral6.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Petropolis-Cathedral6.jpg/287px-Petropolis-Cathedral6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Petropolis-Cathedral6.jpg/382px-Petropolis-Cathedral6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The bell tower of the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Petr%C3%B3polis" title="Cathedral of Petrópolis">Cathedral of Petrópolis</a>, Brazil (1960s)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 146px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 144px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Addleshaw_tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Addleshaw Tower of Chester Cathedral, England (1973–74)"><img alt="The Addleshaw Tower of Chester Cathedral, England (1973–74)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Addleshaw_tower.jpg/216px-Addleshaw_tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Addleshaw_tower.jpg/325px-Addleshaw_tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Addleshaw_tower.jpg/433px-Addleshaw_tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3270" data-file-height="3851" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Addleshaw_Tower" title="Addleshaw Tower">Addleshaw Tower</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chester_Cathedral" title="Chester Cathedral">Chester Cathedral</a>, England (1973–74)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 228.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 226.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BYUclarillon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brigham Young University Centennial Carillon Tower, Provo, Utah (1975)"><img alt="Brigham Young University Centennial Carillon Tower, Provo, Utah (1975)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/BYUclarillon.jpg/340px-BYUclarillon.jpg" decoding="async" width="227" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/BYUclarillon.jpg/511px-BYUclarillon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/BYUclarillon.jpg/680px-BYUclarillon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Brigham_Young_University_Centennial_Carillon_Tower" title="Brigham Young University Centennial Carillon Tower">Brigham Young University Centennial Carillon Tower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provo,_Utah" title="Provo, Utah">Provo, Utah</a> (1975)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 129.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 127.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Swan_Bells_SMC_2006_b.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="'Swan Bells', Perth, Western Australia (2000)"><img alt="'Swan Bells', Perth, Western Australia (2000)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Swan_Bells_SMC_2006_b.jpg/191px-Swan_Bells_SMC_2006_b.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Swan_Bells_SMC_2006_b.jpg/287px-Swan_Bells_SMC_2006_b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Swan_Bells_SMC_2006_b.jpg/382px-Swan_Bells_SMC_2006_b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">'<a href="/wiki/Swan_Bells" title="Swan Bells">Swan Bells</a>', <a href="/wiki/Perth,_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Perth, Western Australia">Perth, Western Australia</a> (2000)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_tower&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell-gable" title="Bell-gable">Bell-gable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clock_tower" title="Clock tower">Clock tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjuratory" title="Conjuratory">Conjuratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">Minaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octagon_on_cube" title="Octagon on cube">Octagon on cube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvonnitsa" title="Zvonnitsa">Zvonnitsa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_notes">References and notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_tower&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References and notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CTBUH-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CTBUH_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081030215503/http://www.ctbuh.org/Portals/0/Tallest/CTBUH_TallestClockGovernmentPalace.pdf">"25 tallest clock towers/government structures/palaces"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. January 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctbuh.org/Portals/0/Tallest/CTBUH_TallestClockGovernmentPalace.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2008-10-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=25+tallest+clock+towers%2Fgovernment+structures%2Fpalaces&rft.pub=Council+on+Tall+Buildings+and+Urban+Habitat&rft.date=2008-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ctbuh.org%2FPortals%2F0%2FTallest%2FCTBUH_TallestClockGovernmentPalace.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABell+tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studyhere.bham.ac.uk/documents/B2362_Campus_tour_booklet_AW.pdf">"Campus tour booklet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of Birmingham<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Campus+tour+booklet&rft.pub=University+of+Birmingham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.studyhere.bham.ac.uk%2Fdocuments%2FB2362_Campus_tour_booklet_AW.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABell+tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Church_Words:_Origins_and_Meanings-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Church_Words:_Origins_and_Meanings_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XSOyfy061SQC&pg=PA76"><i>Church Words: Origins and Meanings</i></a>. Forward Movement. 1996. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0880281720" title="Special:BookSources/978-0880281720"><bdi>978-0880281720</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2012</span>. <q>There are two sorts of liturgical bells in the history of the Christian Church-church bells in spires or towers used to call the faithful to worship, and sanctuary bells used to call attention to the coming of Christ in the Holy Eucharist.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church+Words%3A+Origins+and+Meanings&rft.pub=Forward+Movement&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0880281720&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXSOyfy061SQC%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABell+tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carillon.org/">"The World Carillon Federation (WCF)"</a>. Carillon.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World+Carillon+Federation+%28WCF%29&rft.pub=Carillon.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carillon.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABell+tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dryer-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dryer_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dryer_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Herbert_Dryer1897" class="citation book cs1">George Herbert Dryer (1897). <i>History of the Christian Church</i>. Curts & Jennings. <q>…every church-bell in Christendom to be tolled three times a day, and all Christians to repeat Pater Nosters (The Lord's Prayer)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.pub=Curts+%26+Jennings&rft.date=1897&rft.au=George+Herbert+Dryer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABell+tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Honig-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Honig_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Honig_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoan_Huyser-Honig2006" class="citation cs2">Joan Huyser-Honig (2006), <i>Uncovering the Blessing of Fixed-Hour Prayer</i>, Calvin Institute of Christian Worship, <q>Early Christians prayed the Lord's Prayer three times a day. Medieval church bells called people to common prayer.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uncovering+the+Blessing+of+Fixed-Hour+Prayer&rft.pub=Calvin+Institute+of+Christian+Worship&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Joan+Huyser-Honig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABell+tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wels.net/faq/church-bells/">"Church bells"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Evangelical_Lutheran_Synod" title="Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod">Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod</a>. 25 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Church+bells&rft.pub=Wisconsin+Evangelical+Lutheran+Synod&rft.date=2017-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwels.net%2Ffaq%2Fchurch-bells%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABell+tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KF-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KF_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KF_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerhard_KittelGerhard_Friedrich1972" class="citation book cs1">Gerhard Kittel; Gerhard Friedrich (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BqnmVGo6jA8C&pg=PA225"><i>Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, Volume 8</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/William_B._Eerdmans_Publishing_Company" title="William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company">William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company</a>. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802822505" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802822505"><bdi>978-0802822505</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2012</span>. <q>The praying of the Lord's Prayer three times a day in Did., 8, 2 f. is connected with the Jewish practice --> 218, 3 ff.; II, 801, 16 ff.; the altering of other Jewish customs is demanded in the context.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theological+Dictionary+of+the+New+Testament%2C+Volume+8&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=William+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0802822505&rft.au=Gerhard+Kittel&rft.au=Gerhard+Friedrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBqnmVGo6jA8C%26pg%3DPA225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABell+tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beckwith-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beckwith_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beckwith_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_T._Beckwith2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_T._Beckwith" title="Roger T. Beckwith">Roger T. Beckwith</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PVCUZ7BTD2gC&pg=PA193"><i>Calendar, Chronology, and Worship: Studies in Ancient Judaism and Early Christianity</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004146032" title="Special:BookSources/9004146032"><bdi>9004146032</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2012</span>. <q>The Church had now two hours of prayer, observed individually on weekdays and corporately on Sundays – yet the Old Testament spoke of three daily hours of prayer, and the Church itself had been saying the Lord's Prayer three times a day.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calendar%2C+Chronology%2C+and+Worship%3A+Studies+in+Ancient+Judaism+and+Early+Christianity&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9004146032&rft.au=Roger+T.+Beckwith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPVCUZ7BTD2gC%26pg%3DPA193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABell+tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Standing-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Standing_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m_OShrBh0I0C&pg=PA91"><i>Matthew: A Shorter Commentary</i></a>. Continuum International Publishing Group. 2005. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0567082497" title="Special:BookSources/978-0567082497"><bdi>978-0567082497</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2012</span>. <q>Moreover, the central portion of the Eighteen Benedictions, just like the Lord's Prayer, falls into two distinct parts (in the first half the petitions are for the individuals, in the second half for the nation); and early Christian tradition instructs believers to say the Lord's Prayer three times a day (<i>Did</i>. 8.3) while standing (<i>Apost</i>. <i>const</i>. 7.24), which precisely parallels what the rabbis demanded for the Eighteen Benedictions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matthew%3A+A+Shorter+Commentary&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0567082497&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm_OShrBh0I0C%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABell+tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-White-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-White_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_F_White2010" class="citation book cs1">James F White (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MURUzRlz-hoC&pg=PT104"><i>Introduction to Christian Worship, 3rd ed.: Revised and Enlarged</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Abingdon_Press" title="Abingdon Press">Abingdon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1426722851" title="Special:BookSources/978-1426722851"><bdi>978-1426722851</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2012</span>. <q>Late in the first century or early in the second, the <i>Didache</i> advised Christians to pray the Lord's prayer three times a day. Others sought disciplines in the Bible itself as ways to make the scriptural injunction to "pray without ceasing" (1 Thess. 5:17) practical. Psalm 55:17 suggested "evening and morning and at noon," and Daniel prayed three times a day (Dan. 6:10).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Christian+Worship%2C+3rd+ed.%3A+Revised+and+Enlarged&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1426722851&rft.au=James+F+White&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMURUzRlz-hoC%26pg%3DPT104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABell+tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CCC-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CCC_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cymM4xEM76wC&pg=PA588"><i>Catechism Of The Catholic Church</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Continuum_International_Publishing_Group" title="Continuum International Publishing Group">Continuum International Publishing Group</a>. 1999. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-860-12324-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-860-12324-3"><bdi>0-860-12324-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2014</span>. <q>Late in the first century or early in the second, the <i>Didache</i> advised Christians to pray the Lord's prayer three times a day. Others sought disciplines in the Bible itself as ways to make the scriptural injunction to "pray without ceasing" (1 Thess. 5:17) practical. Psalm 55:17 suggested "evening and morning and at noon," and Daniel prayed three times a day (Dan. 6:10).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catechism+Of+The+Catholic+Church&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-860-12324-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcymM4xEM76wC%26pg%3DPA588&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABell+tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beckwith2005-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beckwith2005_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckwith2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_T._Beckwith" title="Roger T. Beckwith">Beckwith, Roger T.</a> (2005). <i>Calendar, Chronology And Worship: Studies in Ancient Judaism And Early Christianity</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14603-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-14603-7"><bdi>978-90-04-14603-7</bdi></a>. <q>So three minor hours of prayer were developed, at the third, sixth and ninth hours, which, as Dugmore points out, were ordinary divisions of the day for worldly affairs, and the Lord's Prayer was transferred to those hours.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calendar%2C+Chronology+And+Worship%3A+Studies+in+Ancient+Judaism+And+Early+Christianity&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-04-14603-7&rft.aulast=Beckwith&rft.aufirst=Roger+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABell+tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wels.net/faq/church-bells/">"Church bells"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Evangelical_Lutheran_Synod" title="Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod">Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod</a>. 25 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Church+bells&rft.pub=Wisconsin+Evangelical+Lutheran+Synod&rft.date=2017-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwels.net%2Ffaq%2Fchurch-bells%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABell+tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_P._Anderson2009" class="citation book cs1">John P. Anderson (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XVktuDe1aHUC&pg=PA93"><i>Joyce's Finnegans Wake: The Curse of Kabbalah, Volume 2</i></a>. Universal Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1599429014" title="Special:BookSources/978-1599429014"><bdi>978-1599429014</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2012</span>. <q>The Angelus is a Christian devotion in memory of the Incarnation. Its name is derived from the opening words, Angelus Domini nuntiavit Mariæ. It consists of three Biblical verses describing the mystery, recited as versicle and response, alternating with the salutation "Hail Mary!" and traditionally is recited in Catholic churches, convents and monasteries three times daily, 6:00 am, 12:00 noon and 6:00 pm, accompanied by the ringing of the Angelus bell. Some High Church Anglican and Lutheran churches also use the devotion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joyce%27s+Finnegans+Wake%3A+The+Curse+of+Kabbalah%2C+Volume+2&rft.pub=Universal+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1599429014&rft.au=John+P.+Anderson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXVktuDe1aHUC%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABell+tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anglican-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anglican_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jN4wspXqHBkC&pg=PA728"><i>The Anglican Service Book: A Traditional Language Adaptation of the 1979 Book of Common Prayer, Together with the Psalter Or Psalms of David and Additional Devotions</i></a>. Good Shepherd Press. 1991. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0962995507" title="Special:BookSources/978-0962995507"><bdi>978-0962995507</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2012</span>. <q>The Angelus: In many churches the bell is run morning, noon, and evening in memory of the Incarnation of God, and the faithful say the following prayers, except during Eastertide, when the Regina coeli is said.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglican+Service+Book%3A+A+Traditional+Language+Adaptation+of+the+1979+Book+of+Common+Prayer%2C+Together+with+the+Psalter+Or+Psalms+of+David+and+Additional+Devotions&rft.pub=Good+Shepherd+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0962995507&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjN4wspXqHBkC%26pg%3DPA728&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABell+tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.suscopts.org/q&a/index.php?qid=1484&catid=386">"What is the relationship between bells and the church? When and where did the tradition begin? Should bells ring in every church?"</a>. Coptic Orthodox Diocese of the Southern United States. 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+the+relationship+between+bells+and+the+church%3F+When+and+where+did+the+tradition+begin%3F+Should+bells+ring+in+every+church%3F&rft.pub=Coptic+Orthodox+Diocese+of+the+Southern+United+States&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.suscopts.org%2Fq%26a%2Findex.php%3Fqid%3D1484%26catid%3D386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABell+tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amherst1906-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Amherst1906_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_Cecil,_2nd_Baroness_Amherst_of_Hackney1906" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cecil,_2nd_Baroness_Amherst_of_Hackney" title="Mary Cecil, 2nd Baroness Amherst of Hackney">Mary Cecil, 2nd Baroness Amherst of Hackney</a> (1906). <i>A Sketch of Egyptian History from the Earliest Times to the Present Day</i>. Methuen. p. 399. <q>Prayers 7 times a day are enjoined, and the most strict among the Copts recite one of more of the Psalms of David each time they pray. They always wash their hands and faces before devotions, and turn to the East.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sketch+of+Egyptian+History+from+the+Earliest+Times+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pages=399&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1906&rft.au=Mary+Cecil%2C+2nd+Baroness+Amherst+of+Hackney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABell+tower" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XSOyfy061SQC&q=church+bell+ring+anglican&pg=PA76"><i>Church Words: Origins and Meanings</i></a>. Psychology Press. 1996. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0880281720" title="Special:BookSources/978-0880281720"><bdi>978-0880281720</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-16</span></span>. <q>But even for Muslims who pray infrequently, the adhan marks the passage of time through the day (in much the same way as church bells do in many Christian communities) and serves as a constant reminder that they are living in a Muslim community.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church+Words%3A+Origins+and+Meanings&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0880281720&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXSOyfy061SQC%26q%3Dchurch%2Bbell%2Bring%2Banglican%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABell+tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780761479260"><i>Islamic Beliefs, Practices, and Cultures</i></a></span>. Marshal Cavendish. 2009. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780761479260/page/77">77</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0761479260" title="Special:BookSources/978-0761479260"><bdi>978-0761479260</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2012</span>. <q>Muslims living in predominantly Islamic lands, however, have the benefit of the call to prayer (adhan). In the same way that much of the Christian world traditionally used bells to summon the faithful to church services, so the early Muslim community developed its own method of informing the entire community that the time for prayer had arrived.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Beliefs%2C+Practices%2C+and+Cultures&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Marshal+Cavendish&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0761479260&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780761479260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABell+tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKathy_Luty,_David_Philippart1997" class="citation book cs1">Kathy Luty, David Philippart (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j-nmAinYFJ0C&q=paulinus+church+bells&pg=PT133"><i>Clip Notes for Church Bulletins – Volume 1</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1568541693" title="Special:BookSources/978-1568541693"><bdi>978-1568541693</bdi></a>. <q>The first known use of bells in churches was by a bishop named Paulinus in the year 400.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clip+Notes+for+Church+Bulletins+%E2%80%93+Volume+1&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1568541693&rft.au=Kathy+Luty%2C+David+Philippart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj-nmAinYFJ0C%26q%3Dpaulinus%2Bchurch%2Bbells%26pg%3DPT133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABell+tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roger_J._Smith_1997-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roger_J._Smith_1997_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roger_J._Smith_1997_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_J._Smith1997" class="citation web cs1">Roger J. Smith (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207150201/http://www.awakentoprayer.org/church_bells.htm">"Church Bells"</a>. Sacred Heart Catholic Church and St. Yves Mission. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awakentoprayer.org/church_bells.htm">the original</a> on 2021-12-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-26</span></span>. <q>Bells came into use in our churches as early as the year 400, and their introduction is ascribed to Paulinus, bishop of Nola, a town of Campania, in Italy. Their use spread rapidly, as in those unsettled times the church-bell was useful not only for summoning the faithful to religious services, but also for giving an alarm when danger threatened. Their use was sanctioned in 604 by Pope Sabinian, and a ceremony for blessing them was established a little later. Very large bells, for church towers, were probably not in common use until the eleventh century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Church+Bells&rft.pub=Sacred+Heart+Catholic+Church+and+St.+Yves+Mission&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Roger+J.+Smith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awakentoprayer.org%2Fchurch_bells.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABell+tower" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bell_tower&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bell_towers" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bell towers">Bell towers</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/943">Belfries of Belgium and France</a>, UNESCO World Heritage Centre entry</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://beffrois.blogg.org/">Les Beffrois – France, Belgique, Pays-Bas</a>, blog describing several bell towers (in French)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/allsaintsbells/">All Saints Bell Tower</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bells" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bells" title="Template:Bells"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bells" title="Template talk:Bells"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bells" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bells"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bells" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bell" title="Bell">Bells</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background and <br />terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell" title="Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell-cot" title="Bell-cot">Bell-cot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellfounding" title="Bellfounding">Bellfounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell-gable" title="Bell-gable">Bell-gable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_pattern" title="Bell pattern">Bell pattern</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bell tower / Campanile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell-ringer" title="Bell-ringer">Bell-ringer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_shrine" title="Bell shrine">Bell shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfry_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Belfry (architecture)">Belfry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourdon_(bell)" title="Bourdon (bell)">Bourdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campanology" title="Campanology">Campanology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Index_of_campanology_articles" title="Index of campanology articles">index</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peal" title="Peal">Peal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_bells" title="Ring of bells">Ring of bells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_tone" title="Strike tone">Strike tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striking_clock" title="Striking clock">Striking clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvonnitsa" title="Zvonnitsa">Zvonnitsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agog%C3%B4" title="Agogô">Agogô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altar_bell" title="Altar bell">Altar bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluphone" title="Aluphone">Aluphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babendil" title="Babendil">Babendil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_tree" title="Bell tree">Bell tree</a></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bianzhong" title="Bianzhong">Bianzhong</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_bell" title="Bicycle bell">Bicycle bell</a></li> <li><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Bonsh%C5%8D" title="Bonshō">Bonshō</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_bell" title="Call bell">Call bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_bell" title="Cat bell">Cat bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_bell" title="Church bell">Church bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowbell_(instrument)" title="Cowbell (instrument)">Cowbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotal_bell" title="Crotal bell">Crotal bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_bell" title="Dead bell">Dead bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doorbell" title="Doorbell">Doorbell</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dtaku" title="Dōtaku">Dōtaku</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanta" title="Ghanta">Ghanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handbell" title="Handbell">Handbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingle_bell" title="Jingle bell">Jingle bell</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kane_(instrument)" title="Kane (instrument)">Kane</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mini-ring" title="Mini-ring">Mini-ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship%27s_bell" title="Ship's bell">Ship's bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servant_bell" title="Servant bell">Servant bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_bell" title="Standing bell">Standing bell</a></li> <li><span title="Japanese-language romanization"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Suzu_(bell)" title="Suzu (bell)">Suzu</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintinnabulum" title="Tintinnabulum">Tintinnabulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubular_bells" title="Tubular bells">Tubular bells</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ringing styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Chiming <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carillon" title="Carillon">Carillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chime_(bell_instrument)" title="Chime (bell instrument)">Chime</a></li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Canpan%C3%B2" title="Canpanò">Canpanò</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellacombe_apparatus" title="Ellacombe apparatus">Ellacombe apparatus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_bell_ringing" title="Russian Orthodox bell ringing">Russian Orthodox bell ringing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blagovest" title="Blagovest">Blagovest</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_circle_ringing" title="Full circle ringing">Full circle ringing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Change_ringing" title="Change ringing">Change ringing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Call_changes" title="Call changes">Call changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Method_ringing" title="Method ringing">Method ringing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolognese_bell_ringing" title="Bolognese bell ringing">Bolognese bell ringing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veronese_bell_ringing" title="Veronese bell ringing">Veronese bell ringing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable bells</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heaviest_bells" title="List of heaviest bells">List of heaviest bells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangiga_bells" title="Balangiga bells">Balangiga bells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_of_Good_Luck" title="Bell of Good Luck">Bell of Good Luck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_of_King_Seongdeok" title="Bell of King Seongdeok">Bell of King Seongdeok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Ben" title="Big Ben">Big Ben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Bell" title="Freedom Bell">Freedom Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Bell_of_Dhammazedi" title="Great Bell of Dhammazedi">Great Bell of Dhammazedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tom_(bell)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Tom (bell)">Great Tom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Great_Bell_Tower" title="Ivan the Great Bell Tower">Ivan the Great Bell Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Peace_Bell" title="Japanese Peace Bell">Japanese Peace Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Bell_(Valley_Forge)" title="Justice Bell (Valley Forge)">Justice Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell" title="Liberty Bell">Liberty Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Gloriosa" title="Maria Gloriosa">Maria Gloriosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingun_Bell" title="Mingun Bell">Mingun Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bells_of_Notre-Dame_de_Paris" title="Bells of Notre-Dame de Paris">Bells of Notre-Dame de Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Bell" title="Olympic Bell">Olympic Bell</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Petersglocke" title="Petersglocke">Petersglocke</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigismund_Bell" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigismund Bell">Sigismund Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swan_Bells" title="Swan Bells">Swan Bells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Bell_(Boston)" title="Temple Bell (Boston)"><i>Temple Bell</i> (Boston)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsar_Bell" title="Tsar Bell">Tsar Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Bell_Association" title="World Peace Bell Association">World Peace Bells</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Bell_(Newport,_Kentucky)" title="World Peace Bell (Newport, Kentucky)">Kentucky</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Bell_Temple" title="Big Bell Temple">Yongle Big Bell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bell founders <br />and foundries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bergholtz_Bellfoundry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bergholtz Bellfoundry (page does not exist)">Bergholtz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergholtz_klockgjuteri" class="extiw" title="sv:Bergholtz klockgjuteri">sv</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilbie_family" title="Bilbie family">Bilbie family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Chokhov" title="Andrey Chokhov">Andrey Chokhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Cockey#Origins_of_the_family" title="Edward Cockey">Cockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Eijsbouts_bell_foundry" title="Royal Eijsbouts bell foundry">Royal Eijsbouts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashpir_Ganusov" title="Kashpir Ganusov">Kashpir Ganusov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanden_Gheyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanden Gheyn">Vanden Gheyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillett_%26_Johnston" title="Gillett & Johnston">Gillett & Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassmayr_Bell_Foundry" title="Grassmayr Bell Foundry">Grassmayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_Graye" title="Miles Graye">Miles Graye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatch_bell_foundry" title="Hatch bell foundry">Hatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pieter_and_Fran%C3%A7ois_Hemony" title="Pieter and François Hemony">Pieter and François Hemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hodson_(bell-founder)" class="mw-redirect" title="Christopher Hodson (bell-founder)">Christopher Hodson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscus_Illenfeld" title="Franciscus Illenfeld">Franciscus Illenfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juutila_Foundry" title="Juutila Foundry">Juutila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontificia_Fonderia_Marinelli" title="Pontificia Fonderia Marinelli">Marinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McShane_Bell_Foundry" title="McShane Bell Foundry">McShane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meneely_Bell_Foundry" class="mw-redirect" title="Meneely Bell Foundry">Meneely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Murphy_(bellfounder)" title="John Murphy (bellfounder)">John Murphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olsen_Nauen_Bell_Foundry" title="Olsen Nauen Bell Foundry">Olsen Nauen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glockengie%C3%9Ferei_Otto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glockengießerei Otto (page does not exist)">Glockengießerei Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonderie_Paccard" title="Fonderie Paccard">Paccard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petit_%26_Fritsen" title="Petit & Fritsen">Petit & Fritsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Phelps_(bell-founder)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Phelps (bell-founder)">Richard Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudhall_of_Gloucester" title="Rudhall of Gloucester">Rudhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_and_William_Rufford" title="John and William Rufford">John and William Rufford</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saarlouiser_Glockengie%C3%9Ferei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saarlouiser Glockengießerei (page does not exist)">Saarlouiser Glockengießerei</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schilling_(bellfounder_family)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schilling (bellfounder family) (page does not exist)">Schilling</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schilling_(Glockengie%C3%9Ferfamilie)" class="extiw" title="de:Schilling (Glockengießerfamilie)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_%26_Co" title="John Taylor & Co">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Watts_(bellfounder)" title="Hugh Watts (bellfounder)">Hugh Watts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Warner_%26_Sons" title="John Warner & Sons">Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitechapel_Bell_Foundry" title="Whitechapel Bell Foundry">Whitechapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geert_van_Wou" title="Geert van Wou">Geert van Wou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dove%27s_Guide_for_Church_Bell_Ringers" title="Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers">Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glockenmuseum_Stiftskirche_Herrenberg" title="Glockenmuseum Stiftskirche Herrenberg">Glockenmuseum Stiftskirche Herrenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell_Memorial_Museum" title="Liberty Bell Memorial Museum">Liberty Bell Memorial Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Bell_Museum" title="Liberty Bell Museum">Liberty Bell Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bell_Festival" title="National Bell Festival">National Bell Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bell_ringing_organizations" title="List of bell ringing organizations">Ringing organizations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Bell,_American_Legion" title="Freedom Bell, American Legion">Freedom Bell, American Legion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/All_the_Bells" title="All the Bells">All the Bells</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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