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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dawn_Wall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Dawn Wall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dawn_Wall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climbing_philosophy_in_Advanced_Rockcraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climbing_philosophy_in_Advanced_Rockcraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Climbing philosophy in <i>Advanced Rockcraft</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climbing_philosophy_in_Advanced_Rockcraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kayaking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kayaking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Kayaking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kayaking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_Robbins_Clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_Robbins_Clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Royal Robbins Clothing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_Robbins_Clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_ascents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_ascents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable ascents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_ascents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_climbing_achievements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_climbing_achievements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Other climbing achievements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_climbing_achievements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biographies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Biographies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American rock climber (1935–2017)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For minister, see <a href="/wiki/Royal_Robbins_(minister)" title="Royal Robbins (minister)">Royal Robbins (minister)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Royal Robbins</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Robbins_2_by_Tom_Frost.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Royal_Robbins_2_by_Tom_Frost.jpg/220px-Royal_Robbins_2_by_Tom_Frost.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Royal_Robbins_2_by_Tom_Frost.jpg/330px-Royal_Robbins_2_by_Tom_Frost.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Royal_Robbins_2_by_Tom_Frost.jpg/440px-Royal_Robbins_2_by_Tom_Frost.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2884" data-file-height="3782" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Royal Robbins in the early 1960s.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1935-02-03</span>)</span>February 3, 1935<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Point_Pleasant,_West_Virginia" title="Point Pleasant, West Virginia">Point Pleasant, West Virginia</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">March 14, 2017<span style="display:none">(2017-03-14)</span> (aged 82)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Modesto,_California" title="Modesto, California">Modesto, California</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role"><a href="/wiki/Rock_climbing" title="Rock climbing">rock climber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Author" title="Author">author</a>, CEO</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Big_wall_climbing" title="Big wall climbing">Big wall climbing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clean_climbing" title="Clean climbing">clean climbing</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Liz Robbins</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Robbins,_Salt_Lake_Trade_Show.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Royal_Robbins%2C_Salt_Lake_Trade_Show.jpg/350px-Royal_Robbins%2C_Salt_Lake_Trade_Show.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Royal_Robbins%2C_Salt_Lake_Trade_Show.jpg/525px-Royal_Robbins%2C_Salt_Lake_Trade_Show.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Royal_Robbins%2C_Salt_Lake_Trade_Show.jpg/700px-Royal_Robbins%2C_Salt_Lake_Trade_Show.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1584" /></a><figcaption>Royal Robbins in the 1990s</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Royal Robbins</b> (February 3, 1935<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – March 14, 2017)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was one of the pioneers of American <a href="/wiki/Rock_climbing" title="Rock climbing">rock climbing</a>. After learning to climb at <a href="/wiki/Tahquitz_Rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahquitz Rock">Tahquitz Rock</a>, he went on to make first ascents of many <a href="/wiki/Big_wall_climbing" title="Big wall climbing">big wall</a> routes in <a href="/wiki/Yosemite" class="mw-redirect" title="Yosemite">Yosemite</a>. As an early proponent of boltless, pitonless <a href="/wiki/Clean_climbing" title="Clean climbing">clean climbing</a>, he, along with <a href="/wiki/Yvon_Chouinard" title="Yvon Chouinard">Yvon Chouinard</a>, was instrumental in changing the climbing culture of the late 1960s and early 1970s by encouraging the use and preservation of the natural features of the rock. He went on to become a well-known <a href="/wiki/Kayaking" title="Kayaking">kayaker</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_early_climbing_career">Early life and early climbing career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Robbins&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and early climbing career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Robbins was born in 1935 and grew up in trailer parks in Southern California. Robbins first began to climb in the early 1950s at the nearby <a href="/wiki/Tahquitz_Peak" title="Tahquitz Peak">Tahquitz Peak</a>. At age 17 in 1952 he climbed the now famous <a href="/wiki/Open_Book_(climb)" title="Open Book (climb)">Open Book</a> route up Tahquitz. In 1957, he was among a trio of climbers who ascended the <i><a href="/wiki/Regular_Northwest_Face_of_Half_Dome" title="Regular Northwest Face of Half Dome">Regular Northwest Face of Half Dome</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Yosemite_National_Park" title="Yosemite National Park">Yosemite National Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dawn_Wall">Dawn Wall</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Robbins&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dawn Wall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1971, Robbins completed the second ascent, with Don Lauria, of the Dawn Wall on <a href="/wiki/El_Capitan" title="El Capitan">El Capitan</a>, with the (controversial) intention of erasing the route as they climbed it. </p><p>Their ascent closely followed the 1970 first ascent by <a href="/wiki/Warren_Harding_(climber)" title="Warren Harding (climber)">Warren Harding</a> and Dean Caldwell, completed with protective bolts – a method that offended Robbins and other clean climbing advocates. Harding had left all his bolts in the rock; Robbins and Lauria used the bolts to repeat the climb; and Robbins then chopped the heads off the bolts behind them. After two pitches, Robbins stopped chopping the bolts because (according to Lauria) "the quality of the <a href="/wiki/Aid_climbing" title="Aid climbing">aid climbing</a> was much higher than he had ever expected of Harding or Caldwell and, of course, it was also taking us an awful long time to chop all those goddam bolts."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climbing_philosophy_in_Advanced_Rockcraft">Climbing philosophy in <i>Advanced Rockcraft</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Robbins&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Climbing philosophy in Advanced Rockcraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Advanced Rockcraft <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Rockcraft&rft.author=Royal+Robbins&rft.date=1973&rft.pub=La+Siesta+Press&rft.place=US&rft.pages=96+pages"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Advanced_Rockcraft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7c/Advanced_Rockcraft.jpg" decoding="async" width="191" height="301" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="191" data-file-height="301" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Original Cover</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data">Royal Robbins</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data">Rock climbing</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publisher</th><td class="infobox-data">La Siesta Press</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Publication date</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1973</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">US</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pages</th><td class="infobox-data">96 pages</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0910856567" title="Special:BookSources/0910856567">0910856567</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Basic Rockcraft </i></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Robbins authored two seminal books, <i>Basic Rockcraft</i> and <i>Advanced Rockcraft</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-AR_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AR-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which emphasized <a href="/wiki/Free_climbing" title="Free climbing">free climbing</a> skills and a clean-climbing ethic. In a section of <i>Advanced Rockcraft</i> called <i>Values</i>, he described his climbing philosophy. He believes that "a first ascent is a creation in the same sense as is a painting or a song", and that choosing a climbing line may well be "an act of brilliant creativity".<sup id="cite_ref-AR_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AR-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another creative aspect of a first ascent involves the aids that the leader of the climb rejects. With modern technology of aid climbing available, a first ascent is more artistic if it consciously rejects the use of certain climbing aids that are not essential to the success of the climb. He places emphasis on using equipment which is non-destructive to the mountain environment. He opposes climbs done outside the accepted mores of a given climbing center, or the prevailing style of an area. He favors what he calls "upward variations", or completing a climb using more stringent standards than used on the first ascent. In Robbins' view, the decision to place a single piton is a matter of "enormous importance" because "like a single word in a poem, it can affect the entire composition".<sup id="cite_ref-AR_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AR-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kayaking">Kayaking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Robbins&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Kayaking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1978, Robbins developed <a href="/wiki/Psoriatic_arthritis" title="Psoriatic arthritis">psoriatic arthritis</a>, which prevented serious climbing. He took up adventure <a href="/wiki/Kayaking" title="Kayaking">kayaking</a> instead, completing first descents of challenging rivers from high mountain elevations. His early kayaking partners included <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Tompkins" title="Douglas Tompkins">Doug Tompkins</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reg_Lake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reg Lake (page does not exist)">Reg Lake</a>. In 1980, the three descended the <a href="/wiki/San_Joaquin_River" title="San Joaquin River">San Joaquin River Gorge</a> from <a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Postpile" class="mw-redirect" title="Devil's Postpile">Devil's Postpile</a> to the Mammoth Pool Reservoir, 5000 feet lower and 32 miles away. In 1981, they carried their kayaks over Mount Whitney Pass at 13,777 foot elevation, into <a href="/wiki/Sequoia_National_Park" title="Sequoia National Park">Sequoia National Park</a> and descended 55 miles down the <a href="/wiki/Kern_River" title="Kern River">Kern Trench</a>. In 1982, joined by Neusom Holmes, they descended the Middle Fork of the <a href="/wiki/Kings_River_(California)" title="Kings River (California)">Kings River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kings_Canyon_National_Park" title="Kings Canyon National Park">Kings Canyon National Park</a>, the largest and steepest of these three High Sierra descents. In 1983, Robbins descended the <a href="/wiki/Tuolumne_River" title="Tuolumne River">Tuolumne River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yosemite_National_Park" title="Yosemite National Park">Yosemite National Park</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tuolumne_Meadows" title="Tuolumne Meadows">Tuolumne Meadows</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hetch_Hetchy_Reservoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Hetch Hetchy Reservoir">Hetch Hetchy Reservoir</a>. He was accompanied by Reg Lake, Chuck Stanley, Lars Holbek, John Armstrong and Richard Montgomery. </p><p>He then developed an interest in descending smaller mountain creeks by kayak during their flood stage following heavy rains. His first such project in May, 1984 was the descent of <a href="/wiki/Sespe_Creek" title="Sespe Creek">Sespe Creek</a>, which runs through the <a href="/wiki/Los_Padres_National_Forest" title="Los Padres National Forest">Los Padres National Forest</a>. He was accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Yvon_Chouinard" title="Yvon Chouinard">Yvon Chouinard</a>, Reg Lake, John Wasserman and Jackson Frischman. Robbins called this type of trip "flash boating", and later used the technique on the <a href="/wiki/Fresno_River" title="Fresno River">Fresno River</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chowchilla_River" title="Chowchilla River">Chowchilla River</a> and the middle fork of the <a href="/wiki/Mokelumne_River" title="Mokelumne River">Mokelumne River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Robbins&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Robbins died on March 14, 2017 at the age of 82.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His daughter said the cause of death was <a href="/wiki/Progressive_supranuclear_palsy" title="Progressive supranuclear palsy">progressive supranuclear palsy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Royal_Robbins_Clothing">Royal Robbins Clothing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Robbins&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Royal Robbins Clothing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following his success as a climber, Robbins founded an eponymous outdoor apparel company with his wife Liz Robbins.<sup id="cite_ref-McGowan_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGowan-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-woodward_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woodward-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Royal Robbins, LLC<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Royal Robbins LLC is a San Francisco based clothing company specializing in outdoor and travel focused attire. Following his death, in 2018 the company was bought by the Swedish company Fenix Outdoor International AG, which also owns brands <a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%A4llr%C3%A4ven" title="Fjällräven">Fjällräven</a>, Tierra and Hanwag as well as the European outdoor retailers Globetrotter, Naturkompaniet, Friluftsland and Partioaitta. Liz Robbins rejoined the company in December 2015 as a senior advisor.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_ascents">Notable ascents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Robbins&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notable ascents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1952 First free ascent (FFA) of <a href="/wiki/Open_Book_(Tahquitz)" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Book (Tahquitz)">Open Book (Tahquitz)</a>, the first route to be rated 5.9 in the <a href="/wiki/Yosemite_Decimal_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Yosemite Decimal System">Yosemite Decimal System</a>.</li> <li>1957 <i><a href="/wiki/Regular_Northwest_Face_of_Half_Dome" title="Regular Northwest Face of Half Dome">Northwest Face</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Half_Dome" title="Half Dome">Half Dome</a>, Yosemite, CA. First grade VI climb in America. With Mike Sherrick and <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Gallwas" title="Jerry Gallwas">Jerry Gallwas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-reid_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reid-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1960 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nose_(El_Capitan)" title="The Nose (El Capitan)">The Nose</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/El_Capitan" title="El Capitan">El Capitan</a>, Yosemite, CA. With Tom Frost, Chuck Pratt, and Joe Fitschen, Second Ascent (first continuous) completed in 7 days</li> <li>1961 <i><a href="/wiki/Salath%C3%A9_Wall" title="Salathé Wall">Salathé Wall</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/El_Capitan" title="El Capitan">El Capitan</a>, Yosemite, CA. Hardest big wall grade VI climb in world at time of first ascent. With <a href="/wiki/Tom_Frost" title="Tom Frost">Tom Frost</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Pratt" title="Chuck Pratt">Chuck Pratt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-reid_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reid-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1962 <i>American Direct</i>, <a href="/wiki/Aiguille_du_Dru" title="Aiguille du Dru">Aiguille du Dru</a>, Mont Blanc Range, France. With <a href="/wiki/Gary_Hemming" title="Gary Hemming">Gary Hemming</a>.</li> <li>1963 <i>Direct NW Face</i> of Half Dome, Yosemite, CA. With Dick McCracken.<sup id="cite_ref-reid_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reid-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1963 <i>Robbins Route</i>, Mount Proboscis, Logan Mountains, NWT, Canada. With Jim McCarthy, <a href="/wiki/Layton_Kor" title="Layton Kor">Layton Kor</a> and Dick McCracken.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1964 <i>North America Wall</i>, El Capitan, Yosemite, CA. With <a href="/wiki/Tom_Frost" title="Tom Frost">Tom Frost</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Pratt" title="Chuck Pratt">Chuck Pratt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yvon_Chouinard" title="Yvon Chouinard">Yvon Chouinard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-reid_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reid-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1964 <i>North Face</i>, Mount Hooker, <a href="/wiki/Wind_River_Range" title="Wind River Range">Wind River Range</a>, Wyoming. With Dick McCracken and Charlie Raymond.</li> <li>1964 <i>Danse Macabre</i>, <a href="/wiki/Devils_Tower_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Devils Tower National Monument">Devils Tower</a>, Wyoming.</li> <li>1964 <i>Final Exam</i>, Castle Rock, Boulder, CO. With <a href="/wiki/Pat_Ament" title="Pat Ament">Pat Ament</a>.</li> <li>1964 <i>Athlete's Feat</i>, Castle Rock, Boulder, CO.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1965 <i>American Direttissima</i>, <a href="/wiki/Aiguille_du_Dru" title="Aiguille du Dru">Aiguille du Dru</a>, Mont Blanc Range, France. With <a href="/wiki/John_Harlin" title="John Harlin">John Harlin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1965 <i>Dihedral Wall</i>, <a href="/wiki/El_Capitan" title="El Capitan">El Capitan</a>, Yosemite National Park, United States. With <a href="/wiki/Tom_Frost" title="Tom Frost">Tom Frost</a>. First Continuous Ascent. <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>1967 <i>Nutcracker</i>, Yosemite, CA. An early all-<a href="/wiki/Nut_(climbing)" title="Nut (climbing)">nut</a> protected route, now a Yosemite classic.</li> <li>1967 <i>West Face</i>, El Capitan, Yosemite Valley – First ascent with TM Herbert.<sup id="cite_ref-cascadeclimbers_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cascadeclimbers-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1967 <i>North Face</i>, VI 5.9 A3, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Geikie_(Canada)" title="Mount Geikie (Canada)">Mount Geikie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Rockies" title="Canadian Rockies">Canadian Rockies</a>, first ascent with John Hudson.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1967 <i>North Face</i>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Edith_Cavell" title="Mount Edith Cavell">Mount Edith Cavell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Rockies" title="Canadian Rockies">Canadian Rockies</a> – First solo ascent.<sup id="cite_ref-cascadeclimbers_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cascadeclimbers-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1968 Muir Wall, El Capitan, Yosemite Valley, CA – First Solo Ascent.</li> <li>1969 Mount Jeffers, Cathedral Spires, Kichatna Mountains, Alaska. First ascent of peak with Fitschen and Raymond.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1969 <i>The Prow</i>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_Column_(Yosemite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Column (Yosemite)">Washington Column</a>, Yosemite, CA. With <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glen_Denny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glen Denny (page does not exist)">Glen Denny</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-reid_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reid-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1969 <i>Tis-sa-ack</i>, Half Dome, Yosemite, CA. With Don Peterson.<sup id="cite_ref-reid_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reid-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1970 <i>Arcturus</i>, Half Dome, Yosemite, CA. With Dick Dorworth.<sup id="cite_ref-reid_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reid-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_climbing_achievements">Other climbing achievements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Robbins&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other climbing achievements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1960 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nose_(El_Capitan)" title="The Nose (El Capitan)">The Nose</a></i>, El Capitan, Yosemite, CA. Second ascent.</li> <li>1963 <i>West Face</i>, <a href="/wiki/Leaning_Tower,_Yosemite" title="Leaning Tower, Yosemite">Leaning Tower, Yosemite</a>, CA. Second ascent and Yosemite's first wall done solo (Grade V).</li> <li>1968 <i>Muir Wall</i>, El Capitan, Yosemite, CA. First Grade VI solo (and therefore the first solo of El Capitan).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Robbins&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbinsSheridan_Anderson,_illustrator1971" class="citation book cs1">Robbins, Royal; Sheridan Anderson, illustrator (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/basicrockcraft00robb"><i>Basic Rockcraft</i></a>. Glendale, CA: La Siesta Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0910856348" title="Special:BookSources/978-0910856348"><bdi>978-0910856348</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+Rockcraft&rft.place=Glendale%2C+CA&rft.pub=La+Siesta+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0910856348&rft.aulast=Robbins&rft.aufirst=Royal&rft.au=Sheridan+Anderson%2C+illustrator&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbasicrockcraft00robb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbinsSheridan_Anderson,_illustrator1973" class="citation book cs1">Robbins, Royal; Sheridan Anderson, illustrator (1973). <i>Advanced Rockcraft</i>. Glendale, CA: La Siesta Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0910856560" title="Special:BookSources/978-0910856560"><bdi>978-0910856560</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Rockcraft&rft.place=Glendale%2C+CA&rft.pub=La+Siesta+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0910856560&rft.aulast=Robbins&rft.aufirst=Royal&rft.au=Sheridan+Anderson%2C+illustrator&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbins2009" class="citation book cs1">Robbins, Royal (2009). <i>To Be Brave – My Life, Volume One</i>. Ojai, CA: Pink Moment Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0982500019" title="Special:BookSources/978-0982500019"><bdi>978-0982500019</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Be+Brave+%E2%80%93+My+Life%2C+Volume+One&rft.place=Ojai%2C+CA&rft.pub=Pink+Moment+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0982500019&rft.aulast=Robbins&rft.aufirst=Royal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbins2010" class="citation book cs1">Robbins, Royal (2010). <i>Fail Falling – My Life, Volume Two</i>. Pink Moment Press. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0982500026" title="Special:BookSources/978-0982500026"><bdi>978-0982500026</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fail+Falling+%E2%80%93+My+Life%2C+Volume+Two&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Pink+Moment+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0982500026&rft.aulast=Robbins&rft.aufirst=Royal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbins2012" class="citation book cs1">Robbins, Royal (2012). <i>The Golden Years – My Life, Volume Three</i>. Royal Robbins Adventures, distributed by Giraffe Public Relations. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0615661926" title="Special:BookSources/978-0615661926"><bdi>978-0615661926</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Years+%E2%80%93+My+Life%2C+Volume+Three&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Royal+Robbins+Adventures%2C+distributed+by+Giraffe+Public+Relations&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0615661926&rft.aulast=Robbins&rft.aufirst=Royal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biographies">Biographies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Robbins&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Biographies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAment1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pat_Ament" title="Pat Ament">Ament, Pat</a> (1992). <i>Royal Robbins: Spirit of the Age</i>. Boulder, CO: Two Lights. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1881663027" title="Special:BookSources/1881663027"><bdi>1881663027</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+Robbins%3A+Spirit+of+the+Age&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.pub=Two+Lights&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=1881663027&rft.aulast=Ament&rft.aufirst=Pat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Peter Mortimer, Nick Rosen (2014) <i>Valley Uprising</i> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Robbins&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Robbins_by_Tom_Frost.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal Robbins leading the third pitch of the Salathé Wall on El Capitan in Yosemite Valley."><img alt="Royal Robbins leading the third pitch of the Salathé Wall on El Capitan in Yosemite Valley." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Royal_Robbins_by_Tom_Frost.jpg/79px-Royal_Robbins_by_Tom_Frost.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Royal_Robbins_by_Tom_Frost.jpg/119px-Royal_Robbins_by_Tom_Frost.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Royal_Robbins_by_Tom_Frost.jpg/158px-Royal_Robbins_by_Tom_Frost.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1571" data-file-height="2382" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Royal Robbins leading the third pitch of the <a href="/wiki/Salath%C3%A9_Wall_(El_Capitan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Salathé Wall (El Capitan)">Salathé Wall</a> on El Capitan in Yosemite Valley.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tom_Frost_-_Robbins_ventures_up_-_1961.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal Robbins on first ascent of Salathé Wall, El Capitan."><img alt="Royal Robbins on first ascent of Salathé Wall, El Capitan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Tom_Frost_-_Robbins_ventures_up_-_1961.jpg/180px-Tom_Frost_-_Robbins_ventures_up_-_1961.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Tom_Frost_-_Robbins_ventures_up_-_1961.jpg/270px-Tom_Frost_-_Robbins_ventures_up_-_1961.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Tom_Frost_-_Robbins_ventures_up_-_1961.jpg/360px-Tom_Frost_-_Robbins_ventures_up_-_1961.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2388" data-file-height="1583" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Royal Robbins on first ascent of Salathé Wall, <a href="/wiki/El_Capitan" title="El Capitan">El Capitan</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:North_America_Wall_team_by_Tom_Frost.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frost, Robbins, Pratt and Chouinard at the completion of the first ascent of the North America Wall on El Capitan."><img alt="Frost, Robbins, Pratt and Chouinard at the completion of the first ascent of the North America Wall on El Capitan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/North_America_Wall_team_by_Tom_Frost.jpg/180px-North_America_Wall_team_by_Tom_Frost.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/North_America_Wall_team_by_Tom_Frost.jpg/270px-North_America_Wall_team_by_Tom_Frost.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/North_America_Wall_team_by_Tom_Frost.jpg/360px-North_America_Wall_team_by_Tom_Frost.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2412" data-file-height="1592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Frost, Robbins, Pratt and Chouinard at the completion of the first ascent of the North America Wall on <a href="/wiki/El_Capitan" title="El Capitan">El Capitan</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Robbins&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robbins, Royal (2009), <i>To Be Brave (My Life, Volume One</i>), Ojai, CA: Pink Moment Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0982500019" title="Special:BookSources/978-0982500019">978-0982500019</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2017" class="citation news cs1">Clark, Brian (March 14, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.modbee.com/news/article138573098.html">"Rock climbing pioneer, Modesto's Royal Robbins, dies at 82"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Modesto_Bee" class="mw-redirect" title="Modesto Bee">Modesto Bee</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modesto+Bee&rft.atitle=Rock+climbing+pioneer%2C+Modesto%27s+Royal+Robbins%2C+dies+at+82&rft.date=2017-03-14&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.modbee.com%2Fnews%2Farticle138573098.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuane2017" class="citation web cs1">Duane, Dan (2017-03-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.outsideonline.com/outdoor-adventure/climbing/royal-robbins-obituary/">"Obituary: Royal Robbins (1935–2017)"</a>. <i>Outside Online</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Outside+Online&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Royal+Robbins+%281935%E2%80%932017%29&rft.date=2017-03-15&rft.aulast=Duane&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.outsideonline.com%2Foutdoor-adventure%2Fclimbing%2Froyal-robbins-obituary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Warren_J_Harding" class="mw-redirect" title="Warren J Harding">Harding, Warren</a> (1990). <i>Downward Bound: a Mad! guide to Rock Climbing</i>. Birmingham, Alabama: Menasha Ridge Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">165–</span>167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89732-101-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-89732-101-4"><bdi>0-89732-101-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Downward+Bound%3A+a+Mad%21+guide+to+Rock+Climbing&rft.place=Birmingham%2C+Alabama&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E165-%3C%2Fspan%3E167&rft.pub=Menasha+Ridge+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-89732-101-4&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Warren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AR-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AR_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AR_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AR_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robbins, Royal, <i>Advanced Rockcraft</i> (La Siesta Press, Glendale, CA, 1973) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0910856567" title="Special:BookSources/0910856567">0910856567</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAment1998" class="citation book cs1">Ament, Pat (1998). <i>Royal Robbins – Spirit of the Age</i>. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">238–</span>247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0811729133" title="Special:BookSources/0811729133"><bdi>0811729133</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+Robbins+%E2%80%93+Spirit+of+the+Age&rft.place=Mechanicsburg%2C+PA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E238-%3C%2Fspan%3E247&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0811729133&rft.aulast=Ament&rft.aufirst=Pat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanger2017" class="citation news cs1">Langer, Emily (2017-03-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/royal-robbins-celebrated-rock-climber-who-left-no-trace-of-his-ascents-dies-at-82/2017/03/16/25d041b8-09a0-11e7-93dc-00f9bdd74ed1_story.html#:~:text=His%20daughter,%20Tamara%20Robbins,%20said,of%20Yosemite's%20most%20daunting%20landmarks.">"Royal Robbins, celebrated rock climber who left no trace of his ascents, dies at 82"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-09-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Royal+Robbins%2C+celebrated+rock+climber+who+left+no+trace+of+his+ascents%2C+dies+at+82&rft.date=2017-03-16&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Langer&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fsports%2Froyal-robbins-celebrated-rock-climber-who-left-no-trace-of-his-ascents-dies-at-82%2F2017%2F03%2F16%2F25d041b8-09a0-11e7-93dc-00f9bdd74ed1_story.html%23%3A~%3Atext%3DHis%2520daughter%2C%2520Tamara%2520Robbins%2C%2520said%2Cof%2520Yosemite%27s%2520most%2520daunting%2520landmarks.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGowan-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McGowan_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGowan1985" class="citation journal cs1">McGowan, Elizabeth (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UuADAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA17">"Royal Robbins"</a>. <i>Backpacker</i>. <b>13</b> (3). Active Interest Media, Inc.: <span class="nowrap">17–</span>18. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0277-867X">0277-867X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Backpacker&rft.atitle=Royal+Robbins&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.date=1985&rft.issn=0277-867X&rft.aulast=McGowan&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUuADAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-woodward-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-woodward_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodward1985" class="citation journal cs1">Woodward, Bob (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UuADAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA17">"Short Cuts"</a>. <i>Backpacker</i>. <b>13</b> (3). Active Interest Media, Inc.: <span class="nowrap">38–</span>39. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0277-867X">0277-867X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Backpacker&rft.atitle=Short+Cuts&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E38-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=1985&rft.issn=0277-867X&rft.aulast=Woodward&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUuADAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalrobbins.com">"Royal Robbins, Travel and Outdoor Clothing for Men and Women"</a>. <i>Royalrobbins.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royalrobbins.com&rft.atitle=Royal+Robbins%2C+Travel+and+Outdoor+Clothing+for+Men+and+Women&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalrobbins.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160419033849/http://goeverywhere.royalrobbins.com/royal-robbins-taps-co-founder-liz-robbins-as-advisor/">"Royal Robbins® Taps Co-Founder Liz Robbins as Advisor"</a>. <i>Goeverywhere.royalrobbins.com</i>. 2015-12-15. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goeverywhere.royalrobbins.com/royal-robbins-taps-co-founder-liz-robbins-as-advisor/">the original</a> on 2016-04-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Goeverywhere.royalrobbins.com&rft.atitle=Royal+Robbins%C2%AE+Taps+Co-Founder+Liz+Robbins+as+Advisor&rft.date=2015-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoeverywhere.royalrobbins.com%2Froyal-robbins-taps-co-founder-liz-robbins-as-advisor%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reid-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reid_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reid_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reid_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reid_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reid_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reid_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-reid_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid1993" class="citation book cs1">Reid, Don (1993). <i>Yosemite Climbs: Big Walls</i>. Evergreen, Colorado: Chockstone Press Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0934641544" title="Special:BookSources/0934641544"><bdi>0934641544</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yosemite+Climbs%3A+Big+Walls&rft.place=Evergreen%2C+Colorado&rft.pub=Chockstone+Press+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0934641544&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAment1992" class="citation book cs1">Ament, Pat (1992). <i>Royal Robbins – Spirit of the Age</i>. Boulder, CO: Two Lights. pp. <span class="nowrap">125–</span>127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1881663027" title="Special:BookSources/1881663027"><bdi>1881663027</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+Robbins+%E2%80%93+Spirit+of+the+Age&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E125-%3C%2Fspan%3E127&rft.pub=Two+Lights&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=1881663027&rft.aulast=Ament&rft.aufirst=Pat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1976" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Chris (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/climbinginnortha0000jone/page/297"><i>Climbing in North America</i></a>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press (for the AAC). p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/climbinginnortha0000jone/page/297">297</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520029763" title="Special:BookSources/0520029763"><bdi>0520029763</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Climbing+in+North+America&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press+%28for+the+AAC%29&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0520029763&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclimbinginnortha0000jone%2Fpage%2F297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarlin1966" class="citation journal cs1">Harlin, John (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081219170724/http://www.americanalpineclub.org/AAJO/pdfs/1966/Harlin_PetitDru1966_81-89.pdf">"Petit Dru, West Face Direttissima"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>American Alpine Journal</i>. <b>1966</b>. New York: The American Alpine Club: <span class="nowrap">81–</span>89. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0065-6925">0065-6925</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanalpineclub.org/AAJO/pdfs/1966/Harlin_PetitDru1966_81-89.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on December 19, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Alpine+Journal&rft.atitle=Petit+Dru%2C+West+Face+Direttissima&rft.volume=1966&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E89&rft.date=1966&rft.issn=0065-6925&rft.aulast=Harlin&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanalpineclub.org%2FAAJO%2Fpdfs%2F1966%2FHarlin_PetitDru1966_81-89.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publications.americanalpineclub.org/articles/12196541402/North-America-United-States-California-Yosemite-Valley-El-Capitan-The-Dihedral-Wall">"AAC Publications - North America, United States, California, Yosemite Valley, el Capitan, the Dihedral Wall"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AAC+Publications+-+North+America%2C+United+States%2C+California%2C+Yosemite+Valley%2C+el+Capitan%2C+the+Dihedral+Wall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublications.americanalpineclub.org%2Farticles%2F12196541402%2FNorth-America-United-States-California-Yosemite-Valley-El-Capitan-The-Dihedral-Wall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cascadeclimbers-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cascadeclimbers_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cascadeclimbers_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708123111/http://cascadeclimbers.com/trip-reports/alpine/jasper-national-park-edith-cavell-north-face-chouinard-becky-doody-4-9-2009-3955/">"Jasper National Park – Edith Cavell, North Face, Chouinard, Becky, Doody"</a>. <i>Cascade Climbers</i>. CascadeClimbers.com. April 9, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cascadeclimbers.com/trip-reports/alpine/jasper-national-park-edith-cavell-north-face-chouinard-becky-doody-4-9-2009-3955/">the original</a> on July 8, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cascade+Climbers&rft.atitle=Jasper+National+Park+%E2%80%93+Edith+Cavell%2C+North+Face%2C+Chouinard%2C+Becky%2C+Doody&rft.date=2009-04-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcascadeclimbers.com%2Ftrip-reports%2Falpine%2Fjasper-national-park-edith-cavell-north-face-chouinard-becky-doody-4-9-2009-3955%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2000" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Chic (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pushinglimitssto0000scot/page/196"><i>Pushing the Limits: the Story of Canadian Mountaineering</i></a>. Calgary, Alberta: Rocky Mountain Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pushinglimitssto0000scot/page/196">196</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0921102593" title="Special:BookSources/0921102593"><bdi>0921102593</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pushing+the+Limits%3A+the+Story+of+Canadian+Mountaineering&rft.place=Calgary%2C+Alberta&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Rocky+Mountain+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0921102593&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Chic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpushinglimitssto0000scot%2Fpage%2F196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmbick1979" class="citation journal cs1">Embick, Andy (1979). "Climbs and Expeditions – Cathedral Spires". <i>American Alpine Journal</i>. <b>22</b> (53). New York: The American Alpine Club: 169.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Alpine+Journal&rft.atitle=Climbs+and+Expeditions+%E2%80%93+Cathedral+Spires&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=53&rft.pages=169&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Embick&rft.aufirst=Andy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoyal+Robbins" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Robbins&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalrobbins.com/">Royal Robbins website</a> apparel company site</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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