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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span 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title="Pashtunistan">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pashtuns" title="List of Pashtuns">List of Pashtuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_tribes" title="Pashtun tribes">Tribes</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pashtun_empires_and_dynasties" title="List of Pashtun empires and dynasties">Empires and dynasties</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty_of_Bengal" class="mw-redirect" title="Khalji dynasty of Bengal">Khalji Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malwa_Sultanate" title="Malwa Sultanate">Malwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karrani_dynasty" title="Karrani dynasty">Karrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taymani" 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pashtuns" title="Template:Pashtuns"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pashtuns" title="Template talk:Pashtuns"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pashtuns" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pashtuns"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pashtunization</b> (<a href="/wiki/Pashto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashto language">Pashto</a>: <span lang="ps" dir="rtl">پښتون‌ جوړونه</span>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a process of <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">cultural</a> or <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistic</a> change in which someone or something non-Pashtun becomes acculturated to <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtun</a> influence. Pashtuns are the largest ethnic group <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Afghanistan" title="Ethnic groups in Afghanistan">in Afghanistan</a> and second-largest <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Pakistan" title="Ethnic groups in Pakistan">in Pakistan</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dynasties_and_settlements">Dynasties and settlements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pashtunization&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Dynasties and settlements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pashtun_empires_and_dynasties" title="List of Pashtun empires and dynasties">List of Pashtun empires and dynasties</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nomads_in_Badghis_Province.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Nomads_in_Badghis_Province.jpg/220px-Nomads_in_Badghis_Province.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Nomads_in_Badghis_Province.jpg/330px-Nomads_in_Badghis_Province.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Nomads_in_Badghis_Province.jpg/440px-Nomads_in_Badghis_Province.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3059" data-file-height="2007" /></a><figcaption>Tents of <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomads</a> in <a href="/wiki/Badghis_Province" title="Badghis Province">Badghis Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. Known in <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a> as <i><a href="/wiki/Kuchi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuchi people">Kōchyān</a></i>, they are mostly from the <a href="/wiki/Ghilji" title="Ghilji">Ghilji</a> tribe and migrate seasonally. Farming villages came into existence in Afghanistan about 7,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Dupree3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dupree3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>People become Pashtunized when they settle in <a href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Pashtun-dominated areas</a> and adopt <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_culture" title="Pashtun culture">Pashtun culture</a> and language.<sup id="cite_ref-Banting_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banting-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pashtunization is a specific form of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">cultural assimilation</a> and has been taking place in Pashtun-populated regions of <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> for several centuries. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"In the eighth and ninth centuries, ancestors of many of today's Turkic-speaking Afghans settled in the Hindu Kush area (partly to obtain better grazing land) and began to assimilate much of the culture and language of the Pashtun tribes already present there."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Craig_Baxter" title="Craig Baxter">Craig Baxter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies" title="Library of Congress Country Studies">Library of Congress Country Studies</a></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Khalaj_people" title="Khalaj people">Khalaj</a> were originally a <a href="/wiki/Turkic_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkic tribe">Turkic tribe</a> which had long domiciled in the <a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qalati_Ghilji" title="Qalati Ghilji">Qalati Ghilji</a> (also known as Qalati Khalji), and <a href="/wiki/Zabulistan" title="Zabulistan">Zabulistan</a> regions of present-day Afghanistan. They intermarried with the local Pashtuns and gradually adopted the Pashtun culture. Najib Bakran's geography, <i>Jahān Nāma</i> (c. 1200–1220), described the Khalaj as a "tribe of Turks" that had been going through a <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">language shift</a>. Some of them left the area during the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion of Central Asia">Mongol invasion of Central Asia</a> towards the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, where they built empires such as the <a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi</a>. Because of their language shift and Pashtunization, the Khalji were looked upon as Pashtuns (Afghans) by the Turkic nobles of the Delhi Sultanate.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Parmar_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parmar-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many former <a href="/wiki/Pashayi_languages" title="Pashayi languages">Pashai</a> speakers have adopted the ethnonym Safi and often refer to themselves by the mountain valleys in which they live, whereas in <a href="/wiki/Swat_District" title="Swat District">Swat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kohistan_region,_Pakistan" title="Kohistan region, Pakistan">Indus Kōhestān</a> many former Dardic speakers now claim to be Pashtuns.<sup id="cite_ref-safi_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-safi-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-afridi_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-afridi-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pashtunization may also refer to the <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_diaspora" title="Pashtun diaspora">settling of Pashtun tribes</a> onto lands where non-Pashtun tribes live<sup id="cite_ref-Meri_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meri-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or more broadly the erosion of the customs, traditions and language of non-Pashtun peoples due to the political power and regional influence of the Pashtuns.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> sub-region in the early 16th century, during the period of the Suri dynasty of Delhi.<sup id="cite_ref-Arlinghaus_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arlinghaus-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It intensified in the mid-18th century under Pashtun emperor <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a>, when he conquered non-Pashtun territories and established the <a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Meri_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meri-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Abdur_Rahman_Khan" title="Abdur Rahman Khan">Abdur Rahman Khan</a> in the late 19th century, some Pashtuns settled in the north of the country, while <a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian" class="mw-redirect" title="Turco-Persian">Tajiks</a> from the north were brought to the south. This was done for political reason, mainly to prevent <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian</a> invasion. In the meantime, thousands of <a href="/wiki/Hazara_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazara people">Hazaras</a> left <a href="/wiki/Hazarajat" title="Hazarajat">Hazarajat</a> to settle in <a href="/wiki/Quetta" title="Quetta">Quetta</a> (now in <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Mashad" class="mw-redirect" title="Mashad">Mashad</a> in what is now <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Abdur_Rahman_Khan" title="Abdur Rahman Khan">Abdur Rahman Khan</a>'s depredations in the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/1888%E2%80%931893_Uprisings_of_Hazaras" class="mw-redirect" title="1888–1893 Uprisings of Hazaras">1888–1893 Uprisings of Hazaras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_influences">Modern influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pashtunization&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Modern influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some Pashtunization attempts were later made in the early part of the 20th century by the <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Nadir_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Nadir Shah">Musahiban</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many non-Pashtuns living in close proximity with Pashtuns have been Pashtunized.<sup id="cite_ref-Banting_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Banting-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in the central <a href="/wiki/Ghor_Province" title="Ghor Province">Ghor Province</a>, some southern groups of <a href="/wiki/Aimaq_people" title="Aimaq people">Aimaqs</a> have adopted Pashto language.<sup id="cite_ref-Vogelsang_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vogelsang-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the eastern <a href="/wiki/Laghman_Province" title="Laghman Province">Laghman Province</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nangarhar_Province" title="Nangarhar Province">Nangarhar Province</a>, many <a href="/wiki/Pashayi_people" title="Pashayi people">Pashayi</a> are bilingual in Pashto.<sup id="cite_ref-nps_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nps-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sil.org_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sil.org-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Saur_Revolution" title="Saur Revolution">Saur Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Khalq" title="Khalq">Khalqists</a> attempted to undermine the status of <a href="/wiki/Dari" title="Dari">Dari</a> in a bid to make Pashto the interethnic language of Afghanistan and remove Dari as an official language.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the overthrow of <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Najibullah" title="Mohammad Najibullah">Mohammad Najibullah</a> in 1992, Pashto made up more than 50% of media in Afghanistan.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> <a href="/wiki/GRU_(Russian_Federation)" title="GRU (Russian Federation)">GRU</a> dossier described Najibullah as "A <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_nationalism" title="Pashtun nationalism">Pashtun nationalist</a>, he is one of the motivating spirits of the policy of “<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pashtunization</a>” of Afghan society. Within his closest circle he speaks only in <a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a>. He is inclined to select colleagues not for their professional qualities but for their personal devotion to him, predominantly relatives and fellow-villagers".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Strand" title="Richard Strand">Strand</a> states that Pashtunization continues to occur due to intermarriages between Pashtun women and indigenous <a href="/wiki/Dardic_languages" title="Dardic languages">Dardic Indo-Aryan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuristanis" title="Nuristanis">Nuristani</a> men. Strand states that Pashtun wives rarely learn their native husband's language due to the "chauvanistic" attitude of Pashto speakers leading to the children speaking Pashtun as their primary language.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pashtunization&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Afghanistan" title="Portal:Afghanistan">Afghanistan portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/32px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/48px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/64px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Pakistan" title="Portal:Pakistan">Pakistan portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_(ethnonym)" title="Afghan (ethnonym)">Afghan (ethnonym)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Afghanistan" title="Name of Afghanistan">Name of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Names of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistanism" title="Afghanistanism">Afghanistanism</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Stay_on_topic" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles"><span title="The material near this tag may contain information that is not relevant to the article's main topic. (March 2024)">relevant?</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_colonization_of_northern_Afghanistan" title="Pashtun colonization of northern Afghanistan">Pashtun colonization of northern Afghanistan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pashtunization&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNayak1984" class="citation book cs1">Nayak, Pandav (1984). <i>Pakistan, society and politics</i>. University of Michigan: South Asian Publishers. p. 189.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan%2C+society+and+politics&rft.place=University+of+Michigan&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=South+Asian+Publishers&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Nayak&rft.aufirst=Pandav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtunization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed1997" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Akbar S. (1997). <i>Pakistan Society: Islam, Ethnicity, and Leadership in South Asia</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195778373" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195778373"><bdi>978-0195778373</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pakistan+Society%3A+Islam%2C+Ethnicity%2C+and+Leadership+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0195778373&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Akbar+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtunization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInstitute_of_Objective_Studies_(New_Delhi,_India)1989" class="citation book cs1">Institute of Objective Studies (New Delhi, India) (1989). <i>Journal of Objective Studies, Volume 1</i>. Institute of Objective Studies. p. 39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Objective+Studies%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Institute+of+Objective+Studies&rft.date=1989&rft.au=Institute+of+Objective+Studies+%28New+Delhi%2C+India%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtunization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dupree3-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dupree3_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDupree1970" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Dupree" title="Nancy Dupree">Dupree, Nancy Hatch</a> (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T__DHAAACAAJ"><i>An Historical Guide to Afghanistan</i></a>. Vol. First Edition. Kabul: Afghan Air Authority, Afghan Tourist Organization. p. 492<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Historical+Guide+to+Afghanistan&rft.place=Kabul&rft.pages=492&rft.pub=Afghan+Air+Authority%2C+Afghan+Tourist+Organization&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Dupree&rft.aufirst=Nancy+Hatch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT__DHAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtunization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Banting-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Banting_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Banting_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanting2003" class="citation book cs1">Banting, Erinn (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fl8cd15sc7wC"><i>Afghanistan the People</i></a>. Crabtree Publishing Company. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7787-9336-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7787-9336-2"><bdi>0-7787-9336-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan+the+People&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Crabtree+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7787-9336-2&rft.aulast=Banting&rft.aufirst=Erinn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfl8cd15sc7wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtunization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig_Baxter1997" class="citation web cs1">Craig Baxter (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+af0002)">"Islamic Conquest"</a>. <i>Library of Congress Country Studies on Afghanistan</i>. Library of Congress.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress+Country+Studies+on+Afghanistan&rft.atitle=Islamic+Conquest&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Craig+Baxter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Baf0002%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtunization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaurasia2002" class="citation book cs1">Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC"><i>History of medieval India: from 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D.</i></a> Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-269-0123-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-269-0123-3"><bdi>81-269-0123-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-23</span></span>. <q>The Khiljis were a Turkish tribe but having been long domiciled in Afghanistan, and adopted Afghan habits and customs. They were treated as <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghans</a> in <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Court</a></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+medieval+India%3A+from+1000+A.D.+to+1707+A.D.&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=81-269-0123-3&rft.aulast=Chaurasia&rft.aufirst=Radhey+Shyam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8XnaL7zPXPUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtunization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parmar-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Parmar_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYunusAradhana_Parmar2003" class="citation book cs1">Yunus, Mohammad; Aradhana Parmar (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=opbtAAAAMAAJ"><i>South Asia: a historical narrative</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-579711-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-579711-6"><bdi>0-19-579711-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asia%3A+a+historical+narrative&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-579711-6&rft.aulast=Yunus&rft.aufirst=Mohammad&rft.au=Aradhana+Parmar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DopbtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtunization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavendish2006" class="citation book cs1">Cavendish, Marshall (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j894miuOqc4C"><i>World and Its Peoples: The Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa</i></a>. Marshall Cavendish. p. 320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7614-7571-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7614-7571-0"><bdi>0-7614-7571-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+and+Its+Peoples%3A+The+Middle+East%2C+Western+Asia%2C+and+Northern+Africa&rft.pages=320&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7614-7571-0&rft.aulast=Cavendish&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj894miuOqc4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtunization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9045252/Khalji-Dynasty">"Khalji Dynasty"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Encyclopædia Britannica Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Khalji+Dynasty&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9045252%2FKhalji-Dynasty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtunization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorpe2009" class="citation book cs1">Thorpe, Showick Thorpe Edgar (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oAo1X2eagywC"><i>The Pearson General Studies Manual 2009, 1/e</i></a>. Pearson Education India. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-317-2133-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-317-2133-9"><bdi>978-81-317-2133-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pearson+General+Studies+Manual+2009%2C+1%2Fe&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-317-2133-9&rft.aulast=Thorpe&rft.aufirst=Showick+Thorpe+Edgar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoAo1X2eagywC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtunization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-safi-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-safi_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/dardestan-">"DARDESTĀN"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Irannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Irannica&rft.atitle=DARDEST%C4%80N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fdardestan-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtunization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-afridi-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-afridi_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/afridi-or-apridi-singular-ay-designation-of-a-major-patun-tribe-in-northwest-pakistan-with-a-few-members-in-afghan">"AFRĪDĪ"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.atitle=AFR%C4%AAD%C4%AA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fafridi-or-apridi-singular-ay-designation-of-a-major-patun-tribe-in-northwest-pakistan-with-a-few-members-in-afghan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtunization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meri-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meri_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meri_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeri2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josef_W._Meri" title="Josef W. Meri">Meri, Josef W.</a> (2006). "Sedentarism". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H-k9oc9xsuAC"><i>Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 713. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-96691-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-96691-4"><bdi>0-415-96691-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sedentarism&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Civilization%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=713&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-415-96691-4&rft.aulast=Meri&rft.aufirst=Josef+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH-k9oc9xsuAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtunization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lansford, Tom (2003) <i>A Bitter Harvest: US foreign policy and Afghanistan</i> Ashgate, Aldershot, Hants, England, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-3615-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-3615-1">0-7546-3615-1</a>, page 16: "The modern history of Afghanistan has witnessed a "Pashtunization" of the state as the customs, traditions and language of the Pashtuns have combined with the groups political power to erode the distinctive underpinnings of Afghanistan's other groups.<sup>FN20</sup>". FN20 cites: US, Department of the Army, <i>Afghanistan: A Country Study</i>, 5th ed. reprint (Washington, DC.: GPO, 1985) page 108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arlinghaus-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arlinghaus_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"the Pashtun conquest of the Peshawar subregion in the early sixteenth century meant the Pashtunization of the area", Arlinghaus, Joseph Theodore (1988) <i>The Transformation of Afgham Tribal Society: Tribal Expansion, Mughal Imperialism and the Roshaniyya Insurrection, 1450-1600</i> Thesis/dissertation, Duke University, p.17, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/oclc/18996657">OCLC 18996657</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O. Roy, <i>Ethnic Identity and Political Expression in Northern Afghanistan</i>, in <i>Muslims in Central Asia: Expressions of Identity and Change</i>, 1992, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-1190-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-1190-9">0-8223-1190-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barnett_Rubin" title="Barnett Rubin">Rubin, Barnett R.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=laG03iJF7t8C"><i>The fragmentation of Afghanistan: state formation and collapse in the international system</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-09519-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-09519-8"><bdi>0-300-09519-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+fragmentation+of+Afghanistan%3A+state+formation+and+collapse+in+the+international+system&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-300-09519-8&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Barnett+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlaG03iJF7t8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtunization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtabakiJohn_O'Kane1998" class="citation book cs1">Atabaki, Touraj; John O'Kane (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KwZpAAAAMAAJ"><i>Post-Soviet Central Asia</i></a>. Tauris Academic Studies in association with the International Institute of Asian Studies. p. 208. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86064-327-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-86064-327-2"><bdi>1-86064-327-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Post-Soviet+Central+Asia&rft.pages=208&rft.pub=Tauris+Academic+Studies+in+association+with+the+International+Institute+of+Asian+Studies&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-86064-327-2&rft.aulast=Atabaki&rft.aufirst=Touraj&rft.au=John+O%27Kane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKwZpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtunization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vogelsang-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vogelsang_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogelsang2002" class="citation book cs1">Vogelsang, Willem (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9kfJ6MlMsJQC&q=taymani&pg=PA18"><i>The Afghans</i></a>. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0631198415" title="Special:BookSources/0631198415"><bdi>0631198415</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Afghans&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0631198415&rft.aulast=Vogelsang&rft.aufirst=Willem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9kfJ6MlMsJQC%26q%3Dtaymani%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtunization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nps-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nps_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.edu/Programs/CCS/Ethnic_identity.html"><i>Pashai, Ethnic identity in Afghanistan</i>, on nps.edu</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sil.org-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sil.org_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/asia/ldc/parallel_papers/ju-hong_yun.pdf">"Palaso"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 9 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Palaso&rft.date=2015-03-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sil.org%2Fasia%2Fldc%2Fparallel_papers%2Fju-hong_yun.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtunization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhady1995" class="citation journal cs1">Ahady, Anwar-ul-Haq (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2645419">"The Decline of the Pashtuns in Afghanistan"</a>. <i>Asian Survey</i>. <b>35</b> (7): 621–634. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2645419">10.2307/2645419</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-4687">0004-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2645419">2645419</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=The+Decline+of+the+Pashtuns+in+Afghanistan&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=621-634&rft.date=1995&rft.issn=0004-4687&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2645419%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2645419&rft.aulast=Ahady&rft.aufirst=Anwar-ul-Haq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2645419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtunization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhady1995" class="citation journal cs1">Ahady, Anwar-ul-Haq (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2645419">"The Decline of the Pashtuns in Afghanistan"</a>. <i>Asian Survey</i>. <b>35</b> (7): 621–634. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2645419">10.2307/2645419</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0004-4687">0004-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2645419">2645419</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=The+Decline+of+the+Pashtuns+in+Afghanistan&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=621-634&rft.date=1995&rft.issn=0004-4687&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2645419%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2645419&rft.aulast=Ahady&rft.aufirst=Anwar-ul-Haq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2645419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtunization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim010030016">"Woodrow Wilson Center Digital Archive. Nuclear Proliferation International History Project"</a>. <i>The SHAFR Guide Online</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2468-1733_shafr_sim010030016">10.1163/2468-1733_shafr_sim010030016</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+SHAFR+Guide+Online&rft.atitle=Woodrow+Wilson+Center+Digital+Archive.+Nuclear+Proliferation+International+History+Project&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2468-1733_shafr_sim010030016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F2468-1733_shafr_sim010030016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtunization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrand2001" class="citation web cs1">Strand, Richard (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nuristan.info/IndoAryan/IndoAryas.html">"Indo-Âryan-Speaking Peoples of the Hindu-Kush Region"</a>. <i>Nuristân: Hidden Land of the Hindu Kush</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nurist%C3%A2n%3A+Hidden+Land+of+the+Hindu+Kush&rft.atitle=Indo-%C3%82ryan-Speaking+Peoples+of+the+Hindu-Kush+Region&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Strand&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnuristan.info%2FIndoAryan%2FIndoAryas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APashtunization" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pashtunization&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Pashto.svg/40px-Pashto.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Pashto.svg/60px-Pashto.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Pashto.svg/80px-Pashto.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="488" data-file-height="376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Pashto_alphabet" title="Pashto alphabet">Pashto text</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Arabic" title="Help:Arabic">rendering support</a>, you may see unjoined letters or other symbols instead of <a href="/wiki/Pashto_alphabet" title="Pashto alphabet">Pashto script</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061208001556/http://www.gl.iit.edu/govdocs/afghanistan/EthnicityAndTribe.html">Ethnicity and Tribe</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110504071911/http://www.cal.org/co/afghan/alang.html">Language and Literacy</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cultural_assimilation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cultural_assimilation" title="Template:Cultural assimilation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cultural_assimilation" title="Template talk:Cultural assimilation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cultural_assimilation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cultural assimilation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cultural_assimilation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanization" title="Africanization">Africanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanisation" title="Albanisation">Albanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanization" title="Americanization">Americanization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americanization_(immigration)" title="Americanization (immigration)">immigrants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation_of_Native_Americans" title="Cultural assimilation of Native Americans">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicisation_of_names" title="Anglicisation of names">names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">Anglicization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabized_Armenians" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabized Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabized_Berber" title="Arabized Berber">Berbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Arab">Blacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Jews" title="Arab Jews">Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araucanization_of_Patagonia" title="Araucanization of Patagonia">Araucanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusization" title="Belarusization">Belarusization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soft_Belarusization" title="Soft Belarusization">soft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_renamed_places_in_Bangladesh" title="List of renamed places in Bangladesh">placenames</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniakisation" title="Bosniakisation">Bosniakization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarisation" title="Bulgarisation">Bulgarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadianization_movement" title="Canadianization movement">Canadianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celticisation" title="Celticisation">Celticization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilenization_of_Tacna,_Arica_and_Tarapac%C3%A1" title="Chilenization of Tacna, Arica and Tarapacá">Chilenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombianization_of_Leticia,_Putumayo_and_Caquet%C3%A1" title="Colombianization of Leticia, Putumayo and Caquetá">Colombianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creolization" title="Creolization">Creolization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatisation" title="Croatisation">Croatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechization" title="Czechization">Czechization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutchification" title="Dutchification">Dutchification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonianization" title="Estonianization">Estonianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europeanisation" title="Europeanisation">Europeanization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnicization" title="Finnicization">Finnicization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francization" title="Francization">Francization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francization_of_Brussels" title="Francization of Brussels">Brussels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgification" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgification">Georgification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiianization" title="Hawaiianization">Hawaiianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanicization" title="Hispanicization">Hispanicization</a> or Castilianization</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianisation" title="Indianisation">Indianization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaming_of_cities_in_India" title="Renaming of cities in India">placenames</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenization" title="Indigenization">Indigenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Awakening" title="Indonesian National Awakening">Indonezation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelization" title="Israelization">Israelization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_surnames" title="Hebraization of surnames">names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italianization" title="Italianization">Italianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanization" title="Japanization">Japanization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanification" title="Japanification">Japanification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanisation" title="Javanisation">Javanization</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kazakhization (page does not exist)">Kazakhization</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Казахизация">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanization" title="Koreanization">Koreanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdification" title="Kurdification">Kurdification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvianization" title="Latvianization">Latvianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanization" title="Lithuanization">Lithuanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magyarization" title="Magyarization">Magyarization</a> or Hungarization</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonianization" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonianization">Macedonianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayisation" title="Malayisation">Malayization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolization" title="Mongolization">Mongolization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_nationalism" title="Montenegrin nationalism">Montenegrinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegianization" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegianization">Norwegianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanism" title="Pakistanism">Pakistanization</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pashtunization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_colonization_of_northern_Afghanistan" title="Pashtun colonization of northern Afghanistan">Northern Afghanistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persianization" title="Persianization">Persianization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persianate_society" title="Persianate society">societies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonization" title="Polonization">Polonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanianization" title="Romanianization">Romanianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a> or Latinization <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latinisation_of_names" title="Latinisation of names">names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Finland" title="Russification of Finland">Finland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffronisation" title="Saffronisation">Saffronization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskritisation" title="Sanskritisation">Sanskritization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbianisation" title="Serbianisation">Serbianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalisation" title="Sinhalisation">Sinhalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">Sinicization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinicization_of_Tibet" title="Sinicization of Tibet">Tibet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavicisation" title="Slavicisation">Slavicization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakization" title="Slovakization">Slovakization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovietization" title="Sovietization">Sovietization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahilization" title="Swahilization">Swahilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedification" title="Swedification">Swedification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talibanization" title="Talibanization">Talibanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalism" title="Taiwanese nationalism">Taiwanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamilization" title="Tamilization">Tamilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaification" title="Thaification">Thaification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surname_Law_(Turkey)" title="Surname Law (Turkey)">surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_name_changes_in_Turkey" title="Place name changes in Turkey">placenames</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenization" title="Turkmenization">Turkmenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainization" title="Ukrainization">Ukrainization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekisation" title="Uzbekisation">Uzbekization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamization_(cultural_assimilation)" title="Vietnamization (cultural assimilation)">Vietnamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolofization" title="Wolofization">Wolofization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticit%C3%A9_(Zaire)" title="Authenticité (Zaire)">Zairianization</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assimilation by religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduisation">Hinduization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaization" title="Judaization">Judaization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assimilation by writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization" title="Cyrillization">Cyrillization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanization of the writings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latinisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Latinisation in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opposite trends</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De-arabization" class="mw-redirect" title="De-arabization">De-arabization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decommunization" title="Decommunization">De-communization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">De-stalinization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">De-nazification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derussification" title="Derussification">De-russification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korenizatsiia" title="Korenizatsiia">Korenizatsiia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latinisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Latinisation in the Soviet Union">Latinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derussification_in_Ukraine" title="Derussification in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Sinicization" title="De-Sinicization">De-sinicization</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vergangenheitsbew%C3%A4ltigung" title="Vergangenheitsbewältigung">Vergangenheitsbewältigung</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_globalization" title="Cultural globalization">Cultural globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">Cultural imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_culture" title="Dominant culture">Dominant culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_assimilation" title="Forced assimilation">Forced assimilation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_religious_conversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced religious conversion">Forced religious conversion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_colonialism" title="Internal colonialism">Internal colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">Jewish assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">Language shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_pot" title="Melting pot">Melting pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Monoculturalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pashtun-related_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pashtun" title="Template:Pashtun"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pashtun" title="Template talk:Pashtun"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pashtun" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pashtun"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pashtun-related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtun</a>-related topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pashtun_empires_and_dynasties" title="List of Pashtun empires and dynasties">Dynasties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Suri dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotak_dynasty" title="Hotak dynasty">Hotak dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_dynasty" title="Durrani dynasty">Durrani dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barakzai_dynasty" title="Barakzai dynasty">Barakzai dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji" title="Alauddin Khalji">Alauddin Khilji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahlul_Khan_Lodi" title="Bahlul Khan Lodi">Bahlul Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malak_Ahmad_Khan_Yusufzai" title="Malak Ahmad Khan Yusufzai">Malak Ahmad Khan Yusufzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Khan_Lodi" title="Ibrahim Khan Lodi">Ibrahim Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaju_Khan" title="Gaju Khan">Gaju Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalu_Khan_Yousafzai" title="Kalu Khan Yousafzai">Kalu Khan Yusufzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimal_Khan_Mohmand" title="Aimal Khan Mohmand">Aimal Khan Mohmand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darya_Khan_Afridi" title="Darya Khan Afridi">Darya Khan Afridi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirwais_Hotak" title="Mirwais Hotak">Mirwais Hotak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Hotak" title="Mahmud Hotak">Mahmud Hotak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najib_ad-Dawlah" title="Najib ad-Dawlah">Najib Khan Yousafzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dost_Mohammad_Khan" title="Dost Mohammad Khan">Dost Mohammad Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazir_Akbar_Khan" title="Wazir Akbar Khan">Wazir Akbar Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayub_Khan_(Emir_of_Afghanistan)" title="Ayub Khan (Emir of Afghanistan)">Victor of Maiwand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malalai_of_Maiwand" title="Malalai of Maiwand">Malalai of Maiwand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saidu_Baba" title="Saidu Baba">Saidu Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdur_Rahman_Khan" title="Abdur Rahman Khan">Abdur Rahman Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Tarzi" title="Mahmud Tarzi">Mahmud Tarzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soraya_Tarzi" title="Soraya Tarzi">Soraya Tarzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanullah_Khan" title="Amanullah Khan">Amanullah Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Nadir_Shah" title="Mohammad Nadir Shah">Nadir Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulla_Powinda" title="Mulla Powinda">Mulla Powinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ghaffar_Khan" title="Abdul Ghaffar Khan">Bacha Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sartor_Faqir" title="Sartor Faqir">Sartor Faqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umra_Khan" title="Umra Khan">Umra Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faqir_of_Ipi" title="Faqir of Ipi">Faqir of Ipi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Samad_Khan_Achakzai" title="Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai">Abdul Samad Khan Achakzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Wali_Khan" title="Abdul Wali Khan">Wali Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Zahir_Shah" title="Mohammad Zahir Shah">Zahir Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Daoud_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Daoud Khan">Daoud Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Ahad_Momand" title="Abdul Ahad Momand">Abdul Ahad Momand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Najibullah" title="Mohammad Najibullah">Mohammad Najibullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mohammed Omar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Karzai" title="Hamid Karzai">Hamid Karzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ashraf_Ghani" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Ashraf Ghani">Ashraf Ghani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arfa_Siddiq" title="Arfa Siddiq">Arfa Siddiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malalai_Kakar" title="Malalai Kakar">Malalai Kakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai" title="Malala Yousafzai">Malala Yousafzai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manzoor_Pashteen" title="Manzoor Pashteen">Manzoor Pashteen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Wazir" title="Ali Wazir">Ali Wazir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_culture" title="Pashtun culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_culture" title="Pashtun culture">Pashtun culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_cuisine" title="Pashtun cuisine">Pashtun cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunwali" title="Pashtunwali">Pashtunwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pashtunization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_colonization_of_northern_Afghanistan" title="Pashtun colonization of northern Afghanistan">northern Afghanistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_clothing" title="Pashtun clothing">Pashtun clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto_media" title="Pashto media">Pashto media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pashto-language_singers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Pashto-language singers">Pashto singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_tribes" title="Pashtun tribes">Pashtun tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loya_jirga" class="mw-redirect" title="Loya jirga">Loya jirga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Khan_and_Durkhani" title="Adam Khan and Durkhani">Adam Khan and Durkhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Khan_and_Sherbano" title="Yusuf Khan and Sherbano">Yusuf Khan and Sherbano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirga" title="Jirga">Jirga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pashto-language_poets" title="List of Pashto-language poets">Poets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amir_Kror_Suri" title="Amir Kror Suri">Amir Kror Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_Roshan" title="Pir Roshan">Pir Roshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahman_Baba" title="Rahman Baba">Rahman Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushal_Khattak" title="Khushal Khattak">Khushal Khattak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazo_Tokhi" title="Nazo Tokhi">Nazo Tokhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_Baba" title="Abdul Hamid Baba">Abdul Hamid Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussain_Hotak" title="Hussain Hotak">Hussain Hotak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_Shinwari" title="Hamza Shinwari">Hamza Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajmal_Khattak" title="Ajmal Khattak">Ajmal Khattak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir_Stori" title="Kabir Stori">Kabir Stori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_Abdul_Ghani_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khan Abdul Ghani Khan">Ghani Khan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Citizens' groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudai_Khidmatgar" title="Khudai Khidmatgar">Khudai Khidmatgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_Tahafuz_Movement" title="Pashtun Tahafuz Movement">Pashtun Tahafuz Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Peace_Movement_(Afghanistan)" title="People's Peace Movement (Afghanistan)">People's Peace Movement</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious-military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics and<br />controversies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_nationalism" title="Pashtun nationalism">Pashtun nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Pashtunistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_(ethnonym)" title="Afghan (ethnonym)">Afghan (ethnonym)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durand_Line" title="Durand Line">Durand Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannu_Resolution" title="Bannu Resolution">Bannu Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalabagh_Dam" title="Kalabagh Dam">Kalabagh Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Names of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Names of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Anti-Pashtun sentiment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Battles and<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Panipat" title="First Battle of Panipat">First Battle of Panipat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chausa" title="Battle of Chausa">Battle of Chausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Malandari_Pass_(1586)" title="Battle of the Malandari Pass (1586)">Malandari Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gulnabad" title="Battle of Gulnabad">Battle of Gulnabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">Third Battle of Panipat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nowshera" title="Battle of Nowshera">Battle of Nowshera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Battle of Jamrud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Herat_War" title="First Herat War">Herat War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="First Anglo-Afghan War">First Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambela_campaign" title="Ambela campaign">Ambela Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Second Anglo-Afghan War">Second Anglo-Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maiwand" title="Battle of Maiwand">Battle of Maiwand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirah_campaign" title="Tirah campaign">Tirah campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malakand" title="Siege of Malakand">Siege of Malakand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Afghan_War" title="Third Anglo-Afghan War">Afghan War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1928%E2%80%931929)" title="Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)">Afghan Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Waziristan campaign (1919–1920)">Waziristan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristan_campaign_(1936%E2%80%931939)" title="Waziristan campaign (1936–1939)">Second Waziristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohmand_campaign_of_1935" title="Mohmand campaign of 1935">Mohmand campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_tribal_revolts_of_1944%E2%80%931947" title="Afghan tribal revolts of 1944–1947">Tribal revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_North-West_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="War in North-West Pakistan">War in North-West Pakistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div>    </div><noscript><img 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