ROME - Encyclopædia Universalis

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Histoire </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="ROME, Rome aujourd'hui" href="/encyclopedie/rome/2-rome-aujourd-hui/"> 2. Rome aujourd'hui </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="ROME, Rome, foyer artistique" href="/encyclopedie/rome/3-rome-foyer-artistique/"> 3. Rome, foyer artistique </a> </li> <li class="list-group-item "> <a class="d-block" title="ROME, Bibliographie" href="/encyclopedie/rome/4-bibliographie/"> 4. Bibliographie </a> </li> </ul> <button class="btn btn-sm btn-universalis" data-bs-toggle="collapse" data-bs-target="#free-toc" aria-expanded="false" title="Afficher / masquer le sommaire"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-eye"></i> Sommaire </button> </div> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>ROME</strong> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="content paged type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC072133_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC072133_0"></i><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="AT010003" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy media-atlas" title="Média : Italie : carte administrative" href="/media/italie-carte-administrative-at010003/"><img id="AT010003" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/1/0/csm_at010003_e5cb74c46c.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Italie : carte administrative - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Carte administrative de l'Italie." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="1821" height="2000" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Italie : carte administrative </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p></figcaption></figure></div><p>La Ville éternelle : depuis le <span class="pc">i</span><sup>er</sup> siècle de notre ère, la ville sise au milieu de la péninsule italienne sur le Tibre à une trentaine de kilomètres de la mer tyrrhénienne bénéficie d'une image de puissance intemporelle. Ancien foyer de l'Empire romain, l'actuelle capitale de l'Italie et de la catholicité occupe une place symbolique importante en Europe, voire dans le monde, dont témoigne son attractivité touristique. L'organisation, le rayonnement et l'image de la ville fondée, selon la légende, par Romulus et Rémus en 753 avant J.-C. sont marquées jusqu'à nos jours par l'héritage de l'Antiquité, dans lequel les pouvoirs successifs puisent les conditions d'une légitimation et d'un renouveau. Le nom même de Rome peut désigner à la fois la ville et l'Empire. Le tissu urbain de Rome, ville par excellence du réemploi, juxtapose et imbrique des vestiges d'époques différentes. Dans <em>Malaise dans la civilisation</em>, Freud pointait déjà le « mode de conservation du passé propre à ce genre de villes historiques auquel Rome appartient ».</p><p>La pérennité urbaine découle des métamorphoses de l'influence romaine et de l'adaptation aux changements géopolitiques. La figure des trois Rome (la Rome des empereurs, la Rome des papes et la Rome italienne), fréquemment utilisée dans la seconde moitié du <span class="pc">xix</span><sup>e</sup> siècle et dans la première moitié du <span class="pc">xx</span><sup>e</sup>, en témoigne. La trajectoire exceptionnelle de cette ville cosmopolite, ponctuée par une alternance de crises et de rénovations, s'identifie au cours du Moyen Âge et de l'époque moderne à la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le mot papatus dérive du titre de papa (titre d'honneur signifiant père), donné jusqu'au vii e siècle à tous les évêques, mais plus spécialement à celui de Rome . Papatus apparaît dans le dernier tiers du xi e siècle, en même temps que l'emploi de curia pour désigner l'administration centrale et romaine de l' Église catholique. Ce simple fait révèle une historicité de ..." title="Article : PAPAUTÉ" href="/encyclopedie/papaute/">papauté</a> dont elle est le siège. Elle interfère avec l'histoire de la chrétienté puis de la catholicité, avec l'histoire des États pontificaux puis, non sans difficultés, avec l'histoire de l'Italie unifiée. Rome structure le temps européen, par la diffusion de deux calendriers (julien sous Jules César et Auguste puis grégorien à la fin du <span class="pc">xvi</span><sup>e</sup> siècle) comme par son rôle dans notre conception de l'histoire (la transition entre Antiquité et Moyen Âge correspond traditionnellement à la chute de l'Empire romain d'Occident), et participe précocement à la construction du système-monde.</p><p>Cependant, à l'échelle nationale, Rome n'est que la capitale politique d'une Italie bicéphale. Agglomération de 2,74 millions d'habitants en 2007 située à la charnière entre le nord et le sud du pays, elle en partage avec <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Milan forme l'aire métropolitaine la plus complète de la péninsule italienne en termes de centralité, de rayonnement économique, scientifique et culturel. C'est aussi une des métropoles européennes les plus influentes, après Londres et Paris . Milan jouit d'une accessibilité exceptionnelle grâce à la confluence, sur son territoire, d'un vaste réseau de routes alpines, dont celle d..." title="Article : MILAN" href="/encyclopedie/milan/">Milan</a> les fonctions directionnelles.</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yC072133_1"><i class="anchor" id="yC072133_1"></i><h2> Histoire</h2><div class="block_2" data-ucode="yC072133_1_0"><i class="anchor" id="yC072133_1_0"></i><h3>La Rome médiévale : l'ombre de l'antique et l'affirmation du pouvoir pontifical</h3><p>« Rome après Rome » (A. Giardina et A. Vauchez) : tel pourrait être le résumé de l'histoire de la Rome médiévale. Rome perd son pouvoir politique en plusieurs étapes. Le Bas-Empire est marqué par l'itinérance de la capitale. En 330, Constantin fait de Byzance, rebaptisée Constantinople, la nouvelle capitale impériale. En août 410, le <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Premier peuple germanique à s'être établi dans l'Empire romain d'Orient en bénéficiant du statut de « fédérés », c'est-à-dire d'alliés militaires, les Wisigoths ne tardèrent pas à violer les traités et, le 9 août 378, ils battirent l'armée impériale à Andrinople, où l'empereur Valens lui-même périt. Ils ravagèrent alors les Balkans, avant que l'empereur d'Orient Arcad..." title="Article : SAC DE ROME (410)" href="/encyclopedie/sac-de-rome/">sac de Rome</a> par les <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Venus de Scandinavie , les Goths s'établissent sur les bords de la mer Noire au II e siècle. Après deux siècles de raids et de batailles dans les Balkans et en Europe centrale, ils se séparent en deux branches distinctes, les Ostrogoths et les Wisigoths. À partir du iii e siècle, ces derniers errent dans l'Empire romain, avant de se stabiliser, vers 412, dans le sud-ouest de la ..." title="Article : WISIGOTHS ou VISIGOTHS" href="/encyclopedie/wisigoths-visigoths/">Wisigoths</a> d'Alaric marque, avant même la déposition du dernier empereur romain d'Occident Romulus Augustule en 476, la fin de l'ancienne Rome et le début d'une période d'instabilité politique. La décomposition de l'Empire romain d'Occident fait chuter la population romaine, évaluée à environ un million d'habitants au I<sup>er</sup> siècle après J.-C., à 450 000 au <span class="pc">v</span><sup>e</sup> siècle, et à moins de 30 000 au <span class="pc">viii</span><sup>e</sup> siècle. Rome ne retrouve son maximum démographique impérial, exceptionnel avant l'industrialisation, qu'au <span class="pc">xix</span><sup>e</sup> siècle. Ce déclin démographique entraîne une rétraction du tissu urbain vers l'anse du Tibre et le champ de Mars. Entre le <span class="pc">v</span><sup>e</sup> et le <span class="pc">vii</span><sup>e</sup> siècle, les espaces publics antiques sont désertés. Le tissu urbain évolue en réutilisant des matériaux et des bâtiments de l'Antiquité tout au long du Moyen Âge. Le cirque du<a href="javascript:" title="Lire la suite" class="read-more ms-1">[...]</a></p></div></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li 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class="mb-5"><div class="text-center mb-3 d-print-none"><a class="d-inline-flex flex-row justify-content-center align-items-center btn btn-light btn-large text-start" title="Carte mentale : ROME" href="/carte-mentale/rome/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> Élargissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yC072133_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Géographie" href="/classification/geographie/"> Géographie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Géographie urbaine" href="/classification/geographie/geographie-urbaine/"> Géographie urbaine </a> </li> <li 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</li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Art et artistes par continents et pays" href="/classification/arts/art-et-artistes-par-continents-et-pays/"> Art et artistes par continents et pays </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Art en Europe" href="/classification/arts/art-et-artistes-par-continents-et-pays/art-en-europe/"> Art en Europe </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Art italien"> <a title="Classification : Art italien" href="/classification/arts/art-et-artistes-par-continents-et-pays/art-en-europe/art-italien/"> Art italien </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none"> <i class="anchor" id="yC072133_MEDIAS"></i> <p class="title-minor">Médias</p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="AT010003" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy media-atlas" title="Média : Italie : carte administrative" href="/media/italie-carte-administrative-at010003/"> <img id="AT010003" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/1/0/csm_at010003_e5cb74c46c.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Italie : carte administrative - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" data-description="Carte administrative de l'Italie." data-copyright="Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="1821" height="2000" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Italie : carte administrative </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Encyclopædia Universalis France </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH992842" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : La Trinité-des-Monts, Rome" href="/media/la-trinite-des-monts-rome-ph992842/"> <img id="PH992842" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/1/d/csm_ph992842_7716957244.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="La Trinité-des-Monts, Rome - crédits : Bridgeman Images " data-description="Place d'Espagne, escaliers, obélisque et église de la Trinité-des-Monts, Rome. Architectes : Francesco De Santis (escalier), Domenico Fontana (obélisque), Carlo Maderno (façade de l'église), Bernin (fontaine de la Barcaccia)." data-copyright=" Bridgeman Images " width="485" height="600" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> La Trinité-des-Monts, Rome </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Bridgeman Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PA084339" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Rome: auditorium du Parc de la musique" href="/media/rome-auditorium-du-parc-de-la-musique-pa084339/"> <img id="PA084339" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/2/8/csm_pa084339_078707cd0c.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Rome: auditorium du Parc de la musique - crédits : Gareth Cattermole/ AFP Entertainment/ AFP" data-description="L'auditorium du Parc de la musique, dessiné par Renzo Piano, 1994-2002." data-copyright="Gareth Cattermole/ AFP Entertainment/ AFP" width="1024" height="680" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Rome: auditorium du Parc de la musique </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Gareth Cattermole/ AFP Entertainment/ AFP </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="text-center"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" rel="related" href="/medias/rome/"> Afficher les 15 médias de l'article <span class="rg">ROME</span> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yC072133_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/restructuration-de-rome/"> <span class="rg">RESTRUCTURATION DE ROME</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Gilles SAURON</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">259 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : RESTRUCTURATION DE ROME" href="/encyclopedie/restructuration-de-rome/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Temple de Mars Ultor, Rome - crédits : M. Royo" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/1/d/csm_ph020475_f42a9029bd.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Auguste nous apprend dans ses <em>Res gestae</em> qu'il a reconstruit quatre-vingt-deux temples de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La Ville éternelle : depuis le i er siècle de notre ère, la ville sise au milieu de la péninsule italienne sur le Tibre à une trentaine de kilomètres de la mer tyrrhénienne bénéficie d'une image de puissance intemporelle. Ancien foyer de l'Empire romain, l'actuelle capitale de l'Italie et de la catholicité occupe une place symbolique importante en Europe, voire dans le monde, dont ..." title="Article : ROME" href="/encyclopedie/rome/">Rome</a> au cours de son sixième consulat (— 28). Ce n'était que le début d'une entreprise édilitaire de grande envergure. L'agglomération urbaine fut partagée en quatorze régions, les services urbains...</p> </div> </li> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/academie-de-france-a-rome/"> <span class="rg">ACADÉMIE DE FRANCE À ROME</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Robert FOHR</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">3 052 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">2 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : ACAD&Eacute;MIE DE FRANCE &Agrave; ROME" href="/encyclopedie/academie-de-france-a-rome/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="<it>La Mort d'Achille</it>, David d'Angers - crédits : Peter Willi/ Bridgeman Images " width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/3/csm_ph992486_fcbb1d13af.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Suscitée par Colbert et par <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Biographie de CHARLES LE BRUN (1619-1690). Charles Le Brun est un de ces artistes dont l'importance historique n'a jamais été contestée, mais dont les œuvres ont été négligées ou sévèrement critiquées au cours des siècles qui ont suivi leur mort. Il est de ces peintres qui sont plus considérés comme des symboles qu'admirés pour leur talent. Premier peintre de la Couronne penda..." title="Article : CHARLES LE BRUN (1619-1690)" href="/encyclopedie/charles-le-brun/">Charles Le Brun</a>, « premier peintre » de Louis XIV, la fondation de l'Académie de France à <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La Ville éternelle : depuis le i er siècle de notre ère, la ville sise au milieu de la péninsule italienne sur le Tibre à une trentaine de kilomètres de la mer tyrrhénienne bénéficie d'une image de puissance intemporelle. Ancien foyer de l'Empire romain, l'actuelle capitale de l'Italie et de la catholicité occupe une place symbolique importante en Europe, voire dans le monde, dont ..." title="Article : ROME" href="/encyclopedie/rome/">Rome</a> (1666) découlait d'idées simples et fortes mais qui n'ont plus cours aujourd'hui. Pour les hommes du <span class="pc">xvii</span><sup>e</sup> siècle, les vestiges de l'Antiquité,...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/accords-du-latran/"> <span class="rg">LATRAN </span><span class="pc">ACCORDS DU </span><span class="rm">(1929)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Vincent GOURDON</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">208 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : LATRAN ACCORDS DU (1929)" href="/encyclopedie/accords-du-latran/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Accords du Latran - crédits : AKG-Images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/1/d/csm_ph020206_ffc3ce0290.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Signés par le pape Pie XI (1922-1939) et Mussolini, les accords du Latran règlent la « question romaine », qui envenimait les relations entre la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Le mot papatus dérive du titre de papa (titre d'honneur signifiant père), donné jusqu'au vii e siècle à tous les évêques, mais plus spécialement à celui de Rome . Papatus apparaît dans le dernier tiers du xi e siècle, en même temps que l'emploi de curia pour désigner l'administration centrale et romaine de l' Église catholique. Ce simple fait révèle une historicité de ..." title="Article : PAPAUTÉ" href="/encyclopedie/papaute/">papauté</a> (et, par suite, les catholiques) et l'État unitaire italien, depuis que ce dernier avait annexé <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La Ville éternelle : depuis le i er siècle de notre ère, la ville sise au milieu de la péninsule italienne sur le Tibre à une trentaine de kilomètres de la mer tyrrhénienne bénéficie d'une image de puissance intemporelle. Ancien foyer de l'Empire romain, l'actuelle capitale de l'Italie et de la catholicité occupe une place symbolique importante en Europe, voire dans le monde, dont ..." title="Article : ROME" href="/encyclopedie/rome/">Rome</a> le 2 octobre 1870, mettant...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/achevement-de-l-unite-italienne/"> <span class="rg">ACHÈVEMENT DE L'UNITÉ ITALIENNE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Sylvain VENAYRE</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">161 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : ACH&Egrave;VEMENT DE L'UNIT&Eacute; ITALIENNE" href="/encyclopedie/achevement-de-l-unite-italienne/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Unité italienne - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/d/c/csm_an020023_f2e112f90e.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Paradoxalement, ce fut la chute du second Empire de Napoléon III, qui avait tant œuvré à l'unité italienne, qui autorisa l'achèvement de cette unité. Le rappel du corps expéditionnaire français (5 août 1870), qui protégeait le pouvoir temporel du pape Pie IX, permit en effet à l'armée italienne...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/affrontements-entre-romains-et-gaulois-reperes-chronologiques/"> <span class="rg">AFFRONTEMENTS ENTRE ROMAINS ET GAULOIS - </span><span class="rm">(repères chronologiques)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Xavier LAPRAY</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">331 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p><strong><span class="pc">vi</span><sup>e</sup><span class="pc">-v</span><sup>e</sup> siècle avant notre ère </strong> Dernier Âge du fer celtique : la civilisation de La Tène supplante celle de Hallstatt.</p><p><strong><span class="pc">v</span><sup>e</sup><span class="pc">-iv</span><sup>e</sup> siècle avant notre ère </strong> Infiltrations gauloises (Insubres, Cénomans, Lingons, Boïens, Sénons) dans la plaine du Pô.</p><p><strong>— 406-— 396 </strong> Dates traditionnelles...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-unstyled text-center mt-3"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" title="Afficher la liste complète des références" rel="related" href="/index/rome/"> Afficher les 106 références <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 col-xl-3 px-0 d-none d-lg-block side-bar position-relative"> <div id="ad_rightslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div id="ad_rightslot2" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <a class="wrapper cta" href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Col right"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/6/csm_abo-3_f303c484f7.webp" class="full-height" loading="lazy" width="290" height="476" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro"> </a> <div id="newsletter_subscription" class="wrapper p-3"> <p class="fs-3 fw-bold text-center text-light mb-1">Rejoignez-nous</p> <p class="text-center"> Inscrivez-vous à notre <strong>newsletter</strong></p> <div class="input-group mb-3"> <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="votre email"> <div class="input-group-append"> <button id="newsletter_subscription_button" class="btn btn-primary text-uppercase" type="button"> <strong>S'inscrire</strong></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="bandeau-footer"> <div class="container"> <p><a href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro">Accédez à l'intégralité d'Universalis.fr <strong>sans publicité</strong></a></p> </div> </div> <footer class="container footer text-center d-print-none"> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-2"> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="http://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/" title="Encyclopædia Universalis" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/nous-contacter/infos/" title="Contactez-nous" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">Contact</a></li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Mentions légales" rel="nofollow" href="/mentions-legales/">Mentions légales et politique de confidentialité</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://abonnement.universalis.fr/typo3conf/ext/mailer/Resources/Public/Pdf/cgv.pdf" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" title="Conditions générales de vente">CGV</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item d-none d-md-inline-block"> <a href="javascript:" id="rgpd" rel="nofollow" title="Consentement RGPD">RGPD</a> </li> </ul> <p class="mb-2">Consulter le <a title="Dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis" href="/dictionnaire/"> dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </p> <p class="mb-3">© 2024 Encyclopædia Universalis France. 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