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id="toc-Appearance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Interpretations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Creation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Art and entertainment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Philosopher's stone</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9" title="حجر الفلاسفة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حجر الفلاسفة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C9%99ls%C9%99f%C9%99_da%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Fəlsəfə daşı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fəlsəfə daşı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="فلسفه داشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فلسفه داشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%B0" title="দার্শনিকের পাথর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দার্শনিকের পাথর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8A%D0%BA" title="Философски камък – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Философски камък" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maen_ar_furien" title="Maen ar furien – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Maen ar furien" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedra_filosofal" title="Pedra filosofal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pedra filosofal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1men_mudrc%C5%AF" title="Kámen mudrců – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kámen mudrců" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_vises_sten" title="De vises sten – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="De vises sten" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stein_der_Weisen" title="Stein der Weisen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stein der Weisen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%95%DE%A7%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%90%DE%B0_%DE%80%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%A6" title="ޕާރަސް ހިލަ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޕާރަސް ހިލަ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarkade_kivi" title="Tarkade kivi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tarkade kivi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Φιλοσοφική λίθος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φιλοσοφική λίθος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedra_filosofal" title="Piedra filosofal – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Piedra filosofal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Ctono_de_la_sa%C4%9Duloj" title="Ŝtono de la saĝuloj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ŝtono de la saĝuloj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofoen_harri" title="Filosofoen harri – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Filosofoen harri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88" title="سنگ جادو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سنگ جادو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_philosophale" title="Pierre philosophale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pierre philosophale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedra_filosofal" title="Pedra filosofal – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pedra filosofal" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%84%EC%9E%90%EC%9D%98_%EB%8F%8C" title="현자의 돌 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="현자의 돌" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Փիլիսոփայական քար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փիլիսոփայական քար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0" title="पारस पत्थर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पारस पत्थर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamen_mudraca" title="Kamen mudraca – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kamen mudraca" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batu_filsuf" title="Batu filsuf – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Batu filsuf" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietra_filosofale" title="Pietra filosofale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pietra filosofale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%9B%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D" title="אבן החכמים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אבן החכמים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watu_kramat" title="Watu kramat – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Watu kramat" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BF" title="ಸ್ಪರ್ಶಮಣಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸ್ಪರ್ಶಮಣಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A5%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="ფილოსოფიური ქვა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფილოსოფიური ქვა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Философ тасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Философ тасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BB%D3%A7%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%B7" title="Философлӧн из – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Философлӧн из" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapis_philosophorum" title="Lapis philosophorum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lapis philosophorum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filozofu_akmens" title="Filozofu akmens – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Filozofu akmens" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofinis_akmuo" title="Filosofinis akmuo – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Filosofinis akmuo" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6lcsek_k%C3%B6ve" title="Bölcsek köve – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bölcsek köve" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Камен на мудроста – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Камен на мудроста" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%93%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B8" title="ဓာတ်လုံး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဓာတ်လုံး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steen_der_wijzen" title="Steen der wijzen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Steen der wijzen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%A2%E8%80%85%E3%81%AE%E7%9F%B3" title="賢者の石 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="賢者の石" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_vises_stein" title="De vises stein – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="De vises stein" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dei_vises_stein" title="Dei vises stein – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dei vises stein" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A8ira_filosofala" title="Pèira filosofala – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pèira filosofala" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8" title="ਪਾਰਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪਾਰਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamie%C5%84_filozoficzny" title="Kamień filozoficzny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kamień filozoficzny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedra_filosofal" title="Pedra filosofal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pedra filosofal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piatr%C4%83_filozofal%C4%83" title="Piatră filozofală – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Piatră filozofală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Философский камень – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Философский камень" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guri_i_Filozofit" title="Guri i Filozofit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Guri i Filozofit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosopher%27s_Stone" title="Philosopher's Stone – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Philosopher's Stone" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kame%C5%88_mudrcov" title="Kameň mudrcov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kameň mudrcov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamen_modrosti" title="Kamen modrosti – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kamen modrosti" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Камен мудрости – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Камен мудрости" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viisasten_kivi" title="Viisasten kivi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Viisasten kivi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_vises_sten" title="De vises sten – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="De vises sten" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bato_ng_pilosopo" title="Bato ng pilosopo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bato ng pilosopo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BF" title="పరుసవేది – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పరుసవేది" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8D%E0%B9%8C" title="ศิลานักปราชญ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศิลานักปราชญ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felsefe_ta%C5%9F%C4%B1" title="Felsefe taşı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Felsefe taşı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Філософський камінь – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Філософський камінь" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="پارس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پارس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B2n_%C4%91%C3%A1_tri%E1%BA%BFt_gia" title="Hòn đá triết gia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hòn đá triết gia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%A4%E8%80%85%E4%B9%8B%E7%9F%B3" title="贤者之石 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="贤者之石" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%9F-%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="וויסן-שטיין – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וויסן-שטיין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E4%BA%BA%E4%B9%8B%E7%9F%B3" title="哲人之石 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="哲人之石" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%A2%E8%80%85%E4%B9%8B%E7%9F%B3" title="賢者之石 – Chinese" lang="zh" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Legendary alchemical substance</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the legendary substance. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Philosopher%27s_Stone_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Philosopher's Stone (disambiguation)">Philosopher's Stone (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Wright_of_Derby_The_Alchemist.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Joseph_Wright_of_Derby_The_Alchemist.jpg/290px-Joseph_Wright_of_Derby_The_Alchemist.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="376" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Joseph_Wright_of_Derby_The_Alchemist.jpg/435px-Joseph_Wright_of_Derby_The_Alchemist.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Joseph_Wright_of_Derby_The_Alchemist.jpg/580px-Joseph_Wright_of_Derby_The_Alchemist.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4724" data-file-height="6126" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Alchemist_Discovering_Phosphorus" title="The Alchemist Discovering Phosphorus">The Alchymist, in Search of the Philosopher's Stone</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Wright_of_Derby" title="Joseph Wright of Derby">Joseph Wright of Derby</a>, 1771</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>philosopher's stone</b><sup id="cite_ref-apostrophe_position_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apostrophe_position-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a mythic <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemical</a> substance capable of turning <a href="/wiki/Base_metal" title="Base metal">base metals</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> into gold or silver;<sup id="cite_ref-chrysopoeia_and_argyropoeia_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chrysopoeia_and_argyropoeia-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was also known as "the tincture" and "the powder". Alchemists additionally believed that it could be used to make an <a href="/wiki/Elixir_of_life" title="Elixir of life">elixir of life</a> which made possible <a href="/wiki/Rejuvenation" title="Rejuvenation">rejuvenation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">immortality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For many centuries, it was the most sought-after goal in <a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a>. The philosopher's stone was the central symbol of the mystical terminology of alchemy, symbolizing perfection at its finest, <a href="/wiki/Divine_illumination" title="Divine illumination">divine illumination</a>, and heavenly bliss. Efforts to discover the philosopher's stone were known as the <a href="/wiki/Magnum_opus_(alchemy)" title="Magnum opus (alchemy)">Magnum Opus</a> ("Great Work").<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antiquity">Antiquity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosopher%27s_stone&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest known written mention of the philosopher's stone is in the <i>Cheirokmeta</i> by <a href="/wiki/Zosimos_of_Panopolis" title="Zosimos of Panopolis">Zosimos of Panopolis</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 300 AD</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 66">: 66 </span></sup> Alchemical writers assign a longer history. <a href="/wiki/Elias_Ashmole" title="Elias Ashmole">Elias Ashmole</a> and the anonymous author of <i>Gloria Mundi</i> (1620) claim that its history goes back to <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>, who acquired the knowledge of the stone directly from God. This knowledge was said to have been passed down through biblical patriarchs, giving them their longevity. The legend of the stone was also compared to the biblical history of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Solomon" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Solomon">Temple of Solomon</a> and the rejected cornerstone described in <a href="/wiki/Psalm_118" title="Psalm 118">Psalm 118</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 19">: 19 </span></sup> </p><p>The theoretical roots outlining the stone's creation can be traced to Greek philosophy. Alchemists later used the <a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">classical elements</a>, the concept of <i><a href="/wiki/Anima_mundi" title="Anima mundi">anima mundi</a></i>, and Creation stories presented in texts like <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Timaeus_(dialogue)" title="Timaeus (dialogue)"><i>Timaeus</i></a> as analogies for their process.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 29">: 29 </span></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>, the four elements are derived from a common source or <i><a href="/wiki/Prima_materia" title="Prima materia">prima materia</a></i> (first matter), associated with <a href="/wiki/Chaos_(cosmogony)" title="Chaos (cosmogony)">chaos</a>. <i>Prima materia</i> is also the name alchemists assign to the starting ingredient for the creation of the philosopher's stone. The importance of this philosophical first matter persisted throughout the history of alchemy. In the seventeenth century, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Vaughan_(philosopher)" title="Thomas Vaughan (philosopher)">Thomas Vaughan</a> writes, "the first matter of the stone is the very same with the first matter of all things."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 211">: 211 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosopher%27s_stone&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Arab empires</a>, early medieval alchemists built upon the work of Zosimos. Byzantine and <a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in medieval Islam">Muslim alchemists</a> were fascinated by the concept of metal transmutation and attempted to carry out the process.<sup id="cite_ref-Strohmaier_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strohmaier-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eighth-century <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> alchemist <a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Jabir ibn Hayyan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latinized</a> as <i>Geber</i>) analysed each classical element in terms of the four basic qualities. Fire was both hot and dry, earth cold and dry, water cold and moist, and air hot and moist. He theorized that every metal was a combination of these four principles, two of them interior and two exterior. From this premise, it was reasoned that the transmutation of one metal into another could be effected by the rearrangement of its basic qualities. This change would be mediated by a substance, which came to be called <i>xerion</i> in Greek and <i>al-iksir</i> in Arabic (from which the word <i><a href="/wiki/Elixir" title="Elixir">elixir</a></i> is derived). It was often considered to exist as a dry red powder (also known as <i>al-kibrit al-ahmar</i>, red sulfur) made from a legendary stone—the philosopher's stone.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The elixir powder came to be regarded as a crucial component of transmutation by later Arab alchemists.<sup id="cite_ref-Strohmaier_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Strohmaier-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 11th century, there was a debate among <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemists</a> on whether the transmutation of substances was possible. A leading opponent was the Persian polymath <a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a> (Ibn Sina), who discredited the theory of the transmutation of substances, stating, "Those of the chemical craft know well that no change can be effected in the different species of substances, though they can produce the appearance of such change."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 196–197">: 196–197 </span></sup> </p><p>According to legend, the 13th-century scientist and philosopher, <a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a>, is said to have discovered the philosopher's stone. Magnus does not confirm he discovered the stone in his writings, but he did record that he witnessed the creation of gold by "transmutation".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 28–30">: 28–30 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Renaissance_to_early_modern_period">Renaissance to early modern period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosopher%27s_stone&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Renaissance to early modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Squared_circle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Squared_circle.svg/220px-Squared_circle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Squared_circle.svg/330px-Squared_circle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Squared_circle.svg/440px-Squared_circle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a><figcaption>The Squared Circle: an <a href="/wiki/Alchemical_symbol" title="Alchemical symbol">alchemical symbol</a> (17th century) illustrating the interplay of the four <a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">elements</a> of matter symbolizing the philosopher's stone</figcaption></figure> <p>The 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Swiss_people" title="Swiss people">Swiss</a> alchemist <a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a> (<i>Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim</i>) believed in the existence of <a href="/wiki/Alkahest" title="Alkahest">alkahest</a>, which he thought to be an undiscovered element from which all other elements (earth, fire, water, air) were simply derivative forms. Paracelsus believed that this element was, in fact, the philosopher's stone. </p><p>The English philosopher Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Browne" title="Thomas Browne">Thomas Browne</a> in his spiritual testament <i><a href="/wiki/Religio_Medici" title="Religio Medici">Religio Medici</a></i> (1643) identified the religious aspect of the quest for the philosopher's Stone when declaring: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The smattering I have of the Philosophers stone, (which is something more than the perfect exaltation of gold) hath taught me a great deale of Divinity.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>(R.M.Part 1:38)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>A mystical text published in the 17th century called the <i><a href="/wiki/Mutus_Liber" title="Mutus Liber">Mutus Liber</a></i> appears to be a symbolic instruction manual for concocting a philosopher's stone.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Called the "wordless book", it was a collection of 15 illustrations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Buddhism_and_Hinduism">In Buddhism and Hinduism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosopher%27s_stone&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In Buddhism and Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cintamani" title="Cintamani">Cintamani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syamantaka" title="Syamantaka">Syamantaka</a></div> <p>The equivalent of the philosopher's stone in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> is the <i><a href="/wiki/Cintamani" title="Cintamani">Cintamani</a></i>, also spelled as <i>Chintamani</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 277">: 277 </span></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (April 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It is also referred to as Paras/Parasmani (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: <span lang="sa">पारसमणि</span>, <a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a>: <span lang="hi">पारस</span>) or Paris (<a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a>: <span lang="mr">परिस</span>). </p><p>In Mahayana Buddhism, <i>Chintamani</i> is held by the <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">bodhisattvas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avalokiteshvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Avalokiteshvara">Avalokiteshvara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ksitigarbha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ksitigarbha">Ksitigarbha</a>. It is also seen carried upon the back of the <a href="/wiki/Lung_ta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lung ta">Lung ta</a> (wind horse) which is depicted on <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibetan</a> <a href="/wiki/Prayer_flag#Symbols_and_prayers" title="Prayer flag">prayer flags</a>. By reciting the <a href="/wiki/Dharani" title="Dharani">Dharani</a> of Chintamani, Buddhist tradition maintains that one attains the Wisdom of Buddhas, is able to understand the truth of the Buddhas, and turns afflictions into <a href="/wiki/Bodhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhi">Bodhi</a>. It is said to allow one to see the Holy Retinue of <a href="/wiki/Amitabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Amitabha">Amitabha</a> and his assembly upon one's deathbed. In Tibetan Buddhist tradition the Chintamani is sometimes depicted as a luminous pearl and is in the possession of several different forms of the Buddha.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 170">: 170 </span></sup> </p><p>Within Hinduism, it is connected with the gods <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashtavinayak#Shri_Chintamani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashtavinayak">Ganesha</a>. In Hindu tradition it is often depicted as a fabulous jewel in the possession of the <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81ga" title="Nāga">Nāga</a> king or as on the forehead of the <a href="/wiki/Makara_(Hindu_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makara (Hindu mythology)">Makara</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i>, originally written in the tenth century AD, contains a story about the philosopher's stone.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 346–353">: 346–353 </span></sup> </p><p>A great Hindu sage wrote about the spiritual accomplishment of <a href="/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">Gnosis</a> using the metaphor of the philosopher's stone. Sant <a href="/wiki/Dnyaneshwar" title="Dnyaneshwar">Jnaneshwar</a> (1275–1296) wrote a commentary with 17 references to the philosopher's stone that explicitly transmutes base metal into gold.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The seventh-century <a href="/wiki/Siddhar" title="Siddhar">Siddhar</a> <a href="/wiki/Tirumular" title="Tirumular">Thirumoolar</a> in his classic <i>Tirumandhiram</i> explains man's path to immortal divinity. In verse 2709 he declares that the name of God, <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> is an alchemical vehicle that turns the body into immortal gold.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another depiction of the philosopher's stone is the <a href="/wiki/Syamantaka" title="Syamantaka">Shyāmantaka Mani</a> (<span title="Sanskrit-language text"><span lang="sa">श्यामन्तक मणि</span></span>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to Hindu mythology, the Shyāmantaka Mani is a ruby, capable of preventing all natural calamities such as droughts, floods, etc. around its owner, as well as producing eight bhāras (≈170 pounds or 700 kilograms) of gold, every day.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosopher%27s_stone&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most commonly mentioned properties are the ability to transmute base metals into gold or silver, and the ability to <a href="/wiki/Panacea_(medicine)" title="Panacea (medicine)">heal all forms of illness</a> and prolong the life of any person who consumes a small part of the philosopher's stone diluted in wine.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other mentioned properties include: creation of perpetually burning lamps,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> transmutation of common crystals into precious stones and diamonds,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reviving of dead plants,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> creation of flexible or malleable glass,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the creation of a clone or <a href="/wiki/Homunculus" title="Homunculus">homunculus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Names">Names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosopher%27s_stone&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numerous synonyms were used to make oblique reference to the stone, such as "white stone" (<i>calculus albus</i>, identified with the <i>calculus candidus</i> of Revelation 2:17 which was taken as a symbol of the glory of heaven<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <i><a href="/wiki/Vitriol" title="Vitriol">vitriol</a></i> (as expressed in the <a href="/wiki/Backronym" title="Backronym">backronym</a> <i>Visita Interiora Terrae Rectificando Invenies Occultum Lapidem</i>), also <i>lapis noster</i>, <i>lapis occultus</i>, <i>in water at the box</i>, and numerous oblique, mystical or mythological references such as <i><a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a>, Aer, Animal, Alkahest, Antidotus, <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Antimonium</a>, Aqua benedicta, Aqua volans per aeram, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/arcanum" class="extiw" title="wikt:arcanum">Arcanum</a>, Atramentum, Autumnus, Basilicus, Brutorum cor, Bufo, Capillus, Capistrum auri, Carbones, <a href="/wiki/Cerberus" title="Cerberus">Cerberus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chaos_(cosmogony)" title="Chaos (cosmogony)">Chaos</a>, Cinis cineris, <a href="/wiki/Crocus" title="Crocus">Crocus</a>, Dominus philosophorum, Divine quintessence, Draco elixir, Filius ignis, Fimus, Folium, Frater, Granum, Granum frumenti, Haematites, Hepar, Herba, Herbalis, Lac, Melancholia, Ovum philosophorum, Panacea salutifera, <a href="/wiki/Pandora" title="Pandora">Pandora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)" title="Phoenix (mythology)">Phoenix</a>, Philosophic mercury, Pyrites, Radices arboris solares, Regina, Rex regum, Sal metallorum, Salvator terrenus, Talcum, Thesaurus, Ventus hermetis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the medieval allegories of Christ were adopted for the <i>lapis</i>, and the Christ and the Stone were indeed taken as identical in a mystical sense. The name of "Stone" or <i>lapis</i> itself is informed by early Christian allegory, such as <a href="/wiki/Priscillian" title="Priscillian">Priscillian</a> (4th century), who stated, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>Unicornis est Deus, nobis petra Christus, nobis lapis angularis Jesus, nobis hominum homo Christus</i> (One-horned is God, Christ the rock to us, Jesus the cornerstone to us, Christ the man of men to us.)<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In some texts, it is simply called "stone", or our stone, or in the case of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Norton_(alchemist)" title="Thomas Norton (alchemist)">Thomas Norton's</a> Ordinal, "oure delycious stone".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stone was frequently praised and referred to in such terms. </p><p>It may be noted that the Latin expression <span title="Latin-language romanization"><i lang="la-Latn">lapis philosophorum</i></span>, as well as the Arabic <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ḥajar al-falāsifa</i></span> from which the Latin derives, both employ the plural form of the word for <i>philosopher</i>. Thus a literal translation would be <i>philosophers' stone</i> rather than <i>philosopher's stone</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appearance">Appearance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosopher%27s_stone&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Appearance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_Maier_Atalanta_Fugiens_Emblem_21.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Michael_Maier_Atalanta_Fugiens_Emblem_21.jpeg/220px-Michael_Maier_Atalanta_Fugiens_Emblem_21.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Michael_Maier_Atalanta_Fugiens_Emblem_21.jpeg/330px-Michael_Maier_Atalanta_Fugiens_Emblem_21.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Michael_Maier_Atalanta_Fugiens_Emblem_21.jpeg/440px-Michael_Maier_Atalanta_Fugiens_Emblem_21.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption>Philosopher's stone as pictured in <i><a href="/wiki/Atalanta_Fugiens" title="Atalanta Fugiens">Atalanta Fugiens</a></i> Emblem 21</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_First_Key_of_Basil_Valentine._Wellcome_M0012394.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/The_First_Key_of_Basil_Valentine._Wellcome_M0012394.jpg/220px-The_First_Key_of_Basil_Valentine._Wellcome_M0012394.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/The_First_Key_of_Basil_Valentine._Wellcome_M0012394.jpg/330px-The_First_Key_of_Basil_Valentine._Wellcome_M0012394.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/The_First_Key_of_Basil_Valentine._Wellcome_M0012394.jpg/440px-The_First_Key_of_Basil_Valentine._Wellcome_M0012394.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3810" data-file-height="3032" /></a><figcaption>The first key of <a href="/wiki/Basil_Valentine" title="Basil Valentine">Basil Valentine</a>, emblem associated with the 'Great Work' of obtaining the Philosopher's stone (<i>Twelve Keys of Basil Valentine</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Descriptions of the philosopher's stone are numerous and various.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to alchemical texts, the stone of the philosophers came in two varieties, prepared by an almost identical method: white (for the purpose of making silver), and red (for the purpose of making gold), the white stone being a less matured version of the red stone.<sup id="cite_ref-A_German_Sage_1423_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_German_Sage_1423-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some ancient and medieval alchemical texts leave clues to the physical appearance of the stone of the philosophers, specifically the red stone. It is often said to be orange (saffron coloured) or red when ground to powder. Or in a solid form, an intermediate between red and purple, transparent and glass-like.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The weight is spoken of as being heavier than gold,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is soluble in any liquid, and incombustible in fire.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alchemical authors sometimes suggest that the stone's descriptors are metaphorical.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The appearance is expressed geometrically in <i><a href="/wiki/Atalanta_Fugiens" title="Atalanta Fugiens">Atalanta Fugiens</a></i> Emblem XXI : </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Make of a man and woman a circle; then a quadrangle; out of this a triangle; make again a circle, and you will have the Stone of the Wise. Thus is made the stone, which thou canst not discover, unless you, through diligence, learn to understand this geometrical teaching.</p></blockquote> <p>He further describes in greater detail the metaphysical nature of the meaning of the emblem as a divine union of feminine and masculine principles:<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In like manner the Philosophers would have the quadrangle reduced into a triangle, that is, into body, Spirit, and Soul, which three do appear in three previous colors before redness, for example, the body or earth in the blackness of Saturn, the Spirit in a lunar whiteness, as water, the Soul or air in a solar citrinity: then will the triangle be perfect, but this likewise must be changed into a circle, that is, into an invariable redness: By which operation the woman is converted into the man, and made one with him, and the senary the first number of the perfect completed by one, two, having returned again to a unit, in which is eternal rest and peace.</p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Roquetaillade" title="Jean de Roquetaillade">Rupescissa</a> uses the imagery of the Christian passion, saying that it ascends "from the sepulcher of the Most Excellent King, shining and glorious, resuscitated from the dead and wearing a red diadem...".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretations">Interpretations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosopher%27s_stone&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The various names and attributes assigned to the philosopher's stone have led to long-standing speculation on its composition and source. <a href="/wiki/Exoteric" title="Exoteric">Exoteric</a> candidates have been found in metals, plants, rocks, chemical compounds, and bodily products such as hair, urine, and eggs. <a href="/wiki/Justus_von_Liebig" title="Justus von Liebig">Justus von Liebig</a> states that 'it was indispensable that every substance accessible... should be observed and examined'.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alchemists once thought a key component in the creation of the stone was a mythical <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">element</a> named carmot.<sup id="cite_ref-Burt1885_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burt1885-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anton1999_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anton1999-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Esoteric" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric">Esoteric</a> <a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">hermetic</a> alchemists may reject work on exoteric substances, instead directing their search for the philosopher's stone inward.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though esoteric and exoteric approaches are sometimes mixed, it is clear that some authors "are not concerned with material substances but are employing the language of exoteric alchemy for the sole purpose of expressing theological, philosophical, or mystical beliefs and aspirations".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New interpretations continue to be developed around <a href="/wiki/Spagyric" class="mw-redirect" title="Spagyric">spagyric</a>, chemical, and esoteric schools of thought. </p><p>The transmutation mediated by the stone has also been interpreted as a psychological process. <a href="/wiki/Idries_Shah" title="Idries Shah">Idries Shah</a> devotes a chapter of his book, <i>The Sufis</i>, to provide a detailed analysis of the symbolic significance of alchemical work with the philosopher's stone. His analysis is based in part on a linguistic interpretation through Arabic equivalents of one of the terms for the stone (<a href="/wiki/Azoth" title="Azoth">Azoth</a>) as well as for sulfur, salt, and mercury.<sup id="cite_ref-Sufis54_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sufis54-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Creation">Creation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosopher%27s_stone&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Creation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Magnum_opus_(alchemy)" title="Magnum opus (alchemy)">Magnum opus (alchemy)</a></div> <p>The philosopher's stone is created by the alchemical method known as The Magnum Opus or The Great Work. Often expressed as a series of color changes or chemical processes, the instructions for creating the philosopher's stone are varied. When expressed in colours, the work may pass through phases of <a href="/wiki/Nigredo" title="Nigredo">nigredo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albedo_(alchemy)" title="Albedo (alchemy)">albedo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Citrinitas" title="Citrinitas">citrinitas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rubedo" title="Rubedo">rubedo</a>. When expressed as a series of chemical processes it often includes seven or twelve stages concluding in <a href="/wiki/Multiplication_(alchemy)" title="Multiplication (alchemy)">multiplication</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Projection_(alchemy)" title="Projection (alchemy)">projection</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art_and_entertainment">Art and entertainment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosopher%27s_stone&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Art and entertainment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Alchemy_in_art_and_entertainment" title="Alchemy in art and entertainment">Alchemy in art and entertainment</a></div> <p>The philosopher's stone has been an inspiration, plot feature, or subject of innumerable artistic works: animations, comics, films, musical compositions, novels, and video games. Examples include <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher%27s_Stone" title="Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone">Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone</a>,</i> <i><a href="/wiki/As_Above,_So_Below_(film)" title="As Above, So Below (film)">As Above, So Below</a>,</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Fullmetal_Alchemist" title="Fullmetal Alchemist">Fullmetal Alchemist</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Flash_(2014_TV_series)" title="The Flash (2014 TV series)">The Flash</a> and</i> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mystery_of_Mamo" class="mw-redirect" title="The Mystery of Mamo">The Mystery of Mamo</a>.</i> </p><p>The philosopher's stone is an important motif in <a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a>, and originated in <a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">William Godwin</a>'s 1799 novel <i><a href="/wiki/St._Leon_(novel)" title="St. Leon (novel)">St. Leon</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosopher%27s_stone&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelicall_Stone" title="Angelicall Stone">Angelicall Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_transmutation" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological transmutation">Biological transmutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cintamani" title="Cintamani">Cintamani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupellation" title="Cupellation">Cupellation</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Filius_philosophorum" title="Filius philosophorum">Filius philosophorum</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midas" title="Midas">Midas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Flamel" title="Nicolas Flamel">Nicolas Flamel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_transmutation" title="Nuclear transmutation">Nuclear transmutation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panacea_(medicine)" title="Panacea (medicine)">Panacea (medicine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesis_of_precious_metals" title="Synthesis of precious metals">Synthesis of precious metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Net_(substance)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Net (substance)">The Net (substance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unobtainium" title="Unobtainium">Unobtainium</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosopher%27s_stone&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-apostrophe_position-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-apostrophe_position_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also spelled "philosophers' stone". (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حجر الفلاسفة</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ḥajar al-falāsifa</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">lapis philosophorum</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chrysopoeia_and_argyropoeia-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chrysopoeia_and_argyropoeia_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Chrysopoeia" title="Chrysopoeia">chrysopoeia and argyropoeia</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosopher%27s_stone&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/philosophers-stone">"philosopher's stone"</a>. <i>Britannica</i>. Encyclopedia Britannica. 13 May 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240517170300/https://www.britannica.com/topic/philosophers-stone">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=philosopher%27s+stone&rft.date=2024-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fphilosophers-stone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosopher%27s+stone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHighfield" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Highfield" title="Roger Highfield">Highfield, Roger</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/a-history-of-magic/articles/secrets-of-the-philosophers-stone">"A history of magic: Secrets of the Philosopher's Stone"</a>. <i>The British Library</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201020115117/https://www.bl.uk/a-history-of-magic/articles/secrets-of-the-philosophers-stone">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+British+Library&rft.atitle=A+history+of+magic%3A+Secrets+of+the+Philosopher%27s+Stone&rft.aulast=Highfield&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fa-history-of-magic%2Farticles%2Fsecrets-of-the-philosophers-stone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosopher%27s+stone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeindel1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Heindel" title="Max Heindel">Heindel, Max</a> (June 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rosicrucian.com/frc/frceng01.htm"><i>Freemasonry and Catholicism: an exposition and Investigation</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Rosicrucian_Fellowship" title="Rosicrucian Fellowship">Rosicrucian Fellowship</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-911274-04-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-911274-04-9"><bdi>0-911274-04-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060710013008/http://www.rosicrucian.com/frc/frceng01.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freemasonry+and+Catholicism%3A+an+exposition+and+Investigation.&rft.pub=Rosicrucian+Fellowship&rft.date=1978-06&rft.isbn=0-911274-04-9&rft.aulast=Heindel&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rosicrucian.com%2Ffrc%2Ffrceng01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosopher%27s+stone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdeCormack" class="citation book cs1">Ede, Andrew; Cormack, Lesley. <i>A History of Science in Society: from philosophy to utility</i>. University of Toronto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Science+in+Society%3A+from+philosophy+to+utility&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.aulast=Ede&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Cormack%2C+Lesley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosopher%27s+stone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatai2014" class="citation book cs1">Patai, Raphael (14 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1165547198"><i>The Jewish Alchemists : A History and Source Book</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6366-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6366-2"><bdi>978-1-4008-6366-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1165547198">1165547198</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Alchemists+%3A+A+History+and+Source+Book&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2014-07-14&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1165547198&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-6366-2&rft.aulast=Patai&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1165547198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosopher%27s+stone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinden2010" class="citation book cs1">Linden, Stanton J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/694515596"><i>The alchemy reader : from Hermes Trismegistus to Isaac Newton</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79234-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-79234-9"><bdi>978-0-521-79234-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/694515596">694515596</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+alchemy+reader+%3A+from+Hermes+Trismegistus+to+Isaac+Newton&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F694515596&rft.isbn=978-0-521-79234-9&rft.aulast=Linden&rft.aufirst=Stanton+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F694515596&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosopher%27s+stone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark2015" class="citation book cs1">Mark, Haeffner (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/957227151"><i>Dictionary of Alchemy From Maria Prophetessa to Isaac Newton</i></a>. Aeon Books Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904658-12-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904658-12-2"><bdi>978-1-904658-12-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/957227151">957227151</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230316063543/https://worldcat.org/title/957227151">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Alchemy+From+Maria+Prophetessa+to+Isaac+Newton&rft.pub=Aeon+Books+Limited&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F957227151&rft.isbn=978-1-904658-12-2&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Haeffner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F957227151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosopher%27s+stone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Strohmaier-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Strohmaier_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strohmaier_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrohmaier2003" class="citation book cs1">Strohmaier, Gotthard (2003). "Umara ibn Hamza, Constantine V, and the invention of the elixir". <i>Hellas im Islam: Interdisziplinare Studien zur Ikonographie, Wissenschaft und Religionsgeschichte</i>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. <span class="nowrap">147–</span>150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447046374" title="Special:BookSources/9783447046374"><bdi>9783447046374</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Umara+ibn+Hamza%2C+Constantine+V%2C+and+the+invention+of+the+elixir&rft.btitle=Hellas+im+Islam%3A+Interdisziplinare+Studien+zur+Ikonographie%2C+Wissenschaft+und+Religionsgeschichte&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E147-%3C%2Fspan%3E150&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9783447046374&rft.aulast=Strohmaier&rft.aufirst=Gotthard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosopher%27s+stone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRagai1992" class="citation journal cs1">Ragai, Jehane (1992). "The Philosopher's Stone: Alchemy and Chemistry". <i>Alif: Journal of Comparative Poetics</i>. <b>12</b>: <span class="nowrap">58–</span>77. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F521636">10.2307/521636</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/521636">521636</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alif%3A+Journal+of+Comparative+Poetics&rft.atitle=The+Philosopher%27s+Stone%3A+Alchemy+and+Chemistry&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E58-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F521636&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F521636%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ragai&rft.aufirst=Jehane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosopher%27s+stone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmyard1924" class="citation journal cs1">Holmyard, E. J. (1924). "Maslama al-Majriti and the Rutbatu'l-Hakim". <i><a href="/wiki/Isis_(journal)" title="Isis (journal)">Isis</a></i>. <b>6</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">293–</span>305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F358238">10.1086/358238</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144175388">144175388</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.atitle=Maslama+al-Majriti+and+the+Rutbatu%27l-Hakim&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E293-%3C%2Fspan%3E305&rft.date=1924&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F358238&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144175388%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Holmyard&rft.aufirst=E.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosopher%27s+stone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Briffault" title="Robert Briffault">Robert Briffault</a> (1938). <i>The Making of Humanity</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklynBudd2001" class="citation book cs1">Franklyn, Julian; Budd, F. E. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/648371829"><i>A Survey of the occult</i></a>. London: Electric Book Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84327-087-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84327-087-4"><bdi>978-1-84327-087-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/648371829">648371829</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Survey+of+the+occult&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Electric+Book+Co&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F648371829&rft.isbn=978-1-84327-087-4&rft.aulast=Franklyn&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft.au=Budd%2C+F.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F648371829&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosopher%27s+stone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Major Works ed C.A. Patrides Penguin 1977</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dujols, Pierre, alias Magophon, <i>Hypotypose du Mutus Liber</i>, Paris, Editions Nourry, 1914.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Canseliet, Eugène, <i>L'Alchimie et son livre muet</i>, Paris, Pauvert, 1967.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hutin, Serge, <i>Commentaires sur le Mutus Liber</i>, Paris, Le lien, 1967</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRené2004" class="citation book cs1">René, Guénon (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/46364629"><i>Symbols of sacred science</i></a>. Sophia Perennis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900588-78-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-900588-78-0"><bdi>0-900588-78-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/46364629">46364629</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Symbols+of+sacred+science&rft.pub=Sophia+Perennis&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F46364629&rft.isbn=0-900588-78-0&rft.aulast=Ren%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Gu%C3%A9non&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F46364629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosopher%27s+stone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonkin1998" class="citation book cs1">Donkin, R. A. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=leHFqMQ9mw8C&pg=PA170"><i>Beyond price: pearls and pearl-fishing: origins to the Age of Discoveries</i></a>. American Philosophical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780871692245" title="Special:BookSources/9780871692245"><bdi>9780871692245</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+price%3A+pearls+and+pearl-fishing%3A+origins+to+the+Age+of+Discoveries&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780871692245&rft.aulast=Donkin&rft.aufirst=R.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DleHFqMQ9mw8C%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosopher%27s+stone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVenkatesananda1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Swami_Venkatesananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Venkatesananda">Venkatesananda, Swami</a> (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1FFdOj2dv8cC"><i>The Concise Yoga Vasistha</i></a>. Albany. New York: <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87395-955-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87395-955-8"><bdi>0-87395-955-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/11044869">11044869</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230316063559/https://books.google.com/books?id=1FFdOj2dv8cC">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Yoga+Vasistha&rft.place=Albany.+New+York&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F11044869&rft.isbn=0-87395-955-8&rft.aulast=Venkatesananda&rft.aufirst=Swami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1FFdOj2dv8cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosopher%27s+stone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Theophrastus Paracelsus. <i>The Book of the Revelation of Hermes</i>. 16th century</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_Edward_Waite1893" class="citation book cs1">Arthur Edward Waite (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacred-texts.com/alc/hm1/hm112.htm#page_259">"IX - A very brief tract concerning the philosophical stone"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacred-texts.com/alc/hm1/hm103.htm"><i>The Hermetic Museum</i></a>. Vol. 1. pp. <span class="nowrap">259–</span>270. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220616052736/https://www.sacred-texts.com/alc/hm1/hm103.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2022</span>. <q>Written by an unknown German sage, about 200 years ago, and called the Book of Alze, but now [1893] published for the first time.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=IX+-+A+very+brief+tract+concerning+the+philosophical+stone&rft.btitle=The+Hermetic+Museum&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E259-%3C%2Fspan%3E270&rft.date=1893&rft.au=Arthur+Edward+Waite&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Falc%2Fhm1%2Fhm112.htm%23page_259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosopher%27s+stone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParacelsus" class="citation book cs1">Paracelsus, Theophrastus. <i>Of the Nature of Things</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Of+the+Nature+of+Things&rft.aulast=Paracelsus&rft.aufirst=Theophrastus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosopher%27s+stone" class="Z3988"></span> 16th century</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalomon1743" class="citation book cs1">Salomon, Glass (1743). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/717819681"><i>Philologia sacra : qua totius Vet. et Novi Testamenti Scripturae tum stylus et litteratura, tum sensus et genuinae interpretationis ratio et doctrina libris V expenditur ac traditur</i></a>. J. Fred. Gleditschius. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/717819681">717819681</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230316063551/https://worldcat.org/title/717819681">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philologia+sacra+%3A+qua+totius+Vet.+et+Novi+Testamenti+Scripturae+tum+stylus+et+litteratura%2C+tum+sensus+et+genuinae+interpretationis+ratio+et+doctrina+libris+V+expenditur+ac+traditur&rft.pub=J.+Fred.+Gleditschius&rft.date=1743&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F717819681&rft.aulast=Salomon&rft.aufirst=Glass&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F717819681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosopher%27s+stone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneider1962" class="citation book cs1">Schneider, W. (1962). <i>Lexikon alchemistisch-pharmazeutischer Symbole</i>. Weinheim.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lexikon+alchemistisch-pharmazeutischer+Symbole&rft.pub=Weinheim&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosopher%27s+stone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum</i>. t. XVIII. p. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corpus+Scriptorum+Ecclesiasticorum+Latinorum&rft.place=t.+XVIII&rft.pages=24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosopher%27s+stone" class="Z3988"></span> as cited in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJung" class="citation book cs1">Jung, C. G. <i>Roots of Consciousness</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roots+of+Consciousness&rft.aulast=Jung&rft.aufirst=C.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosopher%27s+stone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Line 744 in Thomas Norton's The Ordinal of Alchemy by John Rediry. The Early English Text Society no. 272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As used, for example, by <a href="#CITEREFPrincipe2013">Principe 2013</a> (<span title="Latin-language romanization"><i lang="la-Latn">passim</i></span>, see the pages referenced in the index, p. 278).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Read "From Alchemy to Chemistry" p.29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_German_Sage_1423-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-A_German_Sage_1423_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A German Sage. <i>A Tract of Great Price Concerning the Philosophical Stone</i>. 1423.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Frederick Helvetius. <i>Golden Calf</i>. 17th Century.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anonymous. <i>On the Philosopher's Stone</i>. (unknown date, possibly 16th century)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eirenaeus Philalethes. <i>A Brief Guide to the Celestial Ruby</i>. 1694 CE</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles John Samuel Thompson. Alchemy and Alchemists. p.70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNummedalBilak2020" class="citation book cs1">Nummedal, Tara; Bilak, Donna (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://furnaceandfugue.org/atalanta-fugiens/emblem21.html"><i><span></span></i>Furnace and Fugue<i>: A Digital Edition of Michael Maier's </i>Atalanta fugiens<i> (1618) with Scholarly Commentary</i></a>. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. p. Emblem XXI. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-4558-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8139-4558-3"><bdi>978-0-8139-4558-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221015031412/https://furnaceandfugue.org/atalanta-fugiens/emblem21.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Furnace+and+Fugue%3A+A+Digital+Edition+of+Michael+Maier%27s+Atalanta+fugiens+%281618%29+with+Scholarly+Commentary.&rft.place=Charlottesville&rft.pages=Emblem+XXI&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-8139-4558-3&rft.aulast=Nummedal&rft.aufirst=Tara&rft.au=Bilak%2C+Donna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffurnaceandfugue.org%2Fatalanta-fugiens%2Femblem21.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosopher%27s+stone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Leah_DeVun" title="Leah DeVun">Leah DeVun</a>. <i>Prophecy, alchemy, and the end of time: John of Rupescissa in the late Middle Ages</i>. Columbia University Press, 2009. p.118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Read. <i>From Alchemy to Chemistry</i> London: G. Bell. 1957. p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burt1885-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Burt1885_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burt, A.L. 1885. <i>The National Standard Encyclopedia: A Dictionary of Literature, the Sciences and the Arts, for Popular Use</i> p. 150. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J6QRAAAAIAAJ&dq=carmot+philosopher+stone&pg=RA2-PA151">Available online.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191127200721/https://books.google.com/books?id=J6QRAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA151&dq=carmot+philosopher+stone">Archived</a> 27 November 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anton1999-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anton1999_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Sebastian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anton Sebastian">Sebastian, Anton</a>. 1999. <i>A Dictionary of the History of Medicine.</i> p. 179. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85070-021-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85070-021-4">1-85070-021-4</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f70MZLHwvp0C&dq=carmot+philosopher+stone&pg=PA179">Available online.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230316063532/https://books.google.com/books?id=f70MZLHwvp0C&dq=carmot+philosopher+stone&pg=PA179">Archived</a> 16 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanton J. Linden. <i>The alchemy reader: from Hermes Trismegistus to Isaac Newton</i> Cambridge University Press. 2003. p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric John Holmyard. <i>Alchemy</i> <a href="/wiki/Courier_Dover_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Courier Dover Publications">Courier Dover Publications</a>, 1990. p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sufis54-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sufis54_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShah1977" class="citation book cs1">Shah, Idries (1977) [1964]. <i>The Sufis</i>. London, UK: Octagon Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">192–</span>205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86304-020-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-86304-020-9"><bdi>0-86304-020-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sufis&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E192-%3C%2Fspan%3E205&rft.pub=Octagon+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-86304-020-9&rft.aulast=Shah&rft.aufirst=Idries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosopher%27s+stone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTracy,_Ann_B.2015" class="citation book cs1">Tracy, Ann B. (2015). <i>Gothic Novel 1790–1830 : Plot Summaries and Index to Motifs</i>. The University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-6479-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-6479-3"><bdi>978-0-8131-6479-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1042089949">1042089949</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gothic+Novel+1790%E2%80%931830+%3A+Plot+Summaries+and+Index+to+Motifs.&rft.pub=The+University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1042089949&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-6479-3&rft.au=Tracy%2C+Ann+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosopher%27s+stone" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosopher%27s_stone&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (2011). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/456733/philosophers-stone">Philosopher's stone</a>" and "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/13282/alchemy">Alchemy</a>".</li> <li>Guiley, Rosemary (2006). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fkc10_zCBv0C">The Encyclopedia of Magic and Alchemy</a></i>. New York: Facts on File. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-6048-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8160-6048-7">0-8160-6048-7</a>. pp. 250–252.</li> <li>Marlan, Stanton (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsc.duq.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1890&context=etd"><i>The Philosophers' Stone: Alchemical Imagination and the Soul's Logical Life</i></a>. Doctoral dissertation. Pittsburgh, Penn.: <a href="/wiki/Duquesne_University" title="Duquesne University">Duquesne University</a>.</li> <li>Myers, Richard (2003). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oS50J3-IfZsC">The Basics of Chemistry</a></i>. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Publishing Group, USA. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-31664-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-31664-3">0-313-31664-3</a>. pp. 11–12.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pagel" title="Walter Pagel">Pagel, Walter</a> (1982). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wO244WXEBKcC">Paracelsus: An Introduction to Philosophical Medicine in the Era of the Renaissance</a></i>. Basel, Switzerland: Karger Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8055-3518-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-8055-3518-X">3-8055-3518-X</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrincipe2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_M._Principe" title="Lawrence M. Principe">Principe, Lawrence M.</a> (2013). <i>The Secrets of Alchemy</i>. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226103792" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226103792"><bdi>978-0226103792</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secrets+of+Alchemy&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0226103792&rft.aulast=Principe&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhilosopher%27s+stone" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Thompson, C. J. S. (2002) [1932]. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zaBAMNBJHIIC">Alchemy and Alchemists</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zaBAMNBJHIIC&pg=PA68">Chapter IX: "The Philosopher's Stone and the Elixir of Life"</a>. Mineola, NY: Dover Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-42110-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-42110-4">0-486-42110-4</a>. pp. 68–76.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosopher%27s_stone&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greco-Egyptian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agathodaemon_(alchemist)" title="Agathodaemon (alchemist)">Agathodaemon (legendary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chymes" title="Chymes">Chymes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_the_Alchemist" title="Cleopatra the Alchemist">pseudo-Cleopatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Democritus" title="Pseudo-Democritus">pseudo-Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_Trismegistus" title="Hermes Trismegistus">Hermes Trismegistus (legendary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_the_Jewess" title="Mary the Jewess">Mary the Jewess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_of_Alexandria" title="Moses of Alexandria">pseudo-Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostanes" title="Ostanes">Ostanes (legendary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphnutia_the_Virgin" title="Paphnutia the Virgin">Paphnutia the Virgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zosimos_of_Panopolis" title="Zosimos of Panopolis">Zosimos of Panopolis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_alchemy" title="Chinese alchemy">Ancient Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fang_(alchemist)" title="Fang (alchemist)">Fang (alchemist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge_Hong" title="Ge Hong">Ge Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Geng" title="Master Geng">Master Geng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Boyang" title="Wei Boyang">Wei Boyang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Byzantine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olympiodorus_the_Younger" title="Olympiodorus the Younger">pseudo-Olympiodorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanus_of_Alexandria" title="Stephanus of Alexandria">Stephanus of Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synesius" title="Synesius">Synesius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Arabic-Islamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Razi" title="Abu Bakr al-Razi">Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (Rhazes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphidius" title="Alphidius">Alphidius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-khaliqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-khaliqa">pseudo-Apollonius of Tyana (Balīnūs/Balīnās)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artephius" title="Artephius">Artephius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicenna" title="Avicenna">pseudo-Avicenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arfa%27_Ra%27s" title="Ibn Arfa' Ra's">Ibn Arfaʿ Raʾs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Umayl" title="Ibn Umayl">Ibn Umayl (Senior Zadith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Wahshiyya" title="Ibn Wahshiyya">Ibn Waḥshiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Simawi" title="Al-Simawi">al-ʿIrāqī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Jabir ibn Hayyan">Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (Geber)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_Yazid" title="Khalid ibn Yazid">pseudo-Khālid ibn Yazīd (Calid)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jildaki" title="Al-Jildaki">al-Jildakī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picatrix" title="Picatrix">Maslama al-Qurṭubī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tughrai" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Tughrai">al-Ṭughrāʾī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahrawi" title="Al-Zahrawi">al-Zahrāwī (Abulcasis)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Albertus" title="Pseudo-Albertus">pseudo-Albertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaldus_de_Villa_Nova" title="Arnaldus de Villa Nova">(pseudo-)Arnaldus de Villa Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Geber" title="Pseudo-Geber">pseudo-Geber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ripley_(alchemist)" title="George Ripley (alchemist)">George Ripley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_di_Montanor" title="Guido di Montanor">Guido di Montanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_of_Evesham" title="Hugh of Evesham">Hugh of Evesham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_of_Laz" title="Johann of Laz">Johann of Laz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dastin" title="John Dastin">John Dastin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Roquetaillade" title="Jean de Roquetaillade">John of Rupescissa (Jean de Roquetaillade)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_Salernus" title="Magister Salernus">Magister Salernus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Scot" title="Michael Scot">pseudo-Michael Scot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortolanus" title="Ortolanus">Ortolanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Taranto" title="Paul of Taranto">Paul of Taranto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrus_Bonus" title="Petrus Bonus">Petrus Bonus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">pseudo-Ramon Llull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">(pseudo-)Roger Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taddeo_Alderotti" title="Taddeo Alderotti">Taddeo Alderotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Norton_(alchemist)" title="Thomas Norton (alchemist)">Thomas Norton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Libavius" title="Andreas Libavius">Andreas Libavius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_Valentine" title="Basil Valentine">Basil Valentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Trevisan" title="Bernard Trevisan">pseudo-Bernard of Treviso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Starkey" title="George Starkey">George Starkey (Eirenaeus Philalethes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Dorn" title="Gerhard Dorn">Gerhard Dorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Mercurio_da_Correggio" title="Giovanni Mercurio da Correggio">Giovanni da Correggio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Khunrath" title="Heinrich Khunrath">Heinrich Khunrath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hennig_Brand" title="Hennig Brand">Hennig Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_B%C3%B6hme" title="Jakob Böhme">Jakob Böhme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Baptist_van_Helmont" title="Jan Baptist van Helmont">Jan Baptist van Helmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Rudolf_Glauber" title="Johann Rudolf Glauber">Johann Rudolf Glauber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dee" title="John Dee">John Dee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Maier" title="Michael Maier">Michael Maier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sendivogius" title="Michael Sendivogius">Michael Sendivogius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Jean_Fabre" title="Pierre-Jean Fabre">Pierre-Jean Fabre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Norton_(alchemist)" title="Samuel Norton (alchemist)">Samuel Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Vaughan_(philosopher)" title="Thomas Vaughan (philosopher)">Thomas Vaughan (Eugenius Philalethes)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Homberg" title="Wilhelm Homberg">Wilhelm Homberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung#Alchemy" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Canseliet" title="Eugène Canseliet">Eugène Canseliet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frater_Albertus" title="Frater Albertus">Frater Albertus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulcanelli" title="Fulcanelli">Fulcanelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Anne_Atwood" title="Mary Anne Atwood">Mary Anne Atwood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Alchemical_documents" title="Category:Alchemical documents">Writings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Atalanta_Fugiens" title="Atalanta Fugiens">Atalanta fugiens</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aurora_consurgens" title="Aurora consurgens">Aurora consurgens</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liber_de_compositione_alchemiae" title="Liber de compositione alchemiae"><i>Liber de compositione alchemiae</i> (<i>Morienus</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_the_Silvery_Water_and_the_Starry_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of the Silvery Water and the Starry Earth">Book of the Silvery Water and the Starry Earth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mercy_(alchemical_treatise)" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Mercy (alchemical treatise)">Book of Mercy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Balances" class="mw-redirect" title="Books of the Balances">Books of the Balances</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buch_der_heiligen_Dreifaltigkeit" title="Buch der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit">Buch der heiligen Dreifaltigkeit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cantong_qi" title="Cantong qi">Cantong Qi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chymical_Wedding_of_Christian_Rosenkreutz" title="Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz">Chymical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clavis_sapientiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Clavis sapientiae"><i>Clavis sapientiae</i> (<i>Miftāḥ al-ḥikma</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_consideratione_quintae_essentiae" class="mw-redirect" title="De consideratione quintae essentiae">De consideratione quintae essentiae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerald_Tablet" title="Emerald Tablet"><i>Emerald Tablet</i> (<i>Tabula Smaragdina</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leyden_papyrus_X" title="Leyden papyrus X">Leyden papyrus X</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liber_Hermetis_de_alchemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber Hermetis de alchemia"><i>Liber Hermetis de alchemia</i> (<i>Liber dabessi</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Ignium" title="Liber Ignium">Liber ignium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liber_lucis" class="mw-redirect" title="Liber lucis">Liber lucis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mappae_clavicula" title="Mappae clavicula">Mappae clavicula</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mirror_of_Alchimy" title="The Mirror of Alchimy">Mirror of Alchimy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mutus_Liber" title="Mutus Liber">Mutus liber</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nabataean_Agriculture" title="The Nabataean Agriculture">Nabataean Agriculture</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Norton_(alchemist)" title="Thomas Norton (alchemist)">Ordinal of Alchemy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Papyrus_Graecus_Holmiensis" title="Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis">Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Physika_kai_mystika" class="mw-redirect" title="Physika kai mystika">Physika kai mystika</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosary_of_the_Philosophers" title="Rosary of the Philosophers">Rosary of the Philosophers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutbat_al-hakim" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutbat al-hakim"><i>Rutbat al-ḥakīm</i> (<i>Step of the Sage</i>)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seventy_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventy Books">Seventy Books</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-khaliqa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-khaliqa"><i>Sirr al-khalīqa</i> (<i>Secret of Creation</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretum_Secretorum" title="Secretum Secretorum"><i>Sirr al-asrār</i> (pseudo-Aristotle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirr_al-asrar_(al-Razi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirr al-asrar (al-Razi)"><i>Sirr al-asrār</i> (al-Rāzī)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Splendor_Solis" title="Splendor Solis">Splendor solis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summa_perfectionis" class="mw-redirect" title="Summa perfectionis">Summa perfectionis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suspicions_about_the_Hidden_Realities_of_the_Air" title="Suspicions about the Hidden Realities of the Air">Suspicions about the Hidden Realities of the Air</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turba_Philosophorum" title="Turba Philosophorum">Turba philosophorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Twelve_Keys_of_Basil_Valentine" title="The Twelve Keys of Basil Valentine">Twelve Keys of Basil Valentine</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Compilations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Salomon_Trismosin#Aureum_Vellus" title="Salomon Trismosin">Aureum vellus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Chemica_Curiosa" title="Bibliotheca Chemica Curiosa">Bibliotheca chemica curiosa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Alchemia" title="De Alchemia">De alchemia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Theatrum_Chemicum" title="Deutsches Theatrum Chemicum">Deutsches Theatrum Chemicum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasciculus_Chemicus" title="Fasciculus Chemicus">Fasciculus chemicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musaeum_Hermeticum" title="Musaeum Hermeticum">Musaeum Hermeticum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theatrum_Chemicum" title="Theatrum Chemicum">Theatrum chemicum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theatrum_Chemicum_Britannicum" title="Theatrum Chemicum Britannicum">Theatrum chemicum Britannicum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tripus_Aureus" title="Tripus Aureus">Tripus aureus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Various</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alembic" title="Alembic">Alembic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkahest" title="Alkahest">Alkahest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanor" title="Athanor">Athanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azoth" title="Azoth">Azoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysopoeia" title="Chrysopoeia">Chrysopoeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">Element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digestion_(alchemy)" title="Digestion (alchemy)">Digestion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elixir_of_life" title="Elixir of life">Elixir of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homunculus" title="Homunculus">Homunculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iatrochemistry" title="Iatrochemistry">Iatrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_in_art_and_entertainment" title="Alchemy in art and entertainment">In art/entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnum_opus_(alchemy)" title="Magnum opus (alchemy)">Magnum opus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouroboros" title="Ouroboros">Ouroboros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pill_of_Immortality" title="Pill of Immortality">Pill of Immortality</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Philosophers' stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prima_materia" title="Prima materia">Prima materia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebis" title="Rebis">Rebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spagyric" class="mw-redirect" title="Spagyric">Spagyric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takwin" title="Takwin">Takwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yliaster" title="Yliaster">Yliaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alchemical_processes" title="Category:Alchemical processes">Processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alchemical_substances" title="List of alchemical substances">Substances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemical_symbol" title="Alchemical symbol">Symbols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alchemical_Symbols_(Unicode_block)" title="Alchemical Symbols (Unicode block)">Unicode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suns_in_alchemy" title="Suns in alchemy">Suns in alchemy</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span 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