CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en-US"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8" /><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"NRJS-67a19b13b1208ee00aa",applicationID:"511463069"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1.281.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},217:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>h,gD:()=>b,xN:()=>v});r(860).K7.genericEvents;const n="experimental.marks",i="experimental.measures",o="experimental.resources";var a=r(993);const s=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var c=r(614),u=r(944),l=r(384),d=r(122);const f="[data-nr-mask]",g=()=>{const e={feature_flags:[],experimental:{marks:!1,measures:!1,resources:!1},mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},get feature_flags(){return e.feature_flags},set feature_flags(t){e.feature_flags=t},generic_events:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},harvest:{interval:30},jserrors:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0,level:a.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},performance:{get capture_marks(){return e.feature_flags.includes(n)||e.experimental.marks},set capture_marks(t){e.experimental.marks=t},get capture_measures(){return e.feature_flags.includes(i)||e.experimental.measures},set capture_measures(t){e.experimental.measures=t},capture_detail:!0,resources:{get enabled(){return e.feature_flags.includes(o)||e.experimental.resources},set enabled(t){e.experimental.resources=t},asset_types:[],first_party_domains:[],ignore_newrelic:!0}},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:c.wk,inactiveMs:c.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){s(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(f):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=f:(0,u.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){s(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,u.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,u.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0,elementAttributes:["id","className","tagName","type"]}}},p={},m="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function h(e){if(!e)throw new Error(m);if(!p[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return p[e]}function v(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(m);p[e]=(0,d.a)(t,g());const r=(0,l.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=p[e])}function b(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(m);var r=h(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>d});var n=r(122),i=r(384),o=r(154),a=r(324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0,harvester:void 0},l={};function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!l[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");l[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(l[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(l[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=l[e])}},324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,xv:()=>n});const n="1.281.0",i="PROD",o="CDN"},154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{OF:()=>c,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>l,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,mw:()=>s,sb:()=>u});var n=r(863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),c=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),u=c&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,l=((()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2&&e[1]})(),Date.now()-(0,n.t)())},687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>d,x3:()=>u});var n=r(836),i=r(606),o=r(860),a=r(646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};l(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),g(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function d(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(l(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return g(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),g(e,t)})))}function g(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(990),o=r(371),a=r(646),s=r(607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},l={},d=!1;try{d=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=g(n),c=m(e),l=c.length,d=0;d<l;d++)c[d].apply(a,r);var p=v()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:h,listeners:m,context:g,buffer:function(e,t){const r=v();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!v()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:d?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:d};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function g(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=m(e).concat(t)}function m(e){return n[e]||[]}function h(t){return l[t]=l[t]||e(f,t)}function v(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),l=(0,n.Zm)();l.ee||(l.ee=u)},646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(566).bz)()},566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,bz:()=>a});var n=r(154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}},614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(836),i=r(154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>l,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>d});var n=r(154),i=r(863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function l(e,t){a()[e]=t}function d(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Jt:()=>o,YM:()=>c});var n=r(836),i=r(607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];l(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return l(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,l,d;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],l="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],l],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],l,c);try{return d=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],l,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,d],l,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function l(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log";n.K7.logging},969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{G4:()=>i});var n=r(614);r(860).K7.sessionReplay;const i={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"};n.g.ERROR,n.g.FULL,n.g.OFF},234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(836),i=r(687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>K});var n=r(860),i=r(555),o=r(371),a=r(908),s=r(836),c=r(687),u=r(289),l=r(154),d=r(944),f=r(969),g=r(384),p=r(344);const m=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","recordCustomEvent","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],h=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var v=r(863),b=r(614),y=r(993);var w=r(646),A=r(434);const R=new Map;function _(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,d.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,A.YM)(i),a=new w.y(s.P);a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes;const c=t[r]?.[A.Jt]||t[r];return R.set(c,a),o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",(()=>R.get(c))),i}function E(){const e=(0,g.pV)();m.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,d.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const x={};function N(e,t,g=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const m={};var w=s.ee.get(e),A=w.get("tracer");x[e]=b.g.OFF,w.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{x[e]=t}));var R="api-",E=R+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),j(R,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function k(){}m.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),function(e,t,r={},i=y.p_.INFO){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/logging/".concat(i.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,n.K7.metrics,e),(0,a.p)(y.ET,[(0,v.t)(),t,r,i],void 0,n.K7.logging,e)}(w,e,t,r)},m.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),_(w,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},h.forEach((e=>{m[e]=j(R,e,!0,"api")})),m.addPageAction=j(R,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),m.recordCustomEvent=j(R,"recordCustomEvent",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),m.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,j(R,"setPageViewName",!0)()},m.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,d.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,d.R)(39,typeof e)},m.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,d.R)(41,typeof e)},m.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,d.R)(42,typeof e)},m.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),w.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,d.R)(23,e)}},m[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},m[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,w)},m.interaction=function(e){return(new k).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const T=k.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),g||(0,a.p)(E+"tracer",[(0,v.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,w),function(){if(A.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,v.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw A.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{A.emit("fn-end",[(0,v.t)()],r)}}}};function j(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[r?(0,v.t)():performance.now(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,w),r?void 0:this}}function I(){r.e(296).then(r.bind(r,778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,d.R)(27,e),w.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{T[e]=j(E,e,void 0,g?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),m.setCurrentRouteName=g?j(E,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):j(R,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),m.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,w),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,v.t)(),!1,r,!!x[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,w)},l.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>I()),!0):I(),m}var k=r(217),T=r(122);const j={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},I={};var S=r(284);const O=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let P=!1;function K(e,t={},r,n){let{init:a,info:c,loader_config:u,runtime:d={},exposed:f=!0}=t;d.loaderType=r;const p=(0,g.pV)();c||(a=p.init,c=p.info,u=p.loader_config),(0,k.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,a||{}),function(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");I[e]=(0,T.a)(t,j);const r=(0,g.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=I[e])}(e.agentIdentifier,u||{}),c.jsAttributes??={},l.bv&&(c.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,c);const m=(0,k.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),h=[c.beacon,c.errorBeacon];P||(m.proxy.assets&&(O(m.proxy.assets),h.push(m.proxy.assets)),m.proxy.beacon&&h.push(m.proxy.beacon),E(),(0,g.US)("activatedFeatures",S.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===m.soft_navigations.enabled&&m.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),d.denyList=[...m.ajax.deny_list||[],...m.ajax.block_internal?h:[]],d.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,d),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=N(e.agentIdentifier,n,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=f),P=!0}},374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>u,K7:()=>s,P3:()=>c,XX:()=>i,qY:()=>n,v4:()=>a});const n="events",i="jserrors",o="browser/blobs",a="rum",s={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:i,logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},c={[s.pageViewEvent]:1,[s.pageViewTiming]:2,[s.metrics]:3,[s.jserrors]:4,[s.spa]:5,[s.ajax]:6,[s.sessionTrace]:7,[s.softNav]:8,[s.sessionReplay]:9,[s.logging]:10,[s.genericEvents]:11},u={[s.pageViewEvent]:a,[s.pageViewTiming]:n,[s.ajax]:n,[s.spa]:n,[s.softNav]:n,[s.metrics]:i,[s.jserrors]:i,[s.sessionTrace]:o,[s.sessionReplay]:o,[s.logging]:"browser/logs",[s.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>"nr-rum-1.281.0.min.js",i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.281.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),l=0;l<u.length;l++){var d=u[l];if(d.getAttribute("src")==r||d.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=d;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={296:"sha512-zqOtfbjYsGTkQScey1O8Hh9fA1+m2RFxLpfv7BWqqTivgQ6iM13v6QJ4d5xykyDwx1GoMFmngC4SKpFn6VciYg=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var g=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(g.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=g.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=g.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={374:0,840:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.281.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.281.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(374);var e=i(944),t=i(344),r=i(566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(){this.agentIdentifier=(0,r.LA)(16)}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}recordCustomEvent(e,t){return this.#e("recordCustomEvent",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(217);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var l=i(603);var d=i(687),f=i(234),g=i(289),p=i(154),m=i(384);const h=e=>p.RI&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled");function v(e){return!!(0,m.dV)().o.MO&&h(e)&&!0===(0,s.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}var b=i(389);class y extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,d.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,b.J)((()=>{(0,d.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if(h(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,861));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,d.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(296).then(i.bind(i,103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),t.runtime.harvester.initializedAggregates.push(this.featAggregate),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,d.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,g.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return v(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var w=i(630);class A extends y{static featureName=w.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,w.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(908),_=i(843),E=i(878),x=i(782),N=i(863);class k extends y{static featureName=x.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,x.T,t),p.RI&&((0,_.u)((()=>(0,R.p)("docHidden",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,x.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,E.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,R.p)("winPagehide",[(0,N.t)()],void 0,x.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var T=i(969);class j extends y{static featureName=T.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,T.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t){super(),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,m.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(A),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,l.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,m.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[A,k,j],loaderType:"lite"})})()})();</script> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <meta name='robots' content='index, follow, max-image-preview:large, max-snippet:-1, max-video-preview:-1' /> <style>img:is([sizes="auto" i], [sizes^="auto," i]) { contain-intrinsic-size: 3000px 1500px }</style>  <script data-cfasync="false" data-pagespeed-no-defer> var gtm4wp_datalayer_name = "dataLayer"; var dataLayer = dataLayer || []; </script>  <link rel="preload" href="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/logo.svg" as="image">  <title>Banned in the USA: Beyond the Shelves - PEN America</title> <meta name="description" content="This report on book bans in the 2023-24 school year documents how censorial trends have continued to ripple beyond the shelves." /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://pen.org/report/beyond-the-shelves/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Banned in the USA: Beyond the Shelves - PEN America" /> <meta property="og:description" content="This report on book bans in the 2023-24 school year documents how censorial trends have continued to ripple beyond the shelves." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://pen.org/report/beyond-the-shelves/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="PEN America" /> <meta property="article:publisher" content="https://www.facebook.com/PENamerica/" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-11-01T21:01:21+00:00" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Banned-in-the-USA-2023-2024-Beyond-the-Shelves-Featured-Image.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="720" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@PENamerica" /> <meta name="twitter:label1" content="Est. reading time" /> <meta name="twitter:data1" content="22 minutes" /> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https://pen.org/report/beyond-the-shelves/","url":"https://pen.org/report/beyond-the-shelves/","name":"Banned in the USA: Beyond the Shelves - PEN America","isPartOf":{"@id":"https://pen.org/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https://pen.org/report/beyond-the-shelves/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https://pen.org/report/beyond-the-shelves/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Banned-in-the-USA-2023-2024-Beyond-the-Shelves-Featured-Image.jpg","datePublished":"2024-11-01T12:00:00+00:00","dateModified":"2024-11-01T21:01:21+00:00","description":"This report on book bans in the 2023-24 school year documents how censorial trends have continued to ripple beyond the shelves.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https://pen.org/report/beyond-the-shelves/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-US","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https://pen.org/report/beyond-the-shelves/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://pen.org/report/beyond-the-shelves/#primaryimage","url":"https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Banned-in-the-USA-2023-2024-Beyond-the-Shelves-Featured-Image.jpg","contentUrl":"https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Banned-in-the-USA-2023-2024-Beyond-the-Shelves-Featured-Image.jpg","width":720,"height":480,"caption":"A collection of book spines are fanned out at the bottom against a chalkboard background. The text reads: Banned in the USA 2023-2024 Beyond the Shelves."},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https://pen.org/report/beyond-the-shelves/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https://pen.org/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Reports","item":"https://pen.org/reports/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Banned in the USA: Beyond the Shelves"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://pen.org/#website","url":"https://pen.org/","name":"PEN America","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https://pen.org/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https://pen.org/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://pen.org/#organization","name":"PEN America","url":"https://pen.org/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-US","@id":"https://pen.org/#/schema/logo/image/","url":"https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/cropped-PEN-Logo-Featured-Image.png","contentUrl":"https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/cropped-PEN-Logo-Featured-Image.png","width":512,"height":512,"caption":"PEN America"},"image":{"@id":"https://pen.org/#/schema/logo/image/"},"sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/PENamerica/","https://x.com/PENamerica","https://www.instagram.com/penamerica/","https://www.youtube.com/penamericancenter"]}]}</script>  <title>Banned in the USA: Beyond the Shelves - PEN America</title> <link rel='dns-prefetch' href='//pen.org' /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="PEN America » Feed" href="https://pen.org/feed/" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="PEN America » Comments Feed" href="https://pen.org/comments/feed/" /> <style id='wp-block-site-logo-inline-css'> .wp-block-site-logo{box-sizing:border-box;line-height:0}.wp-block-site-logo a{display:inline-block;line-height:0}.wp-block-site-logo.is-default-size img{height:auto;width:120px}.wp-block-site-logo img{height:auto;max-width:100%}.wp-block-site-logo a,.wp-block-site-logo img{border-radius:inherit}.wp-block-site-logo.aligncenter{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;text-align:center}:root :where(.wp-block-site-logo.is-style-rounded){border-radius:9999px} </style> <style id='wp-block-paragraph-inline-css'> .is-small-text{font-size:.875em}.is-regular-text{font-size:1em}.is-large-text{font-size:2.25em}.is-larger-text{font-size:3em}.has-drop-cap:not(:focus):first-letter{float:left;font-size:8.4em;font-style:normal;font-weight:100;line-height:.68;margin:.05em .1em 0 0;text-transform:uppercase}body.rtl .has-drop-cap:not(:focus):first-letter{float:none;margin-left:.1em}p.has-drop-cap.has-background{overflow:hidden}:root :where(p.has-background){padding:1.25em 2.375em}:where(p.has-text-color:not(.has-link-color)) a{color:inherit}p.has-text-align-left[style*="writing-mode:vertical-lr"],p.has-text-align-right[style*="writing-mode:vertical-rl"]{rotate:180deg} </style> <style id='wp-block-group-inline-css'> .wp-block-group{box-sizing:border-box}:where(.wp-block-group.wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained){position:relative} </style> <style id='wp-block-columns-inline-css'> .wp-block-columns{align-items:normal!important;box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap!important}@media (min-width:782px){.wp-block-columns{flex-wrap:nowrap!important}}.wp-block-columns.are-vertically-aligned-top{align-items:flex-start}.wp-block-columns.are-vertically-aligned-center{align-items:center}.wp-block-columns.are-vertically-aligned-bottom{align-items:flex-end}@media (max-width:781px){.wp-block-columns:not(.is-not-stacked-on-mobile)>.wp-block-column{flex-basis:100%!important}}@media (min-width:782px){.wp-block-columns:not(.is-not-stacked-on-mobile)>.wp-block-column{flex-basis:0;flex-grow:1}.wp-block-columns:not(.is-not-stacked-on-mobile)>.wp-block-column[style*=flex-basis]{flex-grow:0}}.wp-block-columns.is-not-stacked-on-mobile{flex-wrap:nowrap!important}.wp-block-columns.is-not-stacked-on-mobile>.wp-block-column{flex-basis:0;flex-grow:1}.wp-block-columns.is-not-stacked-on-mobile>.wp-block-column[style*=flex-basis]{flex-grow:0}:where(.wp-block-columns){margin-bottom:1.75em}:where(.wp-block-columns.has-background){padding:1.25em 2.375em}.wp-block-column{flex-grow:1;min-width:0;overflow-wrap:break-word;word-break:break-word}.wp-block-column.is-vertically-aligned-top{align-self:flex-start}.wp-block-column.is-vertically-aligned-center{align-self:center}.wp-block-column.is-vertically-aligned-bottom{align-self:flex-end}.wp-block-column.is-vertically-aligned-stretch{align-self:stretch}.wp-block-column.is-vertically-aligned-bottom,.wp-block-column.is-vertically-aligned-center,.wp-block-column.is-vertically-aligned-top{width:100%} </style> <style id='wp-block-search-inline-css'> .wp-block-search__button{margin-left:10px;word-break:normal}.wp-block-search__button.has-icon{line-height:0}.wp-block-search__button svg{height:1.25em;min-height:24px;min-width:24px;width:1.25em;fill:currentColor;vertical-align:text-bottom}:where(.wp-block-search__button){border:1px solid #ccc;padding:6px 10px}.wp-block-search__inside-wrapper{display:flex;flex:auto;flex-wrap:nowrap;max-width:100%}.wp-block-search__label{width:100%}.wp-block-search__input{appearance:none;border:1px solid #949494;flex-grow:1;margin-left:0;margin-right:0;min-width:3rem;padding:8px;text-decoration:unset!important}.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only .wp-block-search__button{flex-shrink:0;margin-left:0;max-width:100%}.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only .wp-block-search__button[aria-expanded=true]{max-width:calc(100% - 100px)}.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper{min-width:0!important;transition-property:width}.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only .wp-block-search__input{flex-basis:100%;transition-duration:.3s}.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only.wp-block-search__searchfield-hidden,.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only.wp-block-search__searchfield-hidden .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper{overflow:hidden}.wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only.wp-block-search__searchfield-hidden .wp-block-search__input{border-left-width:0!important;border-right-width:0!important;flex-basis:0;flex-grow:0;margin:0;min-width:0!important;padding-left:0!important;padding-right:0!important;width:0!important}:where(.wp-block-search__input){font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;letter-spacing:inherit;line-height:inherit;text-transform:inherit}:where(.wp-block-search__button-inside .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper){border:1px solid #949494;box-sizing:border-box;padding:4px}:where(.wp-block-search__button-inside .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper) .wp-block-search__input{border:none;border-radius:0;padding:0 4px}:where(.wp-block-search__button-inside .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper) .wp-block-search__input:focus{outline:none}:where(.wp-block-search__button-inside .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper) :where(.wp-block-search__button){padding:4px 8px}.wp-block-search.aligncenter .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper{margin:auto}.wp-block[data-align=right] .wp-block-search.wp-block-search__button-only .wp-block-search__inside-wrapper{float:right} </style> <style id='wp-block-post-title-inline-css'> .wp-block-post-title{box-sizing:border-box;word-break:break-word}.wp-block-post-title :where(a){display:inline-block;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit;font-style:inherit;font-weight:inherit;letter-spacing:inherit;line-height:inherit;text-decoration:inherit} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-image-css' href='https://pen.org/wp-includes/blocks/image/style.min.css?ver=6.7.1' media='all' /> <style id='wp-block-post-date-inline-css'> .wp-block-post-date{box-sizing:border-box} </style> <style id='wp-block-heading-inline-css'> h1.has-background,h2.has-background,h3.has-background,h4.has-background,h5.has-background,h6.has-background{padding:1.25em 2.375em}h1.has-text-align-left[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-lr]),h1.has-text-align-right[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-rl]),h2.has-text-align-left[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-lr]),h2.has-text-align-right[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-rl]),h3.has-text-align-left[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-lr]),h3.has-text-align-right[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-rl]),h4.has-text-align-left[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-lr]),h4.has-text-align-right[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-rl]),h5.has-text-align-left[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-lr]),h5.has-text-align-right[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-rl]),h6.has-text-align-left[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-lr]),h6.has-text-align-right[style*=writing-mode]:where([style*=vertical-rl]){rotate:180deg} </style> <style id='wp-block-separator-inline-css'> @charset "UTF-8";.wp-block-separator{border:none;border-top:2px solid}:root :where(.wp-block-separator.is-style-dots){height:auto;line-height:1;text-align:center}:root :where(.wp-block-separator.is-style-dots):before{color:currentColor;content:"···";font-family:serif;font-size:1.5em;letter-spacing:2em;padding-left:2em}.wp-block-separator.is-style-dots{background:none!important;border:none!important} </style> <style id='wp-block-list-inline-css'> ol,ul{box-sizing:border-box}:root :where(.wp-block-list.has-background){padding:1.25em 2.375em} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-table-css' href='https://pen.org/wp-includes/blocks/table/style.min.css?ver=6.7.1' media='all' /> <style id='wp-block-post-content-inline-css'> .wp-block-post-content{display:flow-root} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-social-links-css' href='https://pen.org/wp-includes/blocks/social-links/style.min.css?ver=6.7.1' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-block-library-css' href='https://pen.org/wp-includes/css/dist/block-library/common.min.css?ver=6.7.1' media='all' /> <style id='global-styles-inline-css'> :root{--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--square: 1;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--4-3: 4/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-4: 3/4;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--3-2: 3/2;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--2-3: 2/3;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--16-9: 16/9;--wp--preset--aspect-ratio--9-16: 9/16;--wp--preset--color--black: var(--pen-color-black);--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray: #abb8c3;--wp--preset--color--white: var(--pen-color-white);--wp--preset--color--pale-pink: #f78da7;--wp--preset--color--vivid-red: #cf2e2e;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange: #ff6900;--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber: #fcb900;--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan: #7bdcb5;--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan: #00d084;--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue: #8ed1fc;--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue: #0693e3;--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple: #9b51e0;--wp--preset--color--purple: var(--pen-color-purple-light);--wp--preset--color--purple-medium: var(--pen-color-purple-med);--wp--preset--color--purple-dark: var(--pen-color-purple-dark);--wp--preset--color--red: var(--pen-color-red);--wp--preset--color--grey-light: var(--pen-color-gray-light);--wp--preset--color--grey-medium: var(--pen-color-gray-med);--wp--preset--color--grey-dark: var(--pen-color-gray-dark);--wp--preset--color--blue: var(--pen-color-primary);--wp--preset--color--orange: var(--pen-color-orange);--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(6,147,227,1) 0%,rgb(155,81,224) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(122,220,180) 0%,rgb(0,208,130) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(252,185,0,1) 0%,rgba(255,105,0,1) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red: linear-gradient(135deg,rgba(255,105,0,1) 0%,rgb(207,46,46) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(238,238,238) 0%,rgb(169,184,195) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(74,234,220) 0%,rgb(151,120,209) 20%,rgb(207,42,186) 40%,rgb(238,44,130) 60%,rgb(251,105,98) 80%,rgb(254,248,76) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,206,236) 0%,rgb(152,150,240) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(254,205,165) 0%,rgb(254,45,45) 50%,rgb(107,0,62) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,203,112) 0%,rgb(199,81,192) 50%,rgb(65,88,208) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(255,245,203) 0%,rgb(182,227,212) 50%,rgb(51,167,181) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(202,248,128) 0%,rgb(113,206,126) 100%);--wp--preset--gradient--midnight: linear-gradient(135deg,rgb(2,3,129) 0%,rgb(40,116,252) 100%);--wp--preset--font-size--small: 13px;--wp--preset--font-size--medium: 20px;--wp--preset--font-size--large: 36px;--wp--preset--font-size--x-large: 42px;--wp--preset--font-size--body-small: var(--pen-font-size-6);--wp--preset--font-size--body: var(--pen-font-size-5);--wp--preset--font-size--body-large: var(--pen-font-size-4);--wp--preset--font-size--body-extra-large: var(--pen-font-size-display-2);--wp--preset--font-size--heading-3: var(--pen-font-size-3);--wp--preset--font-size--heading-2: var(--pen-font-size-2);--wp--preset--font-size--heading-1: var(--pen-font-size-1);--wp--preset--font-family--body: var(--pen-font-family-base);--wp--preset--font-family--heading: var(--pen-font-family-bold);--wp--preset--spacing--20: 0.44rem;--wp--preset--spacing--30: 0.67rem;--wp--preset--spacing--40: 1rem;--wp--preset--spacing--50: 1.5rem;--wp--preset--spacing--60: 2.25rem;--wp--preset--spacing--70: 3.38rem;--wp--preset--spacing--80: 5.06rem;--wp--preset--spacing--10-small: var(--pen-block-element-small-gap);--wp--preset--spacing--20-standard: var(--pen-block-element-standard-gap);--wp--preset--spacing--30-medium: var(--pen-block-element-medium-gap);--wp--preset--spacing--40-large: var(--pen-block-element-large-gap);--wp--preset--spacing--50-section: var(--pen-container-horizontal-gap);--wp--preset--spacing--80-section: var(--pen-container-extra-large);--wp--preset--shadow--natural: 6px 6px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--deep: 12px 12px 50px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4);--wp--preset--shadow--sharp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2);--wp--preset--shadow--outlined: 6px 6px 0px -3px rgba(255, 255, 255, 1), 6px 6px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--preset--shadow--crisp: 6px 6px 0px rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);--wp--custom--color--background: var(--wp--preset--color--white);--wp--custom--color--border: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-dark);--wp--custom--color--button: var(--wp--preset--color--blue);--wp--custom--color--button-secondary: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-light);--wp--custom--color--button-text: var(--wp--preset--color--snow);--wp--custom--color--text-inverted: var(--wp--preset--color--white);--wp--custom--color--text-standard: var(--wp--preset--color--black);--wp--custom--color--text-purple: var(--wp--preset--color--purple);--wp--custom--color--text-purple-dark: var(--wp--preset--color--purple-dark);--wp--custom--color--text-red: var(--wp--preset--color--red);--wp--custom--color--text-blue: var(--wp--preset--color--blue);--wp--custom--font-families--body: var(--pen-font-family-base);--wp--custom--font-families--heading: var(--pen-font-family-bold);--wp--custom--line-height--body: var(--pen-line-height-base);--wp--custom--line-height--heading: var(--pen-heading-line-height);--wp--custom--spacing--body-padding: var(--pen-global-padding-gap);}.wp-block-heading{--wp--preset--color--standard: var(--wp--custom--color--text-standard);--wp--preset--color--inverted: var(--wp--custom--color--text-inverted);--wp--preset--color--purple-dark: var(--wp--custom--color--text-purple-dark);--wp--preset--color--blue: var(--wp--custom--color--text-blue);--wp--preset--color--red: var(--wp--custom--color--text-red);}p{--wp--preset--color--standard: var(--wp--custom--color--text-standard);--wp--preset--color--inverted: var(--wp--custom--color--text-inverted);--wp--preset--color--purple: var(--wp--custom--color--text-purple);--wp--preset--color--purple-dark: var(--wp--custom--color--text-purple-dark);--wp--preset--color--blue: var(--wp--custom--color--text-blue);--wp--preset--color--red: var(--wp--custom--color--text-red);}.wp-block-post-title{--wp--preset--color--standard: var(--wp--custom--color--text-standard);--wp--preset--color--inverted: var(--wp--custom--color--text-inverted);--wp--preset--color--purple-dark: var(--wp--custom--color--text-purple-dark);--wp--preset--color--blue: var(--wp--custom--color--text-blue);--wp--preset--color--red: var(--wp--custom--color--text-red);}:root { --wp--style--global--content-size: var(--pen-max-container-width-padded);--wp--style--global--wide-size: var(--pen-wide-width-padded); }:where(body) { margin: 0; }.wp-site-blocks { padding-top: var(--wp--style--root--padding-top); padding-bottom: var(--wp--style--root--padding-bottom); }.has-global-padding { padding-right: var(--wp--style--root--padding-right); padding-left: var(--wp--style--root--padding-left); }.has-global-padding > .alignfull { margin-right: calc(var(--wp--style--root--padding-right) * -1); margin-left: calc(var(--wp--style--root--padding-left) * -1); }.has-global-padding :where(:not(.alignfull.is-layout-flow) > .has-global-padding:not(.wp-block-block, .alignfull)) { padding-right: 0; padding-left: 0; }.has-global-padding :where(:not(.alignfull.is-layout-flow) > .has-global-padding:not(.wp-block-block, .alignfull)) > .alignfull { margin-left: 0; margin-right: 0; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignleft { float: left; margin-right: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .alignright { float: right; margin-left: 2em; }.wp-site-blocks > .aligncenter { justify-content: center; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > * { margin-block-start: var(--wp--preset--spacing--50-section); margin-block-end: 0; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > :first-child { margin-block-start: 0; }:where(.wp-site-blocks) > :last-child { margin-block-end: 0; }:root { --wp--style--block-gap: var(--wp--preset--spacing--50-section); }:root :where(.is-layout-flow) > :first-child{margin-block-start: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-flow) > :last-child{margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-flow) > *{margin-block-start: var(--wp--preset--spacing--50-section);margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-constrained) > :first-child{margin-block-start: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-constrained) > :last-child{margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-constrained) > *{margin-block-start: var(--wp--preset--spacing--50-section);margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.is-layout-flex){gap: var(--wp--preset--spacing--50-section);}:root :where(.is-layout-grid){gap: var(--wp--preset--spacing--50-section);}.is-layout-flow > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-flow > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-flow > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignleft{float: left;margin-inline-start: 0;margin-inline-end: 2em;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignright{float: right;margin-inline-start: 2em;margin-inline-end: 0;}.is-layout-constrained > .aligncenter{margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width: var(--wp--style--global--content-size);margin-left: auto !important;margin-right: auto !important;}.is-layout-constrained > .alignwide{max-width: var(--wp--style--global--wide-size);}body .is-layout-flex{display: flex;}.is-layout-flex{flex-wrap: wrap;align-items: center;}.is-layout-flex > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body .is-layout-grid{display: grid;}.is-layout-grid > :is(*, div){margin: 0;}body{background-color: var(--wp--custom--color--background);color: var(--wp--custom--color--text-standard);font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--body);margin-top: 0;margin-right: 0;margin-bottom: 0;margin-left: 0;--wp--style--root--padding-top: 0;--wp--style--root--padding-right: var(--pen-global-padding-gap);--wp--style--root--padding-bottom: 0;--wp--style--root--padding-left: var(--pen-global-padding-gap);}a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){text-decoration: underline;}h1{font-family: var(--wp--custom--font-families--heading);font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--heading-1);line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--heading);}h2{font-family: var(--wp--custom--font-families--heading);font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--heading-2);line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--heading);}h3{font-family: var(--wp--custom--font-families--heading);font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--heading-3);line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--heading);}h4{font-family: var(--wp--custom--font-families--heading);font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--body-large);line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--heading);}h5{font-family: var(--wp--custom--font-families--heading);font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--body);line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--heading);}h6{font-family: var(--wp--custom--font-families--heading);font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--body-small);line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--heading);}:root :where(.wp-element-button, .wp-block-button__link){background-color: #32373c;border-width: 0;color: #fff;font-family: inherit;font-size: inherit;line-height: inherit;padding: calc(0.667em + 2px) calc(1.333em + 2px);text-decoration: none;}.has-black-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--purple) !important;}.has-purple-medium-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--purple-medium) !important;}.has-purple-dark-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--purple-dark) !important;}.has-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--red) !important;}.has-grey-light-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-light) !important;}.has-grey-medium-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-medium) !important;}.has-grey-dark-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-dark) !important;}.has-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue) !important;}.has-orange-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--orange) !important;}.has-black-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--purple) !important;}.has-purple-medium-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--purple-medium) !important;}.has-purple-dark-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--purple-dark) !important;}.has-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--red) !important;}.has-grey-light-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-light) !important;}.has-grey-medium-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-medium) !important;}.has-grey-dark-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-dark) !important;}.has-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue) !important;}.has-orange-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--orange) !important;}.has-black-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black) !important;}.has-cyan-bluish-gray-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-white-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--white) !important;}.has-pale-pink-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-pink) !important;}.has-vivid-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-red) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--luminous-vivid-amber) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--light-green-cyan) !important;}.has-vivid-green-cyan-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-pale-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--pale-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-cyan-blue) !important;}.has-vivid-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--vivid-purple) !important;}.has-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--purple) !important;}.has-purple-medium-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--purple-medium) !important;}.has-purple-dark-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--purple-dark) !important;}.has-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--red) !important;}.has-grey-light-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-light) !important;}.has-grey-medium-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-medium) !important;}.has-grey-dark-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--grey-dark) !important;}.has-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue) !important;}.has-orange-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--orange) !important;}.has-vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--vivid-cyan-blue-to-vivid-purple) !important;}.has-light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--light-green-cyan-to-vivid-green-cyan) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-amber-to-luminous-vivid-orange) !important;}.has-luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-vivid-orange-to-vivid-red) !important;}.has-very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--very-light-gray-to-cyan-bluish-gray) !important;}.has-cool-to-warm-spectrum-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--cool-to-warm-spectrum) !important;}.has-blush-light-purple-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-light-purple) !important;}.has-blush-bordeaux-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--blush-bordeaux) !important;}.has-luminous-dusk-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--luminous-dusk) !important;}.has-pale-ocean-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--pale-ocean) !important;}.has-electric-grass-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--electric-grass) !important;}.has-midnight-gradient-background{background: var(--wp--preset--gradient--midnight) !important;}.has-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--small) !important;}.has-medium-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--medium) !important;}.has-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--large) !important;}.has-x-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--x-large) !important;}.has-body-small-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--body-small) !important;}.has-body-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--body) !important;}.has-body-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--body-large) !important;}.has-body-extra-large-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--body-extra-large) !important;}.has-heading-3-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--heading-3) !important;}.has-heading-2-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--heading-2) !important;}.has-heading-1-font-size{font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--heading-1) !important;}.has-body-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--body) !important;}.has-heading-font-family{font-family: var(--wp--preset--font-family--heading) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-standard-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--standard) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-inverted-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--inverted) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-purple-dark-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--purple-dark) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--red) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-standard-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--standard) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-inverted-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--inverted) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-purple-dark-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--purple-dark) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--red) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-standard-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--standard) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-inverted-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--inverted) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-purple-dark-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--purple-dark) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue) !important;}.wp-block-heading.has-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--red) !important;}p.has-standard-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--standard) !important;}p.has-inverted-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--inverted) !important;}p.has-purple-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--purple) !important;}p.has-purple-dark-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--purple-dark) !important;}p.has-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue) !important;}p.has-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--red) !important;}p.has-standard-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--standard) !important;}p.has-inverted-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--inverted) !important;}p.has-purple-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--purple) !important;}p.has-purple-dark-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--purple-dark) !important;}p.has-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue) !important;}p.has-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--red) !important;}p.has-standard-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--standard) !important;}p.has-inverted-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--inverted) !important;}p.has-purple-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--purple) !important;}p.has-purple-dark-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--purple-dark) !important;}p.has-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue) !important;}p.has-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--red) !important;}.wp-block-post-title.has-standard-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--standard) !important;}.wp-block-post-title.has-inverted-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--inverted) !important;}.wp-block-post-title.has-purple-dark-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--purple-dark) !important;}.wp-block-post-title.has-blue-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue) !important;}.wp-block-post-title.has-red-color{color: var(--wp--preset--color--red) !important;}.wp-block-post-title.has-standard-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--standard) !important;}.wp-block-post-title.has-inverted-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--inverted) !important;}.wp-block-post-title.has-purple-dark-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--purple-dark) !important;}.wp-block-post-title.has-blue-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue) !important;}.wp-block-post-title.has-red-background-color{background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--red) !important;}.wp-block-post-title.has-standard-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--standard) !important;}.wp-block-post-title.has-inverted-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--inverted) !important;}.wp-block-post-title.has-purple-dark-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--purple-dark) !important;}.wp-block-post-title.has-blue-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--blue) !important;}.wp-block-post-title.has-red-border-color{border-color: var(--wp--preset--color--red) !important;} :root :where(.wp-block-group){padding-top: var(--wp--preset--spacing--50-section);padding-right: var(--pen-global-padding-gap);padding-bottom: var(--wp--preset--spacing--50-section);padding-left: var(--pen-global-padding-gap);}:root :where(.wp-block-group-is-layout-flow) > :first-child{margin-block-start: 0;}:root :where(.wp-block-group-is-layout-flow) > :last-child{margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.wp-block-group-is-layout-flow) > *{margin-block-start: var(--wp--preset--spacing--50-section);margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained) > :first-child{margin-block-start: 0;}:root :where(.wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained) > :last-child{margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained) > *{margin-block-start: var(--wp--preset--spacing--50-section);margin-block-end: 0;}:root :where(.wp-block-group-is-layout-flex){gap: var(--wp--preset--spacing--50-section);}:root :where(.wp-block-group-is-layout-grid){gap: var(--wp--preset--spacing--50-section);} :root :where(.wp-block-heading){color: inherit;margin-top: 0;margin-bottom: var(--pen-block-element-margin-bottom);} :root :where(.wp-block-post-title){color: inherit;font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--heading-1);margin-top: 0;margin-bottom: var(--pen-block-element-margin-bottom);} :root :where(.wp-block-list){font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--body);line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--body);margin-top: 0;margin-bottom: var(--pen-block-element-margin-bottom);} :root :where(p){font-size: var(--wp--preset--font-size--body);line-height: var(--wp--custom--line-height--body);margin-top: 0;margin-bottom: var(--pen-block-element-margin-bottom);} :root :where(.wp-block-separator){background-color: var(--wp--custom--color--border);color: var(--wp--custom--color--border);} :root :where(.wp-block-pen-america-hero){background-color: var(--wp--preset--color--black);color: var(--wp--preset--color--white);padding-top: clamp(var(--wp--preset--spacing--50-section), 7vw, var(--pen-hero-padding-top));padding-right: var(--pen-global-padding-gap);padding-bottom: clamp(var(--wp--preset--spacing--50-section), 7vw, var(--pen-hero-padding-bottom));padding-left: var(--pen-global-padding-gap);} </style> <style id='core-block-supports-inline-css'> .wp-elements-cfa128994d3ad76bf9c1edc5c4580f8c a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color:var(--wp--preset--color--white);}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-2 > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width:45px;margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-2 > .alignwide{max-width:45px;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-2 .alignfull{max-width:none;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-2 > .alignfull{margin-right:calc(0px * -1);margin-left:calc(0px * -1);}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-3{flex-wrap:nowrap;justify-content:space-between;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-4 > .alignfull{margin-right:calc(0px * -1);margin-left:calc(0px * -1);}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-2{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-3{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-elements-9b32de5e8c20dc148a384a0a417b8963 a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color:var(--wp--preset--color--red);}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-4{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9 > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width:95%;margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9 > .alignwide{max-width:95%;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9 .alignfull{max-width:none;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-5{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-10 > :where(:not(.alignleft):not(.alignright):not(.alignfull)){max-width:95%;margin-left:auto !important;margin-right:auto !important;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-10 > .alignwide{max-width:95%;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-10 .alignfull{max-width:none;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-6{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-11 > .alignfull{margin-right:calc(var(--wp--preset--spacing--10-small) * -1);margin-left:calc(var(--wp--preset--spacing--10-small) * -1);}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-12{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-13 > .alignfull{margin-right:calc(var(--wp--preset--spacing--40-large) * -1);margin-left:calc(var(--wp--preset--spacing--40-large) * -1);}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-14 > .alignfull{margin-right:calc(var(--wp--preset--spacing--40-large) * -1);margin-left:calc(var(--wp--preset--spacing--40-large) * -1);}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-15 > .alignfull{margin-right:calc(var(--wp--preset--spacing--40-large) * -1);margin-left:calc(var(--wp--preset--spacing--40-large) * -1);}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-10{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-container-core-group-is-layout-16 > .alignfull{margin-right:calc(var(--wp--preset--spacing--40-large) * -1);margin-left:calc(var(--wp--preset--spacing--40-large) * -1);}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-11{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-elements-412b5450d74fb189c1199862c76dbf3f a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color:var(--wp--preset--color--white);}.wp-container-core-social-links-is-layout-1{gap:0 var(--wp--preset--spacing--10-small);justify-content:flex-end;}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-12{flex-wrap:nowrap;}.wp-elements-704e1c8a431a48f22dc4e1d9d77f8261 a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color:var(--wp--preset--color--inverted);}.wp-elements-08bf981d93d8c6959ff22e7108c50cda a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)){color:var(--wp--preset--color--inverted);}.wp-elements-08bf981d93d8c6959ff22e7108c50cda a:where(:not(.wp-element-button)):hover{color:var(--wp--preset--color--purple);}.wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-13{flex-wrap:nowrap;gap:2em var(--wp--preset--spacing--40-large);} </style> <style id='wp-block-template-skip-link-inline-css'> .skip-link.screen-reader-text { border: 0; clip: rect(1px,1px,1px,1px); clip-path: inset(50%); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute !important; width: 1px; word-wrap: normal !important; } .skip-link.screen-reader-text:focus { background-color: #eee; clip: auto !important; clip-path: none; color: #444; display: block; font-size: 1em; height: auto; left: 5px; line-height: normal; padding: 15px 23px 14px; text-decoration: none; top: 5px; width: auto; z-index: 100000; } </style> <style id='dominant-color-styles-inline-css'> img[data-dominant-color]:not(.has-transparency) { background-color: var(--dominant-color); } </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='wp-smart-crop-renderer-css' href='https://pen.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-smartcrop/css/image-renderer.css?ver=2.0.10' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='kanopi-pack-advanced-pullquote-css' href='https://pen.org/wp-content/themes/custom/pen-america/assets/dist/css/advanced-pullquote.786891158bd4e1b28c44.css?ver=1.0.0' media='all' /> <style id='kanopi-pack-buttons-inline-css'> .wp-block-pen-america-buttons{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:var(--pen-global-spacing);--wp--preset--spacing--50-section:25px}.wp-block-pen-america-buttons .blockHandle{width:100%}.wp-block-pen-america-buttons.is-three-up-layout .button{font-family:var(--pen-font-family-base);font-size:1.375rem;justify-content:flex-start}@media (min-width:768px){.wp-block-pen-america-buttons.is-three-up-layout .button{width:calc(50% - 1.045rem)}}@media (min-width:1300px){.wp-block-pen-america-buttons.is-three-up-layout .button{font-size:1.5rem;width:calc(33.3333% - 1.045rem)}}.wp-block-pen-america-buttons.is-layout-constrained a{margin-top:0;margin:0!important}.wp-block-pen-america-buttons.is-layout-constrained.is-content-justification-left{justify-content:flex-start}.wp-block-pen-america-buttons.is-layout-constrained.is-content-justification-center{justify-content:center}.wp-block-pen-america-buttons.is-layout-constrained.is-content-justification-right{justify-content:flex-end}.block-editor-block-list__block .wp-block-pen-america-buttons-is-layout-constrained.has-global-padding{padding-left:0;padding-right:0}.block-editor-block-list__block .wp-block-pen-america-buttons-is-layout-constrained{display:flex;gap:var(--pen-global-spacing)}.block-editor-block-list__block .wp-block-pen-america-buttons-is-layout-constrained.is-content-justification-left{justify-content:flex-start}.block-editor-block-list__block .wp-block-pen-america-buttons-is-layout-constrained.is-content-justification-center{justify-content:center}.block-editor-block-list__block .wp-block-pen-america-buttons-is-layout-constrained.is-content-justification-right{justify-content:flex-end}.block-editor-block-list__block .pen-america-buttons,.block-editor-block-list__block .pen-america-buttons .block-editor-inner-blocks{width:100%}.block-editor-block-list__block .pen-america-buttons .block-editor-inner-blocks a{margin-top:0;margin:0!important} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='kanopi-pack-hero-style-css' href='https://pen.org/wp-content/themes/custom/pen-america/assets/dist/css/hero-style.ae9cdf7d5e0d6d1c9e0b.css?ver=1.0.0' media='all' /> <style id='kanopi-pack-key-findings-inline-css'> .wp-block-pen-america-key-findings{--key-findings-col-gap:1.5rem}.wp-block-pen-america-key-findings .wp-block-columns{gap:var(--key-findings-col-gap)}@media (min-width:782px){.wp-block-pen-america-key-findings .wp-block-columns{--key-findings-col-gap:7.5rem}.wp-block-pen-america-key-findings.block-editor-block-list__block .wp-block-column{bottom:0;opacity:1}}.wp-block-pen-america-key-findings .wp-block-column{--bottom-offset:-20px;--transition:200ms;--transition-delay:250ms}@media (min-width:782px){.wp-block-pen-america-key-findings .wp-block-column{bottom:var(--bottom-offset);opacity:0;position:relative;transition:all var(--transition) ease;transition-delay:0}.wp-block-pen-america-key-findings .wp-block-column.animate-in{bottom:0;opacity:1;transition:all var(--transition) ease;transition-delay:var(--transition-delay)}.wp-block-pen-america-key-findings .wp-block-column.animate-in:nth-child(2){transition-delay:calc(var(--transition-delay)*2)}.wp-block-pen-america-key-findings .wp-block-column.animate-in:nth-child(3){transition-delay:calc(var(--transition-delay)*3)}.wp-block-pen-america-key-findings .wp-block-column.animate-in:nth-child(4){transition-delay:calc(var(--transition-delay)*4)}.wp-block-pen-america-key-findings .wp-block-column.animate-in:nth-child(5){transition-delay:calc(var(--transition-delay)*5)}}@media (max-width:781.9px){.wp-block-pen-america-key-findings h2{font-size:2.125rem}.wp-block-pen-america-key-findings h3{font-size:1.25rem}} </style> <style id='kanopi-pack-progress-bar-inline-css'> .wp-block-pen-america-progress-bar{--wp-preset--font-size--heading-1:var(--pen-font-size-5)}.wp-block-pen-america-progress-bar.block-editor-block-list__block .wp-block-post-title{font-size:var(--pen-font-size-5)}.wp-block-pen-america-progress-bar{background-color:var(--pen-color-black);border-top:1px solid var(--pen-color-white);color:var(--pen-color-white);padding:var(--pen-gap-spacing);position:relative;z-index:5}@media (min-width:768px){.wp-block-pen-america-progress-bar{position:sticky;top:0;z-index:3}.admin-bar .wp-block-pen-america-progress-bar{top:2rem}}.admin-bar .wp-block-pen-america-progress-bar.block-editor-block-list__block{top:0}.wp-block-pen-america-progress-bar .sos-progress-bar-column{align-items:center;display:flex;gap:20px}.wp-block-pen-america-progress-bar .sos-progress-bar-column .wp-block-pen-america-social-share{margin-top:0}.wp-block-pen-america-progress-bar .progress-bar--post-title{font-size:var(--pen-font-size-6);margin:0 0 3px}@media (min-width:992px){.wp-block-pen-america-progress-bar .progress-bar--post-title{font-size:var(--pen-font-size-5)}}.online-sos .wp-block-pen-america-progress-bar .progress-bar--post-title{font-size:var(--pen-font-size-5)}@media (min-width:992px){.online-sos .wp-block-pen-america-progress-bar .progress-bar--post-title{font-size:var(--pen-font-size-4)}}.wp-block-pen-america-progress-bar .wp-block-post-date:before{background-color:var(--pen-color-white)}.wp-block-pen-america-progress-bar .reading-time{align-items:center;display:flex;gap:10px}.wp-block-pen-america-progress-bar .reading-time:before{background-color:var(--pen-color-white);content:"";display:inline-flex;display:inline-block;height:16px;-webkit-mask-image:var(--pen-journal-icon);mask-image:var(--pen-journal-icon);-webkit-mask-size:cover;mask-size:cover;min-width:16px;width:16px}.wp-block-pen-america-progress-bar .social-share-col{display:flex;justify-content:flex-end}.wp-block-pen-america-progress-bar .progressBar{background:#beab62;bottom:0;display:none;height:3px;left:0;position:absolute;width:0}@media (min-width:768px){.wp-block-pen-america-progress-bar .progressBar{display:block}}.online-sos .wp-block-pen-america-progress-bar .progressBar{background:var(--pen-color-ohfm-pink);border-bottom-right-radius:8px;border-top-right-radius:8px;height:8px} </style> <style id='kanopi-pack-report-experts-inline-css'> .wp-block-pen-america-report-experts{background-color:var(--pen-color-gray-lighter);gap:var(--pen-global-padding-gap);padding:var(--pen-global-padding-gap)}.wp-block-pen-america-report-experts,.wp-block-pen-america-report-experts .single-report-expert{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.wp-block-pen-america-report-experts .single-report-experts-title{font-family:var(--pen-font-family-bold);font-size:var(--pen-font-size-5);margin-bottom:0}.wp-block-pen-america-report-experts .single-report-expert,.wp-block-pen-america-report-experts .single-report-expert-header{display:flex;gap:.3125rem}.wp-block-pen-america-report-experts .single-report-expert-thumbnail{height:1.5rem;width:1.5rem}.wp-block-pen-america-report-experts .single-report-expert-designation{flex-basis:100%;font-size:.875rem;margin-bottom:0}.wp-block-pen-america-report-experts .single-report-expert-link{color:var(--pen-color-red);font-family:var(--pen-font-family-bold);-webkit-text-decoration:none;text-decoration:none}.wp-block-pen-america-report-experts .single-report-expert-link:active,.wp-block-pen-america-report-experts .single-report-expert-link:focus,.wp-block-pen-america-report-experts .single-report-expert-link:hover{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='kanopi-pack-map-css' href='https://pen.org/wp-content/themes/custom/pen-america/assets/dist/css/map.544f4aff9321ae6dbaa1.css?ver=1.0.0' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='kanopi-pack-social-share-css' href='https://pen.org/wp-content/themes/custom/pen-america/assets/dist/css/social-share.de2165316a8b87480030.css?ver=1.0.0' media='all' /> <style id='kanopi-pack-table-of-contents-inline-css'> .wp-block-pen-america-table-of-contents{--toc-top-offset:110px;background-color:var(--pen-color-gray-lighter);display:none;padding:var(--pen-global-padding-gap);position:sticky;top:110px;top:var(--toc-top-offset)}@media (min-width:782px){.wp-block-pen-america-table-of-contents{display:block;max-height:calc(95vh - 95px);overflow-y:auto}.admin-bar .wp-block-pen-america-table-of-contents{--toc-top-offset:140px}}.wp-block-pen-america-table-of-contents.block-editor-block-list__block{position:relative;top:auto}.wp-block-pen-america-table-of-contents.unstyled-list ul{list-style-type:none}.wp-block-pen-america-table-of-contents.unstyled-list ul:not(ul ul){padding-left:0}.wp-block-pen-america-table-of-contents ol,.wp-block-pen-america-table-of-contents ul{margin-bottom:0}.wp-block-pen-america-table-of-contents .toc-list{--pen-link-color:var(--pen-color-black);--pen-link-hover-color:var(--pen-color-black);--pen-link-active-color:var(--pen-color-black);--pen-link-text-decoration:none;--link-hover-text-decoration:none;--pen-link-visited-color:var(--pen-link-color);--pen-link-visited-hover-color:var(--pen-link-hover-color);--pen-link-visited-active-color:var(--pen-link-active-color)}.wp-block-pen-america-table-of-contents .toc-list .heading a{color:var(--pen-color-black-light)}.wp-block-pen-america-table-of-contents .toc-list .heading ul{margin-bottom:10px}.wp-block-pen-america-table-of-contents .toc-list .subheading a{color:var(--pen-color-gray-dark)}.wp-block-pen-america-table-of-contents .toc-list a{display:inline-flex;font-family:var(--pen-font-family-base);line-height:1.2;padding:.4rem .75rem .4rem .4rem}.wp-block-pen-america-table-of-contents .toc-list .active>a,.wp-block-pen-america-table-of-contents .toc-list a:hover{background-color:var(--pen-color-gray-dark);color:var(--pen-color-white)}.wp-block-pen-america-table-of-contents .toc-list.numbered{counter-reset:counter 0}.wp-block-pen-america-table-of-contents .toc-list.numbered .heading{counter-increment:counter}.wp-block-pen-america-table-of-contents .toc-list.numbered .heading::marker{content:counter(counter) ". ";font-family:var(--pen-font-family-demibold)}.jump-select-container{background-color:var(--pen-color-gray-lighter);display:block;padding:18px 20px;position:sticky;top:0;width:100vw;z-index:2}body .jump-select-container{margin-left:calc(var(--wp--style--root--padding-left)*-1);margin-right:calc(var(--wp--style--root--padding-right)*-1)}@media screen and (min-width:600px){.admin-bar .jump-select-container{top:46px}}@media (min-width:782px){.jump-select-container{display:none}}h2,h3{scroll-margin-top:100px} </style> <style id='kanopi-pack-statistics-inline-css'> .pen-america-statistics{position:relative}.pen-america-statistics:after,.pen-america-statistics:before{background:var(--pen-color-orange);content:"";display:block;height:4px;width:75%}.pen-america-statistics:after{margin-left:20%} </style> <link rel='stylesheet' id='kanopi-pack-pen-css' href='https://pen.org/wp-content/themes/custom/pen-america/assets/dist/css/pen.117cd3a0f40bf0b3ec71.css?ver=1.0.0' media='all' /> <link rel='stylesheet' id='kanopi-style-css' href='https://pen.org/wp-content/themes/custom/pen-america/style.css?ver=1.0.0' media='all' /> <script src="https://pen.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js?ver=3.7.1" id="jquery-core-js"></script> <script src="https://pen.org/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js?ver=3.4.1" id="jquery-migrate-js"></script> <script src="https://pen.org/wp-content/themes/custom/pen-america/assets/dist/js/advanced-pullquote-script.43b7ee4ebeb0fb7f09e6.js?ver=1.0.0" id="kanopi-pack-advanced-pullquote-script-js"></script> <script src="https://pen.org/wp-content/themes/custom/pen-america/assets/dist/js/social-share-script.23708cbeca2f945cad6d.js?ver=1.0.0" id="kanopi-pack-social-share-script-js"></script> <script src="https://pen.org/wp-content/themes/custom/pen-america/assets/dist/js/key-findings-script.3670ec6a8c08ad2d32b2.js?ver=1.0.0" id="kanopi-pack-key-findings-script-js"></script> <script src="https://pen.org/wp-content/themes/custom/pen-america/assets/dist/js/progress-bar-script.26760c6b0e4ee961b781.js?ver=1.0.0" id="kanopi-pack-progress-bar-script-js"></script> <script src="https://pen.org/wp-content/themes/custom/pen-america/assets/dist/js/statistics-script.5a78e824b83d08e26e9a.js?ver=1.0.0" id="kanopi-pack-statistics-script-js"></script> <script src="https://pen.org/wp-content/themes/custom/pen-america/assets/dist/js/table-of-contents-script.1fba1c973c5844663368.js?ver=1.0.0" id="kanopi-pack-table-of-contents-script-js"></script> <script src="https://pen.org/wp-content/themes/custom/pen-america/assets/dist/js/map-script.f1a8a86a19f98487a7ec.js?ver=1.0.0" id="kanopi-pack-map-script-js"></script> <link rel="https://api.w.org/" href="https://pen.org/wp-json/" /><link rel="alternate" title="JSON" type="application/json" href="https://pen.org/wp-json/wp/v2/report/55079" /> <link rel='shortlink' href='https://pen.org/?p=55079' /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (JSON)" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://pen.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fpen.org%2Freport%2Fbeyond-the-shelves%2F" /> <link rel="alternate" title="oEmbed (XML)" type="text/xml+oembed" href="https://pen.org/wp-json/oembed/1.0/embed?url=https%3A%2F%2Fpen.org%2Freport%2Fbeyond-the-shelves%2F&format=xml" /> <meta name="generator" content="auto-sizes 1.3.0"> <meta name="generator" content="dominant-color-images 1.1.2"> <meta name="generator" content="performance-lab 3.6.1; plugins: auto-sizes, dominant-color-images, embed-optimizer, image-prioritizer, performant-translations, speculation-rules, webp-uploads"> <meta name="generator" content="performant-translations 1.2.0"> <meta name="generator" content="webp-uploads 2.3.0">   <script data-cfasync="false" data-pagespeed-no-defer type="text/javascript"> var dataLayer_content = {"pagePostType":"report","pagePostType2":"single-report","pagePostAuthor":"egalluscio"}; dataLayer.push( dataLayer_content ); </script> <script data-cfasync="false"> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= '//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WWMZLR2'); </script> <meta name="generator" content="speculation-rules 1.3.1"> <meta name="generator" content="optimization-detective 0.8.0"> <meta name="generator" content="embed-optimizer 0.3.0"> <meta name="generator" content="image-prioritizer 0.2.0"> <link rel="icon" href="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/cropped-pen-favicon-150x150.png" sizes="32x32" /> <link rel="icon" href="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/cropped-pen-favicon-300x300.png" sizes="192x192" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/cropped-pen-favicon-300x300.png" /> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/cropped-pen-favicon-300x300.png" /> <link data-od-added-tag rel="preload" fetchpriority="high" as="image" href="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Banned-in-the-USA-Beyond-the-Shelves-Key-Artwork-jpg.webp" imagesrcset="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Banned-in-the-USA-Beyond-the-Shelves-Key-Artwork-jpg.webp 1440w, https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Banned-in-the-USA-Beyond-the-Shelves-Key-Artwork-300x200-jpg.webp 300w, https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Banned-in-the-USA-Beyond-the-Shelves-Key-Artwork-1024x683-jpg.webp 1024w" imagesizes="(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px" media="screen"> </head> <body class="report-template-default single single-report postid-55079 wp-custom-logo wp-embed-responsive group-blog no-js has-hidden-h1 pen-america">   <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-WWMZLR2" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden" aria-hidden="true"></iframe></noscript>  <div class="wp-site-blocks"><header class="site-header wp-block-template-part"> <div class="wp-block-group is-layout-constrained has-white-color has-black-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-cfa128994d3ad76bf9c1edc5c4580f8c has-global-padding wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <div class="wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-4 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0"> <div class="wp-block-columns is-not-stacked-on-mobile position-relative desktop pen--main-nav is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-1 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column logo-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:150px"><div class="wp-block-site-logo"><a href="https://pen.org/" class="custom-logo-link" rel="home"><img data-od-xpath="/*[1][self::HTML]/*[2][self::BODY]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[1][self::HEADER]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::A]/*[1][self::IMG]" width="150" height="55" src="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/logo.svg" class="custom-logo" alt="PEN America" decoding="async" /></a></div></div> <div class="wp-block-column k-display--grid nav-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <button class="k--button menu-toggle" aria-label="Toggle Menu" > <span class="screen-reader-text">Menu</span> </button> <nav id="site-navigation" class="k--navbar" aria-label="Main Menu"> <div class="k--menu" id="menu"> <ul id="primary-navigation" class="k--nav main-menu"> <li class="has-children section-title-type"> <button id="70" class="k--toggle k--anchor section-title" aria-controls="submenu-70" aria-expanded="false" >Issues<span></span> </button> <ul id="submenu-70" class="k--sub-menu"> <li class="k--li-section-title"> <a id="299" href="https://pen.org/us-issues/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor section-title" >U.S. Free Expression </a> <ul id="grandchild-menu-299" class="k--grandchild-menu"> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48457" href="https://pen.org/book-bans/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Book Bans </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48458" href="https://pen.org/campus-free-speech/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Campus Free Speech </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48459" href="https://pen.org/disinformation/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Disinformation </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48460" href="https://pen.org/educational-censorship/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Educational Censorship </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48461" href="https://pen.org/online-abuse-digital-safety/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Online Abuse & Digital Safety </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48712" href="https://pen.org/supporting-journalists/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Supporting Journalists </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="k--li-section-title"> <a id="306" href="https://pen.org/global-advocacy/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor section-title" >Global Free Expression </a> <ul id="grandchild-menu-306" class="k--grandchild-menu"> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="44941" href="https://pen.org/russian-independent-media-archive/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Preserving Russian Independent Media </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48463" href="https://pen.org/writers-at-risk-advocacy/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Writers at Risk Advocacy </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="49295" href="https://pen.org/global-advocacy/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Countries </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="k--li-speaker"> <div class="featured-content"> <img data-od-added-fetchpriority data-od-removed-loading="lazy" data-od-replaced-sizes="auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" data-od-xpath="/*[1][self::HTML]/*[2][self::BODY]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[1][self::HEADER]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[2][self::NAV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::UL]/*[1][self::LI]/*[2][self::UL]/*[3][self::LI]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::IMG]" fetchpriority="low" width="640" height="427" src="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Banned-in-the-USA-2023-2024-Beyond-the-Shelves-Featured-Image.jpg" class="k--image not-transparent" alt="A collection of book spines are fanned out at the bottom against a chalkboard background. The text reads: Banned in the USA 2023-2024 Beyond the Shelves." decoding="async" srcset="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Banned-in-the-USA-2023-2024-Beyond-the-Shelves-Featured-Image.jpg 720w, https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Banned-in-the-USA-2023-2024-Beyond-the-Shelves-Featured-Image-300x200.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" data-has-transparency="false" data-dominant-color="53494a" style="--dominant-color: #53494a;" /><strong>More than 10K Books Banned in the Last School Year</strong><p>Our latest report shows a troubling explosion of book bans with the largest numbers of bans in Florida and Iowa.</p> </div> <a id="55384" href="https://pen.org/report/beyond-the-shelves/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor speaker" >Banned in the USA: Beyond the Shelves </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="has-children default-type"> <button id="291" class="k--toggle k--anchor default" aria-controls="submenu-291" aria-expanded="false" >Events<span></span> </button> <ul id="submenu-291" class="k--sub-menu"> <li class="k--li-section-title"> <a id="38065" href="#" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor section-title" >Signature Events </a> <ul id="grandchild-menu-38065" class="k--grandchild-menu"> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48312" href="https://pen.org/authors-evenings" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default">Authors' Evenings </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="38062" href="https://pen.org/banned-books-week-2024/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Banned Books Week </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48464" href="https://pen.org/annual-literary-awards-ceremony/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Literary Awards Ceremony </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48465" href="https://pen.org/gala/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Literary Gala </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48273" href="https://pen.org/world-voices-festival/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >World Voices Festival </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="k--li-section-title"> <a id="44451" href="https://pen.org/events/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor section-title" >Upcoming Events </a> <ul id="grandchild-menu-44451" class="k--grandchild-menu"> <li class="k--li-default-arrow"> <a id="38821" href="https://pen.org/events/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default-arrow" >View All Events </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="has-children default-type"> <button id="60335" class="k--toggle k--anchor default" aria-controls="submenu-60335" aria-expanded="false" >Literary Programs & Grants<span></span> </button> <ul id="submenu-60335" class="k--sub-menu"> <li class="k--li-section-title"> <a id="38067" href="#" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor section-title" >Literary Programs </a> <ul id="grandchild-menu-38067" class="k--grandchild-menu"> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="60338" href="https://pen.org/fellowships/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Fellowships, Workshops & Trainings </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="60339" href="https://pen.org/prison-and-justice-writing/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Prison and Justice Writing </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="49296" href="https://pen.org/translation-committee/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Translation </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48466" href="https://pen.org/the-writers-room/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >The Writers Room </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="k--li-section-title"> <a id="38068" href="#" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor section-title" >Grants & Awards </a> <ul id="grandchild-menu-38068" class="k--grandchild-menu"> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48467" href="https://pen.org/literary-awards/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Literary Awards </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48469" href="https://pen.org/literary-grants/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Literary Grants </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="46849" href="https://pen.org/us-writers-aid-initiative/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >U.S. Writers Aid Initiative </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="has-children default-type"> <button id="293" class="k--toggle k--anchor default" aria-controls="submenu-293" aria-expanded="false" >News & Resources<span></span> </button> <ul id="submenu-293" class="k--sub-menu"> <li class="k--li-section-title"> <a id="46761" href="#" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor section-title" >Resources </a> <ul id="grandchild-menu-46761" class="k--grandchild-menu"> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="46763" href="https://campusfreespeechguide.pen.org/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Campus Free Speech Guide </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="46767" href="https://pen.org/facts-forward" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default">Facts Forward: Helping Journalists Combat Disinformation </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="46762" href="https://onlineharassmentfieldmanual.pen.org/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Online Harassment Field Manual </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="46768" href="https://pen.org/book-ban-resources" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default">Ways to Fight Book Bans </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default-arrow"> <a id="46769" href="https://pen.org/resources" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default-arrow">See All </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="k--li-section-title"> <a id="38101" href="#" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor section-title" >Browse by Type </a> <ul id="grandchild-menu-38101" class="k--grandchild-menu"> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48471" href="https://pen.org/blog-posts/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Blogs & Commentary </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48480" href="https://pen.org/interviews/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Interviews </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="44450" href="https://pen.org/press-releases/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Press Releases </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="44452" href="https://pen.org/reports/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Reports </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48703" href="https://pen.org/blog-series/pen-america-speaks/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Weekly Roundup </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="k--li-section-title"> <a id="38102" href="#" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor section-title" >Latest Topics </a> <ul id="grandchild-menu-38102" class="k--grandchild-menu"> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="54840" href="https://pen.org/article-type/blog-post/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >All Latest Articles </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="47302" href="https://pen.org/topic/banned-books/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Book Bans </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="47303" href="https://pen.org/topic/disinformation/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Disinformation </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="47335" href="https://pen.org/free-expression-amidst-the-war-between-israel-and-hamas/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Free Expression & the Israel-Hamas War </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48317" href="https://pen.org/topic/global-free-expression/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Global Free Expression </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="k--li-speaker"> <div class="featured-content"> <img data-od-added-fetchpriority data-od-removed-loading="lazy" data-od-replaced-sizes="auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" data-od-xpath="/*[1][self::HTML]/*[2][self::BODY]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[1][self::HEADER]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[2][self::NAV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::UL]/*[4][self::LI]/*[2][self::UL]/*[4][self::LI]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::IMG]" fetchpriority="low" width="640" height="427" src="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/The-Censorship-Horizon-Refining-the-Art-of-Censorship-Featured-Image-2.jpg" class="k--image not-transparent" alt="An art museum gallery with empty picture frames on the walls. A wooden bench sits on the wooden floor. Overlaid text reads, The Censorship Horizon: A Survey of Art Museum Directors." decoding="async" srcset="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/The-Censorship-Horizon-Refining-the-Art-of-Censorship-Featured-Image-2.jpg 720w, https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/The-Censorship-Horizon-Refining-the-Art-of-Censorship-Featured-Image-2-300x200.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" data-has-transparency="false" data-dominant-color="716b63" style="--dominant-color: #716b63;" /><strong>Our Latest Report</strong><p>Learn how the creation and display of art is entwined with the U.S.’s most fraught cultural and political debates.</p> </div> <a id="38445" href="https://pen.org/report/the-censorship-horizon/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor speaker" >Museum Directors Weigh In on the Impacts of Censorship </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="has-children default-type"> <button id="294" class="k--toggle k--anchor default" aria-controls="submenu-294" aria-expanded="false" >About<span></span> </button> <ul id="submenu-294" class="k--sub-menu"> <li class="k--li-section-title"> <a id="38129" href="#" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor section-title" >Who We Are </a> <ul id="grandchild-menu-38129" class="k--grandchild-menu"> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="38128" href="https://pen.org/about-us/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >About </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48482" href="https://pen.org/board-of-trustees/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Board of Trustees </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48483" href="https://pen.org/careers/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Careers </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="47741" href="https://archive.pen.org/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Digital Archive </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="38127" href="https://pen.org/the-history-of-pen/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >History of PEN </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="56856" href="https://pen.org/membership/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Membership </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48481" href="https://pen.org/staff/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Staff </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="k--li-section-title"> <a id="38454" href="#" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor section-title" >Offices & Chapters </a> <ul id="grandchild-menu-38454" class="k--grandchild-menu"> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48488" href="https://pen.org/florida-office/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Florida </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48487" href="https://pen.org/los-angeles-office/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Los Angeles </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48485" href="https://pen.org/new-york-office/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >New York Office </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="60341" href="https://pen.org/pen-across-america/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >PEN Across America </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48486" href="https://pen.org/washington-dc-office/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Washington, D.C. </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="has-children default-type"> <button id="295" class="k--toggle k--anchor default" aria-controls="submenu-295" aria-expanded="false" >Get Involved<span></span> </button> <ul id="submenu-295" class="k--sub-menu"> <li class="k--li-section-title"> <a id="46732" href="#" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor section-title" >Membership </a> <ul id="grandchild-menu-46732" class="k--grandchild-menu"> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="56858" href="https://pen.org/membership/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Become a Member </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="49122" href="https://pen.org/membership/gifting-pen-membership/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Gift a PEN America Membership </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="49468" href="https://pen.org/childrens-and-young-adult-books/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Children’s and Young Adult Books Committee </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="49465" href="https://pen.org/translation-committee/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Translation Committee </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="49466" href="https://pen.org/old-membership/pen-america-writers-schools-committee/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Writers in the Schools Committee </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="k--li-section-title"> <a id="46733" href="#" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor section-title" >Support Free Expression </a> <ul id="grandchild-menu-46733" class="k--grandchild-menu"> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="46478" href="https://pen.org/youngpatrons/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Become a PEN America Young Patron </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48713" href="https://pen.org/2025-support-pen-america-web/?ms=mainwebsitemenudropdown" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Donate Now </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48491" href="https://pen.org/shop-pen-america-originals/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Shop PEN America Originals </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="k--li-section-title"> <a id="38455" href="#" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor section-title" >Newsletters </a> <ul id="grandchild-menu-38455" class="k--grandchild-menu"> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="38492" href="https://pen.org/pen-america-news/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Subscribe to PEN America News </a> </li> <li class="k--li-default"> <a id="48887" href="https://pen.org/subscribe-to-works-of-justice/" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor default" >Subscribe to Works of Justice </a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="k--li-speaker"> <div class="featured-content"> <img data-od-added-fetchpriority data-od-removed-loading="lazy" data-od-replaced-sizes="auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" data-od-xpath="/*[1][self::HTML]/*[2][self::BODY]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[1][self::HEADER]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[2][self::NAV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::UL]/*[6][self::LI]/*[2][self::UL]/*[4][self::LI]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::IMG]" fetchpriority="low" width="640" height="640" src="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/post-Trump-Wins-Join-US-1024x1024.png" class="k--image has-transparency" alt="The Freedom to Read Write Learn Speak" decoding="async" srcset="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/post-Trump-Wins-Join-US-1024x1024.png 1024w, https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/post-Trump-Wins-Join-US-300x300.png 300w, https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/post-Trump-Wins-Join-US-150x150.png 150w, https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/post-Trump-Wins-Join-US.png 1080w" sizes="(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" data-has-transparency="true" data-dominant-color="e8d2d5" style="--dominant-color: #e8d2d5;" /><strong>Join the Fight for Free Expression</strong><p>The next four years could reshape the United States for decades to come. Join us in fighting every day to protect the freedom to write and the freedom to read. </p> </div> <a id="56166" href="https://pen.org/membership" class="k--anchor k--anchor k--anchor speaker" >Join Us! </a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <div class="main-nav-ctas mobile"> <a href="https://pen.org/membership/?ms=joinbuttonmainmenu" class="k--anchor cta-button"> Join </a> <a href="https://pen.org/2025-support-pen-america-web/?ms=mainwebsitemenubutton" class="k--anchor cta-button"> Donate Now </a> </div> <form role="search" method="get" class="search-form" action="https://pen.org/"> <label> <span class="screen-reader-text">Search for:</span> <input type="search" class="search-field" placeholder="Search …" value="" name="s" /> </label> <input type="submit" class="search-submit" value="Search" /> </form> </div> </nav> </div> <div class="wp-block-column cta-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:300px"> <div class="wp-block-group is-content-justification-space-between is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-3 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0"> <div class="wp-block-group main-nav-ctas is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow" style="padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0"> <p> <a href="https://pen.org/membership/?ms=joinbuttonmainmenu" class="k--anchor cta-button"> Join </a> <a href="https://pen.org/2025-support-pen-america-web/?ms=mainwebsitemenubutton" class="k--anchor cta-button"> Donate Now </a> </p> </div> <div class="wp-block-group pen--trigger-search has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-2 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained" style="padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0"> <div class="wp-block-pen-america-buttons pen-america-buttons is-layout-flow wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flow"> <a class="wp-block-pen-america-button button" href="#" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_self"><span class="before-text screen-reader-text">Open </span><span class="text"></span><span class="after-text screen-reader-text"> search</span></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wp-block-group is-layout-constrained pen--main-search has-background has-global-padding wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained" style="background-color:#212529"> <div class="wp-block-group has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"><form role="search" method="get" action="https://pen.org/" class="wp-block-search__button-outside wp-block-search__text-button wp-block-search" ><label class="wp-block-search__label" for="wp-block-search__input-1" >Search:</label><div class="wp-block-search__inside-wrapper " ><input class="wp-block-search__input" id="wp-block-search__input-1" placeholder="Search by topic or person" value="" type="search" name="s" required /><button aria-label="Search" class="wp-block-search__button wp-element-button" type="submit" >Search</button></div></form></div> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content wp-block-post-content has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-post-content-is-layout-constrained"> <div class="wp-block-pen-america-hero alignfull hero__home speech-arrow-color--black is-layout-constrained" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50-section);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50-section)"><div class="hero__home-content is-layout-flow wp-block-hero-is-layout-flow"> <div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-2 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:50%"><h1 class="wp-block-post-title has-body-extra-large-font-size">Banned in the USA: Beyond the Shelves</h1></div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:50%"> <figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized"><img data-od-fetchpriority-already-added data-od-xpath="/*[1][self::HTML]/*[2][self::BODY]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[1][self::FIGURE]/*[1][self::IMG]" data-dominant-color="514a4b" data-has-transparency="false" fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="1440" height="960" src="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Banned-in-the-USA-Beyond-the-Shelves-Key-Artwork-jpg.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-55273 not-transparent" style="--dominant-color: #514a4b; width:450px" srcset="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Banned-in-the-USA-Beyond-the-Shelves-Key-Artwork-jpg.webp 1440w, https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Banned-in-the-USA-Beyond-the-Shelves-Key-Artwork-300x200-jpg.webp 300w, https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Banned-in-the-USA-Beyond-the-Shelves-Key-Artwork-1024x683-jpg.webp 1024w" sizes="(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px" /></figure> </div> </div> </div></div> <section class="wp-block-pen-america-progress-bar alignfull is-layout-constrained is-layout-flow wp-block-progress-bar-is-layout-flow" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0"> <div class="wp-block-columns is-not-stacked-on-mobile is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-3 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex" style="padding-right:0;padding-left:0"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:70%"><h2 class="progress-bar--post-title wp-block-post-title">Banned in the USA: Beyond the Shelves</h2> <div class="wp-block-post-date"><time datetime="2024-11-01T08:00:00-04:00">November 1, 2024</time></div></div> <div class="wp-block-column social-share-col is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:30%"> <div class="wp-block-pen-america-social-share"> <button class="js--trigger-mobile-share mobile-share-button" data-share-url="https://pen.org/report/beyond-the-shelves/" data-share-text="Banned in the USA: Beyond the Shelves" > <span class="is-icon icon-share"></span> <span class="screen-reader-text">Share This</span> </button> <div class="result"></div> <button class="is-style-outline-black button js--trigger-social-share-dropdown" aria-expanded="false"> <span class="is-icon icon-share"></span><span class="share-text">Share This</span><span class="is-icon icon-chevron-down"></span> </button> <ul class="k-block--social-networks-dropdown"><li><a href="https://www.facebook.com/share.php?u=https://pen.org/report/beyond-the-shelves/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="is-icon icon-facebook"><span class="screen-reader-text">Share Banned in the USA: Beyond the Shelves to Facebook</span></span> Facebook</a></li><li><a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=https://pen.org/report/beyond-the-shelves/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="is-icon icon-x"><span class="screen-reader-text">Share Banned in the USA: Beyond the Shelves to X</span></span> X</a></li><li><a href="https://threads.net/intent/post?text=https://pen.org/report/beyond-the-shelves/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="is-icon icon-threads"><span class="screen-reader-text">Share Banned in the USA: Beyond the Shelves to Threads</span></span> Threads</a></li><li><a href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https://pen.org/report/beyond-the-shelves/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer"><span class="is-icon icon-linkedin"><span class="screen-reader-text">Share Banned in the USA: Beyond the Shelves to LinkedIn</span></span> LinkedIn</a></li><li><a href="#" class="copy-button"><span class="is-icon icon-link"><span class="screen-reader-text">Copy Banned in the USA: Beyond the Shelves to clipboard</span></span> Copy Link</a><div class="report-url-for-copy screen-reader-text">https://pen.org/report/beyond-the-shelves/</div><span class="custom-tooltip">Event URL copied to clipboard</span></li></ul></div> </div> </div> <div class="progressBar"></div></section> <section class="wp-block-group alignfull breadcrumbs has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"><div class="yoast-breadcrumbs"><span><span><a href="https://pen.org/">Home</a></span> / <span><a href="https://pen.org/reports/">Reports</a></span> / <span class="breadcrumb_last" aria-current="page">Banned in the USA: Beyond the Shelves</span></span></div></section> <div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-6 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <p>For the last three school years, PEN America has recorded instances of book bans in public schools nationwide. In that time, efforts to erase certain stories and identities from school libraries have not only intensified; book bans have become a bellwether of the chilling of public education writ large. As this report on the 2023-24 school year documents, the last school year was no different, as censorial trends have continued to ripple beyond the shelves.</p> <section style="margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40-large);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40-large);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50-section);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--50-section)" class="wp-block-pen-america-key-findings"> <div class="wp-block-pen-america-statistics pen-america-statistics"> <p class="stats-number has-red-color has-text-color has-link-color has-body-extra-large-font-size wp-elements-9b32de5e8c20dc148a384a0a417b8963">10,046</p> <p class="has-heading-2-font-size">During the 2023-2024 school year, PEN America recorded 10,046 instances of book bans.</p> </div> <p></p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Key Findings:</h2> <div class="wp-block-group has-grey-light-background-color has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-4 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:33%"> <h4 class="wp-block-heading is-style-default"><strong>The 2023-2024 school year recorded the highest instances of book bans and highest number of unique titles banned – over 4,000 unique titles were removed in over 10,000 instances of book bans</strong>.</h4> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:33%"> <h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>In this school year, a greater percentage of books faced more severe bans in 2023-2024 than in previous school years, completely removed from district library collections.</strong> <strong>  </strong></h4> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:33%"> <h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Florida and Iowa recorded the highest number of book bans during the 2023-2024 school year with over 4,500 book bans in Florida and over 3,600 in Iowa. </strong></h4> </div> </div> </div> <p class="has-body-large-font-size" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40-large);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20-standard)"><strong>PEN America analyzed the content of the most commonly banned books this year — books banned in two or more districts (1,091 books), and found the following: </strong></p> <div class="wp-block-group has-grey-light-background-color has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-10 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained"> <section class="wp-block-pen-america-key-findings"> <div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-5 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:33%"> <h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Disproportionate to </strong><a href="https://www.leeandlow.com/about/diversity-baseline-survey/"><strong>publishing rates</strong></a><strong> and like prior school years, books in this prominent subset overwhelmingly include books with people and characters of color (44%) and books with LGBTQ+ people and characters (39%). </strong></h4> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:33%"> <h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Over half (57%) of the banned titles in this subset include sex-related themes or depictions, due to ramped up attacks on “sexual content.” </strong></h4> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:33%"> <h4 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Nearly 60% of these banned titles are written for young adult audiences, and depict topics young people confront in the real world, including grief and death, experiences with substance abuse, suicide, depression and mental health concerns, and sexual violence.</strong></h4> </div> </div> </section> </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="wp-block-columns single-report-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-11 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex" style="margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40-large)"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:25%"> <div class="wp-block-group has-grey-light-background-color has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-11 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained" style="margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--10-small);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--10-small);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--10-small);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--10-small);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--10-small);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--10-small)"> <p><a href="https://pen.org/beyond-the-shelves-three-years-of-book-bans-and-educational-censorship/">Read the director’s note from PEN America’s managing director of U.S. Free Expression Programs, Jonathan Friedman >></a></p> </div> <div class="wp-block-pen-america-report-experts"> <p class="single-report-experts-title">PEN America Experts:</p> <div class="single-report-expert"> <div class="single-report-expert-header"> <span class="single-report-expert-thumbnail"> <img data-od-added-loading data-od-replaced-sizes="(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" data-od-xpath="/*[1][self::HTML]/*[2][self::BODY]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[5][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::SPAN]/*[1][self::IMG]" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" src="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/22-150x150.png" class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail has-transparency" alt="" srcset="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/22-150x150.png 150w, https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/22-300x300.png 300w, https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/22.png 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" data-has-transparency="true" data-dominant-color="a6887b" style="--dominant-color: #a6887b;" /> </span> <a href="https://pen.org/profile/kasey-meehan/" class="single-report-expert-link">Kasey Meehan</a> </div> <p class="single-report-expert-designation">Program Director, Freedom to Read</p> </div> <div class="single-report-expert"> <div class="single-report-expert-header"> <span class="single-report-expert-thumbnail"> <img data-od-xpath="/*[1][self::HTML]/*[2][self::BODY]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[5][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[3][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::SPAN]/*[1][self::IMG]" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" src="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Sabrina-Baeta-scaled-1-150x150.webp" class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail not-transparent" alt="" data-has-transparency="false" data-dominant-color="96938f" style="--dominant-color: #96938f;" /> </span> <a href="https://pen.org/profile/sabrina-baeta/" class="single-report-expert-link">Sabrina Baêta</a> </div> <p class="single-report-expert-designation">Senior Program Manager, Freedom to Read</p> </div> <div class="single-report-expert"> <div class="single-report-expert-header"> <span class="single-report-expert-thumbnail"> <img data-od-xpath="/*[1][self::HTML]/*[2][self::BODY]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[5][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[4][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::SPAN]/*[1][self::IMG]" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" src="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/21-150x150.png" class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail has-transparency" alt="" srcset="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/21-150x150.png 150w, https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/21-300x300.png 300w, https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/21.png 768w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" data-has-transparency="true" data-dominant-color="a28a7f" style="--dominant-color: #a28a7f;" /> </span> <a href="https://pen.org/profile/tasslyn-magnusson/" class="single-report-expert-link">Tasslyn Magnusson</a> </div> <p class="single-report-expert-designation">Senior Advisor, Freedom to Read</p> </div> <div class="single-report-expert"> <div class="single-report-expert-header"> <span class="single-report-expert-thumbnail"> <img data-od-xpath="/*[1][self::HTML]/*[2][self::BODY]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[5][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[5][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::SPAN]/*[1][self::IMG]" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" src="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Madison-Markham-150x150.webp" class="attachment-thumbnail size-thumbnail not-transparent" alt="" srcset="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Madison-Markham-150x150.webp 150w, https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Madison-Markham-300x300.webp 300w, https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Madison-Markham-1024x1024.webp 1024w, https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Madison-Markham-1080x1080.webp 1080w, https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/05/Madison-Markham-jpg-webp.webp 1771w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px" data-has-transparency="false" data-dominant-color="9d928f" style="--dominant-color: #9d928f;" /> </span> <a href="https://pen.org/profile/madison-markham/" class="single-report-expert-link">Madison Markham</a> </div> <p class="single-report-expert-designation">Program Coordinator, Freedom to Read</p> </div> </div> <nav class="wp-block-pen-america-table-of-contents unstyled-list"><ul class="toc-list"></ul><div class="jump-select-container"></div></nav> </div> <div class="wp-block-column entry-content-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow" style="flex-basis:66.66%"> <p>What students can read in schools provides the foundation for their lives, whether we are talking about critical thinking, empathy across difference, personal well-being, or long-term success.</p> <p>But since 2021 a movement to ban books has put students’ freedom to read in jeopardy, advancing extreme conservative viewpoints about what is appropriate and allowable in schools. Through local campaigns and state laws, this movement has placed tremendous pressures on school districts, administrators, librarians, and educators, and impacted an astonishing array of books and subjects, from new picture books or young adult novels to literary classics — from <em>Captain Underpants</em> to <em>Roots</em>, from <em>The Handmaid’s Tale </em>to the Merriam-Webster dictionary. Year after year, this campaign to scrutinize and ideologically control literature in public schools continues to grow; the 2023-2024 school year is no exception.  </p> <p>Book bans, while alarming on their own, are also a bellwether for rising educational censorship that has plagued not only K-12 public schools since 2021, but a range of institutions, including public libraries, colleges and universities. Across these institutions, we have seen a range of policy changes and new state laws, designed to suppress education about certain viewpoints, identities, and histories; namely, concerning people of color, LGBTQ+ people, and sex. This broad campaign uses falsehoods, fear, and hatred to dehumanize, dismiss, and diminish important voices in the public sphere — and these efforts are reshaping American public education.</p> <p>This report provides a snapshot of the 2023-2024 school year, the <a href="https://pen.org/book-bans/book-ban-reports/">third school year</a> PEN America has recorded instances of book bans. This report is the second in a series of reports examining the 2023-2024 school year and confirms and details findings first reported in <a href="https://pen.org/memo-on-school-book-bans-2023-2024-school-year/">September, 2024</a>, namely, that there were more than 10,000 instances of book bans in schools nationwide. </p> <p>This report also includes analysis of the content of the most commonly banned titles and shows how bans have predominantly targeted books with themes related to race, sexuality, and gender identity. We detail how books are increasingly being censored that depict topics young people confront in the real world, including experiences with substance abuse, suicide, depression and mental health concerns, and sexual violence. Forthcoming reports in this series will continue to explore trends over the last three years of educational censorship in public schools.</p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30-medium)">Overview of School Book Bans</h2> <p>From July 2023 to June 2024, PEN America’s <a href="https://pen.org/book-bans/pen-america-index-of-school-book-bans-2023-2024/">Index of School Book Bans</a> recorded 10,046 instances of book bans across 29 states and 220 public school districts. When taken all together, since July 2021, we have recorded 15,940 instances of book bans across 43 states and 415 public school districts. </p> <div style="position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0; padding-top: 52.5000%; padding-bottom: 0; box-shadow: 0 2px 8px 0 rgba(63,69,81,0.16); margin-top: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.9em; overflow: hidden; border-radius: 8px; will-change: transform;"> <iframe loading="lazy" style="position: absolute; width: 100%; height: 100%; top: 0; left: 0; border: none; padding: 0;margin: 0;" src="https://www.canva.com/design/DAGU9y4p9jk/Xi48zU9S-TttYVuLberv9A/view?embed" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" allow="fullscreen"> </iframe> </div> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-dots"/> <div style="position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0; padding-top: 52.5000%; padding-bottom: 0; box-shadow: 0 2px 8px 0 rgba(63,69,81,0.16); margin-top: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.9em; overflow: hidden; border-radius: 8px; will-change: transform;"> <iframe loading="lazy" style="position: absolute; width: 100%; height: 100%; top: 0; left: 0; border: none; padding: 0;margin: 0;" src="https://www.canva.com/design/DAGU913KrsI/k6hbpnSvAoUK0fcRMWuUWw/view?embed" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" allow="fullscreen"> </iframe> </div> <h3 class="wp-block-heading" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30-medium)">What is a School Book Ban?</h3> <p>PEN America defines a school book ban as any action taken against a book based on its content and as a result of parent or community challenges, administrative decisions, or in response to direct or threatened action by lawmakers or other governmental officials, that leads to a previously accessible book being either completely removed from availability to students, or where access to a book is restricted or diminished, either temporarily or permanently.</p> <p>It is important to recognize that books available in schools, whether in a school or classroom library or as part of a curriculum, were selected by librarians and educators as part of the educational offerings to students. <strong>Book bans occur when those choices are overridden by school boards, administrators, or even politicians on the basis of a particular book’s content. </strong></p> <p><strong>Our definition for a book ban has been consistent since we first recorded a public</strong><strong><em> Index of School Book Bans</em></strong><strong> and is intentionally comprehensive, as our guiding principle is access for students and protecting the freedom to read for young people. </strong>When access is diminished and the freedom to read is restricted, even for a short period of time, that is a ban on a book. The passage of time when you’re in 6th grade or 11th grade is unique; it goes by fast. Restrictions on access, as well as the message banning books sends, have long-term implications for students’ learning, wellbeing, and empathy. </p> <p>For the 2023-24 school year, we recorded three types of school book bans: “banned,” which includes books that have been completely prohibited; “banned pending investigation,” which includes books that are pending a review to determine what restrictions, if any, to implement on them; and “banned by restriction” which includes grade-level or school-level restrictions or books that require parental permissions. </p> <p>In prior school years, we recorded “banned from libraries” and “banned from classrooms” as distinct categories to capture when books may be banned in one or the other. As decision-making on book bans is increasingly made at the district-level and to provide a more accurate description of this type of book ban, we collapsed these two categories into “banned by restriction” to report this school year’s data. For a detailed explanation of each type of book ban, visit our <a href="https://pen.org/book-bans-frequently-asked-questions/">School Book Ban FAQ</a>. </p> <p>During the 2023-2024 school year, of the total books banned, 44% were books banned pending investigation and 13% were books banned by restriction. Alarmingly, 43% of book ban cases, or 4,295 bans, were books that were completely prohibited from access – neither pending a review nor available with newly imposed restrictions. These books were decidedly removed and were made inaccessible from a school and/or district’s collection. This is substantially larger than in the prior two school years. In 2021-2022, 333 bans (13% of all bans that year) fell under this category; in 2022-23, this increased to 1,263 bans (38% of all bans that year). </p> <p>For more details, please visit <a href="https://pen.org/book-bans-frequently-asked-questions/">PEN America’s Methodology and Frequently Asked Questions</a> on book bans. You can also visit our prior reports on book bans released in <a href="https://pen.org/banned-in-the-usa/#what">April 2022</a>, <a href="https://pen.org/report/banned-usa-growing-movement-to-censor-books-in-schools/">September 2022</a>, <a href="https://pen.org/report/banned-in-the-usa-state-laws-supercharge-book-suppression-in-schools/">April 2023</a>, <a href="https://pen.org/report/book-bans-pressure-to-censor/">September 2023</a>, <a href="https://pen.org/report/spineless-shelves/">December 2023</a>, <a href="https://pen.org/report/narrating-the-crisis/">April 2024</a>, and <a href="https://pen.org/memo-on-school-book-bans-2023-2024-school-year/">September 2024</a>.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30-medium)">Most Banned Titles</h3> <p>Since 2021, several titles have been banned year after year across public school districts. These titles largely include depictions of sex, or feature LBGTQ+ people and characters, or people and characters of color. The titles are commonly included on lists circulated online by individuals and groups calling for greater restrictions and censorship of books in schools. </p> <p>During the 2023-2024 school year, 19 titles were banned in 50 or more school districts nationwide. The most commonly banned title was <em>Nineteen Minutes</em> by Jodi Picoult. </p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li style="font-style:normal;font-weight:600"><em>Nineteen Minutes</em> by Jodi Picoult</li> <li style="font-style:normal;font-weight:600"><em>Looking for Alaska</em> by John Green</li> <li style="font-style:normal;font-weight:600"><em>The Perks of Being a Wallflower</em> by Stephen Chbosky</li> <li style="font-style:normal;font-weight:600"><em>Sold </em>by Patricia McCormick</li> <li style="font-style:normal;font-weight:600"><em>Thirteen Reasons Why</em> by Jay Asher</li> <li style="font-style:normal;font-weight:600"><em>Crank </em>by Ellen Hopkins</li> <li style="font-style:normal;font-weight:600"><em>Identical </em>by Ellen Hopkins</li> <li style="font-style:normal;font-weight:600"><em>The Kite Runner</em> by Khaled Hosseini</li> <li style="font-style:normal;font-weight:600"><em>The Handmaid’s Tale</em> by Margaret Atwood</li> <li style="font-style:normal;font-weight:600"><em>Water for Elephants</em> by Sara Gruen</li> <li style="font-style:normal;font-weight:600"><em>Tricks </em>by Ellen Hopkins</li> <li style="font-style:normal;font-weight:600"><em>A Court of Thorns and Roses</em> by Sarah J. Maas</li> <li style="font-style:normal;font-weight:600"><em>Empire of Storms</em> by Sarah J. Maas</li> <li style="font-style:normal;font-weight:600"><em>A Court of Mist and Fury </em>by Sarah J. Maas</li> <li style="font-style:normal;font-weight:600"><em>A Court of Wings and Ruin </em>by Sarah J. Maas</li> <li style="font-style:normal;font-weight:600"><em>The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian</em> by Sherman Alexie</li> <li style="font-style:normal;font-weight:600"><em>The Bluest Eye</em> by Toni Morrison</li> <li style="font-style:normal;font-weight:600"><em>The Color Purple</em> by Alice Walker</li> <li style="font-style:normal;font-weight:600"><em>A Court of Frost and Starlight</em> by Sarah J. Maas<br></li> </ul> <figure class="wp-block-pen-america-advanced-pullquote is-style-bracket-color-red is-style-quotes-color-red is-style-bracket-small is-style-animate is-layout-flow wp-block-advanced-pullquote-is-layout-flow" data-sticky-offset="20"> <p class="has-body-font-family" style="font-size:26px;line-height:1.4;text-decoration:none"><em>Having the most banned book in the country is not a badge of honor – it’s a call for alarm. <strong>Nineteen Minutes</strong> is banned not because it’s about a school shooting, but the because of a single page that depicts a date rape and uses anatomically correct words for the human body. It is not gratuitous or salacious, and it is not – as the book banners claim – porn. In fact, hundreds of kids have told me that reading <strong>Nineteen Minutes</strong> stopped them from committing a school shooting, or showed them they were not alone in feeling isolated. My book, and the ten thousand others that have been pulled off school library shelves this year, give kids a tool to deal with an increasingly divided and difficult world. These book banners aren’t helping children. They are harming them.</em></p> <cite class="wp-block-group advanced-pullquote-cite is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-12 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex" style="padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30-medium);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30-medium)"> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full is-resized"><img data-od-xpath="/*[1][self::HTML]/*[2][self::BODY]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[5][self::DIV]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[23][self::FIGURE]/*[2][self::CITE]/*[1][self::FIGURE]/*[1][self::IMG]" data-dominant-color="85786c" data-has-transparency="false" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="720" height="480" src="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Jodi-Picoult-jpg.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-55277 not-transparent" style="--dominant-color: #85786c; width:350px;height:auto" srcset="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Jodi-Picoult-jpg.webp 720w, https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Jodi-Picoult-300x200-jpg.webp 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 350px) 100vw, 350px" /></figure> <p>-Jodi Picoult, on having the most commonly banned book in the 2023-2024 school year</p> </cite> </figure> <p style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30-medium);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30-medium)">As with books, a subset of authors were overwhelmingly targeted and banned across several districts last school year. In fact, the works of nine authors accounted for 20% of all instances of book bans in the 2023-2024 school year as a whole. These are often authors whose books grapple with race and racism or explore gender identity and sexuality or depict sexual violence. Several of these authors have penned multiple titles and are thus branded with a “Scarlet Letter” – a phenomenon dubbed by PEN America where a ban on one title from a specific author is followed by efforts to ban their entire collection.</p> <div style="position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0; padding-top: 52.5000%; padding-bottom: 0; box-shadow: 0 2px 8px 0 rgba(63,69,81,0.16); margin-top: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.9em; overflow: hidden; border-radius: 8px; will-change: transform;"> <iframe loading="lazy" style="position: absolute; width: 100%; height: 100%; top: 0; left: 0; border: none; padding: 0;margin: 0;" src="https://www.canva.com/design/DAGU90XYgL0/C9q51XO80E1riFZOdXWzKg/view?embed" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" allow="fullscreen"> </iframe> </div> <figure class="wp-block-pen-america-advanced-pullquote is-style-bracket-color-red is-style-quotes-color-gray is-style-bracket-small is-style-animate is-style-quotes-hidden has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-block-advanced-pullquote-is-layout-constrained" data-sticky-offset="20"> <div class="wp-block-columns are-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><a href="https://www.reviewjournal.com/local/education/shes-100-percent-right-banned-author-visits-2-clark-county-high-schools-3194129/"><img data-od-xpath="/*[1][self::HTML]/*[2][self::BODY]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[5][self::DIV]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[26][self::FIGURE]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::FIGURE]/*[1][self::A]/*[1][self::IMG]" data-dominant-color="646664" data-has-transparency="false" style="--dominant-color: #646664;" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="720" height="480" src="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Ellen-Hopkins-jpg.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-55283 not-transparent" srcset="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Ellen-Hopkins-jpg.webp 720w, https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Ellen-Hopkins-300x200-jpg.webp 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption"><a href="https://www.reviewjournal.com/local/education/shes-100-percent-right-banned-author-visits-2-clark-county-high-schools-3194129/">‘She’s 100 percent right’: Banned author visits 2 Las Vegas high schools</a></figcaption></figure> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <p class="has-body-font-size">[Ellen Hopkins] spoke about book banning and read from her new book, “Sync,” which she said a lot of librarians have been afraid to pick up solely because her name is on the cover.</p> </div> </div> </figure> <p style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30-medium);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30-medium)">The most commonly banned authors during the 2023-2024 school year include: </p> <figure class="wp-block-table"><table class="has-fixed-layout"><thead><tr><th></th><th><strong>Total instances of book bans</strong></th><th><strong>Number of unique titles by an author affected by book bans</strong></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td>Ellen Hopkins</td><td>523</td><td>19</td></tr><tr><td>Sarah J. Maas</td><td>481</td><td>22</td></tr><tr><td>Stephen King</td><td>173</td><td>74</td></tr><tr><td>Jodi Picoult</td><td>161</td><td>22</td></tr><tr><td>John Green</td><td>157</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><td>Colleen Hoover</td><td>147</td><td>24</td></tr><tr><td>Margaret Atwood</td><td>125</td><td>9</td></tr><tr><td>Toni Morrison</td><td>116</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><td>Lauren Myracle</td><td>108</td><td>10</td></tr></tbody></table></figure> <p style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30-medium)">While several book titles and authors were overwhelmingly banned over the last school year, it’s critical to note that the movement to ban books affects many, many more titles and authors. In the 2023-2024 school year, the book ban crisis affected 4,231 unique titles, censoring the works of <strong>2,662 authors, 195 illustrators, and 31 translators, a sum of 2,877 creatives</strong>. Over the last three years, 6,143 titles and 4,563 creatives have been affected by book bans. <br><br>Thousands of authors and their works have been banned one time, like Trevor Noah’s <em>Born A Crime</em>: <em>Stories from a South African Childhood </em>or Susan Kaplan Carlton’s <em>In the Neighborhood of True</em>. However, even a ban on just one title can leave authors at increased financial risk due to a reduction in school visits or events, and the potential subsequent impact on their book sales. Some authors have reported facing psychological impacts of these book bans on their creativity, concerned about potential blowback to future works because of this response to their previous ones. And of course, bans on these books mean young readers are left without stories that may reflect their identities and experiences.</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30-medium)">Where the Book Bans Are Happening</h3> <p style="padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30-medium)"><strong>In the 2023-2024 school year, we recorded book bans in 29 states and 220 public school districts. </strong>Our <em><a href="https://pen.org/book-bans/pen-america-index-of-school-book-bans-2023-2024/">Index of School Book Bans</a></em> records 8,232 instances of book bans in Florida and Iowa alone. </p> <div class="wp-block-pen-america-map is-layout-flow wp-block-map-is-layout-flow" data-key="" data-series-data="{"series":{"US-MI":"#e4e4e4","US-MS":"#e4e4e4","US-NM":"#e4e4e4","US-WA":"#e4e4e4","US-AL":"#e4e4e4","US-AK":"#fdbb84","US-AZ":"#e4e4e4","US-AR":"#e4e4e4","US-CA":"#fee8c8","US-CO":"#e4e4e4","US-CT":"#e4e4e4","US-DE":"#e4e4e4","US-FL":"#370000","US-GA":"#fdbb84","US-HI":"#e4e4e4","US-ID":"#fdbb84","US-IL":"#fee8c8","US-IN":"#fee8c8","US-IA":"#6d0000","US-KS":"#e4e4e4","US-KY":"#fdbb84","US-LA":"#fee8c8","US-ME":"#fdbb84","US-MD":"#fdbb84","US-MA":"#fee8c8","US-MN":"#fee8c8","US-MO":"#fdbb84","US-MT":"#fee8c8","US-NE":"#e4e4e4","US-NV":"#e4e4e4","US-NH":"#e4e4e4","US-NJ":"#fee8c8","US-NY":"#fdbb84","US-NC":"#fdbb84","US-ND":"#e4e4e4","US-OH":"#fee8c8","US-OK":"#e4e4e4","US-OR":"#fdbb84","US-PA":"#fdbb84","US-RI":"#e4e4e4","US-SC":"#fdbb84","US-SD":"#e4e4e4","US-TN":"#fdbb84","US-TX":"#d6001c","US-UT":"#fdbb84","US-VT":"#e4e4e4","US-VA":"#ff8d5d","US-WV":"#e4e4e4","US-WI":"#ec5c1e","US-WY":"#fdbb84"},"content":{"US-MI":{"state":"US-MI","state_label":"Michigan","tooltip":"<div class=\"report-map-tooltip-content\"><div class=\"title\">Michigan<\/div><div class=\"content\"><\/div>"},"US-MS":{"state":"US-MS","state_label":"Mississippi","tooltip":"<div class=\"report-map-tooltip-content\"><div class=\"title\">Mississippi<\/div><div class=\"content\"><\/div>"},"US-NM":{"state":"US-NM","state_label":"New Mexico","tooltip":"<div class=\"report-map-tooltip-content\"><div class=\"title\">New Mexico<\/div><div class=\"content\"><\/div>"},"US-WA":{"state":"US-WA","state_label":"Washington","tooltip":"<div class=\"report-map-tooltip-content\"><div class=\"title\">Washington<\/div><div class=\"content\"><\/div>"},"US-AL":{"state":"US-AL","state_label":"Alabama","tooltip":"<div class=\"report-map-tooltip-content\"><div class=\"title\">Alabama<\/div><div class=\"content\"><\/div>"},"US-AK":{"state":"US-AK","state_label":"Alaska","tooltip":"<div class=\"report-map-tooltip-content\"><div class=\"title\">Alaska<\/div><div class=\"content\"># instances of book bans: 56<br><\/br># of districts that banned a book: 1<\/div>"},"US-AZ":{"state":"US-AZ","state_label":"Arizona","tooltip":"<div class=\"report-map-tooltip-content\"><div class=\"title\">Arizona<\/div><div class=\"content\"><\/div>"},"US-AR":{"state":"US-AR","state_label":"Arkansas","tooltip":"<div class=\"report-map-tooltip-content\"><div class=\"title\">Arkansas<\/div><div class=\"content\"><\/div>"},"US-CA":{"state":"US-CA","state_label":"California","tooltip":"<div class=\"report-map-tooltip-content\"><div class=\"title\">California<\/div><div class=\"content\"># instances of book bans: 2<br><\/br># of districts that banned a book: 1<\/div>"},"US-CO":{"state":"US-CO","state_label":"Colorado","tooltip":"<div class=\"report-map-tooltip-content\"><div class=\"title\">Colorado<\/div><div class=\"content\"><\/div>"},"US-CT":{"state":"US-CT","state_label":"Connecticut","tooltip":"<div class=\"report-map-tooltip-content\"><div class=\"title\">Connecticut<\/div><div class=\"content\"><\/div>"},"US-DE":{"state":"US-DE","state_label":"Delaware","tooltip":"<div class=\"report-map-tooltip-content\"><div class=\"title\">Delaware<\/div><div class=\"content\"><\/div>"},"US-FL":{"state":"US-FL","state_label":"Florida","tooltip":"<div class=\"report-map-tooltip-content\"><div class=\"title\">Florida<\/div><div class=\"content\"># instances of book bans: 4561<br><\/br># of districts that banned a book: 33<\/div>"},"US-GA":{"state":"US-GA","state_label":"Georgia","tooltip":"<div class=\"report-map-tooltip-content\"><div class=\"title\">Georgia<\/div><div class=\"content\"># instances of book bans: 83<br><\/br># of districts that banned a book: 3<\/div>"},"US-HI":{"state":"US-HI","state_label":"Hawaii","tooltip":"<div class=\"report-map-tooltip-content\"><div class=\"title\">Hawaii<\/div><div class=\"content\"><\/div>"},"US-ID":{"state":"US-ID","state_label":"Idaho","tooltip":"<div class=\"report-map-tooltip-content\"><div class=\"title\">Idaho<\/div><div class=\"content\"># instances of book bans: 12<br><\/br># of districts that banned a book: 2<\/div>"},"US-IL":{"state":"US-IL","state_label":"Illinois","tooltip":"<div class=\"report-map-tooltip-content\"><div class=\"title\">Illinois<\/div><div class=\"content\"># instances of book bans: 2<br><\/br># of districts that banned a book: 2<\/div>"},"US-IN":{"state":"US-IN","state_label":"Indiana","tooltip":"<div class=\"report-map-tooltip-content\"><div class=\"title\">Indiana<\/div><div class=\"content\"># instances of book bans: 1<br><\/br># of districts that banned a book: 1<\/div>"},"US-IA":{"state":"US-IA","state_label":"Iowa","tooltip":"<div class=\"report-map-tooltip-content\"><div class=\"title\">Iowa<\/div><div class=\"content\"># instances of book bans: 3671<br><\/br># of districts that banned a book: 117<\/div>"},"US-KS":{"state":"US-KS","state_label":"Kansas","tooltip":"<div class=\"report-map-tooltip-content\"><div class=\"title\">Kansas<\/div><div class=\"content\"><\/div>"},"US-KY":{"state":"US-KY","state_label":"Kentucky","tooltip":"<div class=\"report-map-tooltip-content\"><div class=\"title\">Kentucky<\/div><div class=\"content\"># instances of book bans: 100<br><\/br># of districts that banned a book: 1<\/div>"},"US-LA":{"state":"US-LA","state_label":"Louisiana","tooltip":"<div class=\"report-map-tooltip-content\"><div class=\"title\">Louisiana<\/div><div class=\"content\"># instances of book bans: 1<br><\/br># of districts that banned a book: 1<\/div>"},"US-ME":{"state":"US-ME","state_label":"Maine","tooltip":"<div class=\"report-map-tooltip-content\"><div class=\"title\">Maine<\/div><div class=\"content\"># instances of book bans: 83<br><\/br># of districts that banned a book: 2<\/div>"},"US-MD":{"state":"US-MD","state_label":"Maryland","tooltip":"<div class=\"report-map-tooltip-content\"><div class=\"title\">Maryland<\/div><div class=\"content\"># instances of book bans: 64<br><\/br># of districts that banned a book: 3<\/div>"},"US-MA":{"state":"US-MA","state_label":"Massachusetts","tooltip":"<div class=\"report-map-tooltip-content\"><div class=\"title\">Massachusetts<\/div><div class=\"content\"># instances of book bans: 1<br><\/br># of districts that banned a book: 1<\/div>"},"US-MN":{"state":"US-MN","state_label":"Minnesota","tooltip":"<div class=\"report-map-tooltip-content\"><div class=\"title\">Minnesota<\/div><div class=\"content\"># instances of book bans: 1<br><\/br># of districts that banned a book: 1<\/div>"},"US-MO":{"state":"US-MO","state_label":"Missouri","tooltip":"<div class=\"report-map-tooltip-content\"><div class=\"title\">Missouri<\/div><div class=\"content\"># instances of book bans: 57<br><\/br># of districts that banned a book: 1<\/div>"},"US-MT":{"state":"US-MT","state_label":"Montana","tooltip":"<div class=\"report-map-tooltip-content\"><div class=\"title\">Montana<\/div><div class=\"content\"># instances of book bans: 3<br><\/br># of districts that banned a book: 1<\/div>"},"US-NE":{"state":"US-NE","state_label":"Nebraska","tooltip":"<div class=\"report-map-tooltip-content\"><div class=\"title\">Nebraska<\/div><div class=\"content\"><\/div>"},"US-NV":{"state":"US-NV","state_label":"Nevada","tooltip":"<div class=\"report-map-tooltip-content\"><div class=\"title\">Nevada<\/div><div class=\"content\"><\/div>"},"US-NH":{"state":"US-NH","state_label":"New Hampshire","tooltip":"<div class=\"report-map-tooltip-content\"><div class=\"title\">New Hampshire<\/div><div class=\"content\"><\/div>"},"US-NJ":{"state":"US-NJ","state_label":"New Jersey","tooltip":"<div class=\"report-map-tooltip-content\"><div class=\"title\">New Jersey<\/div><div class=\"content\"># instances of book bans: 1<br><\/br># of districts that banned a book: 1<\/div>"},"US-NY":{"state":"US-NY","state_label":"New York","tooltip":"<div class=\"report-map-tooltip-content\"><div class=\"title\">New York<\/div><div class=\"content\"># instances of book bans: 65<br><\/br># of districts that banned a book: 21<\/div>"},"US-NC":{"state":"US-NC","state_label":"North Carolina","tooltip":"<div class=\"report-map-tooltip-content\"><div class=\"title\">North Carolina<\/div><div class=\"content\"># instances of book bans: 61<br><\/br># of districts that banned a book: 7<\/div>"},"US-ND":{"state":"US-ND","state_label":"North Dakota","tooltip":"<div class=\"report-map-tooltip-content\"><div class=\"title\">North Dakota<\/div><div class=\"content\"><\/div>"},"US-OH":{"state":"US-OH","state_label":"Ohio","tooltip":"<div class=\"report-map-tooltip-content\"><div class=\"title\">Ohio<\/div><div class=\"content\"># instances of book bans: 3<br><\/br># of districts that banned a book: 1<\/div>"},"US-OK":{"state":"US-OK","state_label":"Oklahoma","tooltip":"<div class=\"report-map-tooltip-content\"><div class=\"title\">Oklahoma<\/div><div class=\"content\"><\/div>"},"US-OR":{"state":"US-OR","state_label":"Oregon","tooltip":"<div class=\"report-map-tooltip-content\"><div class=\"title\">Oregon<\/div><div class=\"content\"># instances of book bans: 18<br><\/br># of districts that banned a book: 1<\/div>"},"US-PA":{"state":"US-PA","state_label":"Pennsylvania","tooltip":"<div class=\"report-map-tooltip-content\"><div class=\"title\">Pennsylvania<\/div><div class=\"content\"># instances of book bans: 20<br><\/br># of districts that banned a book: 5<\/div>"},"US-RI":{"state":"US-RI","state_label":"Rhode Island","tooltip":"<div class=\"report-map-tooltip-content\"><div class=\"title\">Rhode Island<\/div><div class=\"content\"><\/div>"},"US-SC":{"state":"US-SC","state_label":"South Carolina","tooltip":"<div class=\"report-map-tooltip-content\"><div class=\"title\">South Carolina<\/div><div class=\"content\"># instances of book bans: 64<br><\/br># of districts that banned a book: 3<\/div>"},"US-SD":{"state":"US-SD","state_label":"South Dakota","tooltip":"<div class=\"report-map-tooltip-content\"><div class=\"title\">South Dakota<\/div><div class=\"content\"><\/div>"},"US-TN":{"state":"US-TN","state_label":"Tennessee","tooltip":"<div class=\"report-map-tooltip-content\"><div class=\"title\">Tennessee<\/div><div class=\"content\"># instances of book bans: 34<br><\/br># of districts that banned a book: 2<\/div>"},"US-TX":{"state":"US-TX","state_label":"Texas","tooltip":"<div class=\"report-map-tooltip-content\"><div class=\"title\">Texas<\/div><div class=\"content\"># instances of book bans: 538<br><\/br># of districts that banned a book: 12<\/div>"},"US-UT":{"state":"US-UT","state_label":"Utah","tooltip":"<div class=\"report-map-tooltip-content\"><div class=\"title\">Utah<\/div><div class=\"content\"># instances of book bans: 32<br><\/br># of districts that banned a book: 4<\/div>"},"US-VT":{"state":"US-VT","state_label":"Vermont","tooltip":"<div class=\"report-map-tooltip-content\"><div class=\"title\">Vermont<\/div><div class=\"content\"><\/div>"},"US-VA":{"state":"US-VA","state_label":"Virginia","tooltip":"<div class=\"report-map-tooltip-content\"><div class=\"title\">Virginia<\/div><div class=\"content\"># instances of book bans: 121<br><\/br># of districts that banned a book: 5<\/div>"},"US-WV":{"state":"US-WV","state_label":"West Virginia","tooltip":"<div class=\"report-map-tooltip-content\"><div class=\"title\">West Virginia<\/div><div class=\"content\"><\/div>"},"US-WI":{"state":"US-WI","state_label":"Wisconsin","tooltip":"<div class=\"report-map-tooltip-content\"><div class=\"title\">Wisconsin<\/div><div class=\"content\"># instances of book bans: 408<br><\/br># of districts that banned a book: 4<\/div>"},"US-WY":{"state":"US-WY","state_label":"Wyoming","tooltip":"<div class=\"report-map-tooltip-content\"><div class=\"title\">Wyoming<\/div><div class=\"content\"># instances of book bans: 42<br><\/br># of districts that banned a book: 2<\/div>"}}}" data-regions="{"US-AL":"Alabama","US-AK":"Alaska","US-AZ":"Arizona","US-AR":"Arkansas","US-CA":"California","US-CO":"Colorado","US-CT":"Connecticut","US-DE":"Delaware","US-DC":"District of Columbia","US-FL":"Florida","US-GA":"Georgia","US-HI":"Hawaii","US-ID":"Idaho","US-IL":"Illinois","US-IN":"Indiana","US-IA":"Iowa","US-KS":"Kansas","US-KY":"Kentucky","US-LA":"Louisiana","US-ME":"Maine","US-MD":"Maryland","US-MA":"Massachusetts","US-MI":"Michigan","US-MN":"Minnesota","US-MS":"Mississippi","US-MO":"Missouri","US-MT":"Montana","US-NE":"Nebraska","US-NV":"Nevada","US-NH":"New Hampshire","US-NJ":"New Jersey","US-NM":"New Mexico","US-NY":"New York","US-NC":"North Carolina","US-ND":"North Dakota","US-OH":"Ohio","US-OK":"Oklahoma","US-OR":"Oregon","US-PA":"Pennsylvania","US-RI":"Rhode Island","US-SC":"South Carolina","US-SD":"South Dakota","US-TN":"Tennessee","US-TX":"Texas","US-UT":"Utah","US-VT":"Vermont","US-VA":"Virginia","US-WA":"Washington","US-WV":"West Virginia","US-WI":"Wisconsin","US-WY":"Wyoming"}" data-countries="{"US-AL":"Alabama","US-AK":"Alaska","US-AZ":"Arizona","US-AR":"Arkansas","US-CA":"California","US-CO":"Colorado","US-CT":"Connecticut","US-DE":"Delaware","US-DC":"District of Columbia","US-FL":"Florida","US-GA":"Georgia","US-HI":"Hawaii","US-ID":"Idaho","US-IL":"Illinois","US-IN":"Indiana","US-IA":"Iowa","US-KS":"Kansas","US-KY":"Kentucky","US-LA":"Louisiana","US-ME":"Maine","US-MD":"Maryland","US-MA":"Massachusetts","US-MI":"Michigan","US-MN":"Minnesota","US-MS":"Mississippi","US-MO":"Missouri","US-MT":"Montana","US-NE":"Nebraska","US-NV":"Nevada","US-NH":"New Hampshire","US-NJ":"New Jersey","US-NM":"New Mexico","US-NY":"New York","US-NC":"North Carolina","US-ND":"North Dakota","US-OH":"Ohio","US-OK":"Oklahoma","US-OR":"Oregon","US-PA":"Pennsylvania","US-RI":"Rhode Island","US-SC":"South Carolina","US-SD":"South Dakota","US-TN":"Tennessee","US-TX":"Texas","US-UT":"Utah","US-VT":"Vermont","US-VA":"Virginia","US-WA":"Washington","US-WV":"West Virginia","US-WI":"Wisconsin","US-WY":"Wyoming"}" data-states="{"US-AL":"Alabama","US-AK":"Alaska","US-AZ":"Arizona","US-AR":"Arkansas","US-CA":"California","US-CO":"Colorado","US-CT":"Connecticut","US-DE":"Delaware","US-DC":"District of Columbia","US-FL":"Florida","US-GA":"Georgia","US-HI":"Hawaii","US-ID":"Idaho","US-IL":"Illinois","US-IN":"Indiana","US-IA":"Iowa","US-KS":"Kansas","US-KY":"Kentucky","US-LA":"Louisiana","US-ME":"Maine","US-MD":"Maryland","US-MA":"Massachusetts","US-MI":"Michigan","US-MN":"Minnesota","US-MS":"Mississippi","US-MO":"Missouri","US-MT":"Montana","US-NE":"Nebraska","US-NV":"Nevada","US-NH":"New Hampshire","US-NJ":"New Jersey","US-NM":"New Mexico","US-NY":"New York","US-NC":"North Carolina","US-ND":"North Dakota","US-OH":"Ohio","US-OK":"Oklahoma","US-OR":"Oregon","US-PA":"Pennsylvania","US-RI":"Rhode Island","US-SC":"South Carolina","US-SD":"South Dakota","US-TN":"Tennessee","US-TX":"Texas","US-UT":"Utah","US-VT":"Vermont","US-VA":"Virginia","US-WA":"Washington","US-WV":"West Virginia","US-WI":"Wisconsin","US-WY":"Wyoming"}" data-map-type="usa"> <h2 class="title">2023-2024 Book Bans by State</h2> <div class="map-wrapper"></div> </div> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><img data-od-xpath="/*[1][self::HTML]/*[2][self::BODY]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[5][self::DIV]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[33][self::FIGURE]/*[1][self::IMG]" data-dominant-color="f4f1f1" data-has-transparency="true" style="--dominant-color: #f4f1f1;" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="2400" height="525" src="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Key-for-Book-Ban-Map-Fall-2024—Horizontal-1.png" alt="" class="wp-image-55117 has-transparency" srcset="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Key-for-Book-Ban-Map-Fall-2024—Horizontal-1.png 2400w, https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Key-for-Book-Ban-Map-Fall-2024—Horizontal-1-300x66.png 300w, https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Key-for-Book-Ban-Map-Fall-2024—Horizontal-1-1024x224.png 1024w, https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Key-for-Book-Ban-Map-Fall-2024—Horizontal-1-1920x420.png 1920w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 2400px) 100vw, 2400px" /></figure> <p style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30-medium)">Over the 2023-2024 school year, 4,561 book bans occurred in Florida and 3,671 bans in Iowa. </p> <p>The heightened book banning in these two states stems from newly enacted legislation coupled with pressure campaigns on local districts. Florida’s <a href="https://legiscan.com/FL/text/H1069/id/2798335">HB 1069</a>, which went into effect July 2023, created a statutory process for book banning. The law requires that any book challenged for “sexual conduct” must be removed during its review process. The <a href="https://www.fftrp.org/">Florida Freedom to Read Project</a>, a parent and advocacy organization, has demonstrated how the law, state guidance building on it, and active individuals and groups challenging books at the local level, led to the <a href="https://www.fftrp.org/florida_censorship_attempts">significant rise in book bans</a> in Florida during the last school year. </p> <p>Book bans in Iowa are also linked to state legislation. Iowa’s <a href="https://legiscan.com/IA/text/SF496/id/2794529">SF 496</a>, which took effect in July 2023, requires all materials to be “age-appropriate;” however, the state’s definition of “age-appropriate” prohibits materials from having any description or depiction of a “sex act.” The law also contains “<a href="https://pen.org/4-new-dont-say-gay-laws-passed-in-2023/">Don’t Say Gay</a>” copycat provisions that prohibit discussions of LGBTQ+ identities in the classroom. Following the law’s implementation, districts across the state reviewed their libraries, removing books en masse that could be deemed as violating the state’s definition of “age-appropriate.” After passage of this legislation in Iowa, journalists from the Des Moines Register administered a survey to each of the state’s public schools and <a href="https://databases.desmoinesregister.com/database-books-removed-from-libraries-in-iowa-school-districts/">compiled a dataset</a> documenting thousands of books removed from school shelves since the law went into effect.     </p> <p>In addition to Florida and Iowa, several states recorded 100 book bans or more – 538 in Texas, 408 in Wisconsin, 121 in Virginia, and 100 instances of book bans in Kentucky. </p> <p>Across the country, public school districts have varied in their interest or willingness to ban books. For instance, in Florida and Iowa, a high proportion of school districts within each state banned books, likely due to chilling state laws. In Florida, 33 out of approximately 70 school districts banned books – nearly 50% of all school districts — and in Iowa, 117 of out over 300 school districts banned books – or approximately 40% of all school districts. </p> <p>In contrast, several states like Texas, Wisconsin, Kentucky, and Georgia have only had a few school districts responsible for banning most, or all, of the books within their state. In Kentucky and Missouri, just one school district in each state accounted for all the book bans recorded during the 2023-2024 school year.</p> <p><strong>Over the last three school years, book bans occurred in 43 states and 415 public school districts.</strong></p> <p>As noted in our methodology, our snapshot of the total number of book bans and the distribution of book bans across states and districts are likely an undercount. Book bans from schools and districts often go under-reported or unreported.  </p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30-medium)">Content of Banned Books</h2> <p>As consistently reported since our first report in 2021, book bans continue to deliberately target specific themes, content areas, and representations. Disproportionate to <a href="https://www.leeandlow.com/about/diversity-baseline-survey/">publishing rates</a>, book bans overwhelmingly affect books about race and racism, LGBTQ+ people and characters, people and characters of color, and books with sex-related content.</p> <p>PEN America analyzed the content of every book banned in two or more districts in the 2023-24 school year, or 1,091 unique titles. This is approximately 25 percent of the total number of 4,231 unique titles banned this school year. Our analysis of this subset shows: </p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>57% included sex or sex-related topics and content </li> <li>44% included characters or people of color </li> <li>39% included LGBTQ+ characters or people </li> </ul> <div style="position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0; padding-top: 52.5000%; padding-bottom: 0; box-shadow: 0 2px 8px 0 rgba(63,69,81,0.16); margin-top: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.9em; overflow: hidden; border-radius: 8px; will-change: transform;"> <iframe loading="lazy" style="position: absolute; width: 100%; height: 100%; top: 0; left: 0; border: none; padding: 0;margin: 0;" src="https://www.canva.com/design/DAGU9xlotbM/BbzD1P6bzH_55K-AazNZqQ/view?embed" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" allow="fullscreen"> </iframe> </div> <p>It is important to note that in the third year of this book ban crisis, many books with this type of content have <em>already</em> been restricted or removed from schools entirely. This means that there are fewer and fewer books with these important representations to suppress.</p> <p>Of the 1,091 most commonly banned titles, the majority were young adult books and adult books. Ramped up attacks on “sexual content” also pushed the book banning movement towards books for older readers. Meanwhile, picture books for children or at the middle grade level are less represented here, in part perhaps because they were already removed or not purchased, owing to the censorial climate surrounding the most targeted topics.</p> <div style="position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0; padding-top: 52.5000%; padding-bottom: 0; box-shadow: 0 2px 8px 0 rgba(63,69,81,0.16); margin-top: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.9em; overflow: hidden; border-radius: 8px; will-change: transform;"> <iframe loading="lazy" style="position: absolute; width: 100%; height: 100%; top: 0; left: 0; border: none; padding: 0;margin: 0;" src="https://www.canva.com/design/DAGU9_Ri0P8/lykZDGaybII0eOQLCiPjAw/view?embed" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" allow="fullscreen"> </iframe> </div> <p>Nearly 60% of the titles presented in the top 1,091 titles are titles written for a young adult audience, which is reflected in preliminary analysis of dominant literary themes present in banned books. Major literary themes in book bans include depictions or information on substance abuse, grief, mental health. Of the 1,091 titles: </p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li>59% address grief and death</li> <li>40% address substance use or abuse </li> <li>38% address mental health disorders </li> <li>37% address empowerment and self esteem</li> </ul> <div style="position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0; padding-top: 52.5000%; padding-bottom: 0; box-shadow: 0 2px 8px 0 rgba(63,69,81,0.16); margin-top: 1.6em; margin-bottom: 0.9em; overflow: hidden; border-radius: 8px; will-change: transform;"> <iframe loading="lazy" style="position: absolute; width: 100%; height: 100%; top: 0; left: 0; border: none; padding: 0;margin: 0;" src="https://www.canva.com/design/DAGU91ZNnTk/AQ6y2jMxW_j-i6xJVvQt-w/view?embed" allowfullscreen="allowfullscreen" allow="fullscreen"> </iframe> </div> <p>Laurie Halse Anderson, an award-winning and frequently banned author, explains <a href="https://alma.se/en/laureates/laurie-halse-anderson/interview-laurie-halse-anderson/">her perspective</a> on writing for young people: </p> <div class="wp-block-group has-grey-light-background-color has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-13 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained" style="margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40-large);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40-large);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40-large);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40-large);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40-large);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40-large)"> <div class="wp-block-columns are-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-8 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><img data-od-xpath="/*[1][self::HTML]/*[2][self::BODY]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[5][self::DIV]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[54][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::FIGURE]/*[1][self::IMG]" data-dominant-color="7b7568" data-has-transparency="false" style="--dominant-color: #7b7568;" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="720" height="480" src="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Laurie-Halse-Anderson-jpg.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-55279 not-transparent" srcset="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Laurie-Halse-Anderson-jpg.webp 720w, https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Laurie-Halse-Anderson-300x200-jpg.webp 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px" /></figure> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <p><strong><em>“I try to listen, to pay attention to what’s important for whatever audience I’m writing for – but what’s more important is to be respectful of the challenges they’re facing and tell a story with characters they will identify with.”</em></strong></p> </div> </div> </div> <p>PEN America is conducting additional content analysis of the remaining 3,140 titles banned in this school year that were only banned once, to be released in 2025. It is important to note that even one instance of a book being banned is harmful to authors, students, educators, and librarians alike. </p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30-medium)">Emerging Trend: Soft Censorship Expansion</h2> <p>The movement to ban books in public schools does not stop at book bans themselves; “quiet” or “soft” censorship can also silence specific authors, viewpoints, and books with diverse representation. Soft censorship is when fears of real censorship may cause educators and librarians, school administrators, and school boards to self-censor or suppress speech well beyond what may have been banned or prohibited. Forms of soft censorship <a href="https://bookriot.com/what-is-soft-or-quiet-censorship/">occur when</a> “materials are purposefully removed, limited, or never purchased at all despite it being a title that would serve a community.” </p> <p>One such form of soft censorship that PEN America is seeing is rising instances of <em>targeted weeding</em>. While weeding is a <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/10/08/books/book-ban-library-weeding.html">standard practice in libraries</a> where old, damaged, outdated, or under circulated books are weeded, or removed from collections, <em>targeted weeding</em> is when certain titles are weeded from collections based on content and/or based on an ideological basis. It can be hard to monitor this tactic, but there are cases where a set of “weeded” books includes a slate of surprising titles, such as numerous popular or recently published titles that contain frequently-targeted themes, like diverse representation or sex-related content. This has also been seen following policy adoption where books are removed through a “weeding” process to ensure compliance with more restrictive state laws or district policies.</p> <p>One example is the <a href="https://www.mdjonline.com/news/education/hundreds-of-books-removed-from-cobb-school-libraries-since-early-august-records-show/article_7d53ab26-6f85-11ee-9240-63dbb7b06805.html">Cobb County School District in Georgia</a> where it was reported that more than 1,600 books were weeded or removed from libraries. The list includes dozens of popular or recently-acquired titles with sex-related content, diverse representation, and many frequently-banned titles. Interviews with the Superintendent <a href="https://www.mdjonline.com/news/education/q-a-with-cobb-schools-superintendent-on-book-removals/article_3540025a-0268-11ef-b4fd-2fc171f615ad.html">illuminated</a> the district’s intent to remove any and all books with sex-related content, through bans <em>or </em>weeding. When asked about the district’s process behind weeding or removing books, the Superintendent said:</p> <div class="wp-block-group has-grey-light-background-color has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-14 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained" style="margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40-large);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40-large);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40-large);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40-large);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40-large);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40-large)"> <p class="has-text-align-center"><strong><em>“It has 100% to do with the books containing sexually explicit, graphic content.”</em></strong></p> </div> <p>Another form of soft censorship includes school library closures, even if temporary. In one case in <a href="https://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/local/families-concerned-about-temporary-library-closures-at-escondido-union-school-district-over-inappropriate-content/3315684/">Escondido Union School District</a> in California, a parent complaint about <em>This Book Is Gay</em> led all libraries in the district to be temporarily closed to be audited; Fort Worth ISD in Texas <a href="https://www.texasstandard.org/stories/fort-worth-isd-closes-school-libraries-removes-100-books-hb-900/">similarly</a> shut down their school libraries in order to audit them in response to HB900, removing over 100 titles in the process. These overzealous responses to a single complaint or pending state law resulted in the removal of access to entire library collections out of fear, depriving students of ready access to a key educational resource.  </p> <p>Similarly, book fairs have been increasingly targeted for censorship over <a href="https://bookriot.com/book-fairs-will-see-an-increase-in-censorship/">inflammatory rhetoric</a> that the books available for purchase are “indoctrinating” young readers. The scrutiny has led to fairs being paused or permanently ended in districts across the country; for example, district administrators in Lorena ISD in Texas canceled their book fair <a href="https://texasscorecard.com/state/texas-schools-drop-woke-scholastic-book-fairs/">after encouragement</a> from Salt and Light Council, a group <a href="https://www.texasobserver.org/christian-schoolboards-education-k12/">connected to</a> book bans in Texas. Following parental complaints over a book fair selling <em>Heartstopper</em>, one district in Ohio now holds its annual book fairs <a href="https://www.wcpo.com/news/local-news/parental-supervision-required-little-miami-schools-changes-book-fairs-after-queer-series-sparks-controversy">after-hours</a>, with students under parental supervision. Another district in Pennsylvania <a href="https://www.wnep.com/article/news/local/columbia-county/berwick-area-school-district-limits-student-access-to-book-fair-scholastic-books-students-parents/523-3a8b6477-8e9b-4939-9685-813397fc2617">adopted</a> the same practice, too. Further, some districts have embraced a new, conservative-led book fair meant to compete with traditional book fairs: <a href="https://www.salon.com/2023/12/02/kirk-cameron-peddling-conservative-christian-alternative-to-scholastic-book-fairs/">Skytree Books</a>, as seen in <a href="https://www.9news.com/video/news/local/next/next-with-kyle-clark/73-9fb7dfbb-3793-46d5-8ec1-240e5a2795bd">Elizabeth County</a> in Colorado and <a href="https://www.axios.com/local/richmond/2023/11/27/virginia-scholastic-book-fair-spotsylvania-skytree">Spotsylvania</a> in Virginia.</p> <p>Schools also seem to be increasingly wary of author visits. Numerous <a href="https://www.slj.com/story/disivited-amid-censorship-schools-libraries-abruptly-cancel-author-visits">authors have reported</a> sharp declines in their invitations and abrupt cancellations of their scheduled visits to public schools to talk about their books. Canceled author visits are another form of soft-censorship and often target BIPOC and LGBTQ+ authors as well as books with characters of color or LGBTQ+ characters and themes. <br><br>Vicki Johnson, the author behind <em>Molly’s Tuxedo</em>, an award-winning picture book about a gender nonconforming child who wants to wear a tuxedo on picture day, was scheduled to visit a school to talk about her debut novel and provide each student, 240 of them, a personal copy of the book when her the visit was <a href="https://www.slj.com/story/disivited-amid-censorship-schools-libraries-abruptly-cancel-author-visits">canceled with no clear explanation</a>. In unpacking the cancellation, Johnson <a href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/2023/10/04/vicki-johnson-a-canceled-school-visit-over-my-new-book-taught-me-a-lesson-in-soft-censorship/">said</a>:</p> <div class="wp-block-group has-grey-light-background-color has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-15 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained" style="margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40-large);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40-large);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40-large);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40-large);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40-large);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40-large)"> <div class="wp-block-columns are-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><img data-od-xpath="/*[1][self::HTML]/*[2][self::BODY]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[5][self::DIV]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[64][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::FIGURE]/*[1][self::IMG]" data-dominant-color="a7a7a5" data-has-transparency="false" style="--dominant-color: #a7a7a5;" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="720" height="480" src="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Vicki-Johnson-jpg.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-55281 not-transparent" srcset="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Vicki-Johnson-jpg.webp 720w, https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Vicki-Johnson-300x200-jpg.webp 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px" /></figure> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <p><strong><em>“The best way I can describe soft censorship is that it’s like being ghosted. You’re left with lingering doubts and no clear answers. You’re sure you know why they did it because, frankly in my case, there was not another similar case of disinviting an author, and it’s hard to imagine a school turning down hundreds of free books. We know that book bans and challenges are increasing at an alarming rate. But how many authors were disinvited or events canceled under false or vague pretenses? How many titles were quietly pulled from shelves, or worse, taken off purchase lists or just ignored to avoid the ire of a handful of extremists? These are answers we don’t have.”</em></strong></p> </div> </div> </div> <p>Between direct forms of censorship, like book bans, and soft censorship, the burden of the educational censorship crisis is continuing to grow. School districts are shouldering immense costs, often to comply with state laws. Book bans in Florida reportedly <a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2023/08/07/florida-books-schools-00110181">cost</a> districts $34,000-135,000 a year while <a href="https://www.chalkbeat.org/2024/10/23/new-research-puts-a-cost-on-school-board-conflicts/">a recent study</a> estimates the nationwide cost of book bans and “responding to culturally divisive conflict” for the 2023-2024 school year was $3.2 billion. One district <a href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2023/11/10/schools-strapped-for-cash-are-tapping-into-funding-to-remove-books/71294374007/">in Utah</a> took 500 hours to respond to over 202 challenges of 42 titles, costing the district about $20,000. </p> <p>Meanwhile, librarians and educators are leaving positions or considering leaving the profession at high rates. In Idaho, after censorious legislation was <em>proposed</em>, <a href="https://idahocapitalsun.com/2024/01/24/idaho-librarians-contemplate-leaving-work-and-the-state-as-a-result-of-proposed-legislation/">over half of librarians reported</a> that they were considering leaving the profession. In a <a href="https://www.chalkbeat.org/2024/10/23/new-research-puts-a-cost-on-school-board-conflicts/">recent national study</a>, 29% of superintendents reported that teachers and other staff members left their districts due to stress caused by school board conflict.<br><br>Reports have also indicated a <a href="https://firstbook.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/2023-Banned-Books-Survey-Results.pdf?utm_source=firstbook&utm_medium=page&utm_campaign=bannedbooksstudy">negative impact</a> on student wellbeing, classroom teaching, and student interest in reading. In an in-depth study on <a href="https://nyunews.com/news/2024/10/09/study-banned-books-restrictions/">educational censorship in Florida</a>, researchers found a ““climate of compliance, fear and stress” that threatens students’ academic performance and the well-being of both teachers and students.” Additional research supports that book bans are bad for <a href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/well-read/202405/why-book-bans-are-bad-for-mental-health#:~:text=Key%20points,individuals%2C%20librarians%2C%20and%20youth">mental health</a> as bans foster feelings of exclusion and invisibility, rob students of opportunities for critical thinking, and increase stress and anxiety in educators and librarians.” As stated by Dr. Sayantani DasGupta, pediatrician, founding member of <a href="https://www.authorsagainstbookbans.com/">Authors Against Book Bans</a>, and bestselling author of books for children and young adults, <a href="https://time.com/6284174/book-bans-black-children-publishing/">in a recent op-ed</a>:</p> <div class="wp-block-group has-grey-light-background-color has-background has-global-padding is-layout-constrained wp-container-core-group-is-layout-16 wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained" style="margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40-large);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40-large);padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40-large);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40-large);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40-large);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40-large)"> <div class="wp-block-columns are-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-10 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <p><strong><em>“Being <a href="https://time.com/6284174/book-bans-black-children-publishing/">deprived of stories</a> about people like those in your own community is not simply unfair or unjust, it is also deeply unhealthy. Narrative erasure is a kind of psychic violence. <a href="https://time.com/6143127/toni-morrison-book-bans/">Book banning</a> is an assault on our individual and collective health—our imaginative health, our intellectual health, our physical health, and the health of our society.”</em></strong></p> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <figure class="wp-block-image aligncenter size-full"><img data-od-xpath="/*[1][self::HTML]/*[2][self::BODY]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[5][self::DIV]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[67][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[1][self::FIGURE]/*[1][self::IMG]" data-dominant-color="6e7a73" data-has-transparency="false" style="--dominant-color: #6e7a73;" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="720" height="480" src="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Sayantani-DasGupta-jpg.webp" alt="" class="wp-image-55280 not-transparent" srcset="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Sayantani-DasGupta-jpg.webp 720w, https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Sayantani-DasGupta-300x200-jpg.webp 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 720px) 100vw, 720px" /></figure> </div> </div> </div> <h2 class="wp-block-heading" style="padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--30-medium)">Conclusion</h2> <p>The restrictions on books and access to authors, stories, and information are today having far-reaching implications. In the third year of this worsening book banning crisis, the defense of the core principles of public education and the freedom to read, learn, and think is as necessary now as ever.    </p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Acknowledgements</h2> <p>This report was written by the Freedom to Read Program experts, Kasey Meehan, program director, Sabrina Baêta, program manager, Madison Markham, program assistant, and Tasslyn Magnusson, PhD, senior advisor. The report was reviewed and edited by Jonathan Friedman, Sy Syms managing director, U.S. Free Expression Programs. </p> <p>This report is informed by our <em><a href="https://pen.org/book-bans/pen-america-index-of-school-book-bans-2023-2024/">Index of School Book Bans</a></em> which is not possible without support from several PEN America colleagues and external consultants. Critical support for data collection and analysis was provided by PEN America’s Daniel Cruz and Hanna Khosravi, external consultants, Sanobar Chagani and Dominique Baêta, and Nicole Moses and Nikki Gallant, student interns for the Freedom to Read Program. </p> <p>This report also includes a comprehensive analysis of the content and themes present in banned books. We thank Octavia Driscoll, external consultant, for providing key support in reviewing the content and themes of banned books as well as a group of experts and advisors, mainly children and young adult authors and school librarians. We want to thank Dani Behonick, Katryn Bury, Tobias Carroll, Shirley Chan, Cristina Deptula, Patricia Elzie-Tuttle, Ellen Gidaro, Mars Hauser Hage, Samantha Mills, John Odell, Susanne Pari, Lauren Parker, Keely Parrack, Maria Ramos-Chertok, Paula Schaap, Esq., Lori R Snyder, Lara Starr, Pamela S. Turner, Audrey Vernick, Erica Lorraine Webb, Mindy Weisberger, Khan Wong, Ann Zhao, and Sarah Dillard, as well as several other experts who did not wish to be named publicly.  </p> <p>Geraldine Baum, chief communications officer, oversaw production of the report and Suzanne Trimel and Lisa Tolin supported its release. We thank the entire Communications team at PEN America for their support of this work.  </p> <p>PEN America is grateful for support from the <strong>Endeavor Foundation, </strong><strong>The Spencer Foundation, </strong><strong>Henry Luce Foundation,</strong> and the <strong>Long Ridge Foundation,</strong> which made this report possible. We also thank key partners in this work, including the Florida Freedom to Read Project, the Texas Freedom to Read Project, and Let Utah Read.</p> <p>Finally, we extend our gratitude to the many authors, teachers, librarians, parents, students, and citizens who are fighting book bans, speaking out in their communities, and raising attention to these issues. We are proud to stand with you in defending the freedom to read.</p> </div> </div> </div> <footer class="site-footer wp-block-template-part"> <div class="wp-block-group is-layout-constrained has-white-color has-black-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color wp-elements-412b5450d74fb189c1199862c76dbf3f has-global-padding wp-block-group-is-layout-constrained" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0"> <div class="wp-block-columns footer-top is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-12 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-resized"><a href="https://pen.org"><img data-od-xpath="/*[1][self::HTML]/*[2][self::BODY]/*[2][self::DIV]/*[3][self::FOOTER]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::DIV]/*[1][self::FIGURE]/*[1][self::A]/*[1][self::IMG]" loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="182" height="70" src="https://pen.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/logo-reverse.svg" alt="PEN America logo and tagline" class="wp-image-322"/></a></figure> </div> <div class="wp-block-column k-display--grid is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <ul class="wp-block-social-links has-icon-color is-style-logos-only is-horizontal is-content-justification-right is-layout-flex wp-container-core-social-links-is-layout-1 wp-block-social-links-is-layout-flex"><li style="color: var(--pen-color-white); " class="wp-social-link wp-social-link-facebook has-White-color wp-block-social-link"><a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://facebook.com/penamerica" class="wp-block-social-link-anchor"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M12 2C6.5 2 2 6.5 2 12c0 5 3.7 9.1 8.4 9.9v-7H7.9V12h2.5V9.8c0-2.5 1.5-3.9 3.8-3.9 1.1 0 2.2.2 2.2.2v2.5h-1.3c-1.2 0-1.6.8-1.6 1.6V12h2.8l-.4 2.9h-2.3v7C18.3 21.1 22 17 22 12c0-5.5-4.5-10-10-10z"></path></svg><span class="wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text">Facebook</span></a></li> <li style="color: var(--pen-color-white); " class="wp-social-link wp-social-link-instagram has-White-color wp-block-social-link"><a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://instagram.com/penamerica" class="wp-block-social-link-anchor"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M12,4.622c2.403,0,2.688,0.009,3.637,0.052c0.877,0.04,1.354,0.187,1.671,0.31c0.42,0.163,0.72,0.358,1.035,0.673 c0.315,0.315,0.51,0.615,0.673,1.035c0.123,0.317,0.27,0.794,0.31,1.671c0.043,0.949,0.052,1.234,0.052,3.637 s-0.009,2.688-0.052,3.637c-0.04,0.877-0.187,1.354-0.31,1.671c-0.163,0.42-0.358,0.72-0.673,1.035 c-0.315,0.315-0.615,0.51-1.035,0.673c-0.317,0.123-0.794,0.27-1.671,0.31c-0.949,0.043-1.233,0.052-3.637,0.052 s-2.688-0.009-3.637-0.052c-0.877-0.04-1.354-0.187-1.671-0.31c-0.42-0.163-0.72-0.358-1.035-0.673 c-0.315-0.315-0.51-0.615-0.673-1.035c-0.123-0.317-0.27-0.794-0.31-1.671C4.631,14.688,4.622,14.403,4.622,12 s0.009-2.688,0.052-3.637c0.04-0.877,0.187-1.354,0.31-1.671c0.163-0.42,0.358-0.72,0.673-1.035 c0.315-0.315,0.615-0.51,1.035-0.673c0.317-0.123,0.794-0.27,1.671-0.31C9.312,4.631,9.597,4.622,12,4.622 M12,3 C9.556,3,9.249,3.01,8.289,3.054C7.331,3.098,6.677,3.25,6.105,3.472C5.513,3.702,5.011,4.01,4.511,4.511 c-0.5,0.5-0.808,1.002-1.038,1.594C3.25,6.677,3.098,7.331,3.054,8.289C3.01,9.249,3,9.556,3,12c0,2.444,0.01,2.751,0.054,3.711 c0.044,0.958,0.196,1.612,0.418,2.185c0.23,0.592,0.538,1.094,1.038,1.594c0.5,0.5,1.002,0.808,1.594,1.038 c0.572,0.222,1.227,0.375,2.185,0.418C9.249,20.99,9.556,21,12,21s2.751-0.01,3.711-0.054c0.958-0.044,1.612-0.196,2.185-0.418 c0.592-0.23,1.094-0.538,1.594-1.038c0.5-0.5,0.808-1.002,1.038-1.594c0.222-0.572,0.375-1.227,0.418-2.185 C20.99,14.751,21,14.444,21,12s-0.01-2.751-0.054-3.711c-0.044-0.958-0.196-1.612-0.418-2.185c-0.23-0.592-0.538-1.094-1.038-1.594 c-0.5-0.5-1.002-0.808-1.594-1.038c-0.572-0.222-1.227-0.375-2.185-0.418C14.751,3.01,14.444,3,12,3L12,3z M12,7.378 c-2.552,0-4.622,2.069-4.622,4.622S9.448,16.622,12,16.622s4.622-2.069,4.622-4.622S14.552,7.378,12,7.378z M12,15 c-1.657,0-3-1.343-3-3s1.343-3,3-3s3,1.343,3,3S13.657,15,12,15z M16.804,6.116c-0.596,0-1.08,0.484-1.08,1.08 s0.484,1.08,1.08,1.08c0.596,0,1.08-0.484,1.08-1.08S17.401,6.116,16.804,6.116z"></path></svg><span class="wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text">Instagram</span></a></li> <li style="color: var(--pen-color-white); " class="wp-social-link wp-social-link-linkedin has-White-color wp-block-social-link"><a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://linkedin.com/company/penamerica" class="wp-block-social-link-anchor"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M19.7,3H4.3C3.582,3,3,3.582,3,4.3v15.4C3,20.418,3.582,21,4.3,21h15.4c0.718,0,1.3-0.582,1.3-1.3V4.3 C21,3.582,20.418,3,19.7,3z M8.339,18.338H5.667v-8.59h2.672V18.338z M7.004,8.574c-0.857,0-1.549-0.694-1.549-1.548 c0-0.855,0.691-1.548,1.549-1.548c0.854,0,1.547,0.694,1.547,1.548C8.551,7.881,7.858,8.574,7.004,8.574z M18.339,18.338h-2.669 v-4.177c0-0.996-0.017-2.278-1.387-2.278c-1.389,0-1.601,1.086-1.601,2.206v4.249h-2.667v-8.59h2.559v1.174h0.037 c0.356-0.675,1.227-1.387,2.526-1.387c2.703,0,3.203,1.779,3.203,4.092V18.338z"></path></svg><span class="wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text">LinkedIn</span></a></li> <li style="color: var(--pen-color-white); " class="wp-social-link wp-social-link-threads has-White-color wp-block-social-link"><a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://www.threads.net/@penamerica" class="wp-block-social-link-anchor"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M16.3 11.3c-.1 0-.2-.1-.2-.1-.1-2.6-1.5-4-3.9-4-1.4 0-2.6.6-3.3 1.7l1.3.9c.5-.8 1.4-1 2-1 .8 0 1.4.2 1.7.7.3.3.5.8.5 1.3-.7-.1-1.4-.2-2.2-.1-2.2.1-3.7 1.4-3.6 3.2 0 .9.5 1.7 1.3 2.2.7.4 1.5.6 2.4.6 1.2-.1 2.1-.5 2.7-1.3.5-.6.8-1.4.9-2.4.6.3 1 .8 1.2 1.3.4.9.4 2.4-.8 3.6-1.1 1.1-2.3 1.5-4.3 1.5-2.1 0-3.8-.7-4.8-2S5.7 14.3 5.7 12c0-2.3.5-4.1 1.5-5.4 1.1-1.3 2.7-2 4.8-2 2.2 0 3.8.7 4.9 2 .5.7.9 1.5 1.2 2.5l1.5-.4c-.3-1.2-.8-2.2-1.5-3.1-1.3-1.7-3.3-2.6-6-2.6-2.6 0-4.7.9-6 2.6C4.9 7.2 4.3 9.3 4.3 12s.6 4.8 1.9 6.4c1.4 1.7 3.4 2.6 6 2.6 2.3 0 4-.6 5.3-2 1.8-1.8 1.7-4 1.1-5.4-.4-.9-1.2-1.7-2.3-2.3zm-4 3.8c-1 .1-2-.4-2-1.3 0-.7.5-1.5 2.1-1.6h.5c.6 0 1.1.1 1.6.2-.2 2.3-1.3 2.7-2.2 2.7z"/></svg><span class="wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text">Threads</span></a></li> <li style="color: var(--pen-color-white); " class="wp-social-link wp-social-link-tiktok has-White-color wp-block-social-link"><a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://tiktok.com/@penamerica" class="wp-block-social-link-anchor"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 32 32" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M16.708 0.027c1.745-0.027 3.48-0.011 5.213-0.027 0.105 2.041 0.839 4.12 2.333 5.563 1.491 1.479 3.6 2.156 5.652 2.385v5.369c-1.923-0.063-3.855-0.463-5.6-1.291-0.76-0.344-1.468-0.787-2.161-1.24-0.009 3.896 0.016 7.787-0.025 11.667-0.104 1.864-0.719 3.719-1.803 5.255-1.744 2.557-4.771 4.224-7.88 4.276-1.907 0.109-3.812-0.411-5.437-1.369-2.693-1.588-4.588-4.495-4.864-7.615-0.032-0.667-0.043-1.333-0.016-1.984 0.24-2.537 1.495-4.964 3.443-6.615 2.208-1.923 5.301-2.839 8.197-2.297 0.027 1.975-0.052 3.948-0.052 5.923-1.323-0.428-2.869-0.308-4.025 0.495-0.844 0.547-1.485 1.385-1.819 2.333-0.276 0.676-0.197 1.427-0.181 2.145 0.317 2.188 2.421 4.027 4.667 3.828 1.489-0.016 2.916-0.88 3.692-2.145 0.251-0.443 0.532-0.896 0.547-1.417 0.131-2.385 0.079-4.76 0.095-7.145 0.011-5.375-0.016-10.735 0.025-16.093z" /></svg><span class="wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text">TikTok</span></a></li> <li style="color: var(--pen-color-white); " class="wp-social-link wp-social-link-x has-White-color wp-block-social-link"><a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://x.com/penamerica" class="wp-block-social-link-anchor"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M13.982 10.622 20.54 3h-1.554l-5.693 6.618L8.745 3H3.5l6.876 10.007L3.5 21h1.554l6.012-6.989L15.868 21h5.245l-7.131-10.378Zm-2.128 2.474-.697-.997-5.543-7.93H8l4.474 6.4.697.996 5.815 8.318h-2.387l-4.745-6.787Z" /></svg><span class="wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text">X</span></a></li> <li style="color: var(--pen-color-white); " class="wp-social-link wp-social-link-youtube has-White-color wp-block-social-link"><a rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://youtube.com/penamerica" class="wp-block-social-link-anchor"><svg width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 24 24" version="1.1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><path d="M21.8,8.001c0,0-0.195-1.378-0.795-1.985c-0.76-0.797-1.613-0.801-2.004-0.847c-2.799-0.202-6.997-0.202-6.997-0.202 h-0.009c0,0-4.198,0-6.997,0.202C4.608,5.216,3.756,5.22,2.995,6.016C2.395,6.623,2.2,8.001,2.2,8.001S2,9.62,2,11.238v1.517 c0,1.618,0.2,3.237,0.2,3.237s0.195,1.378,0.795,1.985c0.761,0.797,1.76,0.771,2.205,0.855c1.6,0.153,6.8,0.201,6.8,0.201 s4.203-0.006,7.001-0.209c0.391-0.047,1.243-0.051,2.004-0.847c0.6-0.607,0.795-1.985,0.795-1.985s0.2-1.618,0.2-3.237v-1.517 C22,9.62,21.8,8.001,21.8,8.001z M9.935,14.594l-0.001-5.62l5.404,2.82L9.935,14.594z"></path></svg><span class="wp-block-social-link-label screen-reader-text">YouTube</span></a></li></ul> </div> </div> <div class="wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-13 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex"> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <nav aria-label="Footer: PEN Locations"> <h2 class="footer-heading">PEN America</h2> <ul id="footer-pen-locations-navigation" class="--nav footer"><li id="menu-item-48880" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-48880"><a href="https://pen.org/new-york-office/">PEN America New York</a></li> <li id="menu-item-48552" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-48552"><a href="https://pen.org/los-angeles-office/">PEN America Los Angeles</a></li> <li id="menu-item-48553" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-48553"><a href="https://pen.org/washington-dc-office/">PEN America Washington, DC</a></li> <li id="menu-item-48554" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-48554"><a href="https://pen.org/florida-office/">PEN America Florida</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <nav aria-label="Footer"> <h2 class="footer-heading">Quick Links</h2> <ul id="footer-navigation" class="--nav footer"><li id="menu-item-48882" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-48882"><a href="https://pen.org/press-releases/">Press Releases</a></li> <li id="menu-item-48883" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-48883"><a href="https://pen.org/careers/">Careers</a></li> <li id="menu-item-66" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-66"><a href="https://pen.org/events/">Events</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <nav aria-label="Footer: Links Only"> <ul id="footer-no-header-navigation" class="--nav footer"><li id="menu-item-49167" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-49167"><a href="https://pen.org/blog-posts/">Blogs & Commentary</a></li> <li id="menu-item-49166" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-49166"><a href="https://pen.org/about-us/#financials">Financials</a></li> <li id="menu-item-49168" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-49168"><a href="https://pen.org/reports/">Research & Reports</a></li> <li id="menu-item-53965" class="menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-privacy-policy menu-item-53965"><a rel="privacy-policy" href="https://pen.org/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow"> <h2 class="wp-block-heading has-inverted-color has-text-color has-link-color has-body-font-size wp-elements-704e1c8a431a48f22dc4e1d9d77f8261" style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;line-height:1.6">Support Our Work</h2> <p class="has-inverted-color has-text-color has-link-color has-body-small-font-size wp-elements-08bf981d93d8c6959ff22e7108c50cda" style="margin-top:0;margin-right:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;line-height:1.5">Help protect the freedom to write, read, and learn by donating to PEN America today.</p> <div class="wp-block-pen-america-buttons pen-america-buttons is-layout-flow wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flow"> <a class="wp-block-pen-america-button is-style-outline-white button" href="https://pen.org/2025-support-pen-america-web/?utm_source=website&utm_medium=sitefooter&utm_campaign=donatebutton&ms=footerdonatebutton" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_self"><span class="before-text screen-reader-text"></span><span class="text">Donate Now</span><span class="after-text screen-reader-text"></span></a> </div> </div> </div> <p class="k-block--copyright">Copyright © 2025 PEN America. All rights reserved | <a href="/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></p> </div> </footer></div> <script> var relevanssi_rt_regex = /(&|\?)_(rt|rt_nonce)=(\w+)/g var newUrl = window.location.search.replace(relevanssi_rt_regex, '') history.replaceState(null, null, window.location.pathname + newUrl + window.location.hash) </script> <script type="speculationrules"> {"prerender":[{"source":"document","where":{"and":[{"href_matches":"\/*"},{"not":{"href_matches":["\/wp-login.php","\/wp-admin\/*","\/*\\?*(^|&)_wpnonce=*","\/wp-content\/uploads\/*","\/wp-content\/*","\/wp-content\/plugins\/*","\/wp-content\/themes\/custom\/pen-america\/*"]}},{"not":{"selector_matches":"a[rel~=\"nofollow\"]"}},{"not":{"selector_matches":".no-prerender"}}]},"eagerness":"moderate"}]} </script> <script id="wp-block-template-skip-link-js-after"> ( function() { var skipLinkTarget = document.querySelector( 'main' ), sibling, skipLinkTargetID, skipLink; // Early exit if a skip-link target can't be located. if ( ! skipLinkTarget ) { return; } /* * Get the site wrapper. * The skip-link will be injected in the beginning of it. */ sibling = document.querySelector( '.wp-site-blocks' ); // Early exit if the root element was not found. if ( ! sibling ) { return; } // Get the skip-link target's ID, and generate one if it doesn't exist. skipLinkTargetID = skipLinkTarget.id; if ( ! skipLinkTargetID ) { skipLinkTargetID = 'wp--skip-link--target'; skipLinkTarget.id = skipLinkTargetID; } // Create the skip link. skipLink = document.createElement( 'a' ); skipLink.classList.add( 'skip-link', 'screen-reader-text' ); skipLink.href = '#' + skipLinkTargetID; skipLink.innerHTML = 'Skip to content'; // Inject the skip link. sibling.parentElement.insertBefore( skipLink, sibling ); }() ); </script> <script id="jquery.wp-smartcrop-js-extra"> var wpsmartcrop_options = {"focus_mode":"power-lines"}; </script> <script src="https://pen.org/wp-content/plugins/wp-smartcrop/js/jquery.wp-smartcrop.min.js?ver=2.0.10" id="jquery.wp-smartcrop-js"></script> <script src="https://pen.org/wp-content/themes/custom/pen-america/assets/dist/js/vendor.2f7768755b022b792183.js?ver=1.0.0" id="kanopi-pack-vendor-js"></script> <script src="https://pen.org/wp-includes/js/dist/vendor/lodash.min.js?ver=4.17.21" id="lodash-js"></script> <script id="lodash-js-after"> window.lodash = _.noConflict(); </script> <script src="https://pen.org/wp-content/themes/custom/pen-america/assets/dist/js/runtime.deb43d201b2599915954.js?ver=1.0.0" id="kanopi-pack-runtime-js"></script> <script src="https://pen.org/wp-content/themes/custom/pen-america/assets/dist/js/pen-site.e0b7b361cbdc3d8b983f.js?ver=1.0.0" id="kanopi-pack-pen-site-js"></script> <script type="module"> import detect from "https:\/\/pen.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/optimization-detective\/detect.min.js?ver=0.8.0"; detect( {"minViewportAspectRatio":0.4,"maxViewportAspectRatio":2.5,"isDebug":false,"extensionModuleUrls":[],"restApiEndpoint":"https:\/\/pen.org\/wp-json\/optimization-detective\/v1\/url-metrics:store","currentUrl":"https:\/\/pen.org\/report\/beyond-the-shelves\/","urlMetricSlug":"27fe918b69b377a6c0f3e3054c0efa3d","cachePurgePostId":55079,"urlMetricHMAC":"e4f7646b8efb77d5c4fc946bc1020f47","urlMetricGroupStatuses":[{"minimumViewportWidth":0,"complete":true},{"minimumViewportWidth":481,"complete":true},{"minimumViewportWidth":601,"complete":false},{"minimumViewportWidth":783,"complete":false}],"storageLockTTL":60,"webVitalsLibrarySrc":"https:\/\/pen.org\/wp-content\/plugins\/optimization-detective\/build\/web-vitals.js?ver=4.2.4"} ); </script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"NRJS-67a19b13b1208ee00aa","applicationID":"511463069","transactionName":"YVZSZEJVXhZWVBBaWlgccVNEXV8LGEMBXkVaUkRVHVdRC0FWFw==","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":1021,"atts":"TRFREgpPTRg=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>