CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Jakarta - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"da614ad2-dde3-4f42-9909-6c811b3cf01b","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Jakarta","wgTitle":"Jakarta","wgCurRevisionId":1272529182,"wgRevisionId":1272529182,"wgArticleId":16275,"wgIsArticle":true, "wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Jakarta","wgRelevantArticleId":16275,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgStableRevisionId":1272529182,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true,"wgMFScriptPath":"", "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":-6.175000000000001,"lon":106.8275},"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ay","autonym":"Aymar aru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bar","autonym":"Boarisch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bpy","autonym":"বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug", "autonym":"Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym":"словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"diq","autonym":"Zazaki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv","autonym":"ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frp","autonym":"arpetan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang": "gom","autonym":"गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gv","autonym":"Gaelg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jam","autonym":"Patois","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbd","autonym":"адыгэбзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym":"перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym":"कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym": "Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym":"ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mrj","autonym":"кырык мары","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds-nl","autonym":"Nedersaksies","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym":"Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pam","autonym":"Kapampangan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch" ,"dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"se","autonym":"davvisámegiella","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"so","autonym":"Soomaaliga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st","autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym":"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"te","autonym":"తెలుగు","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tig","autonym":"ትግሬ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym":"Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wa","autonym":"walon","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh","autonym":"ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}], "wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms", "mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tig","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q3630","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model", "platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":true,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.kartographer.style":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready", "skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready","ext.flaggedRevs.basic":"ready","mediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.kartographer.staticframe","ext.phonos.init","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.flaggedRevs.advanced","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns", "ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.flaggedRevs.basic%7Cext.kartographer.style%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cmediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.14"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Busway_in_Bundaran_HI.jpg/1200px-Busway_in_Bundaran_HI.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="717"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Busway_in_Bundaran_HI.jpg/800px-Busway_in_Bundaran_HI.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="478"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Busway_in_Bundaran_HI.jpg/640px-Busway_in_Bundaran_HI.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="382"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="Jakarta - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Jakarta&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Jakarta rootpage-Jakarta stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"><div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"> <a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"> <input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="/wiki/Main_Page" data-mw="interface"> Home </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="/wiki/Special:Random" data-mw="interface"> Random </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="/wiki/Special:Nearby" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> Nearby </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor mw-list-item menu__item--login" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Jakarta" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> Log in </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=Jakarta" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> Settings </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en&wmf_key=minerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> Donate </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" data-mw="interface"> About Wikipedia </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" data-mw="interface"> Disclaimers </a> </li> </ul> </div> <label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Jakarta</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Jakarta" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Jakarta" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Jakarta" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Jakarta&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div id="mw-fr-revision-messages"><div class="cdx-message mw-fr-message-box cdx-message--inline cdx-message--notice mw-fr-mobile-message-inline"><div class="cdx-message__content">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pending_changes" title="Wikipedia:Pending changes">latest accepted revision</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=review&page=Jakarta">reviewed</a> on 29 January 2025.</div></div></div></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Jakarta (disambiguation)">Jakarta (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style>Jakarta<a href="#cite_note-14">[c]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/dʒəˈkɑːrtə/</a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Indonesian pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[dʒaˈkarta]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/ca\/Id-Jakarta.ogg\/Id-Jakarta.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Id-Jakarta.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ca/Id-Jakarta.ogg/Id-Jakarta.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Id-Jakarta.ogg" title="File:Id-Jakarta.ogg">ⓘ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Betawi_language" title="Betawi language">Betawi</a>: Jakartè), officially the Special Capital Region of Jakarta (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta; DKI Jakarta) and formerly known as <a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a> until 1949, is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital city</a> of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> and an autonomous region at the provincial level. Lying on the northwest coast of <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_by_population" title="List of islands by population">most populous island</a>, Jakarta is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ASEAN_by_population" title="List of cities in ASEAN by population">largest metropole</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> and serves as the diplomatic capital of <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a>. The Special Region has a status equivalent to that of a <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">province</a> and is bordered by two other provinces: <a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a> to the south and east; and (since 2000, when it was separated from West Java) <a href="/wiki/Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a> to the west. Its coastline faces the <a href="/wiki/Java_Sea" title="Java Sea">Java Sea</a> to the north, and it shares a maritime border with <a href="/wiki/Lampung" title="Lampung">Lampung</a> to the west. <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_metropolitan_area" title="Jakarta metropolitan area">Jakarta's metropolitan area</a> is <a href="/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_country_subdivisions_by_GDP" title="List of ASEAN country subdivisions by GDP">ASEAN's second largest economy</a> after <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>. In 2023, the city's <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> PPP was estimated at US$724.010 billion. <table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Jakarta</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native">Jakartè (<a href="/wiki/Betawi_language" title="Betawi language">Betawi</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">Special capital region</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Special Capital Region of Jakarta <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:277px;max-width:277px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:275px;max-width:275px"><div style="height:67px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Jakarta_CBD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Jakarta_CBD.jpg/273px-Jakarta_CBD.jpg" decoding="async" width="273" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Jakarta_CBD.jpg/410px-Jakarta_CBD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Jakarta_CBD.jpg/546px-Jakarta_CBD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="990"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Golden_Triangle_of_Jakarta" title="Golden Triangle of Jakarta">Golden Triangle of Jakarta</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="height:85px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Busway_in_Bundaran_HI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Busway_in_Bundaran_HI.jpg/142px-Busway_in_Bundaran_HI.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Busway_in_Bundaran_HI.jpg/213px-Busway_in_Bundaran_HI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Busway_in_Bundaran_HI.jpg/284px-Busway_in_Bundaran_HI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4842" data-file-height="2892"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Selamat_Datang_Monument" title="Selamat Datang Monument">Bundaran HI</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div style="height:85px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Istana-Merdeka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Istana-Merdeka.jpg/127px-Istana-Merdeka.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Istana-Merdeka.jpg/191px-Istana-Merdeka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Istana-Merdeka.jpg/254px-Istana-Merdeka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1344"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Merdeka_Palace" title="Merdeka Palace">Merdeka Palace</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div style="height:96px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Jakarta_Indonesia_National-Museum-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Jakarta_Indonesia_National-Museum-01.jpg/135px-Jakarta_Indonesia_National-Museum-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Jakarta_Indonesia_National-Museum-01.jpg/203px-Jakarta_Indonesia_National-Museum-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Jakarta_Indonesia_National-Museum-01.jpg/270px-Jakarta_Indonesia_National-Museum-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5026" data-file-height="3590"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Indonesia" title="National Museum of Indonesia">National Museum</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div style="height:96px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Gallery_of_Indonesia_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/National_Gallery_of_Indonesia_%28cropped%29.JPG/134px-National_Gallery_of_Indonesia_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="134" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/National_Gallery_of_Indonesia_%28cropped%29.JPG/201px-National_Gallery_of_Indonesia_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/National_Gallery_of_Indonesia_%28cropped%29.JPG/268px-National_Gallery_of_Indonesia_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1587" data-file-height="1143"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Indonesia" title="National Gallery of Indonesia">National Gallery</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div style="height:120px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_Fatahillah_Jakarta_2018_pas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Museum_Fatahillah_Jakarta_2018_pas.jpg/188px-Museum_Fatahillah_Jakarta_2018_pas.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Museum_Fatahillah_Jakarta_2018_pas.jpg/282px-Museum_Fatahillah_Jakarta_2018_pas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Museum_Fatahillah_Jakarta_2018_pas.jpg/376px-Museum_Fatahillah_Jakarta_2018_pas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4086" data-file-height="2630"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Old_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakarta Old Town">Jakarta Old Town</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:83px;max-width:83px"><div style="height:120px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Monas_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Monas_-_panoramio.jpg/81px-Monas_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Monas_-_panoramio.jpg/122px-Monas_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Monas_-_panoramio.jpg/162px-Monas_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2896"></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/National_Monument_(Indonesia)" title="National Monument (Indonesia)">Monas</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Jakarta.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official seal of Jakarta"><img alt="Official seal of Jakarta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Coat_of_arms_of_Jakarta.svg/67px-Coat_of_arms_of_Jakarta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="67" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Coat_of_arms_of_Jakarta.svg/101px-Coat_of_arms_of_Jakarta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Coat_of_arms_of_Jakarta.svg/134px-Coat_of_arms_of_Jakarta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="507"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Jakarta" title="Coat of arms of Jakarta">Coat of arms</a></div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:%2BJakarta_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Official logo of Jakarta"><img alt="Official logo of Jakarta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/%2BJakarta_Logo.svg/110px-%2BJakarta_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/%2BJakarta_Logo.svg/165px-%2BJakarta_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/%2BJakarta_Logo.svg/220px-%2BJakarta_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="215"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Wordmark" title="Wordmark">Wordmark</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nicknames: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>The Big <a href="/wiki/Durian" title="Durian">Durian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> Van Java</li><li>J-Town<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Jaya Raya (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>) "Victorious and Great" <a href="/wiki/Slogan" title="Slogan">Slogan</a>: Sukses Jakarta untuk Indonesia<a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a> "Jakarta's Success for Indonesia"</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 300px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="300" data-height="200" data-zoom="9" data-lat="-6.175" data-lon="106.8275" data-overlays='["_f050c08b58221d5cb995a7073fc52b8437b577b6"]' href="/wiki/Special:Map/9/-6.175/106.8275/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,-6.175,106.8275,300x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Jakarta&revid=1272529182&groups=_f050c08b58221d5cb995a7073fc52b8437b577b6" width="300" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,-6.175,106.8275,300x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Jakarta&revid=1272529182&groups=_f050c08b58221d5cb995a7073fc52b8437b577b6 2x" alt="Map"></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Interactive map outlining Jakarta (parts of <a href="/wiki/Thousand_Islands_(Indonesia)" title="Thousand Islands (Indonesia)">Thousand Islands</a> not visible)</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><a href="/wiki/File:Java_location_map_plain.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jakarta is located in Java"><img alt="Jakarta is located in Java" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Java_location_map_plain.svg/300px-Java_location_map_plain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Java_location_map_plain.svg/450px-Java_location_map_plain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Java_location_map_plain.svg/600px-Java_location_map_plain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1153" data-file-height="522"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:33.491%;left:17.329%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Jakarta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Jakarta</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a></div>Show map of Java</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesia_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jakarta is located in Indonesia"><img alt="Jakarta is located in Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Indonesia_location_map.svg/300px-Indonesia_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Indonesia_location_map.svg/450px-Indonesia_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Indonesia_location_map.svg/600px-Indonesia_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="460"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:70.417%;left:26.229%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Jakarta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Jakarta</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></div>Show map of Indonesia</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><a href="/wiki/File:Southeast_Asia_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jakarta is located in Southeast Asia"><img alt="Jakarta is located in Southeast Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Southeast_Asia_location_map.svg/300px-Southeast_Asia_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Southeast_Asia_location_map.svg/450px-Southeast_Asia_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Southeast_Asia_location_map.svg/600px-Southeast_Asia_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="378"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:85.801%;left:28.337%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Jakarta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Jakarta</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></div>Show map of Southeast Asia</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_laea_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jakarta is located in Asia"><img alt="Jakarta is located in Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Asia_laea_location_map.svg/300px-Asia_laea_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Asia_laea_location_map.svg/450px-Asia_laea_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Asia_laea_location_map.svg/600px-Asia_laea_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1050"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:95.687%;left:62.271%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="Jakarta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Jakarta</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></div>Show map of Asia</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Jakarta&params=6_10_30_S_106_49_39_E_type:city(11350328)_region:ID-JW">6°10′30″S 106°49′39″E / 6.17500°S 106.82750°E / -6.17500; 106.82750</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Indonesia" title="Regions of Indonesia">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Administrative cities and regencies</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding:0"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrative_regencies_and_administrative_cities_in_Jakarta" title="List of administrative regencies and administrative cities in Jakarta">List</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:left; display:none"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Central_Jakarta" title="Central Jakarta">Central Jakarta</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/North_Jakarta" title="North Jakarta">North Jakarta</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/South_Jakarta" title="South Jakarta">South Jakarta</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/West_Jakarta" title="West Jakarta">West Jakarta</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/East_Jakarta" title="East Jakarta">East Jakarta</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Thousand_Islands_(Indonesia)" title="Thousand Islands (Indonesia)">Thousand Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First settled</th><td class="infobox-data">400 BC (<a href="/wiki/Buni_culture" title="Buni culture">Buni culture</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First mentioned</th><td class="infobox-data">358; 1667 years ago (358) (<a href="/wiki/Tugu_inscription" title="Tugu inscription">Tugu inscription</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">22 June 1527; 497 years ago (1527-06-22)<a href="#cite_note-kemendagri-4">[3]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established as <a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30 May 1619; 405 years ago (1619-05-30)<a href="#cite_note-Ricklefs2001-5">[4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_Indonesia" title="City status in Indonesia">City status</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4 March 1621; 403 years ago (1621-03-04)<a href="#cite_note-kemendagri-4">[3]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">Province status</a></th><td class="infobox-data">28 August 1961; 63 years ago (1961-08-28)<a href="#cite_note-kemendagri-4">[3]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Central_Jakarta" title="Central Jakarta">Central Jakarta</a> (de facto)<a href="#cite_note-6">[b]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Indonesia#First_level" title="Subdivisions of Indonesia">Special administrative region</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent">Special Region of Jakarta Provincial Government</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Jakarta" title="Governor of Jakarta">Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Teguh_Setyabudi" title="Teguh Setyabudi">Teguh Setyabudi</a> (acting)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Vice_Governor_of_Jakarta" title="Vice Governor of Jakarta">Vice Governor</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Vacant</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Regional_House_of_Representatives" title="Jakarta Regional House of Representatives">Jakarta Regional House of Representatives</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">Special capital region</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">660.982 km2 (255.207 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,546 km2 (547.16 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">7,076.31 km2 (2,732.18 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">38th in Indonesia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">8 m (26 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2023)<a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">Special capital region</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">11,350,328</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">6th in Indonesia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">17,000/km2 (44,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">Urban</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-Demog19th-8">[6]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">35,386,000</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Urban density</th><td class="infobox-data">10,000/km2 (65,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-9">[7]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">32,594,159</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro density</th><td class="infobox-data">4,600/km2 (12,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Jakartan</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Demographics<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Ethnic groups</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding:0"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:left;display:none;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">36.17% <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">28.29% <a href="/wiki/Betawi_people" title="Betawi people">Betawi</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">14.61% <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">6.62% <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Indonesian">Chinese</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">3.42% <a href="/wiki/Batak" title="Batak">Batak</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">2.85% <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.96% <a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">7.08% others</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Religion (2022)<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding:0"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>List</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:left; display:none"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">83.83% <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">8.56% <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">3.89% <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">3.50% <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.18% <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.015% <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">0.004% <a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-bpsdatagdp2023-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-bpsdataperkapita2023-12">[10]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">Special capital region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_rupiah" title="Indonesian rupiah">Rp</a> 3,442.98 trillion <a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">US$</a> 225.88 billion <a href="/wiki/Int%24" class="mw-redirect" title="Int$">Int$</a> 724.01 billion (<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_rupiah" title="Indonesian rupiah">Rp</a> 322.62 million <a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">US$</a> 21,166 <a href="/wiki/Int%24" class="mw-redirect" title="Int$">Int$</a> 67,842 (<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_rupiah" title="Indonesian rupiah">Rp</a> 6,404.70 trillion <a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">US$</a> 420.192 billion <a href="/wiki/Int%24" class="mw-redirect" title="Int$">Int$</a> 1.346 trillion (<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B07:00" title="UTC+07:00">UTC+07:00</a> (<a href="/wiki/Time_in_Indonesia" title="Time in Indonesia">Indonesia Western Time</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Indonesia" title="Postal codes in Indonesia">Postal codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">10110–14540, 19110–19130</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+62 21</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">ID-JK</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plate" title="Vehicle registration plate">Vehicle registration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">B</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> (2024)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> 0.842<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Indonesian provinces by Human Development Index">1st</a>) – very high</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jakarta.go.id/">www.jakarta.go.id</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3630#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Jakarta is the economic, cultural, and political centre of Indonesia. Although Jakarta extends over only 661.23 km2 (255.30 sq mi) and thus has the smallest area of any <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">Indonesian province</a>, its <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_metropolitan_area" title="Jakarta metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a> covers 7,076.31 km2 (2,732.18 sq mi), which includes the satellite cities of <a href="/wiki/Bogor" title="Bogor">Bogor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Depok" title="Depok">Depok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tangerang" title="Tangerang">Tangerang</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Tangerang" title="South Tangerang">South Tangerang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bekasi" title="Bekasi">Bekasi</a>, and has an estimated population of 32.6 million as of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jakarta&action=edit">[update]</a>, making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Indonesia" title="List of metropolitan areas in Indonesia">largest urban area in Indonesia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">second-largest in the world</a> (after <a href="/wiki/Greater_Tokyo_Area" title="Greater Tokyo Area">Tokyo</a>). Jakarta ranks <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_provinces_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Indonesian provinces by Human Development Index">first among the Indonesian provinces</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">human development index</a>. Jakarta's business and employment opportunities, along with its ability to offer a potentially higher <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a> compared to other parts of the country, have attracted migrants from across the Indonesian <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a>, making it a melting pot of numerous cultures. Jakarta is one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_continuously_inhabited_cities" title="List of oldest continuously inhabited cities">oldest continuously inhabited cities in Southeast Asia</a>. Established in the fourth century as <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Kelapa" title="Sunda Kelapa">Sunda Kelapa</a>, the city became an important trading port for the <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Kingdom" title="Sunda Kingdom">Sunda Kingdom</a>. At one time, it was the de facto capital of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>, when it was known as <a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a>. Jakarta was officially a city within <a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a> until 1960 when its official status was changed to a <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">province</a> with <a href="/wiki/Capital_districts_and_territories#Indonesia" title="Capital districts and territories">special capital region</a> distinction. As a province, its government consists of five administrative cities and one <a href="/wiki/Thousand_Islands_(Indonesia)" title="Thousand Islands (Indonesia)">administrative regency</a>. Jakarta is an <a href="/wiki/Global_city#GaWC_study" title="Global city">alpha world city</a> and the ASEAN secretariat's seat. Financial institutions such as the <a href="/wiki/Bank_Indonesia" title="Bank Indonesia">Bank of Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia_Stock_Exchange" title="Indonesia Stock Exchange">Indonesia Stock Exchange</a>, and corporate headquarters of numerous <a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Indonesia" title="List of companies of Indonesia">Indonesian companies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational corporations</a> are located in the city. Jakarta's main challenges include rapid urban growth, ecological breakdown, air pollution, gridlocked traffic, congestion, and <a href="/wiki/Floods_in_Jakarta" title="Floods in Jakarta">flooding</a> due to subsidence and water extraction (sea level rise is relative, not absolute). Part of North Jakarta is sinking up to 17 cm (6.7 inches) annually, meanwhile the southern part is relatively safe. This has made the northern part of the city more prone to flooding and one of the fastest-sinking capitals in the world. In response to these challenges, in August 2019, President <a href="/wiki/Joko_Widodo" title="Joko Widodo">Joko Widodo</a> announced plans to <a href="/wiki/Capital_of_Indonesia#Relocation_to_Nusantara" title="Capital of Indonesia">move the capital</a> from Jakarta to the planned city of <a href="/wiki/Nusantara_(planned_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusantara (planned city)">Nusantara</a>, in the province of <a href="/wiki/East_Kalimantan" title="East Kalimantan">East Kalimantan</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>. The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Consultative_Assembly" title="People's Consultative Assembly">MPR</a> approved the move on 18 January 2022. The Indonesian government is not abandoning Jakarta after announcing plans to move the country's capital, its planning minister said, pledging to spend US$40 billion, which is more than the cost to build <a href="/wiki/Nusantara_(city)" title="Nusantara (city)">Nusantara</a>, to save the city in the next decade.<a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Name">1 Name</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Precolonial_era">2.1 Precolonial era</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Colonial_era">2.2 Colonial era</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Independence_era">2.3 Independence era</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Geography">3 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Architecture">3.1 Architecture</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Landmarks">3.2 Landmarks</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Parks_and_public_spaces">3.3 Parks and public spaces</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Climate">3.4 Climate</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Demographics">4 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Ethnicity">4.1 Ethnicity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Language">4.2 Language</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Education">4.3 Education</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Religion">4.4 Religion</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Economy">5 Economy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Shopping">5.1 Shopping</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Tourism">5.2 Tourism</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Culture">6 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Arts_and_festivals">6.1 Arts and festivals</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Cuisine">6.2 Cuisine</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Sports">6.3 Sports</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Media_and_entertainment">6.4 Media and entertainment</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Government_and_politics">7 Government and politics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Public_safety">7.1 Public safety</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Municipal_finances">7.2 Municipal finances</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Administrative_divisions">7.3 Administrative divisions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Infrastructure">8 Infrastructure</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Transportation">8.1 Transportation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Healthcare">8.2 Healthcare</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Water_supply">8.3 Water supply</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#International_relations">9 International relations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#International_organisations">9.1 International organisations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Twin_towns_%E2%80%93_sister_cities">9.2 Twin towns – sister cities</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Cooperation_and_friendship">9.3 Cooperation and friendship</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#Notable_people">10 Notable people</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#See_also">11 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#Notes">12 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#References">13 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#Bibliography">14 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="#Further_reading">15 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-42"><a href="#External_links">16 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jakarta&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Jakarta has been home to multiple <a href="/wiki/Human_settlement" title="Human settlement">settlements</a>. Below is the list of names used during its existence: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buni_culture" title="Buni culture">Buni people</a> (400 BC–500 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarumanegara" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarumanegara">Sundapura</a> (358–669)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Kelapa" title="Sunda Kelapa">Sunda Kelapa</a> (669–1527)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banten_Sultanate" title="Banten Sultanate"><noscript><img alt="Banten Sultanate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_the_Sultanate_of_Banten.svg/19px-Flag_of_the_Sultanate_of_Banten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="347"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_the_Sultanate_of_Banten.svg/19px-Flag_of_the_Sultanate_of_Banten.svg.png" data-alt="Banten Sultanate" data-width="19" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_the_Sultanate_of_Banten.svg/29px-Flag_of_the_Sultanate_of_Banten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Flag_of_the_Sultanate_of_Banten.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_Sultanate_of_Banten.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Jayakarta (1527–1619)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies"><noscript><img alt="Dutch East Indies" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" data-alt="Dutch East Indies" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a> (1619–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><noscript><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" data-alt="Indonesia" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Djakarta (1942–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><noscript><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" data-alt="Indonesia" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Jakarta (1972–present)</li></ul> The <a href="/wiki/Buni_culture" title="Buni culture">Buni people</a> is a prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Clay_pottery" class="mw-redirect" title="Clay pottery">clay pottery</a> culture that flourished in coastal northern <a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a>, Jakarta, and <a href="/wiki/Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a> around 400 BC to 100 AD<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZahorka2007-16">[13]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] and survived until 500 AD. <a href="/wiki/Tarumanegara" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarumanegara">Sundapura</a> are the earliest <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a> records in the western part of the archipelago. The geographical position of coastal <a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a>, which corresponds to today modern Jakarta, is a commanding region that controls the Sunda Strait. This location is strategic in regard to <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, and also its connection to Asian continent of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. After fall of the Tarumanegara, the name of city was change to 'Sunda Kelapa' or 'Coconut of Sunda', growing to be the main harbour for the <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Kingdom" title="Sunda Kingdom">Sunda Kingdom</a>, due to its desirable location.<a href="#cite_note-names-17">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a> The name 'Jakarta' is derived from the word Jayakarta (<a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a>: जयकर्त) which is ultimately derived from the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> जय jaya (victorious),<a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a> and कृत krta (accomplished, acquired),<a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a> thus Jayakarta translates as 'victorious deed', 'complete act' or 'complete victory'. It was named for the Muslim troops of <a href="/wiki/Fatahillah" title="Fatahillah">Fatahillah</a> which successfully defeated and drove the Portuguese away from the city in 1527, eventually renaming it 'Jayakarta'.<a href="#cite_note-jakarta-news-2011-21">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A9_Pires" title="Tomé Pires">Tomé Pires</a>, a Portuguese apothecary, wrote the name of the city in <a href="/wiki/Suma_Oriental" class="mw-redirect" title="Suma Oriental">his magnum opus</a> as Jacatra or Jacarta<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECortes%C3%A3o199027%E2%80%9332-22">[19]</a> during his journey to the <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a>. After the Dutch East India Company took over the area in 1619, they renamed it to 'Batavia', after the <a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a>, a Germanic tribe who were seen as the ancestors of the Dutch. The city was then also known as Koningin van het Oosten (Queen of the Orient), a name that was given for the urban beauty of <a href="/wiki/Kota,_Jakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Kota, Jakarta">downtown Batavia's</a> <a href="/wiki/Gracht" title="Gracht">canals</a>, mansions and ordered city layout.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKampen1831291-23">[20]</a> After expanding to the south in the 19th century, this nickname came to be more associated with the suburbs (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Menteng" title="Menteng">Menteng</a> and the area around <a href="/wiki/Merdeka_Square,_Jakarta" title="Merdeka Square, Jakarta">Merdeka Square</a>), with their wide lanes, green spaces and villas.<a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Japanese occupation</a>, the city was renamed as Jakaruta Tokubetsu-shi (ジャカルタ特別市, Jakarta Special City).<a href="#cite_note-names-17">[14]</a> After the Japanese surrender, the name was changed to 'Jakarta'.<a href="#cite_note-names-17">[14]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jakarta&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jakarta" title="History of Jakarta">History of Jakarta</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jakarta" title="Timeline of Jakarta">Timeline of Jakarta</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precolonial_era">Precolonial era</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jakarta&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Precolonial era" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Kelapa" title="Sunda Kelapa">Sunda Kelapa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Replica_of_the_Luso-Sundanese_Padr%C3%A3o_Monument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Replica_of_the_Luso-Sundanese_Padr%C3%A3o_Monument.jpg/170px-Replica_of_the_Luso-Sundanese_Padr%C3%A3o_Monument.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Replica_of_the_Luso-Sundanese_Padr%C3%A3o_Monument.jpg/170px-Replica_of_the_Luso-Sundanese_Padr%C3%A3o_Monument.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Replica_of_the_Luso-Sundanese_Padr%C3%A3o_Monument.jpg/255px-Replica_of_the_Luso-Sundanese_Padr%C3%A3o_Monument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Replica_of_the_Luso-Sundanese_Padr%C3%A3o_Monument.jpg/340px-Replica_of_the_Luso-Sundanese_Padr%C3%A3o_Monument.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Luso-Sundanese_padr%C3%A3o" title="Luso-Sundanese padrão">Luso-Sundanese padrão</a>, a monument with a cross of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_Christ" title="Military Order of Christ">Order of Christ</a>, commemorating a treaty between <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portugal</a> and Hindu <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Kingdom" title="Sunda Kingdom">Sunda</a> kingdoms</figcaption></figure> The north coast area of western Java including Jakarta was the location of prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Buni_culture" title="Buni culture">Buni culture</a> that flourished from 400 BC to 100 AD.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZahorka2007?-25">[22]</a> The area in and around modern Jakarta was part of the 4th-century <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a> kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Tarumanagara" title="Tarumanagara">Tarumanagara</a>, one of the oldest <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> kingdoms in Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyatroha%C3%A9di2005?-26">[23]</a> The area of <a href="/wiki/North_Jakarta" title="North Jakarta">North Jakarta</a> around <a href="/wiki/Kampung_Tugu" title="Kampung Tugu">Tugu</a> became a populated settlement in the early 5th century. The <a href="/wiki/Tugu_inscription" title="Tugu inscription">Tugu inscription</a> (probably written around 417 AD) discovered in Batutumbuh hamlet, Tugu village, <a href="/wiki/Koja,_Jakarta" title="Koja, Jakarta">Koja</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Jakarta" title="North Jakarta">North Jakarta</a>, mentions that King <a href="/wiki/Purnawarman" title="Purnawarman">Purnawarman</a> of Tarumanagara undertook hydraulic projects; the irrigation and water drainage project of the Chandrabhaga river and the Gomati river near his capital.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHellmanThynellVoorst2018182-27">[24]</a> Following the decline of <a href="/wiki/Tarumanagara" title="Tarumanagara">Tarumanagara</a>, its territories, including the Jakarta area, became part of the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Kingdom" title="Sunda Kingdom">Kingdom of Sunda</a>. From the 7th to the early 13th century, the port of Sunda was under the <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> maritime empire. According to the Chinese source, <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Fan_Zhi" title="Zhu Fan Zhi">Chu-fan-chi</a>, written circa 1225, <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Rukuo" title="Zhao Rukuo">Chou Ju-kua</a> reported in the early 13th century that Srivijaya still ruled Sumatra, the Malay peninsula, and western Java (<a href="/wiki/Sunda_Kingdom" title="Sunda Kingdom">Sunda</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBungeVreeland19833-28">[25]</a> The source says the port of Sunda is strategic and thriving, mentioning <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">pepper</a> from Sunda as among the best in quality. The people worked in agriculture, and their houses were built on wooden piles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyatroha%C3%A9di200560-29">[26]</a> The harbour area became known as <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Kelapa" title="Sunda Kelapa">Sunda Kelapa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a>: ᮞᮥᮔ᮪ᮓ ᮊᮨᮜᮕ) and by the 14th century, it was an important trading port for the Sunda Kingdom. The first European fleet, four Portuguese ships from <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a>, arrived in 1513 while looking for a route to obtain spices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeuken1999?-30">[27]</a> The Sunda Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Luso_Sundanese_padr%C3%A3o" class="mw-redirect" title="Luso Sundanese padrão">made an alliance treaty</a> with the Portuguese by allowing them to build a port in 1522 to defend against the rising power of <a href="/wiki/Demak_Sultanate" title="Demak Sultanate">Demak Sultanate</a> from central Java.<a href="#cite_note-jakarta-news-2011-21">[18]</a> In 1527, <a href="/wiki/Fatahillah" title="Fatahillah">Fatahillah</a>, a Pasai-born military commander of Demak attacked and conquered Sunda Kelapa, driving out the Portuguese. Sunda Kelapa was renamed Jayakarta,<a href="#cite_note-jakarta-news-2011-21">[18]</a> and became a fiefdom of the <a href="/wiki/Banten_Sultanate" title="Banten Sultanate">Banten Sultanate</a>, which became a major Southeast Asian trading centre. Through the relationship with Prince Jayawikarta of the Banten Sultanate, Dutch ships arrived in 1596. In 1602, an English <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> (EIC) voyage led by Sir <a href="/wiki/James_Lancaster" title="James Lancaster">James Lancaster</a> arrived in <a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a> and sailed on to <a href="/wiki/Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a>, where they were allowed to build a trading post. This site became the centre of English trade in the Indonesian archipelago until 1682.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs1981?-31">[28]</a> Jayawikarta is thought to have made trading connections with the English merchants, who were rivals with the Dutch, by allowing them to build houses directly across from the Dutch buildings in 1615.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeuken1999?-30">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_era">Colonial era</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jakarta&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Colonial era" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia, Dutch East Indies</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_buildings_and_structures_in_Jakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colonial buildings and structures in Jakarta">List of colonial buildings and structures in Jakarta</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batavia_-_Townhall_1770.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Batavia_-_Townhall_1770.jpg/220px-Batavia_-_Townhall_1770.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="339"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 149px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Batavia_-_Townhall_1770.jpg/220px-Batavia_-_Townhall_1770.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="149" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Batavia_-_Townhall_1770.jpg/330px-Batavia_-_Townhall_1770.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Batavia_-_Townhall_1770.jpg/440px-Batavia_-_Townhall_1770.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The City Hall of Batavia (Stadhuis van Batavia), the seat of the governor-general of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">VOC</a> in the late 18th century by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Rach" title="Johannes Rach">Johannes Rach</a> c. 1770. The building now houses the <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_History_Museum" title="Jakarta History Museum">Jakarta History Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Old_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakarta Old Town">Jakarta Old Town</a></figcaption></figure> When relations between Prince Jayawikarta and the Dutch deteriorated, his soldiers attacked the Dutch fortress. His army and their EIC allies, however, were defeated by the Dutch, in part owing to the timely arrival of <a href="/wiki/Jan_Pieterszoon_Coen" title="Jan Pieterszoon Coen">Jan Pieterszoon Coen</a>. The Dutch burned the EIC trading post and forced them to retreat to their ships. The victory consolidated Dutch power, and they renamed the city Batavia in 1619. Commercial opportunities in the city attracted native and especially Chinese and Arab immigrants. This sudden population increase created burdens on the city. Tensions grew as the colonial government tried to restrict Chinese migration through deportations. Following a revolt, 5,000 Chinese were <a href="/wiki/1740_Batavia_massacre" title="1740 Batavia massacre">massacred</a> by the Dutch and natives on 9 October 1740, and the following year, Chinese inhabitants were moved to <a href="/wiki/Glodok" title="Glodok">Glodok</a> outside the city walls.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitton2003138%E2%80%9339-32">[29]</a> At the beginning of the 19th century, around 400 Arabs and Moors lived in Batavia, a number that changed little during the following decades. Among the commodities traded were fabrics, mainly imported cotton, <a href="/wiki/Batik" title="Batik">batik</a> and clothing worn by Arab communities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasGrijns2000145-33">[30]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Batavia_(1930).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Coat_of_Arms_of_Batavia_%281930%29.svg/220px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Batavia_%281930%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="765" data-file-height="494"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 142px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Coat_of_Arms_of_Batavia_%281930%29.svg/220px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Batavia_%281930%29.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="142" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Coat_of_Arms_of_Batavia_%281930%29.svg/330px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Batavia_%281930%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Coat_of_Arms_of_Batavia_%281930%29.svg/440px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Batavia_%281930%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Coat of Arms of <a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a> during Dutch colonial era, granted in 1930</figcaption></figure> The city began to expand further south as epidemics in 1835 and 1870 forced residents to move away from the port. The Koningsplein, now <a href="/wiki/Merdeka_Square,_Jakarta" title="Merdeka Square, Jakarta">Merdeka Square</a> was completed in 1818, the housing park of <a href="/wiki/Menteng" title="Menteng">Menteng</a> was started in 1913,<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kebayoran_Baru" title="Kebayoran Baru">Kebayoran Baru</a> was the last Dutch-built residential area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitton2003138%E2%80%9339-32">[29]</a> By 1930, Batavia had more than 500,000 inhabitants,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson197081%E2%80%9382-35">[32]</a> including 37,067 Europeans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakkerKooyShofianiMartijn20081891-36">[33]</a> The city was expanded in 1935 through the annexation of the town of Meester Cornelis, modern <a href="/wiki/Jatinegara" title="Jatinegara">Jatinegara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> On 5 March 1942, the Japanese captured <a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a> from Dutch control, and the city was named Jakarta (Jakarta Special City (ジャカルタ特別市, Jakaruta tokubetsu-shi), under the special status that was assigned to the city). After the war, the Dutch name Batavia was internationally recognised until full Indonesian independence on 27 December 1949. The city, now renamed Jakarta, was officially proclaimed the national capital of Indonesia. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_era">Independence era</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jakarta&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Independence era" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesia_declaration_of_independence_17_August_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Indonesia_declaration_of_independence_17_August_1945.jpg/220px-Indonesia_declaration_of_independence_17_August_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="621"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 139px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Indonesia_declaration_of_independence_17_August_1945.jpg/220px-Indonesia_declaration_of_independence_17_August_1945.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="139" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Indonesia_declaration_of_independence_17_August_1945.jpg/330px-Indonesia_declaration_of_independence_17_August_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Indonesia_declaration_of_independence_17_August_1945.jpg/440px-Indonesia_declaration_of_independence_17_August_1945.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> reading Proclamation of Indonesian <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Indonesian_Independence" title="Proclamation of Indonesian Independence">Independence</a> at Jalan Pegangsaan Timur Number 56 at Menteng</figcaption></figure> After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> ended, Indonesian nationalists declared independence on 17 August 1945,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaworoentoe2013-38">[35]</a> and the government of Jakarta City was changed into the Jakarta National Administration in the following month. During the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a>, Indonesian Republicans withdrew from <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a>-occupied Jakarta and established their capital in <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a>. After securing full independence, Jakarta again became the national capital in 1950.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitton2003138%E2%80%9339-32">[29]</a> With Jakarta selected to host the <a href="/wiki/1962_Asian_Games" title="1962 Asian Games">1962 Asian Games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a>, envisaging Jakarta as a great international city, instigated large government-funded projects with openly nationalistic and <a href="/wiki/Modernist_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist architecture">modernist architecture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> Projects included <a href="/wiki/Semanggi_Interchange" title="Semanggi Interchange">a cloverleaf interchange</a>, a major boulevard (<a href="/wiki/Jalan_MH_Thamrin_(Jakarta)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalan MH Thamrin (Jakarta)">Jalan MH Thamrin</a>-Sudirman), monuments such as <a href="/wiki/Monas" class="mw-redirect" title="Monas">The National Monument</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Indonesia" title="Hotel Indonesia">Hotel Indonesia</a>, a shopping centre, and a new building intended to be the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/CONEFO" title="CONEFO">CONEFO</a>. In October 1965, Jakarta was the site of <a href="/wiki/30_September_Movement" title="30 September Movement">an abortive coup</a> attempt in which six top generals were killed, precipitating <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">a violent anti-communist purge</a> which killed at least 500,000 people, including some ethnic Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> The event marked <a href="/wiki/Transition_to_the_New_Order" title="Transition to the New Order">the beginning of Suharto's New Order</a>. The first government was led by a mayor until the end of 1960 when the office was changed to that of a governor. The last mayor of Jakarta was <a href="/wiki/Soediro" title="Soediro">Soediro</a> until he was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Soemarno_Sosroatmodjo" title="Soemarno Sosroatmodjo">Soemarno Sosroatmodjo</a> as governor. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MonasConstruction2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/dc/MonasConstruction2.jpg/170px-MonasConstruction2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="937"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 253px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/dc/MonasConstruction2.jpg/170px-MonasConstruction2.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="253" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/dc/MonasConstruction2.jpg/255px-MonasConstruction2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/dc/MonasConstruction2.jpg/340px-MonasConstruction2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>One of the most monumental projects launched by Sukarno was the demolition of government buildings in <a href="/wiki/Merdeka_Square,_Jakarta" title="Merdeka Square, Jakarta">Merdeka Square</a> to make way for the <a href="/wiki/National_Monument_(Indonesia)" title="National Monument (Indonesia)">National Monument</a>.</figcaption></figure> In 1966, Jakarta was declared a 'special capital region' (Daerah Khusus Ibukota), with a status equivalent to that of a province.<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a> Based on law No. 5 of 1974 relating to regional governments, the Jakarta Special Capital Region was confirmed as the capital of Indonesia and one of the country's then 26 provinces.<a href="#cite_note-Statistics-2008-42">[39]</a> Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Ali_Sadikin" title="Ali Sadikin">Ali Sadikin</a> served as governor from 1966 to 1977; he rehabilitated roads and bridges, encouraged the arts, and built hospitals and a large number of schools. He cleared out slum dwellers for new development projects — some for the benefit of the Suharto family,<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a>— and attempted to eliminate rickshaws and ban street vendors. He began control of migration to the city to stem overcrowding and poverty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1997315-44">[41]</a> Foreign investment contributed to a real estate boom that transformed the face of Jakarta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESajor2003713%E2%80%9342-45">[42]</a> The boom ended with the <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a>, putting Jakarta at the centre of violence, protest, and political maneuvering. After three decades in power, support for President <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a> began to wane. Tensions peaked when four students were <a href="/wiki/Trisakti_shootings" title="Trisakti shootings">shot dead</a> at <a href="/wiki/Trisakti_University" title="Trisakti University">Trisakti University</a> by security forces. <a href="/wiki/May_1998_riots_of_Indonesia" title="May 1998 riots of Indonesia">Four days of riots and violence</a> in 1998 ensued that killed an estimated 1,200, and destroyed or damaged 6,000 buildings, forcing Suharto to resign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriend2003329-46">[43]</a> Much of the rioting targeted <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Indonesian">Chinese Indonesians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> In the post-Suharto era, Jakarta has remained the focal point of democratic change in Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriend2003?-48">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jemaah_Islamiyah" title="Jemaah Islamiyah">Jemaah Islamiyah</a>-connected bombings occurred almost annually in the city between 2000 and 2005,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitton2003138%E2%80%9339-32">[29]</a> with <a href="/wiki/2009_Jakarta_bombings" title="2009 Jakarta bombings">another in 2009</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> In August 2007, Jakarta held <a href="/wiki/2007_Jakarta_gubernatorial_election" title="2007 Jakarta gubernatorial election">its first-ever election to choose a governor</a> as part of a nationwide decentralisation program that allows direct local elections in several areas. Previously, governors were elected by the city's legislative body.<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Jokowi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jokowi">Jokowi</a> presidency, the Government adopted a plan to move Indonesia's capital to <a href="/wiki/Nusantara_(planned_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusantara (planned city)">Nusantara</a> after 17 August 2024,<a href="#cite_note-kalimantan-51">[48]</a> but this has not occurred due to delays.<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> Between <a href="/wiki/2016_Jakarta_attacks" title="2016 Jakarta attacks">2016</a> and <a href="/wiki/2017_Jakarta_bombings" title="2017 Jakarta bombings">2017</a>, a series of terrorist attacks rocked Jakarta with scenes of multiple suicide bombings and gunfire. <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi">Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi</a> claimed responsibility for the attacks on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jakarta&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Geography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Floods_in_Jakarta" title="Floods in Jakarta">Floods in Jakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Flood_Canal" title="Jakarta Flood Canal">Jakarta Flood Canal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Giant_Sea_Wall_Jakarta" title="Giant Sea Wall Jakarta">Giant Sea Wall Jakarta</a></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Jakarta_from_Monas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panorama of Jakarta as seen from the Monas in a full 360-degree view (river flowing from south-west to north-east, left to right)"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/View_of_Jakarta_from_Monas.jpg/1800px-View_of_Jakarta_from_Monas.jpg" decoding="async" width="1800" height="171" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20357" data-file-height="1934"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 1800px;height: 171px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/View_of_Jakarta_from_Monas.jpg/1800px-View_of_Jakarta_from_Monas.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="1800" data-height="171" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/View_of_Jakarta_from_Monas.jpg/2700px-View_of_Jakarta_from_Monas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/View_of_Jakarta_from_Monas.jpg/3600px-View_of_Jakarta_from_Monas.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Jakarta_from_Monas.jpg" title="File:View of Jakarta from Monas.jpg"> </a></div>Panorama of Jakarta as seen from the Monas in a full 360-degree view (river flowing from south-west to north-east, left to right)</div></div></div> Jakarta covers 661.23 km2 (255.30 sq mi), the smallest among any <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">Indonesian provinces</a>. However, its metropolitan area covers 6,392 km2 (2,468 sq mi), which extends into the two bordering provinces of <a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Jabodetabek" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabodetabek">Greater Jakarta</a> area includes three bordering regencies (<a href="/wiki/Bekasi_Regency" title="Bekasi Regency">Bekasi Regency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tangerang_Regency" title="Tangerang Regency">Tangerang Regency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bogor_Regency" title="Bogor Regency">Bogor Regency</a>) and five adjacent cities (<a href="/wiki/Bogor" title="Bogor">Bogor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Depok" title="Depok">Depok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bekasi" title="Bekasi">Bekasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tangerang" title="Tangerang">Tangerang</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Tangerang" title="South Tangerang">South Tangerang</a>). <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Festival_beach_Ancol_Jakarta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Festival_beach_Ancol_Jakarta.jpg/220px-Festival_beach_Ancol_Jakarta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Festival_beach_Ancol_Jakarta.jpg/220px-Festival_beach_Ancol_Jakarta.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Festival_beach_Ancol_Jakarta.jpg/330px-Festival_beach_Ancol_Jakarta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Festival_beach_Ancol_Jakarta.jpg/440px-Festival_beach_Ancol_Jakarta.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ancol" title="Ancol">Ancol</a> beach, situated in <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Bay" title="Jakarta Bay">Jakarta bay</a></figcaption></figure> Jakarta is situated on the northwest coast of <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Ciliwung_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciliwung River">Ciliwung River</a> on <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Bay" title="Jakarta Bay">Jakarta Bay</a>, an inlet of the <a href="/wiki/Java_Sea" title="Java Sea">Java Sea</a>. It is strategically located near the <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Strait" title="Sunda Strait">Sunda Strait</a>. The northern part of Jakarta is plain land, some areas of which are below sea level,<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> and subject to frequent flooding. The southern parts of the city are hilly. It is one of only two Asian capital cities located in the southern hemisphere (along with <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dili" title="Dili">Dili</a>). Officially, the area of the Jakarta Special District is 661.23 km2 (255 sq mi) of land area and 6,977 km2 (2,694 sq mi) of sea area.<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Thousand_Islands_(Indonesia)" title="Thousand Islands (Indonesia)">Thousand Islands</a>, which are administratively a part of Jakarta, are located in Jakarta Bay, north of the city. Jakarta lies in a low and flat <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_plain" title="Alluvial plain">alluvial plain</a>, ranging from −2 to 91 m (−7 to 299 ft) with an average elevation of 8 m (26 ft) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a> with historically extensive swampy areas. Some parts of the city have been constructed on reclaimed tidal flats that occur around the area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrayClemensPhinnPossingham2014267%E2%80%9372-56">[53]</a> Thirteen rivers flow through Jakarta. They are <a href="/wiki/Ciliwung_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciliwung River">Ciliwung River</a>, Kalibaru, <a href="/wiki/Pesanggrahan_River" title="Pesanggrahan River">Pesanggrahan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cipinang_River" title="Cipinang River">Cipinang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angke_River" title="Angke River">Angke</a>, Maja, Mookervart, Krukut, Buaran, West Tarum, Cakung, Petukangan, <a href="/wiki/Sunter_River" title="Sunter River">Sunter River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grogol_River" title="Grogol River">Grogol River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> They flow from the <a href="/wiki/Puncak" title="Puncak">Puncak</a> highlands to the south of the city, then across the city northwards towards the Java Sea. The <a href="/wiki/Ciliwung_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciliwung River">Ciliwung River</a> divides the city into the western and eastern districts. These rivers, combined with the wet season rains and insufficient drainage due to clogging, make Jakarta prone to <a href="/wiki/Flooding_in_Jakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Flooding in Jakarta">flooding</a>. Moreover, Jakarta is sinking about 5 to 10 cm (2.0 to 3.9 in) each year, and up to 20 cm (7.9 in) in the northern coastal areas. After a feasibility study, a ring <a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">dyke</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Giant_Sea_Wall_Jakarta" title="Giant Sea Wall Jakarta">Giant Sea Wall Jakarta</a> is under construction around Jakarta Bay to help cope with the threat from the sea. The dyke will be equipped with a pumping system and retention areas to defend against seawater and function as a toll road. The project is expected to be completed by 2025.<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> In January 2014, the central government agreed to build two dams in Ciawi, Bogor and a 1.2 km (0.75 mi) tunnel from <a href="/wiki/Ciliwung_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciliwung River">Ciliwung River</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cisadane_River" title="Cisadane River">Cisadane River</a> to ease flooding in the city.<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> Nowadays, a 1.2 km (0.75 mi), with capacity 60 m3 (2,100 cu ft) per second, underground water tunnel between Ciliwung River and the East Flood Canal is being worked on to ease the Ciliwung River overflows.<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> In 2023, the <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a> reported that in some places Jakarta is sinking up to 12 inches (30 cm) annually.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-2023-62">[59]</a> Environmental advocates point out that subsidence is driven by the extraction of groundwater, much of it illegal. Furthermore, the government's lack of strict regulation amplifies the issue as many recently built high-rise buildings, corporations, and factories around Jakarta opt for illegally extracting groundwater. In fact, in a recent inspection of 80 buildings in Jalan Thamrin, a busy road lined with skyscrapers and shopping malls, 56 buildings had a groundwater pump, and 33 were pumping groundwater illegally.<a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> This could be halted by stopping extraction (as the city of Tokyo has done), increasing efficiency, and finding other sources for water use. Moreover, increasing regulation through higher taxes or limiting groundwater pumping has proven to help cities like Shanghai, Tokyo, and San Jose relieve their subsidence issue.<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> The rivers of Jakarta are highly polluted and currently unsuitable for drinking water.<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> Jakarta, faces significant <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a>, particularly during the dry season from August to December. Dry air during this period allows pollutants to remain suspended in the atmosphere for extended periods, contributing to poor air quality.<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jakarta&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Architecture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Colonial_architecture_in_Jakarta" title="Colonial architecture in Jakarta">Colonial architecture in Jakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Jakarta" title="List of tallest buildings in Jakarta">List of tallest buildings in Jakarta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Golden_Triangle_of_Jakarta" title="Golden Triangle of Jakarta">Golden Triangle of Jakarta</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rumah_Betawi_TMII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Rumah_Betawi_TMII.jpg/220px-Rumah_Betawi_TMII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Rumah_Betawi_TMII.jpg/220px-Rumah_Betawi_TMII.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Rumah_Betawi_TMII.jpg/330px-Rumah_Betawi_TMII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Rumah_Betawi_TMII.jpg/440px-Rumah_Betawi_TMII.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rumah_Kebaya" title="Rumah Kebaya">Rumah Kebaya</a> built with <a href="/wiki/Betawi_people#Architecture" title="Betawi people">Betawi architecture</a> at <a href="/wiki/Taman_Mini_Indonesia_Indah" title="Taman Mini Indonesia Indah">Taman Mini Indonesia Indah</a></figcaption></figure> Jakarta has architecturally significant buildings spanning distinct historical and cultural periods. Architectural styles reflect Malay, Sundanese, Javanese, Arabic, Chinese, and Dutch influences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKn%C3%B6rr2014?-68">[65]</a> External influences inform the architecture of the Betawi house. The houses were built of nangka wood (<a href="/wiki/Jackfruit" title="Jackfruit">Artocarpus integrifolia</a>) and comprised three rooms. The shape of the roof is reminiscent of the traditional <a href="/wiki/Joglo" title="Joglo">Javanese joglo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasGrijns2000324-69">[66]</a> Additionally, the number of registered cultural heritage buildings has increased.<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> Colonial buildings and structures include those that were constructed during the colonial period. The dominant colonial styles can be divided into three periods: the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Golden_Age" title="Dutch Golden Age">Dutch Golden Age</a> (17th to late 18th century), the transitional style period (late 18th century – 19th century), and Dutch modernism (20th century). Colonial architecture is apparent in houses and villas, churches, civic buildings, and offices, mostly concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Old_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakarta Old Town">Jakarta Old Town</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Jakarta" title="Central Jakarta">Central Jakarta</a>. Architects such as J.C. Schultze and <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Cuypers" title="Eduard Cuypers">Eduard Cuypers</a> designed some of the significant buildings. Schultze's works include <a href="/wiki/Gedung_Kesenian_Jakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Gedung Kesenian Jakarta">Jakarta Art Building</a>, the Indonesia Supreme Court Building and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Finance (Indonesia)">Ministry of Finance</a> Building, while Cuypers designed <a href="/wiki/Bank_Indonesia_Museum" title="Bank Indonesia Museum">Bank Indonesia Museum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandiri_Museum" title="Mandiri Museum">Mandiri Museum</a>. In the early 20th century, most buildings were built in <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture" title="Renaissance Revival architecture">Neo-Renaissance</a> style. By the 1920s, the architectural taste had begun to shift in favour of <a href="/wiki/Rationalism_(architecture)" title="Rationalism (architecture)">rationalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernism</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Art_Deco" title="Art Deco">art deco</a> architecture. The elite suburb <a href="/wiki/Menteng" title="Menteng">Menteng</a>, developed during the 1910s, was the city's first attempt at creating ideal and healthy housing for the middle class. The original houses had a longitudinal organisation, with overhanging eaves, large windows, and open ventilation, all practical features for a tropical climate.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> These houses were developed by N.V. de Bouwploeg, and established by <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Adriaan_Jacobus_Moojen" title="Pieter Adriaan Jacobus Moojen">P.A.J. Moojen</a>. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Autograph_Tower,_Jakarta,_ID_%E2%80%93_July_2022.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1e/Autograph_Tower%2C_Jakarta%2C_ID_%E2%80%93_July_2022.png/170px-Autograph_Tower%2C_Jakarta%2C_ID_%E2%80%93_July_2022.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="305" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="3409"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 305px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1e/Autograph_Tower%2C_Jakarta%2C_ID_%E2%80%93_July_2022.png/170px-Autograph_Tower%2C_Jakarta%2C_ID_%E2%80%93_July_2022.png" data-width="170" data-height="305" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1e/Autograph_Tower%2C_Jakarta%2C_ID_%E2%80%93_July_2022.png/255px-Autograph_Tower%2C_Jakarta%2C_ID_%E2%80%93_July_2022.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1e/Autograph_Tower%2C_Jakarta%2C_ID_%E2%80%93_July_2022.png/340px-Autograph_Tower%2C_Jakarta%2C_ID_%E2%80%93_July_2022.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thamrin_Nine" title="Thamrin Nine">Autograph Tower</a>, in post-modernist architecture, also and tallest in Jakarta and Indonesia since 2022</figcaption></figure> After independence, the process of nation-building in Indonesia and demolishing the memory of colonialism was as important as the symbolic building of arterial roads, monuments, and government buildings. The <a href="/wiki/National_Monument_(Indonesia)" title="National Monument (Indonesia)">National Monument</a> in Jakarta, designed by Sukarno, is Indonesia's beacon of nationalism. In the early 1960s, Jakarta provided highways and super-scale cultural monuments as well as <a href="/wiki/Senayan_Sports_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Senayan Sports Stadium">Senayan Sports Stadium</a>. The <a href="/wiki/DPR/MPR_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="DPR/MPR Building">parliament building</a> features a hyperbolic roof reminiscent of German rationalist and Corbusian design concepts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishopPhillipsYeo2003198-72">[69]</a> Built-in 1996, <a href="/wiki/Wisma_46" title="Wisma 46">Wisma 46</a> soars to a height of 262 m (860 ft) and its nib-shaped top celebrates technology and symbolises stereoscopy. The urban construction boom continued during the 21st century. The <a href="/wiki/Golden_Triangle_of_Jakarta" title="Golden Triangle of Jakarta">Golden Triangle of Jakarta</a> is one of the fastest evolving <a href="/wiki/Central_Business_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Business District">CBD</a>'s in the Asia-Pacific region.<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Council_on_Tall_Buildings_and_Urban_Habitat" title="Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat">CTBUH</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emporis" title="Emporis">Emporis</a>, there are 88 skyscrapers that reach or exceed 150 m (490 ft), which puts the city in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_with_the_most_skyscrapers" title="List of cities with the most skyscrapers">top 10 of world rankings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a> It has more buildings taller than 150 metres than any other Southeast Asian or <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a> cities. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landmarks">Landmarks</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jakarta&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Landmarks" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Most landmarks, monuments, and statues in Jakarta were begun in the 1960s during the <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> era, then completed in the <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a> era, while some date from the colonial period. Although many of the projects were completed after his presidency, Sukarno, who was an architect, is credited for planning Jakarta's monuments and landmarks, as he desired the city to be the beacon of a powerful new nation. Among the monumental projects that were built, initiated, and planned during his administration are the <a href="/wiki/National_Monument_(Indonesia)" title="National Monument (Indonesia)">National Monument</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istiqlal_Mosque,_Jakarta" title="Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta">Istiqlal mosque</a>, the <a href="/wiki/DPR/MPR_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="DPR/MPR Building">Legislature Building</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Gelora_Bung_Karno_Stadium" title="Gelora Bung Karno Stadium">Gelora Bung Karno</a> stadium. Sukarno also built many nationalistic monuments and statues in the capital city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilver2007101-75">[72]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jakarta_Panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Jakarta_Panorama.jpg/220px-Jakarta_Panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2772" data-file-height="1355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 108px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Jakarta_Panorama.jpg/220px-Jakarta_Panorama.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="108" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Jakarta_Panorama.jpg/330px-Jakarta_Panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Jakarta_Panorama.jpg/440px-Jakarta_Panorama.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/National_Monument_(Indonesia)" title="National Monument (Indonesia)">Monas</a>, the symbol of Jakarta</figcaption></figure> The most famous landmark, which became the symbol of the city, is the 132 m-tall (433 ft) obelisk of the <a href="/wiki/National_Monument_(Indonesia)" title="National Monument (Indonesia)">National Monument</a> (Monumen Nasional or Monas) in the centre of <a href="/wiki/Merdeka_Square,_Jakarta" title="Merdeka Square, Jakarta">Merdeka Square</a>. On its southwest corner stands a <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>-themed <a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a> <a href="/wiki/Victory" title="Victory">Wijaya</a> chariot statue and fountain. Further south through <a href="/wiki/Jalan_M.H._Thamrin" title="Jalan M.H. Thamrin">Jalan M.H. Thamrin</a>, one of the main avenues, the <a href="/wiki/Selamat_Datang_Monument" title="Selamat Datang Monument">Selamat Datang monument</a> stands on the fountain in the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Indonesia" title="Hotel Indonesia">Hotel Indonesia</a> <a href="/wiki/Roundabout" title="Roundabout">roundabout</a>. Other landmarks include the <a href="/wiki/Istiqlal_Mosque,_Jakarta" title="Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta">Istiqlal Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Cathedral" title="Jakarta Cathedral">Jakarta Cathedral</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Church,_Jakarta" title="Immanuel Church, Jakarta">Immanuel Church</a>. The former <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_History_Museum" title="Jakarta History Museum">Batavia Stadhuis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Kelapa" title="Sunda Kelapa">Sunda Kelapa</a> port in Jakarta Old Town is another landmark. The <a href="/wiki/Thamrin_Nine" title="Thamrin Nine">Autograph Tower</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Jakarta" title="Central Jakarta">Central Jakarta</a>, at 382.9 metres is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Indonesia" title="List of tallest buildings in Indonesia">tallest building in Indonesia</a>. The most recent landmark built is the <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_International_Stadium" title="Jakarta International Stadium">Jakarta International Stadium</a>. Some of the statues and monuments are nationalist, such as the <a href="/wiki/West_Irian_Liberation_Monument" title="West Irian Liberation Monument">West Irian Liberation Monument</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Heroes_Monument,_Jakarta" title="Heroes Monument, Jakarta">Tugu Tani</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patung_Pemuda_Membangun" title="Patung Pemuda Membangun">Youth statue</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dirgantara_Monument" title="Dirgantara Monument">Dirgantara Monument</a>. Some statues commemorate <a href="/wiki/National_Hero_of_Indonesia" title="National Hero of Indonesia">Indonesian national heroes</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Diponegoro" title="Diponegoro">Diponegoro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kartini" title="Kartini">Kartini</a> statues in Merdeka Square. The <a href="/wiki/Sudirman" title="Sudirman">Sudirman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Husni_Thamrin" title="Mohammad Husni Thamrin">Thamrin</a> statues are located on the streets bearing their names. There is also a statue of <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hatta" title="Mohammad Hatta">Hatta</a> at the Proclamation Monument as well as at the entrance to Soekarno–Hatta International Airport. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks_and_public_spaces">Parks and public spaces</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jakarta&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Parks and public spaces" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smutzer_Primate_Center_Terrace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Smutzer_Primate_Center_Terrace.jpg/220px-Smutzer_Primate_Center_Terrace.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2144"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 166px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Smutzer_Primate_Center_Terrace.jpg/220px-Smutzer_Primate_Center_Terrace.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="166" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Smutzer_Primate_Center_Terrace.jpg/330px-Smutzer_Primate_Center_Terrace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Smutzer_Primate_Center_Terrace.jpg/440px-Smutzer_Primate_Center_Terrace.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ragunan_Zoo_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragunan Zoo Park">Ragunan Zoo Park</a> is the largest <a href="/wiki/Urban_park" title="Urban park">urban park</a> in Jakarta and the second-largest zoo in the world</figcaption></figure> In June 2011, Jakarta had only 10.5% green open spaces (Ruang Terbuka Hijau), although this grew to 13.94%. Public parks are included in public green open spaces.<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a> There are about 300 integrated child-friendly public spaces (RPTRA) in the city in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a> As of 2014, 183 water reservoirs and lakes supported the greater Jakarta area.<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merdeka_Square,_Jakarta" title="Merdeka Square, Jakarta">Merdeka Square</a> (Medan Merdeka) is an almost 1 km2 field housing the symbol of Jakarta, <a href="/wiki/Monas" class="mw-redirect" title="Monas">Monas</a> or Monumen Nasional (National Monument). Until 2000, it was the world's largest city square. The square was created by Dutch Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Herman_Willem_Daendels" title="Herman Willem Daendels">Herman Willem Daendels</a> (1810) and was originally named Koningsplein (King's Square). On 10 January 1993, President Soeharto started the beautification of the square. Features include a deer park and 33 trees that represent the 33 provinces of Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancol_Dreamland" title="Ancol Dreamland">Ancol Dreamland</a> is the largest integrated tourism area in Southeast Asia. It is located along the bay, at <a href="/wiki/Ancol" title="Ancol">Ancol</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Jakarta" title="North Jakarta">North Jakarta</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapangan_Banteng" title="Lapangan Banteng">Lapangan Banteng</a> (Buffalo Field) is located in Central Jakarta near <a href="/wiki/Istiqlal_Mosque,_Jakarta" title="Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta">Istiqlal Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Cathedral" title="Jakarta Cathedral">Jakarta Cathedral</a>, and Jakarta Central Post Office. It covers about 4.5 hectares. Initially, it was called Waterlooplein and functioned as a ceremonial square during the colonial period. During the Sukarno era, colonial buildings and memorials that were erected in the square during the colonial period were destroyed and the most famous monument in this square is the <a href="/wiki/West_Irian_Liberation_Monument" title="West Irian Liberation Monument">West Irian Liberation Monument</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_History_Museum" title="Jakarta History Museum">Jakarta History Museum</a> describes the history of the city of Jakarta. This museum is located on the south side of <a href="/wiki/Fatahillah_Square" title="Fatahillah Square">Fatahillah Square</a> (former Batavia city square) near <a href="/wiki/Wayang_Museum" title="Wayang Museum">Wayang Museum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fine_Art_and_Ceramic_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Fine Art and Ceramic Museum">Fine Art and Ceramic Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kompas-Stadhuis-81">[78]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taman_Mini_Indonesia_Indah" title="Taman Mini Indonesia Indah">Taman Mini Indonesia Indah</a> (Miniature Park of Indonesia), in <a href="/wiki/East_Jakarta" title="East Jakarta">East Jakarta</a>, has ten mini-parks.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Indonesia" title="National Gallery of Indonesia">National Gallery of Indonesia</a> is an art gallery and museum in Jakarta, Indonesia. This art gallery was established as a cultural institution in the field of <a href="/wiki/Fine_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Fine arts">fine arts</a> on 8 May 1999. The institution plays an important role in expanding the public's awareness of artworks through preservation, development, and exploitation of the <a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">visual arts</a> in Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-intro-82">[79]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taman_Suropati" title="Taman Suropati">Suropati Park</a> is located in <a href="/wiki/Menteng" title="Menteng">Menteng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Jakarta" title="Central Jakarta">Central Jakarta</a>. The park is surrounded by Dutch colonial buildings. Taman Suropati was known as Burgemeester Bisschopplein during colonial times. The park is circular-shaped with a surface area of 16,322 m2 (175,690 sq ft). Several modern statues were made for the park by artists of <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">ASEAN</a> countries, which contributes to its nickname 'Taman persahabatan seniman ASEAN' ('Park of the ASEAN artists friendship').<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menteng_Park" title="Menteng Park">Menteng Park</a> was built on the site of the former <a href="/wiki/Persija" class="mw-redirect" title="Persija">Persija</a> football <a href="/wiki/Menteng_Stadium" title="Menteng Stadium">stadium</a>. <a href="/wiki/Situ_Lembang_Park" title="Situ Lembang Park">Situ Lembang Park</a> is also located nearby, which has a lake at the centre.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalijodo_Park" title="Kalijodo Park">Kalijodo Park</a> is the newest park, in <a href="/wiki/Penjaringan" title="Penjaringan">Penjaringan</a> subdistrict, with 3.4 ha (8.4 acres) beside the Krendang River. It formally opened on 22 February 2017. The park is open 24 hours as a green open space (RTH) and child-friendly integrated public space (RPTRA) and has international-standard skateboard facilities.<a href="#cite_note-84">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muara_Angke_mangrove_forest_and_wildlife_sanctuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Muara Angke mangrove forest and wildlife sanctuary">Muara Angke Wildlife Sanctuary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pantai_Indah_Kapuk" title="Pantai Indah Kapuk">Angke Kapuk Nature Tourism Park</a> at <a href="/wiki/Penjaringan" title="Penjaringan">Penjaringan</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Jakarta" title="North Jakarta">North Jakarta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[82]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tebet_Eco_Park" title="Tebet Eco Park">Tebet Eco Park</a>, Puring Park, Mataram Park, Langsat Park, Ayodya Park and Martha Christina Tiahahu Literacy Park in <a href="/wiki/South_Jakarta" title="South Jakarta">South Jakarta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragunan_Zoo" title="Ragunan Zoo">Ragunan Zoo Park</a> is located in <a href="/wiki/Pasar_Minggu" title="Pasar Minggu">Pasar Minggu</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Jakarta" title="South Jakarta">South Jakarta</a>. It is the largest park in Jakarta and world's third-oldest zoo and the second-largest with the most diverse animal and plant populations.<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glodok" title="Glodok">Glodok</a> is an area known as <a href="/wiki/Pecinan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pecinan">Pecinan</a> or Chinatown since the Dutch colonial era, and is considered the largest in Indonesia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Indonesia" title="National Museum of Indonesia">National Museum of Indonesia</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Archeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeology">archeology</a>, history, <a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">ethnology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geographical</a> museum whose extensive collections cover the entire territory of Indonesia and almost all of its history. This museum has attempted to preserve Indonesia's heritage for two centuries.<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setu_Babakan" class="mw-redirect" title="Setu Babakan">Setu Babakan</a> is a 32-hectare lake surrounded by Betawi cultural village, located at <a href="/wiki/Jagakarsa" title="Jagakarsa">Jagakarsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Jakarta" title="South Jakarta">South Jakarta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> Dadap Merah Park is also found in this area.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UI_Forest" title="UI Forest">UI Forest</a> is the largest <a href="/wiki/Urban_forest" title="Urban forest">Urban forest</a> in Jakarta. It located at <a href="/wiki/South_Jakarta" title="South Jakarta">South Jakarta</a> bordering with <a href="/wiki/Depok" title="Depok">Depok</a>, West Java.<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Indonesia" title="National Library of Indonesia">National Library of Indonesia</a> is the legitimate deposit of literature, manuscripts, and archival books from the state of Indonesia. It is located in <a href="/wiki/Gambir,_Jakarta" title="Gambir, Jakarta">Gambir</a>, south side of <a href="/wiki/Merdeka_Square,_Jakarta" title="Merdeka Square, Jakarta">Merdeka Square, Jakarta</a>. The earliest collection comes from the library of the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Museum (Indonesia)">National Museum</a>, opened in 1868 and previously operated by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Batavian_Society_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Royal Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences">Royal Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a></li> <li>Taman Waduk Pluit/Pluit Lake park and Putra Putri Park at <a href="/wiki/Pluit" title="Pluit">Pluit</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Jakarta" title="North Jakarta">North Jakarta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelora_Bung_Karno_Sports_Complex" title="Gelora Bung Karno Sports Complex">Gelora Bung Karno Sports Complex</a> The Gelora Bung Karno complex is one of the largest sports activity centres in Indonesia and is often used for sporting activities by Jakarta residents.<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a></li> <li>Taman Literasi Martha Christina Tiahahu Literacy Park Martha Christina Tiahahu Is City Park And Literacy Park In Blok M business and shopping quarter located in Blok M <a href="/wiki/Kebayoran_Baru" title="Kebayoran Baru">Kebayoran Baru</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Jakarta" title="South Jakarta">South Jakarta</a>, Indonesia.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBK_City_Park" title="GBK City Park">GBK City Park</a> is the city park in <a href="/wiki/Golden_Triangle_of_Jakarta" title="Golden Triangle of Jakarta">Golden Triangle of Jakarta</a>, located within Gelora Bung Karno Sports Complex.<a href="#cite_note-96">[93]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantai_Indah_Kapuk" title="Pantai Indah Kapuk">Pantai Indah Kapuk</a> (PIK) is often the most sought-after residential area for wealthy <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians" title="Chinese Indonesians">Chinese Indonesians</a>, featuring large houses in exclusive, gated clusters. This area never floods, even though it is close to a flood-prone district. Although most of Pantai Indah Kapuk is a residential area, there are businesses and tourist attractions on the main roads such as North Beach, South Beach, and Marina Indah. Ruko Cordoba and Crown Golf on Jalan Marina Indah are very popular with restaurants and cafes. PIK is one of the nightlife areas in Jakarta, full of nightclubs, discos, bars, and cafes.<a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jakarta&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Climate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rainy_Jakarta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Rainy_Jakarta.jpg/170px-Rainy_Jakarta.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Rainy_Jakarta.jpg/170px-Rainy_Jakarta.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Rainy_Jakarta.jpg/255px-Rainy_Jakarta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Rainy_Jakarta.jpg/340px-Rainy_Jakarta.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Drizzling" class="mw-redirect" title="Drizzling">Drizzling</a> in Jakarta</figcaption></figure> Jakarta experiences a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_monsoon_climate" title="Tropical monsoon climate">tropical monsoon climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen</a>: Am) as classified by the system. The city's <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">wet season</a> spans most of the year, from October to May. The <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry season</a> lasts from June to September, with each of these months receiving less than 100 millimetres (3.9 in) of rainfall on average. Situated in the western part of Java, Jakarta sees its highest rainfall in January and February, averaging 299.7 millimetres (11.8 in) per month, while the driest month is August, with an average rainfall of 43.2 millimetres (1.7 in).<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> Every year faces recurring issues, such as <a href="/wiki/Floods" class="mw-redirect" title="Floods">floods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thunderstorms" class="mw-redirect" title="Thunderstorms">thunderstorms</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Upper_tropospheric_cyclonic_vortex" title="Upper tropospheric cyclonic vortex">cyclonic vortex</a> leads to moisture convergence over a large area, including western Java Island. Additionally, this vortex causes a mainly meridional monsoon flow, where near-surface winds blow almost perfectly from north to south over West Java. The impact of these predominant northerly winds hitting the rugged topography in southern West Java likely contributes to the increased convection that causes floods in Jakarta.<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> Average temperatures are very high with moderate rainfall. During the day, the temperature usually hovers around 32 °C (89.6 °F) but drops to about 24 °C (75.2 °F) in the evening. These are average temperatures, and some days can be hotter. It's advisable to dress appropriately to handle the heat. January is the rainiest month, with over 300 millimetres (11.8 in) of precipitation, whereas August is the driest, with around 45 millimetres (1.8 in) of rainfall. The average temperature in the coldest month (February) is 27 °C (80.6 °F), and in the warmest month (October), it is 28 °C (82.4 °F). Sea temperatures range from 26.5 °C (79.7 °F) in August to 29.5 °C (85.1 °F) in March, April, November, and December.<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a> Record low temperatures in Jakarta recorded 18.9 °C (66.0 °F), while the highest record reached 37.9 °C (100.2 °F).<a href="#cite_note-102">[99]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for downtown Jakarta (<a href="/wiki/Kemayoran" title="Kemayoran">Kemayoran</a>) (1991–2020 normals) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF1F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.9 (98.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.8 (94.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.0 (96.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.9 (96.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.1 (97.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.3 (97.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.6 (96.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF2800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.6 (96.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.1 (98.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37.9 (100.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF1E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.1 (98.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.7 (98.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF1800; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">37.9 (100.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0 (87.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.8 (87.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.1 (89.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.8 (91.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.2 (91.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.9 (91.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.7 (90.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF3A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.0 (91.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.4 (92.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.4 (92.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.8 (91.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.0 (89.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">32.5 (90.5) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.5 (81.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.3 (81.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.0 (82.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4 (83.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.7 (83.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4 (83.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.2 (82.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.3 (82.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.6 (83.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.8 (83.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4 (83.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.0 (82.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5B00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">28.2 (82.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2 (77.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2 (77.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.5 (77.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6 (78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.8 (78.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.5 (77.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3 (77.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3 (77.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.5 (77.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6 (78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.6 (78.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.5 (77.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">25.5 (77.9) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6 (69.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6 (69.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6 (69.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6 (69.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF8C1A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.1 (70.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4 (66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4 (66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4 (66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9 (66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9021; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.6 (69.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0 (68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4 (66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">18.9 (66.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">373.3 (14.70) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">381.4 (15.02) </td> <td style="background: #00C400; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">210.4 (8.28) </td> <td style="background: #02FF02; color:#000000;" class="notheme">164.1 (6.46) </td> <td style="background: #65FF65; color:#000000;" class="notheme">103.2 (4.06) </td> <td style="background: #83FF83; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.4 (3.17) </td> <td style="background: #8BFF8B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">77.7 (3.06) </td> <td style="background: #B2FFB2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51.5 (2.03) </td> <td style="background: #A1FFA1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">61.0 (2.40) </td> <td style="background: #57FF57; color:#000000;" class="notheme">112.2 (4.42) </td> <td style="background: #2FFF2F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">134.8 (5.31) </td> <td style="background: #00EC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">183.3 (7.22) </td> <td style="background: #0AFF0A; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,933.3 (76.11) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) </th> <td style="background: #2727FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.5 </td> <td style="background: #0C0CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17.9 </td> <td style="background: #5151FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.1 </td> <td style="background: #6C6CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2 </td> <td style="background: #AFAFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.2 </td> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3 </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0 </td> <td style="background: #A3A3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4 </td> <td style="background: #7A7AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 </td> <td style="background: #6161FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.8 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">118.1 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000B8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">85 </td> <td style="background: #0000B8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">85 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000DB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76 </td> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">81 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #9A9A9A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">84.6 </td> <td style="background: #9E9E9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">78.9 </td> <td style="background: #B6B661; color:#000000;" class="notheme">119.6 </td> <td style="background: #BCBC39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">129.7 </td> <td style="background: #BBBB43; color:#000000;" class="notheme">130.4 </td> <td style="background: #B8B853; color:#000000;" class="notheme">120.4 </td> <td style="background: #C3C311; color:#000000;" class="notheme">148.5 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">172.3 </td> <td style="background: #D3D300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">176.9 </td> <td style="background: #C5C504; color:#000000;" class="notheme">153.4 </td> <td style="background: #B0B085; color:#000000;" class="notheme">103.0 </td> <td style="background: #989898; color:#000000;" class="notheme">83.6 </td> <td style="background: #B9B94B; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,501.3 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #C0C024; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5 </td> <td style="background: #CACA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.1 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.2 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.1 </td> <td style="background: #DEDE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.5 </td> <td style="background: #DADA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7 </td> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 </td> <td style="background: #C4C40B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.8 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a><a href="#cite_note-WMO-103">[100]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Sistema de Clasificación Bioclimática Mundial,<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Danish_Meteorological_Institute" title="Danish Meteorological Institute">Danish Meteorological Institute</a> (humidity),<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">Deutscher Wetterdienst</a> (daily sun 1889–1921)<a href="#cite_note-DWD-106">[103]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <table style="width:100%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Jakarta </th></tr> <tr> <th>Month </th> <th>Jan </th> <th>Feb </th> <th>Mar </th> <th>Apr </th> <th>May </th> <th>Jun </th> <th>Jul </th> <th>Aug </th> <th>Sep </th> <th>Oct </th> <th>Nov </th> <th>Dec </th> <th style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr> <th>Average sea temperature °C (°F) </th> <td style="background:#FF2700;color:#FFFFFF;">28.0 (82.0) </td> <td style="background:#FF2700;color:#FFFFFF;">28.0 (82.0) </td> <td style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;">29.0 (84.0) </td> <td style="background:#FF0000;color:#FFFFFF;">30.0 (86.0) </td> <td style="background:#FF0000;color:#FFFFFF;">30.0 (86.0) </td> <td style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;">29.0 (84.0) </td> <td style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;">29.0 (84.0) </td> <td style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;">29.0 (84.0) </td> <td style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;">29.0 (84.0) </td> <td style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;">29.0 (84.0) </td> <td style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;">29.0 (84.0) </td> <td style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;">29.0 (84.0) </td> <td style="background:#FF1300;color:#FFFFFF;border-left-width:medium">29.0 (84.0) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Mean daily daylight hours </th> <td style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;">12.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;">12.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;">12.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;">12.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;">12.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;">12.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;">12.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;">12.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;">12.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;">12.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;">12.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;">12.0 </td> <td style="background:#FFFF33;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium">12.0 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Average <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_index" title="Ultraviolet index">Ultraviolet index</a> </th> <td style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;">13 </td> <td style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;">13 </td> <td style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;">13 </td> <td style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;">13 </td> <td style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;">11 </td> <td style="background:#d8001d;color:#000000;">10 </td> <td style="background:#d8001d;color:#000000;">10 </td> <td style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;">12 </td> <td style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;">13 </td> <td style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;">13 </td> <td style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;">13 </td> <td style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;">13 </td> <td style="background:#6b49c8;color:#000000;border-left-width:medium">12 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="14" style="background:#f8f9fa;font-weight:normal;font-size:95%;">Source: Weather Atlas<a href="#cite_note-107">[104]</a> </th></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jakarta&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Demographics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jakarta_population_pyramid.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Jakarta_population_pyramid.svg/220px-Jakarta_population_pyramid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2692" data-file-height="2057"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 168px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Jakarta_population_pyramid.svg/220px-Jakarta_population_pyramid.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="168" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Jakarta_population_pyramid.svg/330px-Jakarta_population_pyramid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Jakarta_population_pyramid.svg/440px-Jakarta_population_pyramid.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Jakarta population pyramid in 2021</figcaption></figure>Jakarta attracts people from across Indonesia, often in search of employment. The 1961 census showed that 51% of the city's population was born in Jakarta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECybriwskyFord2001202%E2%80%9313-108">[105]</a> Inward immigration tended to negate the effect of family planning programs.<a href="#cite_note-Statistics-2008-42">[39]</a> The Ministry of Home Affairs (Kemendagri) tabulates its own data, which has improved since ID cards were required in the last decade, lists Jakarta's population at 11,261,595 at yearend 2021. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1945</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">600,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">— </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1950</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,800,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+200.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1960</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,678,740</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+48.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,915,406</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+46.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1980</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">6,700,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+71.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1990</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">8,174,756</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+22.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2000</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">8,389,759</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2010</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">9,625,579</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+14.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2020</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">10,562,088</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2023</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">10,672,100</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.0%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Note: Census figures cover the actual and projected populations of the largest Asian urban agglomerations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGinsburgKoppelMcGee199171-109">[106]</a> According to the Indonesia Central Bureau of Statistics, 23 percent of urban residents live in poverty. With a population of 7.9 million in 1985, Jakarta accounted for 19 percent of the total Indonesia urban population. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarphamTanner199571-110">[107]</a> Source: <a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Between 1961 and 1980, the population of Jakarta doubled, and during the period 1980–1990, the city's population grew annually by 3.7%.<a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> The 2010 census counted some 9.58 million people, well above government estimates.<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> The population rose from 4.5 million in 1970 to 9.5 million in 2010, counting only legal residents, while the population of <a href="/wiki/Jabodetabek" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabodetabek">Greater Jakarta</a> rose from 8.2 million in 1970 to 28.5 million in 2010. As of 2014, the population of Jakarta stood at 10 million,<a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a> with a population density of 15,174 people/km2.<a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHermanto1998?-117">[114]</a> In 2014, the population of <a href="/wiki/Jabodetabek" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabodetabek">Greater Jakarta</a> was 30 million, accounting for 11% of Indonesia's overall population.<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> It is predicted to reach 35.6 million people by 2030 to become the world's biggest <a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">megacity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a> The gender ratio was 102.8 (males per 100 females) in 2010,<a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a> and 101.3 in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jakarta&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ethnicity" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Ethnicity of Jakarta – 2010 Census<a href="#cite_note-ETHNICITY-122">[119]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Ethnicity</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Green; width:36.17%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">36.17%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Betawi_people" title="Betawi people">Betawi</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Yellow; width:28.29%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">28.29%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Blue; width:14.61%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">14.61%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians" title="Chinese Indonesians">Chinese</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Magenta; width:6.623%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">6.623%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Batak_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak people">Batak</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Orange; width:3.42%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">3.42%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Minang_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Minang people">Minang</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:lightgreen; width:2.85%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2.85%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:red; width:0.96%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.96%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Others</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Gray; width:7.06%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">7.06%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> Jakarta is pluralistic and religiously diverse, without a majority ethnic group. As of 2010, 36.17% of the city's population were <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a>, 28.29% <a href="/wiki/Betawi_people" title="Betawi people">Betawi</a> (locally established mixed race, cemented by diverse creole), 14.61% <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a>, 6.62% <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians" title="Chinese Indonesians">Chinese</a>, 3.42% <a href="/wiki/Batak" title="Batak">Batak</a>, 2.85% <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a>, 0.96% <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Malays" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Malays">Malays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indo_people" title="Indo people">Indo</a> and others 7.06%.<a href="#cite_note-ETHNICITY-122">[119]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baju_Demang_Betawi.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Baju_Demang_Betawi.png/170px-Baju_Demang_Betawi.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="184" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1333" data-file-height="1445"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 184px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Baju_Demang_Betawi.png/170px-Baju_Demang_Betawi.png" data-width="170" data-height="184" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Baju_Demang_Betawi.png/255px-Baju_Demang_Betawi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Baju_Demang_Betawi.png/340px-Baju_Demang_Betawi.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Betawi_people" title="Betawi people">Betawi</a> is the native ethnic group in Jakarta</figcaption></figure> The '<a href="/wiki/Betawi_people" title="Betawi people">Betawi</a>' (Orang Betawi, or 'people of Batavia') are immigrant descendants of the old city who became widely recognised as an ethnic group by the mid-19th century. They mostly descend from an eclectic mix of Southeast Asians brought or attracted to meet labour needs.<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> They are thus a Creole ethnic group who came from much of Indonesia. Over generations, most have intermarried with one or more ethnicities, especially people of Chinese, Arab, and European descent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTES%C3%A1enzEmbrickRodriguez2015?-124">[121]</a> Most Betawis lived in the fringe zones with few Betawi-majority zones of central Jakarta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIyer200123-125">[122]</a> It is thus a conundrum for some first generation Betawi people, especially multi-generational Jakarta residents, to identify as either their parents' ethnicity or Betawi since living in a Betawi-majority district and speaking more of that creole and adapting is a matter of preference for such families. A significant <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Indonesian">Chinese</a> community has lived in Jakarta for many centuries. They traditionally reside around old urban areas, such as <a href="/wiki/Pinangsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinangsia">Pinangsia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pantai_Indah_Kapuk" title="Pantai Indah Kapuk">PIK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pluit" title="Pluit">Pluit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glodok" title="Glodok">Glodok</a> (Jakarta's Chinatown) areas. They also can be found in the old <a href="/wiki/Chinatown" title="Chinatown">Chinatowns</a> of <a href="/wiki/Senen" title="Senen">Senen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jatinegara" title="Jatinegara">Jatinegara</a>. As of 2001 they self-identified as being 5.5% of the population, which was thought of as under-reported;<a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> this explains the 6.6% figure ten years later. The Sumatran residents are diverse. According to the 2020 census, roughly 361,000 <a href="/wiki/Batak" title="Batak">Batak</a>; 300,960 <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a> and 101,370 <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Malays" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Malays">Malays</a> lived in the city. The number of Batak people has grown in ranking, from eighth in 1930 to fifth in 2000. <a href="/wiki/Toba_Batak_people" title="Toba Batak people">Toba Batak</a> is the largest subset in Jakarta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid2010170-127">[124]</a> Working Minangkabau in the 1980s in high proportions were well-embedded merchants, artisans, doctors, teachers or journalists.<a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENaim1971115-131-129">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_businesspeople" title="Minangkabau businesspeople">Minang merchants</a> are found in traditional markets, such as Tanah Abang and Senen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdya2022125-130">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jakarta&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Betawi_language" title="Betawi language">Betawi language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_slang" title="Indonesian slang">Indonesian slang</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bahasa_Betawi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bahasa_Betawi.jpg/220px-Bahasa_Betawi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bahasa_Betawi.jpg/220px-Bahasa_Betawi.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bahasa_Betawi.jpg/330px-Bahasa_Betawi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Bahasa_Betawi.jpg/440px-Bahasa_Betawi.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Betawi_language" title="Betawi language">Betawi language</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole</a> born in <a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> is the official and dominant language of Jakarta, while many elderly people speak <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, depending on their upbringing. <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> is used for communication, especially in Central and South Jakarta.<a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> Each of the ethnic groups uses their mother tongue at home, such as <a href="/wiki/Betawi_language" title="Betawi language">Betawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Betawi_language" title="Betawi language">Betawi language</a> is distinct from those of the <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a> or <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a>, forming itself as a <a href="/wiki/Language_island" title="Language island">language island</a> in the surrounding area. It is mostly based on the East <a href="/wiki/Old_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Malay">Malay</a> dialect and enriched by <a href="/wiki/Loan_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Loan word">loan words</a> from <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hokkien_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokkien language">Chinese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>. Over time, many Betawi words and phrases became integrated into Indonesian as Jakartan <a href="/wiki/Slang" title="Slang">slang</a> and are used by most people regardless of their ethnic background. It is now popular not only in Jakarta, but all over Indonesia. The Chinese in Jakarta mainly speak Indonesian and English due to a strict language ban during the <a href="/wiki/Soeharto" class="mw-redirect" title="Soeharto">Soeharto</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Indonesia)" title="New Order (Indonesia)">New Order</a> era; older people may be fluent in <a href="/wiki/Hokkien_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokkien dialect">Hokkien dialect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandarin language">Mandarin</a>, meanwhile the younger generation are fluent in Indonesian and English, some educated in Mandarin. With the recent urbanization of Chinese communities from several rural areas in Indonesia, other Chinese dialects have been brought into the Chinese community in Jakarta, such as <a href="/wiki/Hakka_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka language">Hakka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teochew_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew language">Teochew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cantonese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese language">Cantonese</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>, which is mainly from Sumatra (<a href="/wiki/Medan" title="Medan">Medan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bagansiapiapi" title="Bagansiapiapi">Bagansiapiapi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batam" title="Batam">Batam</a>) is mostly spoken in Northern Jakarta, such as in <a href="/wiki/Pantai_Indah_Kapuk" title="Pantai Indah Kapuk">Pantai Indah Kapuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pluit" title="Pluit">Pluit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kelapa_Gading" title="Kelapa Gading">Kelapa Gading</a>, meanwhile Hakka and Teochew, which are derived from the Chinese communities in <a href="/wiki/Pontianak" title="Pontianak">Pontianak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singkawang" title="Singkawang">Singkawang</a>, are mainly spoken in West Jakarta, like in <a href="/wiki/Tambora,_Jakarta" title="Tambora, Jakarta">Tambora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grogol_Petamburan" title="Grogol Petamburan">Grogol Petamburan</a>. The Batak in Jakarta mostly speak Indonesian, while the older generation tend to speak their native languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Batak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak language">Batak Toba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandailing_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandailing language">Mandailing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karo_language_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karo language (Indonesia)">Karo</a>, depending on which ancestral towns and places in <a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a> they came from. The Minangkabau mainly speak <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a> together with Indonesian. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jakarta&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Education" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Indonesia" title="List of universities in Indonesia">List of universities in Indonesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Indonesia" title="List of schools in Indonesia">List of schools in Indonesia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fakultas_Kedokteran_Universitas_Indonesia.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Fakultas_Kedokteran_Universitas_Indonesia.JPG/220px-Fakultas_Kedokteran_Universitas_Indonesia.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Fakultas_Kedokteran_Universitas_Indonesia.JPG/220px-Fakultas_Kedokteran_Universitas_Indonesia.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Fakultas_Kedokteran_Universitas_Indonesia.JPG/330px-Fakultas_Kedokteran_Universitas_Indonesia.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Fakultas_Kedokteran_Universitas_Indonesia.JPG/440px-Fakultas_Kedokteran_Universitas_Indonesia.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Indonesia" title="University of Indonesia">University of Indonesia</a> (UI) building campus, formerly used by <a href="/wiki/STOVIA" title="STOVIA">STOVIA</a></figcaption></figure> Jakarta is home to numerous educational institutions. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Indonesia" title="University of Indonesia">University of Indonesia</a> (UI) is the largest and oldest tertiary-level educational institution in Indonesia. It is a public institution with campuses in Salemba (Central Jakarta) and in <a href="/wiki/Depok" title="Depok">Depok</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a> The three other public universities in Jakarta are <a href="/wiki/Syarif_Hidayatullah_State_Islamic_University_Jakarta" title="Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta">Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta</a>, the <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_Jakarta" title="State University of Jakarta">State University of Jakarta</a> (UNJ),<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a> University of Pembangunan Nasional 'Veteran' Jakarta (UPN "Veteran" Jakarta),<a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a> and Universitas Terbuka or <a href="/wiki/Indonesia_Open_University" title="Indonesia Open University">Indonesia Open University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> There is a vocational higher education, <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_State_Polytechnic" title="Jakarta State Polytechnic">Jakarta State Polytechnic</a>. Some major private universities in Jakarta are <a href="/wiki/Trisakti_University" title="Trisakti University">Trisakti University</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_University_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="The Christian University of Indonesia">The Christian University of Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercu_Buana_University" title="Mercu Buana University">Mercu Buana University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tarumanagara_University" title="Tarumanagara University">Tarumanagara University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atma_Jaya_Catholic_University_of_Indonesia" title="Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia">Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pelita_Harapan_University" title="Pelita Harapan University">Pelita Harapan University</a>, Pertamina University,<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bina_Nusantara_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Bina Nusantara University">Bina Nusantara University</a>,<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> Jayabaya University,<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a> Persada Indonesia "YAI" University,<a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> and Pancasila University.<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> <a href="/wiki/STOVIA" title="STOVIA">STOVIA</a> (School tot Opleiding van Indische Artsen (School for Education of Native Physicians), now University of Indonesia) was the first college in Jakarta, established in 1851.<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a> Jakarta houses many students from around Indonesia, many of whom reside in dormitories or home-stay residences. For basic education, a variety of primary and secondary schools are available, tagged with the public (national), private (national and bi-lingual national plus), and international labels. Four of the major international schools are the <a href="/wiki/British_School_Jakarta" title="British School Jakarta">British School Jakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gandhi_Memorial_Intercontinental_School" title="Gandhi Memorial Intercontinental School">Gandhi Memorial Intercontinental School</a>, IPEKA Integrated Christian School,<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Intercultural_School" title="Jakarta Intercultural School">Jakarta Intercultural School</a>. Other international schools in <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_metropolitan_area" title="Jakarta metropolitan area">Jakarta metropolitan area</a> include the <a href="/wiki/ACG_School_Jakarta" title="ACG School Jakarta">ACG School Jakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/AIS_Indonesia" title="AIS Indonesia">Australian Independent School</a>,<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bina_Bangsa_School" title="Bina Bangsa School">Bina Bangsa School</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_School_Jakarta" title="German School Jakarta">Deutsche Schule Jakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Global_Jaya_School" title="Global Jaya School">Global Jaya School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Indonesia_Korean_School" title="Jakarta Indonesia Korean School">Jakarta Indonesia Korean School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Japanese_School" title="Jakarta Japanese School">Jakarta Japanese School</a>,<a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> Jakarta Multicultural School,<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Taipei_School" title="Jakarta Taipei School">Jakarta Taipei School</a>, <a href="/wiki/LIFE_School_Jakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="LIFE School Jakarta">Lycée français de Jakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_School_Jakarta" title="New Zealand School Jakarta">New Zealand School Jakarta</a>,<a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/North_Jakarta_Intercultural_School" title="North Jakarta Intercultural School">North Jakarta Intercultural School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sekolah_Pelita_Harapan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekolah Pelita Harapan">Sekolah Pelita Harapan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore_International_School,_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Singapore International School, Indonesia">Singapore Intercultural School</a>. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jakarta&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Religion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Religious_affiliation_by_subdistrict_(kelurahan)_in_Jakarta_(2021).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Religious_affiliation_by_subdistrict_%28kelurahan%29_in_Jakarta_%282021%29.svg/220px-Religious_affiliation_by_subdistrict_%28kelurahan%29_in_Jakarta_%282021%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="932"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 137px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Religious_affiliation_by_subdistrict_%28kelurahan%29_in_Jakarta_%282021%29.svg/220px-Religious_affiliation_by_subdistrict_%28kelurahan%29_in_Jakarta_%282021%29.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="137" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Religious_affiliation_by_subdistrict_%28kelurahan%29_in_Jakarta_%282021%29.svg/330px-Religious_affiliation_by_subdistrict_%28kelurahan%29_in_Jakarta_%282021%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Religious_affiliation_by_subdistrict_%28kelurahan%29_in_Jakarta_%282021%29.svg/440px-Religious_affiliation_by_subdistrict_%28kelurahan%29_in_Jakarta_%282021%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Map of subdistricts in Jakarta, Indonesia, coloured by the plurality/majority religious affiliation in the subdistrict and what percentage of citizens it represents</figcaption></figure> In 2024, Jakarta's religious composition was distributed over <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (83.83%), <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> (8.6%), <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> (3.9%), <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (3.46%), <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (0.18%), <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> (0.017%), and about 0.013% of population claimed to follow folk religions.<a href="#cite_note-RELIGION-148">[145]</a> Most <a href="/wiki/Pesantren" title="Pesantren">pesantren</a> (Islamic boarding schools) in Jakarta are affiliated with the traditionalist <a href="/wiki/Nahdlatul_Ulama" title="Nahdlatul Ulama">Nahdlatul Ulama</a>,<a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> modernist organisations mostly catering to a socioeconomic class of educated urban elites and merchant traders. They give priority to education, social welfare programs, and religious propagation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter200239-150">[147]</a> Many Islamic organisations have headquarters in Jakarta, including <a href="/wiki/Nahdlatul_Ulama" title="Nahdlatul Ulama">Nahdlatul Ulama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Ulema_Council" title="Indonesian Ulema Council">Indonesian Ulema Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammadiyah" title="Muhammadiyah">Muhammadiyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia_Institute_of_Islamic_Dawah" title="Indonesia Institute of Islamic Dawah">Indonesia Institute of Islamic Dawah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jaringan_Islam_Liberal" title="Jaringan Islam Liberal">Jaringan Islam Liberal</a>. <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Religion in Jakarta (June 2024)<a href="#cite_note-RELIGION-148">[145]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Religion</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DarkGreen; width:83.83%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">83.83%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Protestanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestanism">Protestanism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DarkBlue; width:8.6%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">8.6%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Purple; width:3.9%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">3.9%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Gold; width:3.46%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">3.46%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DarkOrange; width:0.18%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.18%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Red; width:0.017%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.017%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Others</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Gray; width:0.013%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.013%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a> community has a <a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(religious_jurisdiction)" title="Metropolis (religious jurisdiction)">Metropolis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Jakarta" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Jakarta">Archdiocese of Jakarta</a> that includes <a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a> and Banten provinces as part of the ecclesiastical province. Jakarta also hosts the largest <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> adherents in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, where most of the followers are <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Indonesian">Chinese</a>. <a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Schools of Buddhism</a> practiced in Indonesia vary, including <a href="/wiki/Therav%C4%81da" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravāda">Theravāda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahāyāna">Mahāyāna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Three_Teachings" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Teachings">Tridharma</a>. The city also has <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">a Hindu</a> community, which mainly are <a href="/wiki/Balinese_people" title="Balinese people">Balinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Indonesians" title="Indian Indonesians">Indian</a> people. There is also a <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> community presence in Jakarta.<a href="#cite_note-151">[148]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="title"><div>Places of worship</div></div><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_Istiqlal_Mosque_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Istiqlal Mosque is the largest mosque in Southeast Asia"><noscript><img alt="Istiqlal Mosque is the largest mosque in Southeast Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Grand_Istiqlal_Mosque_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Grand_Istiqlal_Mosque_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="108" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3125" data-file-height="2250"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 108px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Grand_Istiqlal_Mosque_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Grand_Istiqlal_Mosque_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="Istiqlal Mosque is the largest mosque in Southeast Asia" data-width="150" data-height="108" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Grand_Istiqlal_Mosque_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-Grand_Istiqlal_Mosque_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Grand_Istiqlal_Mosque_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Grand_Istiqlal_Mosque_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Istiqlal_Mosque,_Jakarta" title="Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta">Istiqlal Mosque</a> is the largest <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a> in Southeast Asia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jakarta_Indonesia_Immanuel-Church-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Immanuel Church is a Protestant church in Jakarta, It is considered one of the oldest churches in Indonesia"><noscript><img alt="Immanuel Church is a Protestant church in Jakarta, It is considered one of the oldest churches in Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Jakarta_Indonesia_Immanuel-Church-01.jpg/150px-Jakarta_Indonesia_Immanuel-Church-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="107" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4685" data-file-height="3346"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 107px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Jakarta_Indonesia_Immanuel-Church-01.jpg/150px-Jakarta_Indonesia_Immanuel-Church-01.jpg" data-alt="Immanuel Church is a Protestant church in Jakarta, It is considered one of the oldest churches in Indonesia" data-width="150" data-height="107" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Jakarta_Indonesia_Immanuel-Church-01.jpg/225px-Jakarta_Indonesia_Immanuel-Church-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Jakarta_Indonesia_Immanuel-Church-01.jpg/300px-Jakarta_Indonesia_Immanuel-Church-01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Church,_Jakarta" title="Immanuel Church, Jakarta">Immanuel Church</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> church in Jakarta, It is considered one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_church_buildings_in_Indonesia" title="List of church buildings in Indonesia">oldest churches in Indonesia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Katedral_Jakarta_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Jakarta Cathedral, one of the oldest Catholic churches in Jakarta"><noscript><img alt="The Jakarta Cathedral, one of the oldest Catholic churches in Jakarta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Katedral_Jakarta_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Katedral_Jakarta_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="108" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1106"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 108px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Katedral_Jakarta_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Katedral_Jakarta_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="The Jakarta Cathedral, one of the oldest Catholic churches in Jakarta" data-width="150" data-height="108" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Katedral_Jakarta_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-Katedral_Jakarta_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Katedral_Jakarta_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Katedral_Jakarta_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/St._Mary_of_the_Assumption_Cathedral,_Jakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Mary of the Assumption Cathedral, Jakarta">Jakarta Cathedral</a>, one of the oldest <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> churches in Jakarta</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pura_Aditya_Jaya_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aditya Jaya Hindu temple with Balinese architecture, East Jakarta"><noscript><img alt="Aditya Jaya Hindu temple with Balinese architecture, East Jakarta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Pura_Aditya_Jaya_1.jpg/150px-Pura_Aditya_Jaya_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 113px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Pura_Aditya_Jaya_1.jpg/150px-Pura_Aditya_Jaya_1.jpg" data-alt="Aditya Jaya Hindu temple with Balinese architecture, East Jakarta" data-width="150" data-height="113" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Pura_Aditya_Jaya_1.jpg/225px-Pura_Aditya_Jaya_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Pura_Aditya_Jaya_1.jpg/300px-Pura_Aditya_Jaya_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Aditya Jaya <a href="/wiki/Balinese_temple" title="Balinese temple">Hindu temple</a> with <a href="/wiki/Balinese_architecture" title="Balinese architecture">Balinese architecture</a>, East Jakarta</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Vihara_Jakarta_Dhammacakka_Jaya.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vihāra Jakarta Dhammacakka Jaya, the first Theravāda Buddhist temple in Jakarta"><noscript><img alt="Vihāra Jakarta Dhammacakka Jaya, the first Theravāda Buddhist temple in Jakarta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Vihara_Jakarta_Dhammacakka_Jaya.jpg/150px-Vihara_Jakarta_Dhammacakka_Jaya.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="109" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="744"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 109px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Vihara_Jakarta_Dhammacakka_Jaya.jpg/150px-Vihara_Jakarta_Dhammacakka_Jaya.jpg" data-alt="Vihāra Jakarta Dhammacakka Jaya, the first Theravāda Buddhist temple in Jakarta" data-width="150" data-height="109" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Vihara_Jakarta_Dhammacakka_Jaya.jpg/225px-Vihara_Jakarta_Dhammacakka_Jaya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Vihara_Jakarta_Dhammacakka_Jaya.jpg/300px-Vihara_Jakarta_Dhammacakka_Jaya.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a> Jakarta Dhammacakka Jaya, the first <a href="/wiki/Therav%C4%81da" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravāda">Theravāda</a> Buddhist temple in Jakarta</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Klenteng_Jin_De_Yuan,_Glodok,_Jakarta_(cropped)_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kim Tek Ie, the oldest Confucian-Taoist-Mahāyāna Buddhist (Tridharma) temple in West Jakarta"><noscript><img alt="Kim Tek Ie, the oldest Confucian-Taoist-Mahāyāna Buddhist (Tridharma) temple in West Jakarta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Klenteng_Jin_De_Yuan%2C_Glodok%2C_Jakarta_%28cropped%29_3.jpg/150px-Klenteng_Jin_De_Yuan%2C_Glodok%2C_Jakarta_%28cropped%29_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="108" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1518" data-file-height="1094"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 108px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Klenteng_Jin_De_Yuan%2C_Glodok%2C_Jakarta_%28cropped%29_3.jpg/150px-Klenteng_Jin_De_Yuan%2C_Glodok%2C_Jakarta_%28cropped%29_3.jpg" data-alt="Kim Tek Ie, the oldest Confucian-Taoist-Mahāyāna Buddhist (Tridharma) temple in West Jakarta" data-width="150" data-height="108" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Klenteng_Jin_De_Yuan%2C_Glodok%2C_Jakarta_%28cropped%29_3.jpg/225px-Klenteng_Jin_De_Yuan%2C_Glodok%2C_Jakarta_%28cropped%29_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Klenteng_Jin_De_Yuan%2C_Glodok%2C_Jakarta_%28cropped%29_3.jpg/300px-Klenteng_Jin_De_Yuan%2C_Glodok%2C_Jakarta_%28cropped%29_3.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kim_Tek_Ie_Temple" title="Kim Tek Ie Temple">Kim Tek Ie</a>, the oldest Confucian-Taoist-<a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahāyāna">Mahāyāna</a> Buddhist (<a href="/wiki/Three_teachings" title="Three teachings">Tridharma</a>) temple in West Jakarta</div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jakarta&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Economy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Companies_of_Indonesia" title="Category:Companies of Indonesia">Category:Companies of Indonesia</a></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Jakarta GDP share by sector (2022)<a href="#cite_note-152">[149]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">GDP share by sector</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Service</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Purple; width:75.93%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">75.93%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Manufacturing</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DodgerBlue; width:12.28%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">12.28%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other Industrial</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Yellow; width:11.71%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">11.71%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Agriculture</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Green; width:0.08%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.08%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> Indonesia is the largest economy of <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a>, and Jakarta is the economic nerve centre of the Indonesian archipelago. Jakarta's nominal GDP was US$203.702 billion and PPP GDP was US$602.946 billion in 2021, which is about 17% of Indonesia's GDP.<a href="#cite_note-jakarta2021-153">[150]</a> Jakarta was ranked 21st in the list of Cities of Economic Influence Index in 2020 by CEOWORLD magazine.<a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a> According to the Japan Center for Economic Research, <a href="/wiki/Gross_regional_product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross regional product">GRP</a> per capita of Jakarta will rank 28th among the 77 cities in 2030 from 41st in 2015, the largest in Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-155">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Savills" title="Savills">Savills</a> Resilient Cities Index has predicted Jakarta to be within the top 20 cities in the world by 2028.<a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> Jakarta's economy depends highly on manufacturing and service sectors such as banking, trading and finance. Industries include electronics, automotive, chemicals, mechanical engineering, and biomedical sciences. The head office of <a href="/wiki/Bank_Indonesia" title="Bank Indonesia">Bank Indonesia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indonesia_Stock_Exchange" title="Indonesia Stock Exchange">Indonesia Stock Exchange</a> are located in the city. Most of the <a href="/wiki/State-owned_Enterprise_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="State-owned Enterprise of Indonesia">SOEs</a> including <a href="/wiki/Pertamina" title="Pertamina">Pertamina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perusahaan_Listrik_Negara" title="Perusahaan Listrik Negara">PLN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angkasa_Pura" title="Angkasa Pura">Angkasa Pura</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Telkomsel" title="Telkomsel">Telkomsel</a> operate head offices in the city, as do major <a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Indonesia" title="List of companies of Indonesia">Indonesian conglomerates</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Salim_Group" title="Salim Group">Salim Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinar_Mas_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinar Mas Group">Sinar Mas Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astra_International" title="Astra International">Astra International</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gudang_Garam" title="Gudang Garam">Gudang Garam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kompas_Gramedia_Group" title="Kompas Gramedia Group">Kompas-Gramedia</a>, <a href="/wiki/CT_Corp" title="CT Corp">CT Corp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emtek" title="Emtek">Emtek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Media_Nusantara_Citra" title="Media Nusantara Citra">MNC Group</a>. The headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Chamber_of_Commerce_and_Industry" title="Indonesian Chamber of Commerce and Industry">Indonesian Chamber of Commerce and Industry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Employers_Association" title="Indonesian Employers Association">Indonesian Employers Association</a> are also located in the city. As of 2017, the city is home to six <a href="/wiki/Forbes_Global_2000" title="Forbes Global 2000">Forbes Global 2000</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Fortune_500" title="Fortune 500">Fortune 500</a> and seven <a href="/wiki/Unicorn_(finance)" title="Unicorn (finance)">Unicorn</a> companies.<a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SCBD_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/SCBD_at_night.jpg/220px-SCBD_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/SCBD_at_night.jpg/220px-SCBD_at_night.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/SCBD_at_night.jpg/330px-SCBD_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/SCBD_at_night.jpg/440px-SCBD_at_night.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sudirman_Central_Business_District" title="Sudirman Central Business District">SCBD</a> is a business centre in Jakarta</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alibaba_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Alibaba group">Alibaba</a> have regional cloud centres in Jakarta.<a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a> In 2017, economic growth was 6.22%.<a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a> Throughout the same year, the total value of the investment was Rp 108.6 trillion (US$8 billion), an increase of 84.7% from the previous year.<a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a> In 2021, nominal GDP per capita was estimated at Rp 274.710 million (US$19,199).<a href="#cite_note-jakarta2021-153">[150]</a> The most significant contributions to GRDP were by the finance, ownership and business services (29%); the trade, hotel and restaurant sector (20%), and the manufacturing industry sector (16%).<a href="#cite_note-Statistics-2008-42">[39]</a> The Wealth Report 2015 by <a href="/wiki/Knight_Frank" title="Knight Frank">Knight Frank</a> reported that 24 individuals in Indonesia in 2014 had wealth of at least US$1 billion and 18 live in Jakarta.<a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a> The cost of living continues to rise. Both land prices and rents have become expensive. <a href="/wiki/Mercer_(consulting_firm)" title="Mercer (consulting firm)">Mercer</a>'s 2017 Cost of Living Survey ranked Jakarta as the 88th costliest city in the world for expatriates.<a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a> Industrial development and the construction of new housing thrive on the outskirts, while commerce and banking remain concentrated in the city centre.<a href="#cite_note-166">[163]</a> Jakarta has a bustling luxury property market. <a href="/wiki/Knight_Frank" title="Knight Frank">Knight Frank</a>, a global real estate consultancy based in London, reported in 2014 that Jakarta offered the highest return on high-end property investment in the world in 2013, citing a supply shortage and a sharply depreciated currency as reasons.<a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shopping">Shopping</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jakarta&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Shopping" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_Jakarta" title="List of shopping malls in Jakarta">List of shopping malls in Jakarta</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inside_of_Grand_Indonesia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Inside_of_Grand_Indonesia.jpg/220px-Inside_of_Grand_Indonesia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Inside_of_Grand_Indonesia.jpg/220px-Inside_of_Grand_Indonesia.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Inside_of_Grand_Indonesia.jpg/330px-Inside_of_Grand_Indonesia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Inside_of_Grand_Indonesia.jpg/440px-Inside_of_Grand_Indonesia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Grand_Indonesia_Shopping_Town" title="Grand Indonesia Shopping Town">Grand Indonesia</a> shopping mall</figcaption></figure> As of 2015, with a total of 550 hectares, Jakarta had the largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_malls_in_Jakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="List of malls in Jakarta">shopping mall floor area</a> within a single city.<a href="#cite_note-168">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a> Malls include <a href="/wiki/Plaza_Indonesia" title="Plaza Indonesia">Plaza Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Indonesia">Grand Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarinah_Building" title="Sarinah Building">Sarinah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plaza_Senayan" title="Plaza Senayan">Plaza Senayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senayan_City" title="Senayan City">Senayan City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Place_Jakarta" title="Pacific Place Jakarta">Pacific Place</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gandaria_City" title="Gandaria City">Gandaria City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aeon_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeon Group">ÆON Mall</a> <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Garden_City" title="Jakarta Garden City">Jakarta Garden City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Barat" title="Tanjung Barat">Tanjung Barat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mall_Taman_Anggrek" title="Mall Taman Anggrek">Mall Taman Anggrek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Park_Jakarta" title="Central Park Jakarta">Central Park Mall</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Pondok_Indah_Mall" title="Pondok Indah Mall">Pondok Indah Mall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a> Fashion retail brands in Jakarta include <a href="/wiki/Debenhams" title="Debenhams">Debenhams</a> at <a href="/wiki/Senayan_City" title="Senayan City">Senayan City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kemang_Village" title="Kemang Village">Lippo Mall Kemang Village</a>,<a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a> Japanese <a href="/wiki/Sogo" title="Sogo">Sogo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a> <a href="/wiki/Seibu_Department_Stores" title="Seibu Department Stores">Seibu</a> at Grand Indonesia Shopping Town, and French brand, <a href="/wiki/Galeries_Lafayette" title="Galeries Lafayette">Galeries Lafayette</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Place_Jakarta" title="Pacific Place Jakarta">Pacific Place</a>. The Satrio-Casablanca shopping belt includes <a href="/wiki/Kuningan_City" title="Kuningan City">Kuningan City</a>, Mal Ambassador, <a href="/wiki/Kota_Kasablanka" title="Kota Kasablanka">Kota Kasablanka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ciputra_World_Jakarta" title="Ciputra World Jakarta">Lotte Shopping Avenue</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[170]</a> Shopping malls are also located at <a href="/wiki/Grogol" title="Grogol">Grogol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puri_Indah" title="Puri Indah">Puri Indah</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Jakarta" title="West Jakarta">West Jakarta</a>. Traditional markets include <a href="/wiki/Blok_M" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok M">Blok M</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayestik_Market" title="Mayestik Market">Mayestik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanah_Abang" title="Tanah Abang">Tanah Abang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senen" title="Senen">Senen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasar_Baru" title="Pasar Baru">Pasar Baru</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glodok" title="Glodok">Glodok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mangga_Dua,_Jakarta" title="Mangga Dua, Jakarta">Mangga Dua</a>, Cempaka Mas, and <a href="/wiki/Jatinegara" title="Jatinegara">Jatinegara</a>. Special markets sell <a href="/wiki/Antique" title="Antique">antique</a> goods at Jalan Surabaya and gemstones in Rawabening Market.<a href="#cite_note-174">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jakarta&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Tourism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Indonesia" title="Tourism in Indonesia">Tourism in Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_and_cultural_institutions_in_Indonesia" title="List of museums and cultural institutions in Indonesia">List of museums and cultural institutions in Indonesia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Tourism_and_Culture_Office" title="Jakarta Tourism and Culture Office">Jakarta Tourism and Culture Office</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Angel_island_-_The_sixth_stop_(16932410548).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Angel_island_-_The_sixth_stop_%2816932410548%29.jpg/220px-Angel_island_-_The_sixth_stop_%2816932410548%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4173" data-file-height="2772"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Angel_island_-_The_sixth_stop_%2816932410548%29.jpg/220px-Angel_island_-_The_sixth_stop_%2816932410548%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Angel_island_-_The_sixth_stop_%2816932410548%29.jpg/330px-Angel_island_-_The_sixth_stop_%2816932410548%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Angel_island_-_The_sixth_stop_%2816932410548%29.jpg/440px-Angel_island_-_The_sixth_stop_%2816932410548%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Pulau Bidadari (Heavenly Nymph island) is one of the <a href="/wiki/Thousand_Islands_(Indonesia)" title="Thousand Islands (Indonesia)">Thousand Islands</a> scattered around the sea of Jakarta</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaza_Taman_Ismail_Marzuki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Plaza_Taman_Ismail_Marzuki.jpg/220px-Plaza_Taman_Ismail_Marzuki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Plaza_Taman_Ismail_Marzuki.jpg/220px-Plaza_Taman_Ismail_Marzuki.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Plaza_Taman_Ismail_Marzuki.jpg/330px-Plaza_Taman_Ismail_Marzuki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Plaza_Taman_Ismail_Marzuki.jpg/440px-Plaza_Taman_Ismail_Marzuki.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Marzuki_Park" title="Ismail Marzuki Park">Ismail Marzuki Park</a> is the most popular <a href="/wiki/Museum" title="Museum">museum</a> in Jakarta, there are several <a href="/wiki/Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="Libraries">libraries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theaters" class="mw-redirect" title="Theaters">theaters</a>, and Betawi <a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">performance arts</a></figcaption></figure> Though Jakarta has been named the most popular location as per tag stories,<a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a> and ranked eighth most-posted among the cities in the world in 2017 on image-sharing site <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a>,<a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a> it is not a top international tourist destination. The city, however, is ranked as the fifth fastest-growing tourist destination among 132 cities according to <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_by_international_visitors" title="List of cities by international visitors">MasterCard Global Destination Cities Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Travel_and_Tourism_Council" title="World Travel and Tourism Council">World Travel and Tourism Council</a> also listed Jakarta as among the top ten fastest-growing tourism cities in the world in 2017<a href="#cite_note-178">[175]</a> and categorised it as an emerging performer, which will see a significant increase in tourist arrivals in less than ten years.<a href="#cite_note-179">[176]</a> According to Euromonitor International's latest Top 100 City Destinations Ranking of 2019, Jakarta ranked at 57th among 100 most visited cities of the world.<a href="#cite_note-180">[177]</a> Most of the visitors attracted to Jakarta are domestic tourists. As the gateway of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, Jakarta often serves as a stop-over for foreign visitors on their way to other Indonesian tourist destinations such as <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lombok" title="Lombok">Lombok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Komodo_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Komodo Island">Komodo Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a>. In 2023 about 1.97 million foreign tourists visited the city.<a href="#cite_note-181">[178]</a> Jakarta is trying to attract more international tourists through <a href="/wiki/Meetings,_incentives,_conferencing,_exhibitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Meetings, incentives, conferencing, exhibitions">MICE</a> tourism, and arranging increasing numbers of <a href="/wiki/Convention_(meeting)" title="Convention (meeting)">conventions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-182">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a> In 2012, the tourism sector contributed Rp. 2.6 trillion (US$268.5 million) to the city's total direct income of Rp. 17.83 trillion (US$1.45 billion), a 17.9% increase from the previous year 2011. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jakarta&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Culture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> As the capital of Indonesia, Jakarta is a melting pot of cultures from all ethnic groups in the country. Although <a href="/wiki/Betawi_people" title="Betawi people">Betawi people</a> are Jakarta's indigenous community, the city's culture represents many languages and ethnic groups, favouring differences in religion, tradition, and linguistics, rather than a single, dominant culture. Jakarta is dominated by <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese people</a>, followed by Betawi people and <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese people</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts_and_festivals">Arts and festivals</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jakarta&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Arts and festivals" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sang_Pawang_Ondel_Ondel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Sang_Pawang_Ondel_Ondel.jpg/220px-Sang_Pawang_Ondel_Ondel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Sang_Pawang_Ondel_Ondel.jpg/220px-Sang_Pawang_Ondel_Ondel.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Sang_Pawang_Ondel_Ondel.jpg/330px-Sang_Pawang_Ondel_Ondel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Sang_Pawang_Ondel_Ondel.jpg/440px-Sang_Pawang_Ondel_Ondel.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ondel-ondel" title="Ondel-ondel">Ondel-ondel</a> puppets are the mascot of the city and the symbol of <a href="/wiki/Betawi_people" title="Betawi people">Betawi</a> culture</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Betawi_people" title="Betawi people">Betawi</a> culture is distinct from those of the <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a> or <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a>, forming a <a href="/wiki/Language_island" title="Language island">language island</a> in the surrounding area. There is a significant Chinese influence in Betawi culture, reflected in the popularity of Chinese cakes and sweets, <a href="/wiki/Firecracker" title="Firecracker">firecrackers</a>, and Betawi wedding attire that demonstrates Chinese and Arab influences. Some festivals such as the Jalan Jaksa Festival, Kemang Festival, Festival Condet and Lebaran Betawi include efforts to preserve Betawi arts by inviting artists to display performances.<a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[183]</a> Jakarta has several performing art centres, such as the classical concert hall Aula Simfonia Jakarta in Kemayoran, <a href="/wiki/Taman_Ismail_Marzuki" class="mw-redirect" title="Taman Ismail Marzuki">Taman Ismail Marzuki</a> (TIM) art centre in Cikini, <a href="/wiki/Gedung_Kesenian_Jakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Gedung Kesenian Jakarta">Gedung Kesenian Jakarta</a> near Pasar Baru, Balai Sarbini in the Plaza Semanggi area, <a href="/wiki/Bentara_Budaya_Jakarta" title="Bentara Budaya Jakarta">Bentara Budaya Jakarta</a> in the Palmerah area, Pasar Seni (Art Market) in <a href="/wiki/Ancol_Dreamland" title="Ancol Dreamland">Ancol</a>, and traditional Indonesian art performances at the pavilions of some provinces in <a href="/wiki/Taman_Mini_Indonesia_Indah" title="Taman Mini Indonesia Indah">Taman Mini Indonesia Indah</a>. Traditional music is often found at high-class hotels, including <a href="/wiki/Wayang" title="Wayang">Wayang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gamelan" title="Gamelan">Gamelan</a> performances. Javanese <a href="/wiki/Wayang_wong" title="Wayang wong">Wayang Orang</a> performances can be found at Wayang Orang Bharata Theatre. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tanjidor,_by_M_Jeffry_Hanafiah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Tanjidor%2C_by_M_Jeffry_Hanafiah.jpg/220px-Tanjidor%2C_by_M_Jeffry_Hanafiah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2003"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Tanjidor%2C_by_M_Jeffry_Hanafiah.jpg/220px-Tanjidor%2C_by_M_Jeffry_Hanafiah.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Tanjidor%2C_by_M_Jeffry_Hanafiah.jpg/330px-Tanjidor%2C_by_M_Jeffry_Hanafiah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Tanjidor%2C_by_M_Jeffry_Hanafiah.jpg/440px-Tanjidor%2C_by_M_Jeffry_Hanafiah.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tanjidor" title="Tanjidor">Tanjidor</a> music demonstrates <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Indonesians" title="Portuguese Indonesians">European</a> influence</figcaption></figure> Arts and culture festivals and exhibitions include the annual ARKIPEL – Jakarta International Documentary and Experimental Film Festival, <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_International_Film_Festival" title="Jakarta International Film Festival">Jakarta International Film Festival</a> (JiFFest), <a href="/wiki/Djakarta_Warehouse_Project" title="Djakarta Warehouse Project">Djakarta Warehouse Project</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Fashion_Week" title="Jakarta Fashion Week">Jakarta Fashion Week</a>, Jakarta Muslim Fashion Week, <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Fashion_%26_Food_Festival" title="Jakarta Fashion & Food Festival">Jakarta Fashion & Food Festival</a> (JFFF), <a href="/wiki/Jakarnaval" title="Jakarnaval">Jakarnaval</a>, Jakarta Night Festival, Kota Tua Creative Festival, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia_International_Book_Fair" title="Indonesia International Book Fair">Indonesia International Book Fair</a> (IIBF), <a href="/wiki/Indonesia_Comic_Con" title="Indonesia Comic Con">Indonesia Comic Con</a>, Indonesia Creative Products and Jakarta Arts and Crafts exhibition. <a href="/wiki/Art_Jakarta" title="Art Jakarta">Art Jakarta</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art" title="Contemporary art">contemporary art</a> fair, which is held annually. Flona Jakarta is a flora-and-fauna exhibition, held annually in August at <a href="/wiki/Lapangan_Banteng" title="Lapangan Banteng">Lapangan Banteng</a> Park, featuring flowers, plant nurseries, and pets. <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Fair" title="Jakarta Fair">Jakarta Fair</a> is held annually from mid-June to mid-July to celebrate the anniversary of the city and is mostly centered around a trade <a href="/wiki/Fair" title="Fair">fair</a>. However, this month-long fair also features entertainment, including arts and music performances by local musicians. <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_International_Java_Jazz_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakarta International Java Jazz Festival">Jakarta International Java Jazz Festival</a> (JJF) is one of the largest jazz festivals in the world, the biggest in the Southern Hemisphere, and is held annually in March. Several foreign art and culture centres in Jakarta promote culture and language through learning centres, libraries, and art galleries. These include the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Confucius_Institute" title="Confucius Institute">Confucius Institute</a>, the Dutch <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_House_(Jakarta)" title="Erasmus House (Jakarta)">Erasmus Huis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/British_Council" title="British Council">British Council</a>, the French <a href="/wiki/Alliance_Fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance Française">Alliance Française</a>, the German <a href="/wiki/Goethe-Institut" title="Goethe-Institut">Goethe-Institut</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Foundation" title="Japan Foundation">Japan Foundation</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Council_for_Cultural_Relations" title="Indian Council for Cultural Relations">Jawaharlal Nehru Indian Cultural Center</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jakarta&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Cuisine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Betawi_cuisine" title="Betawi cuisine">Betawi cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soto_Betawi_Jakarta_Street_Side_Food.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Soto_Betawi_Jakarta_Street_Side_Food.JPG/220px-Soto_Betawi_Jakarta_Street_Side_Food.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1701" data-file-height="1438"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 186px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Soto_Betawi_Jakarta_Street_Side_Food.JPG/220px-Soto_Betawi_Jakarta_Street_Side_Food.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="186" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Soto_Betawi_Jakarta_Street_Side_Food.JPG/330px-Soto_Betawi_Jakarta_Street_Side_Food.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Soto_Betawi_Jakarta_Street_Side_Food.JPG/440px-Soto_Betawi_Jakarta_Street_Side_Food.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Soto_Betawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Soto Betawi">Soto Betawi</a>, mainly consisting of <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">beef</a> or <a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">offal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a> or <a href="/wiki/Coconut_milk" title="Coconut milk">coconut milk</a> soup.</figcaption></figure> All varieties of <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian cuisine</a> have a presence in Jakarta. The local cuisine is <a href="/wiki/Betawi_cuisine" title="Betawi cuisine">Betawi cuisine</a>, which reflects various foreign culinary traditions. Betawi cuisine is heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Peranakan_cuisine" title="Peranakan cuisine">Malay-Chinese Peranakan cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_cuisine" title="Sundanese cuisine">Sundanese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Javanese_cuisine" title="Javanese cuisine">Javanese cuisine</a>, which is also influenced by Indian, Arabic, and European cuisines. One of the most popular local dishes of Betawi cuisine is <a href="/wiki/Soto_(food)#Varieties" title="Soto (food)">Soto</a> <a href="/wiki/Betawi_people" title="Betawi people">Betawi</a> which is prepared from chunks of beef and <a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">offal</a> in rich and spicy cow's milk or coconut milk broth. Other popular Betawi dishes include <a href="/wiki/Soto_(food)" title="Soto (food)">soto kaki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nasi_uduk" title="Nasi uduk">nasi uduk</a> (mixed rice), <a href="/wiki/Kerak_telor" title="Kerak telor">kerak telor</a> (spicy omelette), <a href="/wiki/Nasi_ulam" title="Nasi ulam">nasi ulam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asinan" title="Asinan">asinan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ketoprak_(dish)" title="Ketoprak (dish)">ketoprak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rojak#Rujak_Juhi" title="Rojak">rujak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gado-gado" title="Gado-gado">gado-gado</a> Betawi (salad in peanut sauce). Jakarta cuisine can be found in modest street-side <a href="/wiki/Warung" title="Warung">warung</a> food stalls and <a href="/wiki/Hawker_(trade)" title="Hawker (trade)">Hawkers</a> traveling vendors to high-end fine dining restaurants.<a href="#cite_note-187">[184]</a> Live music venues and exclusive restaurants are abundant.<a href="#cite_note-188">[185]</a> Many traditional foods from far-flung regions in Indonesia can be found in Jakarta. For example, traditional <a href="/wiki/Padang_cuisine#Padang_restaurants" title="Padang cuisine">Padang restaurants</a> and low-budget <a href="/wiki/Warung#Varieties" title="Warung">Warteg</a> (Warung Tegal) food stalls are ubiquitous in the capital. Other popular street foods include <a href="/wiki/Nasi_goreng" title="Nasi goreng">nasi goreng</a> (fried rice), <a href="/wiki/Satay" title="Satay">sate</a> (skewered meats), <a href="/wiki/Pecel_lele" title="Pecel lele">pecel lele</a> (fried catfish), <a href="/wiki/Bakso" title="Bakso">bakso</a> (meatballs), <a href="/wiki/Baozi" title="Baozi">bakpau</a> (Chinese bun) and <a href="/wiki/Siomay" title="Siomay">siomay</a> (fish dumplings). <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roti_Buaya.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roti_Buaya.JPG/220px-Roti_Buaya.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="1728"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 168px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roti_Buaya.JPG/220px-Roti_Buaya.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="168" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roti_Buaya.JPG/330px-Roti_Buaya.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Roti_Buaya.JPG/440px-Roti_Buaya.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Roti_buaya" title="Roti buaya">Roti buaya</a>, a crocodile-shaped bread is often served on festive occasions.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Jalan_Jaksa" title="Jalan Jaksa">Jalan Sabang</a>,<a href="#cite_note-189">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a> Jalan Sidoarjo, Jalan Kendal at <a href="/wiki/Kebon_Sirih,_Menteng" title="Kebon Sirih, Menteng">Menteng</a> area, <a href="/wiki/Kota_Tua_Jakarta" title="Kota Tua Jakarta">Kota Tua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kebayoran_Baru,_South_Jakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Kebayoran Baru, South Jakarta">Blok S</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blok_M" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok M">Blok M</a>,<a href="#cite_note-191">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tebet,_South_Jakarta" title="Tebet, South Jakarta">Jalan Tebet</a>,<a href="#cite_note-192">[189]</a> are all popular destinations for street-food lovers. <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Minangkabau cuisine">Minangkabau</a> street-food who sell <a href="/wiki/Nasi_kapau" title="Nasi kapau">Nasi Kapau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sate_padang" title="Sate padang">Sate Padang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soto_padang" title="Soto padang">Soto Padang</a> can be found at Jalan Kramat Raya and <a href="/wiki/Bendungan_Hilir,_Tanah_Abang" title="Bendungan Hilir, Tanah Abang">Jalan Bendungan Hilir</a> in Central Jakarta.<a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> street-food is plentiful at Jalan Pangeran, <a href="/wiki/Mangga_Besar,_Jakarta" title="Mangga Besar, Jakarta">Manga Besar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glodok" title="Glodok">Petak Sembilan</a> in the old Jakarta area, while the Little Tokyo area of <a href="/wiki/Blok_M" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok M">Blok M</a> has many <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japanese</a> style restaurants and bars.<a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a> Trendy restaurants, cafe and bars can be found at <a href="/wiki/Menteng" title="Menteng">Menteng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kemang,_Jakarta" title="Kemang, Jakarta">Kemang</a>,<a href="#cite_note-195">[192]</a> <a href="/wiki/SCBD" class="mw-redirect" title="SCBD">Jalan Senopati</a>,<a href="#cite_note-196">[193]</a> <a href="/wiki/Setiabudi,_South_Jakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Setiabudi, South Jakarta">Kuningan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senayan_City" title="Senayan City">Senayan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pantai_Indah_Kapuk" title="Pantai Indah Kapuk">Pantai Indah Kapuk</a>,<a href="#cite_note-197">[194]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kelapa_Gading" title="Kelapa Gading">Kelapa Gading</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lenggang_Jakarta" title="Lenggang Jakarta">Lenggang Jakarta</a> is a food court, accommodating small traders and street vendors,<a href="#cite_note-198">[195]</a> where <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Cuisine">Indonesian foods</a> are available within a single compound. At present, there are two such food courts, located at <a href="/wiki/Monas" class="mw-redirect" title="Monas">Monas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kemayoran" title="Kemayoran">Kemayoran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-199">[196]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thamrin_10" title="Thamrin 10">Thamrin 10</a> is a food and creative park located at Menteng, where varieties of food stall are available.<a href="#cite_note-200">[197]</a> Global fast-food chains are present and usually found in <a href="/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_Jakarta" title="List of shopping malls in Jakarta">Shopping malls</a>, along with local brands like <a href="/wiki/Restoran_Sederhana" title="Restoran Sederhana">Sederhana</a>, <a href="/wiki/J.CO_Donuts" title="J.CO Donuts">J'CO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Es_Teler_77" title="Es Teler 77">Es Teler 77</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kebab_Turki_Baba_Rafi" title="Kebab Turki Baba Rafi">Kebab Turki</a>, <a href="/wiki/California_Fried_Chicken" title="California Fried Chicken">CFC</a>, and Japanese <a href="/wiki/HokBen" title="HokBen">HokBen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yoshinoya" title="Yoshinoya">Yoshinoya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[198]</a> Foreign cuisines such as <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Thai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singaporean_cuisine" title="Singaporean cuisine">Singaporean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">American</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Australian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Cuisine">Malaysian</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean cuisines</a> like <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_cuisine" title="Maghrebi cuisine">Maghrebi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Middle Eastern cuisine</a>, and modern fusion food restaurants can all be found in Jakarta. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jakarta&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:U17_World_Cup_Brazil_England.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/U17_World_Cup_Brazil_England.jpg/220px-U17_World_Cup_Brazil_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2232"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/U17_World_Cup_Brazil_England.jpg/220px-U17_World_Cup_Brazil_England.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/U17_World_Cup_Brazil_England.jpg/330px-U17_World_Cup_Brazil_England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/U17_World_Cup_Brazil_England.jpg/440px-U17_World_Cup_Brazil_England.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_International_Stadium" title="Jakarta International Stadium">Jakarta International Stadium</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Priok" title="Tanjung Priok">Tanjung Priok</a>. It is the home of <a href="/wiki/Persija" class="mw-redirect" title="Persija">Persija</a> FC and has a seating capacity of 82,000. It is Indonesia's biggest stadium.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:GBK_24-10-2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/GBK_24-10-2018.jpg/220px-GBK_24-10-2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/GBK_24-10-2018.jpg/220px-GBK_24-10-2018.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/GBK_24-10-2018.jpg/330px-GBK_24-10-2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/GBK_24-10-2018.jpg/440px-GBK_24-10-2018.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Gelora_Bung_Karno_Stadium" title="Gelora Bung Karno Stadium">Gelora Bung Karno Stadium</a>, home of the Indonesia <a href="/wiki/Indonesia_national_football_team" title="Indonesia national football team">men</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia_women%27s_national_football_team" title="Indonesia women's national football team">women</a> national football team, and the <a href="/wiki/Persija" class="mw-redirect" title="Persija">Persija</a> FC, has a seating capacity of 78,000. It is Indonesia's second-biggest stadium.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Istora_Senayan_Interior_January_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Istora_Senayan_Interior_January_2018.jpg/220px-Istora_Senayan_Interior_January_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="565"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 115px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Istora_Senayan_Interior_January_2018.jpg/220px-Istora_Senayan_Interior_January_2018.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="115" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Istora_Senayan_Interior_January_2018.jpg/330px-Istora_Senayan_Interior_January_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Istora_Senayan_Interior_January_2018.jpg/440px-Istora_Senayan_Interior_January_2018.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Istora_Gelora_Bung_Karno" title="Istora Gelora Bung Karno">Istora Gelora Bung Karno</a>, home of the <a href="/wiki/Indonesia_national_badminton_team" title="Indonesia national badminton team">Indonesia national badminton team</a>, has a capacity of 8,000 seats.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Indonesia_Arena_3_September_2023_-_Pre_Match_BRA_vs_LAT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Indonesia_Arena_3_September_2023_-_Pre_Match_BRA_vs_LAT.jpg/220px-Indonesia_Arena_3_September_2023_-_Pre_Match_BRA_vs_LAT.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Indonesia_Arena_3_September_2023_-_Pre_Match_BRA_vs_LAT.jpg/220px-Indonesia_Arena_3_September_2023_-_Pre_Match_BRA_vs_LAT.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Indonesia_Arena_3_September_2023_-_Pre_Match_BRA_vs_LAT.jpg/330px-Indonesia_Arena_3_September_2023_-_Pre_Match_BRA_vs_LAT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Indonesia_Arena_3_September_2023_-_Pre_Match_BRA_vs_LAT.jpg/440px-Indonesia_Arena_3_September_2023_-_Pre_Match_BRA_vs_LAT.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Indonesia_Arena" title="Indonesia Arena">Indonesia Arena</a>, is the fields that can be used for <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">Volleyball</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Badminton" title="Badminton">Badminton</a></div></div></div></div></div> Jakarta hosted the <a href="/wiki/1962_Asian_Games" title="1962 Asian Games">1962 Asian Games</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanna1962193%E2%80%93203-202">[199]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2018_Asian_Games" title="2018 Asian Games">2018 Asian Games</a>, co-hosted by <a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-203">[200]</a> Jakarta also hosted the <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Asian Games">Southeast Asian Games</a> in 1979, 1987, 1997 and 2011 (supporting Palembang). <a href="/wiki/Gelora_Bung_Karno_Stadium" title="Gelora Bung Karno Stadium">Gelora Bung Karno Stadium</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a> hosted the group stage, quarterfinal and final of the <a href="/wiki/2007_AFC_Asian_Cup" title="2007 AFC Asian Cup">2007 AFC Asian Cup</a> along with Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-205">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[203]</a> The largest capacity retractable roof stadium in Asia, <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_International_Stadium" title="Jakarta International Stadium">Jakarta International Stadium</a>, is located at <a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Priok" title="Tanjung Priok">Tanjung Priok</a> district, completed in 2022. After the success of the Asian Games, the city made a bid to host the <a href="/wiki/2032_Summer_Olympics" title="2032 Summer Olympics">2032 Summer Olympics</a> but did not enter into the final evaluation and was awarded to <a href="/wiki/Brisbane" title="Brisbane">Brisbane</a>. If the city had been chosen, it would have been the first city in Southeast Asia to host the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">senior Olympic Games</a> and the first to be held in the region since the <a href="/wiki/2010_Summer_Youth_Olympics" title="2010 Summer Youth Olympics">2010 Summer Youth Olympics</a>. The Senayan sports complex has several sports venues, including the Bung Karno football stadium, <a href="/wiki/Madya_Stadium" class="mw-redirect" title="Madya Stadium">Madya Stadium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istora_Senayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Istora Senayan">Istora Senayan</a>, an aquatic arena, a baseball field, a basketball hall, a shooting range, several indoor and outdoor tennis courts. The Senayan complex was built in 1960 to accommodate the 1962 Asian Games. For basketball, the <a href="/wiki/Kelapa_Gading_Sport_Mall" class="mw-redirect" title="Kelapa Gading Sport Mall">Kelapa Gading Sport Mall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kelapa_Gading" title="Kelapa Gading">Kelapa Gading</a>, North Jakarta, with a capacity of 7,000 seats, is the home arena of the Indonesian national basketball team. <a href="/wiki/The_BritAma_Arena" title="The BritAma Arena">The BritAma Arena</a> serves as a playground for <a href="/wiki/Satria_Muda_Pertamina_Jakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Satria Muda Pertamina Jakarta">Satria Muda Pertamina Jakarta</a>, the 2017 runner-up of the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Basketball_League" title="Indonesian Basketball League">Indonesian Basketball League</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_International_Velodrome" title="Jakarta International Velodrome">Jakarta International Velodrome</a> is a sporting facility located at <a href="/wiki/Rawamangun" class="mw-redirect" title="Rawamangun">Rawamangun</a>, which was used as a venue for the Asian Games. It has a seating capacity of 3,500 for <a href="/wiki/Track_cycling" title="Track cycling">track cycling</a>, and up to 8,500 for shows and concerts,<a href="#cite_note-207">[204]</a> which can also be used for various sports activities such as volleyball, badminton and futsal. <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_International_Equestrian_Park" title="Jakarta International Equestrian Park">Jakarta International Equestrian Park</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">equestrian</a> sports venue located at <a href="/wiki/Pulo_Gadung" title="Pulo Gadung">Pulomas</a>, which was also used as a venue for the Asian Games.<a href="#cite_note-208">[205]</a> The Jakarta <a href="/wiki/Car-Free_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Car-Free Days">Car-Free Days</a> are held bi-weekly on Sunday on the main avenues of the city, Jalan Sudirman, and Jalan Thamrin, from 6 am to 11 am. The briefer Car-Free Day, which lasts from 6 am to 9 am, is held every other Sunday. The event invites local pedestrians to do sports and exercise and have their activities on the streets that are usually full of traffic. Along the road from the Senayan traffic circle on Jalan Sudirman, South Jakarta, to the "Selamat Datang" Monument at the Hotel Indonesia traffic circle on Jalan Thamrin, north to the National Monument in Central Jakarta, cars are blocked from entering. During the event, morning gymnastics, <a href="/wiki/Calisthenics" title="Calisthenics">calisthenics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_exercises" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerobic exercises">aerobic exercises</a>, <a href="/wiki/Futsal" title="Futsal">futsal</a> games, <a href="/wiki/Jogging" title="Jogging">jogging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bicycling" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicycling">bicycling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skateboarding" title="Skateboarding">skateboarding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badminton" title="Badminton">badminton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karate" title="Karate">karate</a>, on-street library and musical performances take over the roads and the main parks.<a href="#cite_note-209">[206]</a> Jakarta's most popular home football club is <a href="/wiki/Persija_Jakarta" title="Persija Jakarta">Persija</a>, which plays in <a href="/wiki/Liga_1_(Indonesia)" title="Liga 1 (Indonesia)">Liga 1</a>. Another football team in Jakarta is <a href="/wiki/Persitara_Jakarta_Utara" class="mw-redirect" title="Persitara Jakarta Utara">Persitara</a> which competes in <a href="/wiki/Liga_3_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liga 3 (Indonesia)">Liga 3</a> and plays in <a href="/wiki/Tugu_Stadium" title="Tugu Stadium">Tugu Stadium</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Marathon" title="Jakarta Marathon">Jakarta Marathon</a> each November is recognised by <a href="/wiki/Association_of_International_Marathons_and_Distance_Races" title="Association of International Marathons and Distance Races">AIMS</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Athletic_Association_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="International Athletic Association Federation">IAAF</a>. It was established in 2013. It brings <a href="/wiki/Sports_tourism" title="Sports tourism">sports tourism</a>. In 2015, more than 15,000 runners from 53 countries participated.<a href="#cite_note-210">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[211]</a> Jakarta successfully hosted the first <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_ePrix" title="Jakarta ePrix">Jakarta ePrix</a> race of the <a href="/wiki/Formula_E" title="Formula E">Formula E</a> championship in June 2022 at <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_International_e-Prix_Circuit" title="Jakarta International e-Prix Circuit">Ancol Circuit</a>, North Jakarta.<a href="#cite_note-215">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_and_entertainment">Media and entertainment</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jakarta&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Media and entertainment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TVRITower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/TVRITower.jpg/170px-TVRITower.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1410" data-file-height="2027"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 244px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/TVRITower.jpg/170px-TVRITower.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="244" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/TVRITower.jpg/255px-TVRITower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/TVRITower.jpg/340px-TVRITower.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The main <a href="/wiki/TVRI_Tower" title="TVRI Tower">TV tower</a> of <a href="/wiki/TVRI" title="TVRI">TVRI</a> at its headquarters in Jakarta</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Indonesia" title="List of newspapers in Indonesia">List of newspapers in Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Jakarta" title="List of radio stations in Jakarta">List of radio stations in Jakarta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Indonesia" title="List of television stations in Indonesia">List of television stations in Indonesia</a></div> Jakarta is home to most of the Indonesian national newspapers, besides some local-based newspapers. The daily local newspapers in Jakarta are <a href="/wiki/Pos_Kota" title="Pos Kota">Pos Kota</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warta_Kota" class="mw-redirect" title="Warta Kota">Warta Kota</a>. National newspapers based in Jakarta include <a href="/wiki/Kompas" title="Kompas">Kompas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Media_Indonesia" title="Media Indonesia">Media Indonesia</a>, and most of them have a news segment covering the city. A number of business newspapers (<a href="/wiki/Bisnis_Indonesia" title="Bisnis Indonesia">Bisnis Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Investor_Daily" title="Investor Daily">Investor Daily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kontan" title="Kontan">Kontan</a>) and a sports newspaper (<a href="/wiki/Tribun_Network" title="Tribun Network">Super Ball</a>) are also published. Newspapers other than in Indonesian, mainly for a national and global audience, are also published daily. Examples are the English-language newspapers <a href="/wiki/The_Jakarta_Post" title="The Jakarta Post">The Jakarta Post</a> and online-only <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Globe" title="Jakarta Globe">The Jakarta Globe</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese language</a> newspapers also circulate, such as <a href="/wiki/Indonesia_Shang_Bao" title="Indonesia Shang Bao">Indonesia Shang Bao</a> (印尼商报), <a href="/wiki/Harian_Indonesia" title="Harian Indonesia">Harian Indonesia</a> (印尼星洲日报), and <a href="/wiki/International_Daily_News" title="International Daily News">Guo Ji Ri Bao</a> (国际日报). The only <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese language</a> newspaper is <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Jakarta_Shimbun" title="The Daily Jakarta Shimbun">The Daily Jakarta Shimbun</a> (じゃかるた新聞). Around 75 radio stations broadcast in Jakarta, 52 on the <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">FM</a> band, and 23 on the <a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">AM</a> band. Radio entities are based in Jakarta, for example, national radio networks <a href="/wiki/MNC_Trijaya_FM" title="MNC Trijaya FM">MNC Trijaya FM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prambors_FM" title="Prambors FM">Prambors FM</a>, Trax FM, I-Radio, Hard Rock FM, Delta FM, Global FM and the public radio <a href="/wiki/Radio_Republik_Indonesia" title="Radio Republik Indonesia">RRI</a>; as well as local stations <a href="/wiki/Gen_98.7_FM" title="Gen 98.7 FM">Gen FM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_Elshinta" title="Radio Elshinta">Radio Elshinta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Z99.9_FM" title="Z99.9 FM">PM2FAS</a>. Jakarta is the headquarters for Indonesia's public television <a href="/wiki/TVRI" title="TVRI">TVRI</a> as well as private national television networks, such as <a href="/wiki/Metro_TV_(Indonesian_TV_network)" title="Metro TV (Indonesian TV network)">Metro TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/TvOne_(Indonesian_TV_network)" title="TvOne (Indonesian TV network)">tvOne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kompas_TV" title="Kompas TV">Kompas TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/RCTI" title="RCTI">RCTI</a> and <a href="/wiki/NET_(Indonesian_TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="NET (Indonesian TV network)">NET</a>. Jakarta has local television channels such as <a href="/wiki/TVRI_Jakarta" title="TVRI Jakarta">TVRI Jakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/JakTV" title="JakTV">JakTV</a>, Elshinta TV and KTV. Many TV stations are analogue <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a>, but some are now converting to digital signals using <a href="/wiki/DVB-T2" title="DVB-T2">DVB-T2</a> following a <a href="/wiki/Digital_terrestrial_television_in_Indonesia" title="Digital terrestrial television in Indonesia">government plan to digital television migration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-216">[213]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jakarta&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Government and politics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Jakarta" title="Governor of Jakarta">Governor of Jakarta</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balaikota_DKI_Jakarta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Balaikota_DKI_Jakarta.jpg/220px-Balaikota_DKI_Jakarta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2765" data-file-height="1556"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Balaikota_DKI_Jakarta.jpg/220px-Balaikota_DKI_Jakarta.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Balaikota_DKI_Jakarta.jpg/330px-Balaikota_DKI_Jakarta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Balaikota_DKI_Jakarta.jpg/440px-Balaikota_DKI_Jakarta.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_City_Hall" title="Jakarta City Hall">Jakarta City Hall</a></figcaption></figure> Jakarta is administratively equal to a <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Indonesia" title="Provinces of Indonesia">province</a> with special status. The executive branch is headed by an elected <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Jakarta" title="Governor of Jakarta">governor</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Vice_Governor_of_Jakarta" title="Vice Governor of Jakarta">vice governor</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Regional_People%27s_Representative_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakarta Regional People's Representative Council">Jakarta Regional People's Representative Council</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Provinsi Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta, DPRD DKI Jakarta) is the legislative branch with 106 directly elected members. The <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_City_Hall" title="Jakarta City Hall">Jakarta City Hall</a> at the south of <a href="/wiki/Merdeka_Square,_Jakarta" title="Merdeka Square, Jakarta">Merdeka Square</a> houses the office of the governor and the vice governor and serves as the main administrative office. Executive governance consists of five administrative cities (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: Kota Administrasi), each headed by a <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">mayor</a> (walikota) and one <a href="/wiki/Regencies_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regencies of Indonesia">administrative regency</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: Kabupaten Administrasi) headed by a <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> (bupati). Unlike other cities and regencies in Indonesia where the mayor or regent is directly elected, Jakarta's mayors and regents are chosen by the governor. Each city and regency is divided into administrative districts. Aside from representatives to the provincial parliament, Jakarta sends 21 delegates to the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Representative_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Representative Council">national lower house parliament</a>. The representatives are elected from Jakarta's three national electoral districts, which also include overseas voters.<a href="#cite_note-217">[214]</a> It also sends 4 delegates, just like other provinces, to the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Representative_Council" title="Regional Representative Council">national upper house parliament</a>. The Jakarta Smart City (JSC) program was launched on 14 December 2014 with the goal of smart governance, smart people, smart mobility, smart economy, smart living, and a smart environment in the city using the web and various smartphone-based apps.<a href="#cite_note-218">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_safety">Public safety</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jakarta&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Public safety" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polda_Metro_Jaya_dari_Simpang_Susun_Semanggi_(2024).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Polda_Metro_Jaya_dari_Simpang_Susun_Semanggi_%282024%29.jpg/170px-Polda_Metro_Jaya_dari_Simpang_Susun_Semanggi_%282024%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4608"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Polda_Metro_Jaya_dari_Simpang_Susun_Semanggi_%282024%29.jpg/170px-Polda_Metro_Jaya_dari_Simpang_Susun_Semanggi_%282024%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Polda_Metro_Jaya_dari_Simpang_Susun_Semanggi_%282024%29.jpg/255px-Polda_Metro_Jaya_dari_Simpang_Susun_Semanggi_%282024%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Polda_Metro_Jaya_dari_Simpang_Susun_Semanggi_%282024%29.jpg/340px-Polda_Metro_Jaya_dari_Simpang_Susun_Semanggi_%282024%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Jakarta_Metropolitan_Regional_Police" title="Greater Jakarta Metropolitan Regional Police">Polda Metro Jaya</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Greater_Jakarta_Metropolitan_Regional_Police" title="Greater Jakarta Metropolitan Regional Police">Greater Jakarta Metropolitan Regional Police</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: Polda Metro Jaya) is the police force that is responsible for maintaining law, security, and order for the <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_metropolitan_area" title="Jakarta metropolitan area">Jakarta metropolitan area</a>. It is led by a two-star police general (<a href="/wiki/Inspector_General_of_Police#Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Inspector General of Police">Inspector General of Police</a>) with the title of "Greater Jakarta Regional Police Chief" (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: Kepala Kepolisian Daerah Metro Jaya, abbreviated Kapolda Metro Jaya). Its office is located at Jl. Jenderal Sudirman Kav. 55, Senayan, Kebayoran Baru, South Jakarta, and their hotline emergency number is 110. The <a href="/wiki/Kodam_Jaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kodam Jaya">Jayakarta Military Regional Command</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: Komando Daerah Militer Jayakarta, abbreviated Kodam Jaya) is the territorial army of the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Army" title="Indonesian Army">Indonesian Army</a>, which serves as a defence component for Jakarta and its surrounding areas (<a href="/wiki/Greater_Jakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Jakarta">Greater Jakarta</a>). It is led by an army <a href="/wiki/Major_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General">Major General</a> with the title of "Jakarta Military Regional Commander" (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: Panglima Daerah Militer Kodam Jaya, abbreviated Pangdam Jaya). The Jakarta Military Command is located at <a href="/wiki/East_Jakarta" title="East Jakarta">East Jakarta</a> and oversees several military battalions ready to defend the capital city and its vital installations. It also assists the Jakarta Metropolitan Police during certain tasks, such as supporting security during <a href="/wiki/State_visit" title="State visit">state visits</a>, <a href="/wiki/VVIP" class="mw-redirect" title="VVIP">VVIP</a> security, and <a href="/wiki/Riot_control" title="Riot control">riot control</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Municipal_finances">Municipal finances</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jakarta&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Municipal finances" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Jakarta provincial government relies on transfers from the central government for the bulk of its income. Local (non-central government) sources of revenue are incomes from various taxes such as vehicle ownership and vehicle transfer fees, among others.<a href="#cite_note-219">[216]</a> The ability of the regional government to respond to Jakarta's many problems is constrained by limited finances. The provincial government consistently runs a surplus of between 15 and 20% of planned spending, primarily because of delays in procurement and other inefficiencies.<a href="#cite_note-220">[217]</a> Regular under-spending is a matter of public comment.<a href="#cite_note-221">[218]</a> In 2013, the budget was around Rp 50 trillion ($US5.2 billion), equivalent to around $US380 per citizen. Spending priorities were on education, transport, flood control, environment, and social spending (such as health and housing).<a href="#cite_note-222">[219]</a> Jakarta's regional budget (APBD) was Rp 77.1 trillion ($US5.92 billion), Rp 83.2 trillion ($US6.2 billion), and Rp 89 trillion ($US6.35 billion) for the year of 2017, 2018 and 2019 respectively.<a href="#cite_note-223">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jakarta&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Special_Capital_Region_of_Jakarta.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Special_Capital_Region_of_Jakarta.png/220px-Special_Capital_Region_of_Jakarta.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="8858" data-file-height="8858"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Special_Capital_Region_of_Jakarta.png/220px-Special_Capital_Region_of_Jakarta.png" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Special_Capital_Region_of_Jakarta.png/330px-Special_Capital_Region_of_Jakarta.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Special_Capital_Region_of_Jakarta.png/440px-Special_Capital_Region_of_Jakarta.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Map of the administrative cities (Kota administratif) in Jakarta province; the Thousand Islands Regency (which is to the north) is shown in the inset to the lower left. Each administrative city is further divided into <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Indonesia" title="Districts of Indonesia">districts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kecamatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kecamatan">Kecamatan</a>)</figcaption></figure> Jakarta consists of five Kota Administratif (Administrative cities/municipalities), each headed by a mayor, and one Kabupaten Administratif (<a href="/wiki/Regencies_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regencies of Indonesia">Administrative regency</a>). Each city and regency is divided into districts (kecamatan). The administrative cities/municipalities of Jakarta are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Jakarta" title="Central Jakarta">Central Jakarta</a> (Jakarta Pusat) is Jakarta's smallest city and administrative and political centre. It is divided into eight districts. It is charactesised by large parks and Dutch colonial buildings. Landmarks include the National Monument (<a href="/wiki/Monas" class="mw-redirect" title="Monas">Monas</a>), <a href="/wiki/Istiqlal_Mosque,_Jakarta" title="Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta">Istiqlal Mosque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Cathedral" title="Jakarta Cathedral">Jakarta Cathedral</a> and museums.<a href="#cite_note-226">[223]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jakarta" title="West Jakarta">West Jakarta</a> (Jakarta Barat) has the city's highest concentration of small-scale industries. It has eight districts. The area includes Jakarta's Chinatown and Dutch colonial landmarks such as the Chinese Langgam building and <a href="/wiki/Toko_Merah" title="Toko Merah">Toko Merah</a>. It contains part of <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Old_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakarta Old Town">Jakarta Old Town</a>.<a href="#cite_note-227">[224]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Jakarta" title="South Jakarta">South Jakarta</a> (Jakarta Selatan), originally planned as a satellite city, is now the location of upscale shopping centres and affluent residential areas. It has ten districts and functions as Jakarta's <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> buffer,<a href="#cite_note-228">[225]</a> but recently the green belt areas are threatened by new developments. Much of the <a href="/wiki/Central_business_district" title="Central business district">central business district</a> is concentrated all area in Kebayoran Baru, Setiabudi, a small part in Tebet, Pancoran, Mampang Prapatan, and bordering the Tanah Abang/Sudirman area of Central Jakarta. The area is known as the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Triangle_of_Jakarta" title="Golden Triangle of Jakarta">Jakarta Golden Triangle</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Jakarta" title="East Jakarta">East Jakarta</a> (Jakarta Timur) territory is characterised by several industrial sectors.<a href="#cite_note-229">[226]</a> Also located in East Jakarta are <a href="/wiki/Taman_Mini_Indonesia_Indah" title="Taman Mini Indonesia Indah">Taman Mini Indonesia Indah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Halim_Perdanakusuma_International_Airport" title="Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport">Halim Perdanakusuma International Airport</a>. This city has ten districts.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Jakarta" title="North Jakarta">North Jakarta</a> (Jakarta Utara) is bounded by the <a href="/wiki/Java_Sea" title="Java Sea">Java Sea</a>. It is the location of <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Tanjung_Priok" title="Port of Tanjung Priok">Port of Tanjung Priok</a>. Large- and medium-scale industries are concentrated there. It contains part of <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Old_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakarta Old Town">Jakarta Old Town</a>, which was the centre of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">VOC</a> trade activity during the colonial era. Also located in North Jakarta is <a href="/wiki/Ancol_Dreamland" title="Ancol Dreamland">Ancol Dreamland</a> (Taman Impian Jaya Ancol), the largest integrated tourism area in Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-230">[227]</a> North Jakarta is divided into six districts.</li></ul> The only administrative regency (kabupaten) of Jakarta is the <a href="/wiki/Thousand_Islands_(Indonesia)" title="Thousand Islands (Indonesia)">Thousand Islands</a> (Kepulauan Seribu), formerly a <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Indonesia" title="Districts of Indonesia">district</a> within North Jakarta. It is a collection of 105 small islands located on the Java Sea. It is of high conservation value because of its unique ecosystems. Marine tourism, such as diving, water bicycling, and windsurfing, are the primary tourist activities in this territory. The main mode of transportation between the islands is speed boats or small ferries.<a href="#cite_note-231">[228]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;"> <caption>Jakarta's cities/municipalities (Kota Administratif) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name of City or Regency </th> <th width="70">Area in km2 </th> <th style="width:100px;">Pop'n 2010 census<a href="#cite_note-232">[229]</a> </th> <th style="width:100px;">Pop'n 2020 census<a href="#cite_note-233">[230]</a> </th> <th style="width:100px;">Pop'n mid 2023 estimate<a href="#cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024-234">[231]</a> </th> <th style="width:100px;">Pop'n density (per km2) in mid 2023 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <a href="#cite_note-235">[232]</a> 2021 estimates </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <th><a href="/wiki/South_Jakarta" title="South Jakarta">South Jakarta</a> </th> <td>144.942</td> <td>2,062,232</td> <td>2,226,812</td> <td>2,235,606</td> <td>15,424 </td> <td>0.849 (Very High) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <th><a href="/wiki/East_Jakarta" title="East Jakarta">East Jakarta</a> </th> <td>185.538</td> <td>2,693,896</td> <td>3,037,139</td> <td>3,079,618</td> <td>16,598 </td> <td>0.829 (Very High) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_Jakarta" title="Central Jakarta">Central Jakarta</a> </th> <td>47.565</td> <td>902,973</td> <td>1,056,896</td> <td>1,049,314</td> <td>22,061 </td> <td>0.815 (Very High) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <th><a href="/wiki/West_Jakarta" title="West Jakarta">West Jakarta</a> </th> <td>124.970</td> <td>2,281,945</td> <td>2,434,511</td> <td>2,470,054</td> <td>19,765 </td> <td>0.817 (Very High) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <th><a href="/wiki/North_Jakarta" title="North Jakarta">North Jakarta</a> </th> <td>147.212</td> <td>1,645,659</td> <td>1,778,981</td> <td>1,808,985</td> <td>12,288 </td> <td>0.805 (Very High) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:right;"> <th><a href="/wiki/Thousand_Islands_(Indonesia)" title="Thousand Islands (Indonesia)">Thousand Islands</a> </th> <td>10.725</td> <td>21,082</td> <td>27,749</td> <td>28,523</td> <td>2,659 </td> <td>0.721 (High) </td></tr></tbody></table> The province comprises three of Indonesia's 84 national electoral districts to elect members to the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Parliament">People's Representative Council</a>. The Jakarta I Electoral District consists of the administrative city of East Jakarta, and elects 6 members to the People's Representative Council. The Jakarta II Electoral District consists of the administrative cities of Central Jakarta and South Jskarta, together with all overseas voters, and elects 7 members to the People's Representative Council. The Jakarta III Electoral District consists of the administrative cities of North Jakarta and West Jakarta, together with the Thousand Islands Regency, and elects 8 members to the People's Representative Council.<a href="#cite_note-236">[233]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jakarta&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Infrastructure" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> To transform the city into a more livable one, a ten-year urban regeneration project was undertaken, for Rp 571 trillion ($40.5 billion). The project aimed to develop infrastructure, including the creation of a better integrated public transit system and the improvement of the city's clean water and wastewater systems, housing, and flood control systems.<a href="#cite_note-237">[234]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jakarta&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Transportation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Greater_Jakarta_Integrated_Mass_Transit_System" title="Greater Jakarta Integrated Mass Transit System">Greater Jakarta Integrated Mass Transit System</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main category: <a href="/wiki/Category:Roads_of_Jakarta" title="Category:Roads of Jakarta">Roads of Jakarta</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:348px;max-width:348px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Percobaan_205-10_dengan_Livery_KAI_Commuter_terbaru_Tahun_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="KRL" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Percobaan_205-10_dengan_Livery_KAI_Commuter_terbaru_Tahun_2020.jpg/170px-Percobaan_205-10_dengan_Livery_KAI_Commuter_terbaru_Tahun_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="117" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="883"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 117px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Percobaan_205-10_dengan_Livery_KAI_Commuter_terbaru_Tahun_2020.jpg/170px-Percobaan_205-10_dengan_Livery_KAI_Commuter_terbaru_Tahun_2020.jpg" data-alt="KRL" data-width="170" data-height="117" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Percobaan_205-10_dengan_Livery_KAI_Commuter_terbaru_Tahun_2020.jpg/255px-Percobaan_205-10_dengan_Livery_KAI_Commuter_terbaru_Tahun_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Percobaan_205-10_dengan_Livery_KAI_Commuter_terbaru_Tahun_2020.jpg/340px-Percobaan_205-10_dengan_Livery_KAI_Commuter_terbaru_Tahun_2020.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Jakarta_MRT_TS11_leaving_Haji_Nawi_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="MRT" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Jakarta_MRT_TS11_leaving_Haji_Nawi_Station.jpg/170px-Jakarta_MRT_TS11_leaving_Haji_Nawi_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="117" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1380"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 117px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Jakarta_MRT_TS11_leaving_Haji_Nawi_Station.jpg/170px-Jakarta_MRT_TS11_leaving_Haji_Nawi_Station.jpg" data-alt="MRT" data-width="170" data-height="117" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Jakarta_MRT_TS11_leaving_Haji_Nawi_Station.jpg/255px-Jakarta_MRT_TS11_leaving_Haji_Nawi_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Jakarta_MRT_TS11_leaving_Haji_Nawi_Station.jpg/340px-Jakarta_MRT_TS11_leaving_Haji_Nawi_Station.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:LRT_Jabodebek_Bekasi_Line.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="LRT" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/LRT_Jabodebek_Bekasi_Line.jpg/170px-LRT_Jabodebek_Bekasi_Line.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2176"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 113px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/LRT_Jabodebek_Bekasi_Line.jpg/170px-LRT_Jabodebek_Bekasi_Line.jpg" data-alt="LRT" data-width="170" data-height="113" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/LRT_Jabodebek_Bekasi_Line.jpg/255px-LRT_Jabodebek_Bekasi_Line.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/LRT_Jabodebek_Bekasi_Line.jpg/340px-LRT_Jabodebek_Bekasi_Line.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Perubahan_Logo_pada_Lin_Soekarno-Hatta_MRI_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Airport rail link" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Perubahan_Logo_pada_Lin_Soekarno-Hatta_MRI_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Perubahan_Logo_pada_Lin_Soekarno-Hatta_MRI_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2176"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 113px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Perubahan_Logo_pada_Lin_Soekarno-Hatta_MRI_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Perubahan_Logo_pada_Lin_Soekarno-Hatta_MRI_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="Airport rail link" data-width="170" data-height="113" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Perubahan_Logo_pada_Lin_Soekarno-Hatta_MRI_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Perubahan_Logo_pada_Lin_Soekarno-Hatta_MRI_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Perubahan_Logo_pada_Lin_Soekarno-Hatta_MRI_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Perubahan_Logo_pada_Lin_Soekarno-Hatta_MRI_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:LRT_Jakarta_-_Hyundai_Rotem_LRV_in_Boulevard_Utara_Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="LRT" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/LRT_Jakarta_-_Hyundai_Rotem_LRV_in_Boulevard_Utara_Station.jpg/170px-LRT_Jakarta_-_Hyundai_Rotem_LRV_in_Boulevard_Utara_Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 113px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/LRT_Jakarta_-_Hyundai_Rotem_LRV_in_Boulevard_Utara_Station.jpg/170px-LRT_Jakarta_-_Hyundai_Rotem_LRV_in_Boulevard_Utara_Station.jpg" data-alt="LRT" data-width="170" data-height="113" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/LRT_Jakarta_-_Hyundai_Rotem_LRV_in_Boulevard_Utara_Station.jpg/255px-LRT_Jakarta_-_Hyundai_Rotem_LRV_in_Boulevard_Utara_Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/LRT_Jakarta_-_Hyundai_Rotem_LRV_in_Boulevard_Utara_Station.jpg/340px-LRT_Jakarta_-_Hyundai_Rotem_LRV_in_Boulevard_Utara_Station.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Transjakarta,_MYS-17066,_Scania_K310IB_6x2*4,_March_17th,_2019_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="BRT" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Transjakarta%2C_MYS-17066%2C_Scania_K310IB_6x2%2A4%2C_March_17th%2C_2019_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Transjakarta%2C_MYS-17066%2C_Scania_K310IB_6x2%2A4%2C_March_17th%2C_2019_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3510" data-file-height="2340"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 113px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Transjakarta%2C_MYS-17066%2C_Scania_K310IB_6x2%2A4%2C_March_17th%2C_2019_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Transjakarta%2C_MYS-17066%2C_Scania_K310IB_6x2%2A4%2C_March_17th%2C_2019_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="BRT" data-width="170" data-height="113" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Transjakarta%2C_MYS-17066%2C_Scania_K310IB_6x2%2A4%2C_March_17th%2C_2019_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Transjakarta%2C_MYS-17066%2C_Scania_K310IB_6x2%2A4%2C_March_17th%2C_2019_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Transjakarta%2C_MYS-17066%2C_Scania_K310IB_6x2%2A4%2C_March_17th%2C_2019_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Transjakarta%2C_MYS-17066%2C_Scania_K310IB_6x2%2A4%2C_March_17th%2C_2019_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Various means of public transport in Jakarta; from top left to right: <a href="/wiki/KRL_Commuterline" title="KRL Commuterline">KRL Commuterline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_MRT" title="Jakarta MRT">Jakarta MRT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jabodebek_LRT" title="Jabodebek LRT">Jabodebek LRT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soekarno%E2%80%93Hatta_Airport_Rail_Link" class="mw-redirect" title="Soekarno–Hatta Airport Rail Link">Soekarno–Hatta Airport Rail Link</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_LRT" title="Jakarta LRT">Jakarta LRT</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Transjakarta" title="Transjakarta">Transjakarta</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Jakarta" title="Transport in Jakarta">Transport in Jakarta</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transport_in_Jakarta&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> As a metropolitan area of about 30 million people, Jakarta has a variety of transport systems.<a href="#cite_note-Transport_in_Jakarta_NYT8413-238">[235]</a> Jakarta was awarded 2021 global <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Transport_Award" title="Sustainable Transport Award">Sustainable Transport Award</a> (STA) for integrated public transportation system.<a href="#cite_note-239">[236]</a> The city prioritized development of road networks, which were mostly designed to accommodate private vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-Transport_in_Jakarta_Easts.info-240">[237]</a> A notable feature of Jakarta's present road system is the <a href="/wiki/Toll_road" title="Toll road">toll road</a> network. Composed of an <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Inner_Ring_Road" title="Jakarta Inner Ring Road">inner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Outer_Ring_Road" title="Jakarta Outer Ring Road">outer</a> <a href="/wiki/Ring_road" title="Ring road">ring road</a> and five toll roads radiating outwards, the network provides inner as well as outer city connections. An 'odd-even' policy limits road use to cars with either odd or even-numbered registration plates on a particular day as a transitional measure to alleviate traffic congestion until the future introduction of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_road_pricing" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic road pricing">electronic road pricing</a>. There are many bus terminals in the city, from where buses operate on numerous routes to connect neighborhoods within the city limit, to other areas of <a href="/wiki/Jabodetabek" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabodetabek">Greater Jakarta</a> and to cities across the island of <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>. The biggest of the bus terminal is <a href="/wiki/Pulo_Gebang_Bus_Terminal" title="Pulo Gebang Bus Terminal">Pulo Gebang Bus Terminal</a>, which is arguably the largest of its kind in Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Transport_in_Jakarta_bisnis.liputan6.com-241">[238]</a> Main terminus for long distance train services are <a href="/wiki/Gambir_railway_station" title="Gambir railway station">Gambir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pasar_Senen_railway_station" title="Pasar Senen railway station">Pasar Senen</a>. <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail_in_Indonesia" title="High-speed rail in Indonesia">Whoosh High-speed railways</a> is connecting Jakarta to <a href="/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a> and another one is at the planning stage from Jakarta to <a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a>. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halte_CSW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Halte_CSW.jpg/170px-Halte_CSW.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 227px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Halte_CSW.jpg/170px-Halte_CSW.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="227" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Halte_CSW.jpg/255px-Halte_CSW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Halte_CSW.jpg/340px-Halte_CSW.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A skybridge at <a href="/wiki/CSW-ASEAN_TOD" title="CSW-ASEAN TOD">CSW-ASEAN TOD</a></figcaption></figure> As of September 2023, Jakarta's public transport service coverage has reached 86 percent, which is targeted to increase to 95 percent. Rapid transit in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Jakarta_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Jakarta Area">Greater Jakarta</a> consists of <a href="/wiki/TransJakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="TransJakarta">TransJakarta</a> bus rapid transit, <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_LRT" title="Jakarta LRT">Jakarta LRT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_MRT" title="Jakarta MRT">Jakarta MRT</a>, <a href="/wiki/KRL_Commuterline" title="KRL Commuterline">KRL Commuterline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jabodebek_LRT" title="Jabodebek LRT">Jabodebek LRT</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soekarno-Hatta_Airport_Rail_Link" class="mw-redirect" title="Soekarno-Hatta Airport Rail Link">Soekarno-Hatta Airport Rail Link</a>. The city administration is building transit oriented development like <a href="/wiki/Dukuh_Atas_TOD" title="Dukuh Atas TOD">Dukuh Atas TOD</a> and <a href="/wiki/CSW-ASEAN_TOD" title="CSW-ASEAN TOD">CSW-ASEAN TOD</a> in several area across Jakarta to facilitate commuters to transfer between different mode of public transportation. Privately owned bus systems like <a href="/wiki/Kopaja" title="Kopaja">Kopaja</a>, <a href="/wiki/MetroMini,_Jakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="MetroMini, Jakarta">MetroMini</a>, <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayasari_Bakti" class="extiw" title="id:Mayasari Bakti">Mayasari Bakti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pengangkutan_Penumpang_Djakarta" title="Pengangkutan Penumpang Djakarta">PPD</a> also provide important services for Jakarta commuters with numerous routes throughout the city, many routes are/will replaced/replaced by <a href="/wiki/Minitrans" title="Minitrans">Minitrans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metrotrans" title="Metrotrans">Metrotrans</a> buses.<a href="#cite_note-242">[239]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedicab" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedicab">Pedicabs</a> are banned from the city for causing traffic congestion. <a href="/wiki/Auto_rickshaw#Indonesia" title="Auto rickshaw">Bajaj</a> auto rickshaw provide local transportation in the back streets of some parts of the city. <a href="/wiki/Angkot" class="mw-redirect" title="Angkot">Angkot</a> microbuses also play a major role in road transport of Jakarta. <a href="/wiki/Taxicab" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxicab">Taxicabs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_taxi#Indonesia" title="Motorcycle taxi">ojeks</a> (motorcycle taxis) are available in the city. As of January 2023, about 2.6 million people use public transportation daily in Jakarta.<a href="#cite_note-243">[240]</a> The city administration has undertaken a project to build about 500 kilometers of <a href="/wiki/Bicycle" title="Bicycle">bicycle</a> lanes. As of June 2021, Jakarta already has 63 kilometers of bicycle lanes, and another 101 kilometers will be added by the end of the year 2021.<a href="#cite_note-244">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[242]</a> <a href="/wiki/Soekarno%E2%80%93Hatta_International_Airport" title="Soekarno–Hatta International Airport">Soekarno–Hatta International Airport</a> (CGK) is the main <a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">airport</a> serving the Greater Jakarta area, while <a href="/wiki/Halim_Perdanakusuma_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Halim Perdanakusuma Airport">Halim Perdanakusuma Airport</a> (HLP) accommodates private and <a href="/wiki/Low-cost_carrier" title="Low-cost carrier">low-cost</a> <a href="/wiki/Domestic_flight" title="Domestic flight">domestic flights</a>. Other airports in the <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_metropolitan_area" title="Jakarta metropolitan area">Jakarta metropolitan area</a> include <a href="/wiki/Pondok_Cabe_Airport" title="Pondok Cabe Airport">Pondok Cabe Airport</a> and an airfield on Pulau Panjang, part of the <a href="/wiki/Thousand_Islands_(Indonesia)" title="Thousand Islands (Indonesia)">Thousand Island archipelago</a>. Indonesia's busiest and Jakarta's main seaport <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Tanjung_Priok" title="Port of Tanjung Priok">Tanjung Priok</a> serves many ferry connections to different parts of Indonesia. The old port <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Kelapa" title="Sunda Kelapa">Sunda Kelapa</a> only accommodate <a href="/wiki/Pinisi" title="Pinisi">pinisi</a>, a traditional two-masted wooden sailing ship serving inter-island freight service in the archipelago. <a href="/wiki/Muara_Angke" title="Muara Angke">Muara Angke</a> is used as a public port to <a href="/wiki/Thousand_Islands_(Indonesia)" title="Thousand Islands (Indonesia)">Thousand Islands</a>, while Marina <a href="/wiki/Ancol" title="Ancol">Ancol</a> is used as a tourist port.<a href="#cite_note-246">[243]</a> For payment method in public transportation (for KAI Commuter line, TransJakarta, LRT Jakarta, LRT Jabodebek, MRT Jakarta) already using cashless. Travelers can use Electronic money banking cards. The electronic money cards include those issued, namely: <ul><li>BRIZZI (issued by Bank BRI)</li> <li>TapCash (issued by Bank BNI)</li> <li>e-Money (issued by Bank Mandiri)</li> <li>Flazz (issued by Bank BCA)</li> <li>Jakcard (issued by Bank DKI)</li></ul> The electronic banking cards is integrated cad can be accepted in KAI Commuter line, TransJakarta, LRT Jakarta, LRT Jabodebek, MRT Jakarta, eToll payment and parking payment. The electronic bank card can be bought in Bank Branch office or in e-commerce. For the electronic banking card Top Up can be done at: <ul><li>Indomaret Outlet (convenient store).</li> <li>Alfamart Outlet (convenient store).</li> <li>Alfamidi Outlet (convenient store).</li> <li>Bright Store Outlet (convenient store).</li> <li>e-Money Card Vending Machine.</li></ul> Jakarta is part of the Maritime <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> that runs from the Chinese coast via the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> to the Mediterranean and there to the Upper Adriatic region.<a href="#cite_note-247">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[246]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jakarta&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Healthcare" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Jakarta has many of the country's best-equipped private and public <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Indonesia" title="Healthcare in Indonesia">healthcare facilities</a>. In 2012, the Governor of Jakarta <a href="/wiki/Joko_Widodo" title="Joko Widodo">Joko Widodo</a> introduced a <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal health care</a> program, the 'Healthy Jakarta Card' (Kartu Jakarta Sehat, KJS).<a href="#cite_note-250">[247]</a> In January 2014, the Indonesian government launched a universal health care system called the <a href="/wiki/Jaminan_Kesehatan_Nasional" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional">Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional</a> (JKN), which is run by <a href="/wiki/BPJS_Kesehatan" title="BPJS Kesehatan">BPJS Kesehatan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritnell201547-251">[248]</a> KJS integrated into JKN,<a href="#cite_note-252">[249]</a> and KJS cards were valid till 2018.<a href="#cite_note-253">[250]</a> As of 2021, 85.55% of the people of Jakarta is covered by JKN.<a href="#cite_note-254">[251]</a> Government-run hospitals are of a good standard but are often overcrowded. Government-run specialised hospitals include <a href="/wiki/Dr._Cipto_Mangunkusumo_Hospital" title="Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital">Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gatot_Soebroto_Army_Hospital" title="Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital">Gatot Soebroto Army Hospital</a>, as well as community hospitals and <a href="/wiki/Puskesmas" title="Puskesmas">puskesmas</a>. Other options for healthcare services include private hospitals and clinics. The private healthcare sector has seen significant changes since the government began allowing foreign investment in the private sector in 2010. While some private facilities are run by nonprofit or religious organisations, most are for-profit. Hospital chains such as <a href="/wiki/Siloam_Hospitals" title="Siloam Hospitals">Siloam</a>, Pondok Indah Hospital Group, Mayapada, Mitra Keluarga, Medika, Medistra, Ciputra, Radjak Hospital Group, RS Bunda Group, and <a href="/wiki/Hermina_Hospitals" title="Hermina Hospitals">Hermina</a> operate in the city.<a href="#cite_note-255">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-257">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_supply">Water supply</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jakarta&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Water supply" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Water_privatisation_in_Jakarta" title="Water privatisation in Jakarta">Water privatisation in Jakarta</a></div> Two private companies, PALYJA and Aetra, provide piped water in the western and eastern half of Jakarta respectively under 25-year concession contracts signed in 1998. A public asset holding company called PAM Jaya owns the infrastructure. Eighty percent of the water distributed in Jakarta comes through the West Tarum Canal system from Jatiluhur reservoir on the <a href="/wiki/Citarum_River" title="Citarum River">Citarum River</a>, 70 km (43 mi) southeast of the city. The water supply was privatised by President Suharto in 1998 to the French company <a href="/wiki/Suez_Environnement" class="mw-redirect" title="Suez Environnement">Suez Environnement</a> and the British company <a href="/wiki/Thames_Water" title="Thames Water">Thames Water</a> International. Both companies subsequently sold their concessions to Indonesian companies. Customer growth in the first seven years of the concessions had been lower than before, possibly because of substantial inflation-adjusted tariff increases during this period. In 2005, tariffs were frozen, leading private water companies to cut down on investments. According to PALYJA, the service coverage ratio increased substantially from 34% (1998) to 65% (2010) in the western half of the concession.<a href="#cite_note-258">[255]</a> According to data by the Jakarta Water Supply Regulatory Body, access in the eastern half of the city served by PTJ increased from about 57% in 1998 to about 67% in 2004 but stagnated afterward.<a href="#cite_note-259">[256]</a> However, other sources cite much lower access figures for piped water supply to houses, excluding access provided through public hydrants: one study estimated access as low as 25% in 2005,<a href="#cite_note-260">[257]</a> while another estimated it to be as low as 18.5% in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-261">[258]</a> Those without access to piped water get water mostly from wells that are often salty and unsanitary. As of 2017, according to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Energy_and_Mineral_Resources_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (Indonesia)">Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources</a>, Jakarta had a crisis over clean water.<a href="#cite_note-262">[259]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jakarta&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: International relations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Jakarta" title="List of diplomatic missions in Jakarta">List of diplomatic missions in Jakarta</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_organisations">International organisations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jakarta&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: International organisations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Jakarta hosts foreign <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_mission" title="Diplomatic mission">embassies</a>. Jakarta also serves as the seat of <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a> (ASEAN) Headquarters and is ASEAN's diplomatic capital.<a href="#cite_note-263">[260]</a> Jakarta is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Network_of_Major_Cities_21" title="Asian Network of Major Cities 21">Asian Network of Major Cities 21</a>, <a href="/wiki/C40_Cities_Climate_Leadership_Group" title="C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group">C40 Cities Climate Leadership Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Smart_Cities_Network" title="ASEAN Smart Cities Network">ASEAN Smart Cities Network</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities">Twin towns – sister cities</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jakarta&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Indonesia" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Indonesia">List of twin towns and sister cities in Indonesia</a></div> Jakarta signed <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">sister city</a> agreements with other cities, including <a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a>. To promote friendship between the two cities, the main avenue famous for its shopping and business centres was named after Jakarta's Moroccan sister city. No street in Casablanca is named after Jakarta. However, the Moroccan capital city of Rabat has an avenue named after <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a>, Indonesia's first president, to commemorate his visit in 1960 and as a token of friendship.<a href="#cite_note-JakartaPost2-264">[261]</a> Jakarta's sister cities are:<a href="#cite_note-sisters-265">[262]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 16em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei"><noscript><img alt="Brunei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" data-alt="Brunei" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Bandar_Seri_Begawan" title="Bandar Seri Begawan">Bandar Seri Begawan</a>, Brunei</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><noscript><img alt="Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" data-alt="Thailand" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, Thailand</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><noscript><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="China" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><noscript><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="Germany" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><noscript><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" data-alt="Morocco" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Casablanca" title="Casablanca">Casablanca</a>, Morocco</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine"><noscript><img alt="Palestine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png" data-alt="Palestine" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Flag_of_Palestine.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palestine.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a>, Palestine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam"><noscript><img alt="Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" data-alt="Vietnam" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>, Vietnam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan"><noscript><img alt="Pakistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" data-alt="Pakistan" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>, Pakistan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><noscript><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" data-alt="Turkey" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, Turkey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia"><noscript><img alt="Saudi Arabia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" data-alt="Saudi Arabia" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a>, Saudi Arabia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><noscript><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" data-alt="Ukraine" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, Ukraine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><noscript><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="United States" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"><noscript><img alt="Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" data-alt="Philippines" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, Philippines</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique"><noscript><img alt="Mozambique" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" data-alt="Mozambique" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Maputo" title="Maputo">Maputo</a>, Mozambique</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><noscript><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="Russia" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, Russia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><noscript><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" data-alt="India" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a>, India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><noscript><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="United States" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea"><noscript><img alt="North Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" data-alt="North Korea" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a>, North Korea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><noscript><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" data-alt="South Korea" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, South Korea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><noscript><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="China" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, China</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><noscript><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" data-alt="Japan" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a>, Japan</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cooperation_and_friendship">Cooperation and friendship</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jakarta&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Cooperation and friendship" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Jakarta has established a partnership with <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>, especially on integrated urban water management, including capacity-building and knowledge exchange.<a href="#cite_note-NESO-266">[263]</a> This cooperation is mainly because both cities are dealing with similar problems; they lie in low-lying flat plains and are prone to flooding. Additionally, they have both implemented drainage systems involving canals, dams and pumps vital for both cities for below-sea-level areas. In addition to its sister cities, Jakarta cooperates with:<a href="#cite_note-sisters-265">[262]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><noscript><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="United States" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, United States</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><noscript><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" data-alt="Hungary" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, Hungary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><noscript><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" data-alt="Australia" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, Australia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><noscript><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="France" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><noscript><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" data-alt="Netherlands" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>, Netherlands</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jakarta&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Notable people" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main category: <a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Jakarta" title="Category:People from Jakarta">People from Jakarta</a></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jakarta&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Indonesia" title="Portal:Indonesia">Indonesia portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Jakarta.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Coat_of_arms_of_Jakarta.svg/25px-Coat_of_arms_of_Jakarta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="507"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Coat_of_arms_of_Jakarta.svg/25px-Coat_of_arms_of_Jakarta.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="25" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Coat_of_arms_of_Jakarta.svg/37px-Coat_of_arms_of_Jakarta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Coat_of_arms_of_Jakarta.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Jakarta.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Jakarta" title="Portal:Jakarta">Jakarta portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/28px-COL-city_icon.png" data-alt="" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/42px-COL-city_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/COL-city_icon.png/56px-COL-city_icon.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Cities" title="Portal:Cities">Cities portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betawi_people" title="Betawi people">Betawi people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Indonesia" title="Geology of Indonesia">Geology of Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Indonesia" title="Climate change in Indonesia">Climate change in Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_metropolitan_area" title="Jakarta metropolitan area">Jakarta metropolitan area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Jakarta" title="List of tallest buildings in Jakarta">List of tallest buildings in Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Jakarta" title="Outline of Jakarta">Outline of Jakarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Jakarta" title="Transport in Jakarta">Transport in Jakarta</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jakarta&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> In collaboration with "+Jakarta (Plus Jakarta)" Wordmark.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Jakarta is a city with province-level Special Capital Region comprising five Kota Administrasi (administrative cities/municipalities) and one Kabupaten Administrasi (administrative regency). It has no de jure capital, but many governmental buildings are located in Central Jakarta. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Formerly spelled as Djakarta </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jakarta&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130801063908/http://www.jetstarmag.com/story/a-day-on-the-j-town/1595/1">"A Day in J-Town"</a>. Jetstar Magazine. April 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jetstarmag.com/story/a-day-on-the-j-town/1595/1/">the original</a> on 1 August 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jetstar+Magazine&rft.atitle=A+Day+in+J-Town&rft.date=2012-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jetstarmag.com%2Fstory%2Fa-day-on-the-j-town%2F1595%2F1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhwanaMuthiariny2022" class="citation web cs1">Bhwana, Petir Garda; Muthiariny, Dewi Elvia (12 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.tempo.co/read/1667249/jakarta-introduces-new-slogan-sukses-jakarta-untuk-indonesia">"Jakarta Introduces New Slogan 'Sukses Jakarta untuk Indonesia'"</a>. en.tempo.co. Retrieved 7 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.tempo.co&rft.atitle=Jakarta+Introduces+New+Slogan+%27Sukses+Jakarta+untuk+Indonesia%27&rft.date=2022-12-12&rft.aulast=Bhwana&rft.aufirst=Petir+Garda&rft.au=Muthiariny%2C+Dewi+Elvia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.tempo.co%2Fread%2F1667249%2Fjakarta-introduces-new-slogan-sukses-jakarta-untuk-indonesia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kemendagri-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kemendagri_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kemendagri_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kemendagri_4-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kemendagri.go.id/pages/profil-daerah/provinsi/detail/31/dki-jakarta">"Provinsi – Kementerian Dalam Negeri – Republik Indonesia"</a> [Province – Ministry of Home Affairs – Republic of Indonesia] (in Indonesian). <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Home_Affairs_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Home Affairs (Indonesia)">Ministry of Home Affairs</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130219073545/http://www.kemendagri.go.id/pages/profil-daerah/provinsi/detail/31/dki-jakarta">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Provinsi+%E2%80%93+Kementerian+Dalam+Negeri+%E2%80%93+Republik+Indonesia&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Home+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kemendagri.go.id%2Fpages%2Fprofil-daerah%2Fprovinsi%2Fdetail%2F31%2Fdki-jakarta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ricklefs2001-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Ricklefs2001_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicklefs2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/M._C._Ricklefs" title="M. C. Ricklefs">Ricklefs, M. C.</a> (2001). A History of Modern Indonesia since c.1200 (3rd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804744805" title="Special:BookSources/9780804744805"><bdi>9780804744805</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Indonesia+since+c.1200&rft.pages=35&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780804744805&rft.aulast=Ricklefs&rft.aufirst=M.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://infopublik.id/kategori/nasional-sosial-budaya/816655/disdukcapil-dki-tertibkan-data-penduduk-sesuai-domisili">"Disdukcapil DKI Tertibkan Data Penduduk Sesuai Domisili"</a>. Dinas Dukcapil DKI Jakarta. Retrieved 11 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Disdukcapil+DKI+Tertibkan+Data+Penduduk+Sesuai+Domisili&rft.pub=Dinas+Dukcapil+DKI+Jakarta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfopublik.id%2Fkategori%2Fnasional-sosial-budaya%2F816655%2Fdisdukcapil-dki-tertibkan-data-penduduk-sesuai-domisili&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Demog19th-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Demog19th_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf">"Demographia World Urban Areas"</a> (PDF) (19th annual ed.). August 2023. Retrieved 4 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Demographia+World+Urban+Areas&rft.edition=19th+annual&rft.date=2023-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.demographia.com%2Fdb-worldua.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://perkotaan.bpiw.pu.go.id/v2/metropolitan/3">"Basis Data Pusat Pengemangan Kawasan Perkotaan"</a> [Urban area development centre database]. perkotaan.bpiw.pu.go.id. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200206220012/http://perkotaan.bpiw.pu.go.id/v2/metropolitan/3">Archived</a> from the original on 6 February 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=perkotaan.bpiw.pu.go.id&rft.atitle=Basis+Data+Pusat+Pengemangan+Kawasan+Perkotaan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fperkotaan.bpiw.pu.go.id%2Fv2%2Fmetropolitan%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id/peta/">"ArcGIS Web Application"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ArcGIS+Web+Application&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgis.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id%2Fpeta%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bpsdatagdp2023-11"><a href="#cite_ref-bpsdatagdp2023_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadan_Pusat_Statistik2024" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Statistics_Indonesia" title="Statistics Indonesia">Badan Pusat Statistik</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/2/Mjg2IzI=/-seri-2010--produk-domestik-regional-bruto---milyar-rupiah-.html">"Produk Domestik Regional Bruto (Milyar Rupiah), 2022–2023"</a> (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Produk+Domestik+Regional+Bruto+%28Milyar+Rupiah%29%2C+2022%E2%80%932023&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Badan+Pusat+Statistik&rft.date=2024&rft.au=Badan+Pusat+Statistik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bps.go.id%2Fid%2Fstatistics-table%2F2%2FMjg2IzI%3D%2F-seri-2010--produk-domestik-regional-bruto---milyar-rupiah-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bpsdataperkapita2023-12"><a href="#cite_ref-bpsdataperkapita2023_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadan_Pusat_Statistik2024" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Statistics_Indonesia" title="Statistics Indonesia">Badan Pusat Statistik</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bps.go.id/id/statistics-table/2/Mjg4IzI=/-seri-2010--produk-domestik-regional-bruto-per-kapita--ribu-rupiah-.html">"[Seri 2010] Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Per Kapita (Ribu Rupiah), 2022–2023"</a> (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%5BSeri+2010%5D+Produk+Domestik+Regional+Bruto+Per+Kapita+%28Ribu+Rupiah%29%2C+2022%E2%80%932023&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Badan+Pusat+Statistik&rft.date=2024&rft.au=Badan+Pusat+Statistik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bps.go.id%2Fid%2Fstatistics-table%2F2%2FMjg4IzI%3D%2F-seri-2010--produk-domestik-regional-bruto-per-kapita--ribu-rupiah-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bps.go.id/id/pressrelease/2024/11/15/2296/indeks-pembangunan-manusia--ipm--indonesia-tahun-2024-mencapai-75-02--meningkat-0-63-poin-atau-0-85-persen-dibandingkan-tahun-sebelumnya-yang-sebesar-74-39-.html">"Indeks Pembangunan Manusia 2024"</a> (in Indonesian). <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Indonesia" title="Statistics Indonesia">Statistics Indonesia</a>. 2024. Retrieved 15 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indeks+Pembangunan+Manusia+2024&rft.pub=Statistics+Indonesia&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bps.go.id%2Fid%2Fpressrelease%2F2024%2F11%2F15%2F2296%2Findeks-pembangunan-manusia--ipm--indonesia-tahun-2024-mencapai-75-02--meningkat-0-63-poin-atau-0-85-persen-dibandingkan-tahun-sebelumnya-yang-sebesar-74-39-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuroyo" class="citation news cs1">Suroyo, Gayatri. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/world/indonesia-pledges-40-billion-to-modernise-jakarta-ahead-of-new-capital-minister-idUSKCN1VJ0FT/">"Indonesia pledges $40 billion to modernise Jakarta ahead of new capital – minister"</a>. Retrieved 17 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Indonesia+pledges+%2440+billion+to+modernise+Jakarta+ahead+of+new+capital+%E2%80%93+minister&rft.aulast=Suroyo&rft.aufirst=Gayatri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fworld%2Findonesia-pledges-40-billion-to-modernise-jakarta-ahead-of-new-capital-minister-idUSKCN1VJ0FT%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZahorka2007-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZahorka2007_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZahorka2007">Zahorka 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-names-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-names_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-names_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-names_17-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/01/28/the-capitals-childhood-names.html">"The capital's 'childhood' names"</a>. The Jakarta Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190128191351/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/01/28/the-capitals-childhood-names.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=The+capital%27s+%27childhood%27+names&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F01%2F28%2Fthe-capitals-childhood-names.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.exploresunda.com/batavia-jakarta.html">"Sunda Kelapa – Batavia – Jakarta Jakarta's History in a Glance"</a>. Explore Sunda. Retrieved 14 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Explore+Sunda&rft.atitle=Sunda+Kelapa+%E2%80%93+Batavia+%E2%80%93+Jakarta+Jakarta%27s+History+in+a+Glance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.exploresunda.com%2Fbatavia-jakarta.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170731043538/http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=DI&beginning=0+&tinput=jaya&trans=Translate&direction=SE">"jaya"</a>. Sanskrit Dictionary. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=DI&beginning=0+&tinput=jaya&trans=Translate&direction=SE">the original</a> on 31 July 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sanskrit+Dictionary&rft.atitle=jaya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspokensanskrit.de%2Findex.php%3Fscript%3DDI%26beginning%3D0%2B%26tinput%3Djaya%26trans%3DTranslate%26direction%3DSE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170731044135/http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=DI&beginning=0+&tinput=krta+&trans=Translate&direction=SE">"krta"</a>. Sanskrit Dictionary. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=DI&beginning=0+&tinput=krta+&trans=Translate&direction=SE">the original</a> on 31 July 2017. Retrieved 11 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sanskrit+Dictionary&rft.atitle=krta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspokensanskrit.de%2Findex.php%3Fscript%3DDI%26beginning%3D0%2B%26tinput%3Dkrta%2B%26trans%3DTranslate%26direction%3DSE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jakarta-news-2011-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jakarta-news-2011_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jakarta-news-2011_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jakarta-news-2011_21-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110820052725/http://www.beritajakarta.com/english/AboutJakarta/HistoryofJakarta.asp">"History of Jakarta"</a>. Jakarta News. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beritajakarta.com/english/AboutJakarta/HistoryofJakarta.asp">the original</a> on 20 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jakarta+News&rft.atitle=History+of+Jakarta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beritajakarta.com%2Fenglish%2FAboutJakarta%2FHistoryofJakarta.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECortesão199027–32-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECortes%C3%A3o199027%E2%80%9332_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCortes%C3%A3o1990">Cortesão 1990</a>, pp. 27–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKampen1831291-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKampen1831291_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKampen1831">Kampen 1831</a>, p. 291. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> (in Dutch) "Batavia zoals het weent en lacht", (17 October 1939), Het Nieuws van den Dag voor Nederlandsch-Indië, p. 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZahorka2007?-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZahorka2007?_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZahorka2007">Zahorka 2007</a>, p. ?. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyatrohaédi2005?-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyatroha%C3%A9di2005?_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAyatroha%C3%A9di2005">Ayatrohaédi 2005</a>, p. ?. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHellmanThynellVoorst2018182-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHellmanThynellVoorst2018182_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHellmanThynellVoorst2018">Hellman, Thynell & Voorst 2018</a>, p. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBungeVreeland19833-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBungeVreeland19833_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBungeVreeland1983">Bunge & Vreeland 1983</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyatrohaédi200560-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyatroha%C3%A9di200560_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAyatroha%C3%A9di2005">Ayatrohaédi 2005</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeuken1999?-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeuken1999?_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeuken1999?_30-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeuken1999">Heuken 1999</a>, p. ?. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERicklefs1981?-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERicklefs1981?_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRicklefs1981">Ricklefs 1981</a>, p. ?. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWitton2003138–39-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitton2003138%E2%80%9339_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitton2003138%E2%80%9339_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitton2003138%E2%80%9339_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWitton2003138%E2%80%9339_32-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFWitton2003">Witton 2003</a>, pp. 138–39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENasGrijns2000145-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasGrijns2000145_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNasGrijns2000">Nas & Grijns 2000</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090220150339/http://www.bapekojakartapusat.go.id/node/42">"Menteng: Pelopor Kota Taman"</a> (in Indonesian). Badan Perencanaan Kotamadya Jakarta Pusat. 3 November 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://travele.co.id/sejarah-perkembangan-kota-jakarta/">the original</a> on 20 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Menteng%3A+Pelopor+Kota+Taman&rft.pub=Badan+Perencanaan+Kotamadya+Jakarta+Pusat&rft.date=2007-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftravele.co.id%2Fsejarah-perkembangan-kota-jakarta%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson197081–82-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson197081%E2%80%9382_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHenderson1970">Henderson 1970</a>, pp. 81–82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakkerKooyShofianiMartijn20081891-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBakkerKooyShofianiMartijn20081891_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBakkerKooyShofianiMartijn2008">Bakker et al. 2008</a>, p. 1891. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mHpwAAAAMAAJ&q=meester+cornelis+batavia+1935">Sejarah perkembangan Kota Jakarta</a> (in Indonesian). Pemerintah Propinsi Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta, Dinas Museum dan Pemugaran. 2000. p. 56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sejarah+perkembangan+Kota+Jakarta&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Pemerintah+Propinsi+Daerah+Khusus+Ibukota+Jakarta%2C+Dinas+Museum+dan+Pemugaran&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmHpwAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dmeester%2Bcornelis%2Bbatavia%2B1935&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaworoentoe2013-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaworoentoe2013_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWaworoentoe2013">Waworoentoe 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKusno2000">Kusno 2000</a>, p. 56; <a href="#CITEREFSchoppertDamais1997">Schoppert & Damais 1997</a>, p. 105? </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/analysis/51981.stm">Why ethnic Chinese are afraid</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170824095624/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/analysis/51981.stm">Archived</a> 24 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. 12 February 1998. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106450/Jakarta#13148.toc">"Jakarta"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070917230948/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9106450/Jakarta#13148.toc">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2007. Retrieved 17 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jakarta&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Feb%2Farticle-9106450%2FJakarta%2313148.toc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Statistics-2008-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Statistics-2008_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Statistics-2008_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Statistics-2008_42-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jakarta.bps.go.id/publication/download.html?nrbvfeve=ODdlY2I0NmZlYTJiZjM3ODJiYTE0ZGNj&xzmn=aHR0cHM6Ly9qYWthcnRhLmJwcy5nby5pZC9wdWJsaWNhdGlvbi8yMDE1LzA4LzE5Lzg3ZWNiNDZmZWEyYmYzNzgyYmExNGRjYy9zdGF0aXN0aWstcG90ZW5zaS1kZXNhLXByb3ZpbnNpLWRraS1qYWthcnRhLTIwMDguaHRtbA%3D%3D&twoadfnoarfeauf=MjAyMS0xMS0xNiAxNTo1Nzo1MA%3D%3D">Statistik Potensi Desa Provinsi DKI Jakarta 2008</a> [Village Potential Statistics of Province of DKI Jakarta 2008] (in Indonesian). Vol. 10. Jakarta: <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Indonesia" title="Statistics Indonesia">Statistics Indonesia</a>. 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-724-994-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-979-724-994-6"><bdi>978-979-724-994-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211116222405/https://jakarta.bps.go.id/publication/download.html?nrbvfeve=ODdlY2I0NmZlYTJiZjM3ODJiYTE0ZGNj&xzmn=aHR0cHM6Ly9qYWthcnRhLmJwcy5nby5pZC9wdWJsaWNhdGlvbi8yMDE1LzA4LzE5Lzg3ZWNiNDZmZWEyYmYzNzgyYmExNGRjYy9zdGF0aXN0aWstcG90ZW5zaS1kZXNhLXByb3ZpbnNpLWRraS1qYWthcnRhLTIwMDguaHRtbA%3D%3D&twoadfnoarfeauf=MjAyMS0xMS0xNiAxNTo1Nzo1MA%3D%3D">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statistik+Potensi+Desa+Provinsi+DKI+Jakarta+2008&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Statistics+Indonesia&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-979-724-994-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjakarta.bps.go.id%2Fpublication%2Fdownload.html%3Fnrbvfeve%3DODdlY2I0NmZlYTJiZjM3ODJiYTE0ZGNj%26xzmn%3DaHR0cHM6Ly9qYWthcnRhLmJwcy5nby5pZC9wdWJsaWNhdGlvbi8yMDE1LzA4LzE5Lzg3ZWNiNDZmZWEyYmYzNzgyYmExNGRjYy9zdGF0aXN0aWstcG90ZW5zaS1kZXNhLXByb3ZpbnNpLWRraS1qYWthcnRhLTIwMDguaHRtbA%253D%253D%26twoadfnoarfeauf%3DMjAyMS0xMS0xNiAxNTo1Nzo1MA%253D%253D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDouglass1989">Douglass 1989</a>, pp. 211–38; <a href="#CITEREFDouglass1992">Douglass 1992</a>, pp. 9–32 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1997315-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1997315_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurner1997">Turner 1997</a>, p. 315. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESajor2003713–42-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESajor2003713%E2%80%9342_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSajor2003">Sajor 2003</a>, pp. 713–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriend2003329-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriend2003329_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFriend2003">Friend 2003</a>, p. 329. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShari2016" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-location-test">Shari, Michael (7 March 2016). Written at Kuta Gandeg, West Java. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307100321/http://www.businessweek.com/2000/00_41/b3702149.htm">"Wages of Hatred"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Businessweek" title="Bloomberg Businessweek">Bloomberg Businessweek</a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P." title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/2000/00_41/b3702149.htm">the original</a> on 7 March 2016. Retrieved 7 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+Businessweek&rft.atitle=Wages+of+Hatred&rft.date=2016-03-07&rft.aulast=Shari&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2F2000%2F00_41%2Fb3702149.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFriend2003?-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFriend2003?_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFriend2003">Friend 2003</a>, p. ?. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinggu2009" class="citation web cs1">Minggu (19 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090812063627/http://www.poskota.co.id/berita-terkini/2009/07/19/daftar-serangan-bom-di-jakarta">"Daftar Serangan Bom di Jakarta"</a>. Poskota. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poskota.co.id/berita-terkini/2009/07/19/daftar-serangan-bom-di-jakarta">the original</a> on 12 August 2009. Retrieved 27 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daftar+Serangan+Bom+di+Jakarta&rft.pub=Poskota&rft.date=2009-07-19&rft.au=Minggu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.poskota.co.id%2Fberita-terkini%2F2009%2F07%2F19%2Fdaftar-serangan-bom-di-jakarta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/6936276.stm">"Jakarta holds historic election"</a>. BBC News. 8 August 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101050015/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/6936276.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jakarta+holds+historic+election&rft.date=2007-08-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fasia-pacific%2F6936276.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kalimantan-51"><a href="#cite_ref-kalimantan_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/jakarta-sinks-as-indonesian-capital-and-borneo-takes-on-mantle-20190826-p52kvp.html">"Jakarta sinks as Indonesian capital and Borneo takes on mantle"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald" title="The Sydney Morning Herald">The Sydney Morning Herald</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190826082811/https://www.smh.com.au/world/asia/jakarta-sinks-as-indonesian-capital-and-borneo-takes-on-mantle-20190826-p52kvp.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2019. Retrieved 26 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=Jakarta+sinks+as+Indonesian+capital+and+Borneo+takes+on+mantle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smh.com.au%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fjakarta-sinks-as-indonesian-capital-and-borneo-takes-on-mantle-20190826-p52kvp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/indonesia-widodo-new-capital-nusantara-43641d95d2d88caeda772c87dffc0f23">"Indonesia's new capital isn't ready yet. The president is celebrating Independence Day there anyway"</a>. AP News. 17 August 2024. Retrieved 18 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Indonesia%27s+new+capital+isn%27t+ready+yet.+The+president+is+celebrating+Independence+Day+there+anyway&rft.date=2024-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Findonesia-widodo-new-capital-nusantara-43641d95d2d88caeda772c87dffc0f23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101013091507/http://www.bps.go.id/aboutus.php?hasilSP2010=1">"Publikasi Provinsi dan Kabupaten Hasil Sementara SP2010"</a>. Bps.go.id. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bps.go.id/aboutus.php?hasilSP2010=1">the original</a> on 13 October 2010. Retrieved 7 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Publikasi+Provinsi+dan+Kabupaten+Hasil+Sementara+SP2010&rft.pub=Bps.go.id&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bps.go.id%2Faboutus.php%3FhasilSP2010%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117024056/http://jakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/archive/the-tides-efforts-never-end-to-repel-an-invading-sea/">"The Tides: Efforts Never End to Repel an Invading Sea"</a>. Jakarta Globe. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/archive/the-tides-efforts-never-end-to-repel-an-invading-sea/">the original</a> on 17 November 2015. Retrieved 15 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jakarta+Globe&rft.atitle=The+Tides%3A+Efforts+Never+End+to+Repel+an+Invading+Sea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjakartaglobe.beritasatu.com%2Farchive%2Fthe-tides-efforts-never-end-to-repel-an-invading-sea%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Based on Governor Decree 2007, No. 171. taken from Statistics DKI Jakarta Provincial Office, Jakarta in Figures, 2008, BPS, the province of <a href="/wiki/Daerah_Khusus_Ibukota_Jakarta" class="mw-redirect" title="Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta">DKI</a> Jakarta </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrayClemensPhinnPossingham2014267–72-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurrayClemensPhinnPossingham2014267%E2%80%9372_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurrayClemensPhinnPossingham2014">Murray et al. 2014</a>, pp. 267–72. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimanjuntak2014" class="citation news cs1">Simanjuntak, T. P. Moan (16 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150318155453/http://beritajakarta.com/en/read/2632/Maja_River_in_Pegadungan_Strewn_with_Water_Hyacinth_and_Mud">"Maja River in Pegadungan Strewn with Water Hyacinth and Mud"</a>. Berita Resmi Pemprov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://beritajakarta.com/en/read/2632/Maja_River_in_Pegadungan_Strewn_with_Water_Hyacinth_and_Mud">the original</a> on 18 March 2015. Retrieved 30 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Berita+Resmi+Pemprov&rft.atitle=Maja+River+in+Pegadungan+Strewn+with+Water+Hyacinth+and+Mud&rft.date=2014-07-16&rft.aulast=Simanjuntak&rft.aufirst=T.+P.+Moan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fberitajakarta.com%2Fen%2Fread%2F2632%2FMaja_River_in_Pegadungan_Strewn_with_Water_Hyacinth_and_Mud&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElyda2014" class="citation news cs1">Elyda, Corry (27 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/12/27/bpk-slams-city-s-efforts-manage-liquid-waste.html">"BPK slams city's efforts to manage liquid waste"</a>. The Jakarta Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402191855/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/12/27/bpk-slams-city-s-efforts-manage-liquid-waste.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=BPK+slams+city%27s+efforts+to+manage+liquid+waste&rft.date=2014-12-27&rft.aulast=Elyda&rft.aufirst=Corry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2014%2F12%2F27%2Fbpk-slams-city-s-efforts-manage-liquid-waste.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHendrix" class="citation news cs1">Hendrix, Esmeralda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/07/27/dutch-study-new-dike-jakarta-bay.html">"Dutch to study new dike for Jakarta Bay"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118120615/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/07/27/dutch-study-new-dike-jakarta-bay.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dutch+to+study+new+dike+for+Jakarta+Bay&rft.aulast=Hendrix&rft.aufirst=Esmeralda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2011%2F07%2F27%2Fdutch-study-new-dike-jakarta-bay.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925103037/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/jakarta/new-ciliwung-river-dams-planned-as-jakarta-struggles-with-latest-floods/">"New Ciliwung River Dams Planned as Jakarta Struggles With Latest Floods"</a>. 20 January 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/jakarta/new-ciliwung-river-dams-planned-as-jakarta-struggles-with-latest-floods/">the original</a> on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 5 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Ciliwung+River+Dams+Planned+as+Jakarta+Struggles+With+Latest+Floods&rft.date=2014-01-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartaglobe.com%2Fnews%2Fjakarta%2Fnew-ciliwung-river-dams-planned-as-jakarta-struggles-with-latest-floods%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/05/20/jatinegara-residents-complain-about-underground-tunnel-project.html">"Jatinegara residents complain about underground tunnel project"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925134331/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/05/20/jatinegara-residents-complain-about-underground-tunnel-project.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 24 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jatinegara+residents+complain+about+underground+tunnel+project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2014%2F05%2F20%2Fjatinegara-residents-complain-about-underground-tunnel-project.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-2023-62"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-2023_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeonhardt2023" class="citation news cs1">Leonhardt, David (17 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/05/17/briefing/java-jakarta-capital-move-flooding.html">"The Plan to Build a New Capital"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 17 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Plan+to+Build+a+New+Capital&rft.date=2023-05-17&rft.aulast=Leonhardt&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F05%2F17%2Fbriefing%2Fjava-jakarta-capital-move-flooding.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMei_Lin2018" class="citation news cs1">Mei Lin, Mayuri (12 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44636934">"Jakarta, the fastest-sinking city in the world"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 30 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Jakarta%2C+the+fastest-sinking+city+in+the+world&rft.date=2018-08-12&rft.aulast=Mei+Lin&rft.aufirst=Mayuri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-44636934&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolzerJohnson1985" class="citation journal cs1">Holzer, Thomas L.; Johnson, A. Ivan (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00186338">"Land subsidence caused by groundwater withdrawal in urban areas"</a>. GeoJournal. 11 (3): 245. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985GeoJo..11..245H">1985GeoJo..11..245H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00186338">10.1007/BF00186338</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0343-2521">0343-2521</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:189888566">189888566</a>. Retrieved 30 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GeoJournal&rft.atitle=Land+subsidence+caused+by+groundwater+withdrawal+in+urban+areas&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=245&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00186338&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A189888566%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0343-2521&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1985GeoJo..11..245H&rft.aulast=Holzer&rft.aufirst=Thomas+L.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+A.+Ivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2FBF00186338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cknet-ina.org/activities/read/jakarta-the-fastest-sinking-city-in-the-world/401">"Jakarta, the fastest-sinking city in the world"</a>. 16 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210427012946/http://cknet-ina.org/activities/read/jakarta-the-fastest-sinking-city-in-the-world/401">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jakarta%2C+the+fastest-sinking+city+in+the+world&rft.date=2018-08-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcknet-ina.org%2Factivities%2Fread%2Fjakarta-the-fastest-sinking-city-in-the-world%2F401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/indonesia-jakarta-air-pollution-dry-season-vehicles-ef97483d1c3de48207619562635710c2">"Jakarta is the world's most polluted city. Blame the dry season and vehicles for the gray skies"</a>. AP News. 11 August 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jakarta+is+the+world%27s+most+polluted+city.+Blame+the+dry+season+and+vehicles+for+the+gray+skies&rft.pub=AP+News&rft.date=2023-08-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Findonesia-jakarta-air-pollution-dry-season-vehicles-ef97483d1c3de48207619562635710c2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/indonesia/2023/06/09/jakarta-air-pollution-worsens-little-progress-after-2021-ruling.html">"Jakarta air pollution worsens, little progress after 2021 ruling"</a>. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 26 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jakarta+air+pollution+worsens%2C+little+progress+after+2021+ruling&rft.pub=The+Jakarta+Post&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Findonesia%2F2023%2F06%2F09%2Fjakarta-air-pollution-worsens-little-progress-after-2021-ruling.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnörr2014?-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKn%C3%B6rr2014?_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKn%C3%B6rr2014">Knörr 2014</a>, p. ?. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENasGrijns2000324-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENasGrijns2000324_69-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNasGrijns2000">Nas & Grijns 2000</a>, p. 324. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/02/20/number-of-cultural-heritage-buildings-in-jakarta-increased.html">"Number of cultural heritage buildings in Jakarta increased"</a>. The Jakarta Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180220141125/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/02/20/number-of-cultural-heritage-buildings-in-jakarta-increased.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Number+of+cultural+heritage+buildings+in+Jakarta+increased&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2018%2F02%2F20%2Fnumber-of-cultural-heritage-buildings-in-jakarta-increased.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2012" class="citation news cs1">Wilson, Willy (11 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305084422/http://m.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/07/11/building-past.html">"Building on the Past"</a>. The Jakarta Post. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://m.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/07/11/building-past.html">the original</a> on 5 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Building+on+the+Past&rft.date=2012-07-11&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Willy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fm.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2012%2F07%2F11%2Fbuilding-past.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBishopPhillipsYeo2003198-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBishopPhillipsYeo2003198_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBishopPhillipsYeo2003">Bishop, Phillips & Yeo 2003</a>, p. 198. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180709154405/https://www.jllrealviews.com/trends/fastest-evolving-central-business-districts-in-asia-pacific/">"Where are the fastest evolving Central Business Districts in Asia Pacific?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jllrealviews.com/trends/fastest-evolving-central-business-districts-in-asia-pacific/">the original</a> on 9 July 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Where+are+the+fastest+evolving+Central+Business+Districts+in+Asia+Pacific%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jllrealviews.com%2Ftrends%2Ffastest-evolving-central-business-districts-in-asia-pacific%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/interactive-data/submit?type%5B%5D=building&status%5B%5D=COM&status%5B%5D=UC&status%5B%5D=UCT&status%5B%5D=STO&base_region=0&base_country=0&base_city=972&base_height_range=0&base_company=All&base_min_year=1900&base_max_year=9999&comp_region=0&comp_country=0&comp_city=0&comp_height_range=3&comp_company=All&comp_min_year=1960&comp_max_year=2016&skip_comparison=on&output%5B%5D=list&dataSubmit=Show+Results">"CTBUH Tall Building Database"</a>. The Skyscraper Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208155302/http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/interactive-data/submit?type%5B%5D=building&status%5B%5D=COM&status%5B%5D=UC&status%5B%5D=UCT&status%5B%5D=STO&base_region=0&base_country=0&base_city=972&base_height_range=0&base_company=All&base_min_year=1900&base_max_year=9999&comp_region=0&comp_country=0&comp_city=0&comp_height_range=3&comp_company=All&comp_min_year=1960&comp_max_year=2016&skip_comparison=on&output%5B%5D=list&dataSubmit=Show+Results">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 27 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CTBUH+Tall+Building+Database&rft.pub=The+Skyscraper+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skyscrapercenter.com%2Finteractive-data%2Fsubmit%3Ftype%255B%255D%3Dbuilding%26status%255B%255D%3DCOM%26status%255B%255D%3DUC%26status%255B%255D%3DUCT%26status%255B%255D%3DSTO%26base_region%3D0%26base_country%3D0%26base_city%3D972%26base_height_range%3D0%26base_company%3DAll%26base_min_year%3D1900%26base_max_year%3D9999%26comp_region%3D0%26comp_country%3D0%26comp_city%3D0%26comp_height_range%3D3%26comp_company%3DAll%26comp_min_year%3D1960%26comp_max_year%3D2016%26skip_comparison%3Don%26output%255B%255D%3Dlist%26dataSubmit%3DShow%2BResults&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESilver2007101-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilver2007101_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSilver2007">Silver 2007</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110626213931/http://www.poskota.co.id/berita-terkini/2011/06/25/ruang-terbuka-hijau-terus-ditambah">"Ruang Terbuka Hijau Terus Ditambah"</a>. Poskotanews.com (in Indonesian). 25 June 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poskota.co.id/berita-terkini/2011/06/25/ruang-terbuka-hijau-terus-ditambah">the original</a> on 26 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Poskotanews.com&rft.atitle=Ruang+Terbuka+Hijau+Terus+Ditambah&rft.date=2011-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.poskota.co.id%2Fberita-terkini%2F2011%2F06%2F25%2Fruang-terbuka-hijau-terus-ditambah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/01/28/jakarta-to-revive-rptras.html">"Jakarta to revive RPTRAs"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191110052934/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/01/28/jakarta-to-revive-rptras.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2019. Retrieved 10 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jakarta+to+revive+RPTRAs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F01%2F28%2Fjakarta-to-revive-rptras.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/09/29/30-lakes-and-reservoirs-greater-jakarta-disappear.html">"30 lakes and reservoirs in Greater Jakarta disappear"</a>. The Jakarta Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180226211927/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/09/29/30-lakes-and-reservoirs-greater-jakarta-disappear.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=30+lakes+and+reservoirs+in+Greater+Jakarta+disappear&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F09%2F29%2F30-lakes-and-reservoirs-greater-jakarta-disappear.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100523124534/http://www.jakarta.go.id/v70/index.php/en/taman-kota/521-taman-medan-merdeka">"Taman Medan Merdeka"</a>. deskominfomas (in Indonesian). Jakarta.go.id. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jakarta.go.id/v70/index.php/en/taman-kota/521-taman-medan-merdeka">the original</a> on 23 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=deskominfomas&rft.atitle=Taman+Medan+Merdeka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jakarta.go.id%2Fv70%2Findex.php%2Fen%2Ftaman-kota%2F521-taman-medan-merdeka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100524033529/http://www.jakarta.go.id/v70/index.php/en/taman-kota/523-taman-lapangan-banteng">"Taman Lapangan Banteng"</a>. deskominfomas (in Indonesian). Jakarta.go.id. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jakarta.go.id/v70/index.php/en/taman-kota/523-taman-lapangan-banteng">the original</a> on 24 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=deskominfomas&rft.atitle=Taman+Lapangan+Banteng&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jakarta.go.id%2Fv70%2Findex.php%2Fen%2Ftaman-kota%2F523-taman-lapangan-banteng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kompas-Stadhuis-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Kompas-Stadhuis_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dumdumplaysatu.com/">"Paleis op de Dam dan Stadhuis Batavia"</a>. Kompas (in Indonesian). 9 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kompas&rft.atitle=Paleis+op+de+Dam+dan+Stadhuis+Batavia&rft.date=2010-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdumdumplaysatu.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-intro-82"><a href="#cite_ref-intro_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galeri-nasional.or.id/about_gallery.php">"Galeri Nasional – About Gallery"</a>. Galeri Nasional. 4 April 2009. Retrieved 31 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Galeri+Nasional+%E2%80%93+About+Gallery&rft.pub=Galeri+Nasional&rft.date=2009-04-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.galeri-nasional.or.id%2Fabout_gallery.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100523131155/http://www.jakarta.go.id/v70/index.php/en/taman-kota/529-taman-suropati">"Taman Suropati"</a>. deskominfomas (in Indonesian). Jakarta.go.id. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jakarta.go.id/v70/index.php/en/taman-kota/529-taman-suropati">the original</a> on 23 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=deskominfomas&rft.atitle=Taman+Suropati&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jakarta.go.id%2Fv70%2Findex.php%2Fen%2Ftaman-kota%2F529-taman-suropati&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdyatama2017" class="citation web cs1">Adyatama, Egi (5 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.tempo.co/read/news/2017/03/05/199852787/Kalijodo-Park-Expected-to-be-New-Tourism-Icon-in-IndonesiaXXX">"Kalijodo Park Expected to be New Tourism Icon in Indonesia"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170331030443/https://en.tempo.co/read/news/2017/03/05/199852787/Kalijodo-Park-Expected-to-be-New-Tourism-Icon-in-IndonesiaXXX">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2017. Retrieved 30 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kalijodo+Park+Expected+to+be+New+Tourism+Icon+in+Indonesia&rft.date=2017-03-05&rft.aulast=Adyatama&rft.aufirst=Egi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.tempo.co%2Fread%2Fnews%2F2017%2F03%2F05%2F199852787%2FKalijodo-Park-Expected-to-be-New-Tourism-Icon-in-IndonesiaXXX&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWidodo" class="citation web cs1">Widodo, Wahyu Setyo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://travel.detik.com/domestic-destination/d-3175553/taman-wisata-alam-angke-kapuk-permata-di-utara-jakarta">"Taman Wisata Alam Angke Kapuk, Permata di Utara Jakarta"</a>. detikTravel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201125090102/https://travel.detik.com/domestic-destination/d-3175553/taman-wisata-alam-angke-kapuk-permata-di-utara-jakarta">Archived</a> from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=detikTravel&rft.atitle=Taman+Wisata+Alam+Angke+Kapuk%2C+Permata+di+Utara+Jakarta&rft.aulast=Widodo&rft.aufirst=Wahyu+Setyo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftravel.detik.com%2Fdomestic-destination%2Fd-3175553%2Ftaman-wisata-alam-angke-kapuk-permata-di-utara-jakarta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/03/10/travel-must-visit-public-parks-capital.html">"Travel: Must-visit public parks in the capital"</a>. The Jakarta Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160617171715/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/03/10/travel-must-visit-public-parks-capital.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2016. Retrieved 11 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Travel%3A+Must-visit+public+parks+in+the+capital&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F03%2F10%2Ftravel-must-visit-public-parks-capital.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/01/09/city-allocates-rp-140-billion-to-revamp-five-parks.html">"City allocates Rp 140 billion to revamp five parks"</a>. The Jakarta Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190109204930/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/01/09/city-allocates-rp-140-billion-to-revamp-five-parks.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=City+allocates+Rp+140+billion+to+revamp+five+parks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F01%2F09%2Fcity-allocates-rp-140-billion-to-revamp-five-parks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChairunnisa2014" class="citation web cs1">Chairunnisa, Ninis (21 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.tempo.co/read/news/2014/09/21/206608538/Ragunan-Zoo-Mulls-Safari-Night">"Ragunan Zoo Mulls Safari Night"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208062637/http://en.tempo.co/read/news/2014/09/21/206608538/Ragunan-Zoo-Mulls-Safari-Night">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 3 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ragunan+Zoo+Mulls+Safari+Night&rft.date=2014-09-21&rft.aulast=Chairunnisa&rft.aufirst=Ninis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.tempo.co%2Fread%2Fnews%2F2014%2F09%2F21%2F206608538%2FRagunan-Zoo-Mulls-Safari-Night&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosi1998" class="citation book cs1">Rosi, Adele (1998). National Museum Guidebook. Jakarta: PT Indo Multi Media, National Museum and Indonesian Heritage Society. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Museum+Guidebook&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=PT+Indo+Multi+Media%2C+National+Museum+and+Indonesian+Heritage+Society&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Rosi&rft.aufirst=Adele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101001231616/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/columns/metro-madness-a-day-of-betawi-culture-at-setu-babakan/356934#Scene_1">"Metro Madness: A Day of Betawi Culture at Setu Babakan"</a>. The Jakarta Globe. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/columns/metro-madness-a-day-of-betawi-culture-at-setu-babakan/356934#Scene_1">the original</a> on 1 October 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Globe&rft.atitle=Metro+Madness%3A+A+Day+of+Betawi+Culture+at+Setu+Babakan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartaglobe.com%2Fcolumns%2Fmetro-madness-a-day-of-betawi-culture-at-setu-babakan%2F356934%23Scene_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ui.ac.id/hutan-kota-ui-wisata-hijau-di-tengah-kota/">"Hutan Kota UI, Wisata Hijau di Tengah Kota"</a>. University of Indonesia. Retrieved 9 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Indonesia&rft.atitle=Hutan+Kota+UI%2C+Wisata+Hijau+di+Tengah+Kota&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ui.ac.id%2Fhutan-kota-ui-wisata-hijau-di-tengah-kota%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kompas.tv/content/article/12982/video/sapa-indonesia/perpustakaan-nasional-ri-yang-baru">"Jokowi Resmikan PNRI, Perpustakaan Tertinggi di Dunia"</a>. Retrieved 22 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jokowi+Resmikan+PNRI%2C+Perpustakaan+Tertinggi+di+Dunia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kompas.tv%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F12982%2Fvideo%2Fsapa-indonesia%2Fperpustakaan-nasional-ri-yang-baru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2017/11/11/jakpost-guide-to-the-national-library-of-indonesia.html">"Jakpost guide to the National Library of Indonesia"</a>. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 11 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Jakpost+guide+to+the+National+Library+of+Indonesia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Ftravel%2F2017%2F11%2F11%2Fjakpost-guide-to-the-national-library-of-indonesia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/01/16/hidden-parks-concrete-jungle.html">"Hidden parks in the concrete jungle"</a>. The Jakarta Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190109205521/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/01/16/hidden-parks-concrete-jungle.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2019. Retrieved 9 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Hidden+parks+in+the+concrete+jungle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F01%2F16%2Fhidden-parks-concrete-jungle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jakartaglobe.id/news/overall-jakarta-fiba-world-cup-attendance-reaches-111000">"Overall Jakarta FIBA World Cup Attendance Reaches 111,000"</a>. Jakarta Globe. Retrieved 9 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jakarta+Globe&rft.atitle=Overall+Jakarta+FIBA+World+Cup+Attendance+Reaches+111%2C000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjakartaglobe.id%2Fnews%2Foverall-jakarta-fiba-world-cup-attendance-reaches-111000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.setneg.go.id/baca/index/hutan_kota_gbk_habitat_baru_untuk_spesies_tanaman_langka">"Hutan Kota GBK, Habitat Baru untuk Spesies Tanaman Langka"</a>. Ministry of the State Secretariat. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420223243/https://www.setneg.go.id/baca/index/hutan_kota_gbk_habitat_baru_untuk_spesies_tanaman_langka">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 9 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+the+State+Secretariat&rft.atitle=Hutan+Kota+GBK%2C+Habitat+Baru+untuk+Spesies+Tanaman+Langka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.setneg.go.id%2Fbaca%2Findex%2Fhutan_kota_gbk_habitat_baru_untuk_spesies_tanaman_langka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2017/07/07/jakpost-guide-to-pantai-indah-kapuk.html">"Jakpost guide to Pantai Indah Kapuk"</a>. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 6 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Jakpost+guide+to+Pantai+Indah+Kapuk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Ftravel%2F2017%2F07%2F07%2Fjakpost-guide-to-pantai-indah-kapuk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://waterindonesiaexpo.com/visiting/travel/general-information/">"General Information"</a>. Water Indonesia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716145139/https://waterindonesiaexpo.com/visiting/travel/general-information/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 16 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Information&rft.pub=Water+Indonesia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwaterindonesiaexpo.com%2Fvisiting%2Ftravel%2Fgeneral-information%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.undip.ac.id/2067/1/Monsoon_Effect_at_Flood_Phenomena_on_2002_and_2007_in_DKI-Jakarta.pdf">"Monsoon Effect at Flood Phenomena on 2002 and 2007 in DKI-Jakarta"</a> (PDF). UNDIP INSTITUTIONAL REPOSITORY. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121122074409/http://eprints.undip.ac.id/2067/1/Monsoon_Effect_at_Flood_Phenomena_on_2002_and_2007_in_DKI-Jakarta.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 November 2012. Retrieved 22 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNDIP+INSTITUTIONAL+REPOSITORY&rft.atitle=Monsoon+Effect+at+Flood+Phenomena+on+2002+and+2007+in+DKI-Jakarta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.undip.ac.id%2F2067%2F1%2FMonsoon_Effect_at_Flood_Phenomena_on_2002_and_2007_in_DKI-Jakarta.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://weather-and-climate.com/Jakarta-June-averages">"Jakarta weather in June (Jakarta Province, Indonesia)"</a>. Weather & Climate. Retrieved 20 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jakarta+weather+in+June+%28Jakarta+Province%2C+Indonesia%29&rft.pub=Weather+%26+Climate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweather-and-climate.com%2FJakarta-June-averages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/indonesia/jakarta">"Weather and climate in Jakarta (Indonesia)"</a>. Climates to travel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230122050301/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/indonesia/jakarta">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Weather+and+climate+in+Jakarta+%28Indonesia%29&rft.pub=Climates+to+travel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.climatestotravel.com%2Fclimate%2Findonesia%2Fjakarta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mherrera.org/temp.htm">"Extreme temperatures around the world"</a>. Maximiliano Herrera's Human Rights Site. Retrieved 20 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Extreme+temperatures+around+the+world&rft.pub=Maximiliano+Herrera%27s+Human+Rights+Site&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mherrera.org%2Ftemp.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WMO-103"><a href="#cite_ref-WMO_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231019195817/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-5-WMO-Normals-9120/Indonesia/CSV/StasiunMeteorologiKemayoran_96745.csv">"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020"</a>. World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-5-WMO-Normals-9120/Indonesia/CSV/StasiunMeteorologiKemayoran_96745.csv">the original</a> on 19 October 2023. Retrieved 19 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Meteorological+Organization+Climatological+Standard+Normals+%281991%E2%80%932020%29&rft.atitle=World+Meteorological+Organization+Climate+Normals+for+1991%E2%80%932020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F1.1%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-5-WMO-Normals-9120%2FIndonesia%2FCSV%2FStasiunMeteorologiKemayoran_96745.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/station/in-halim.htm">"Indonesia – Halim Perdanakus"</a>. Centro de Investigaciones Fitosociológicas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614155103/http://www.globalbioclimatics.org/station/in-halim.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 26 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indonesia+%E2%80%93+Halim+Perdanakus&rft.pub=Centro+de+Investigaciones+Fitosociol%C3%B3gicas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalbioclimatics.org%2Fstation%2Fin-halim.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116071752/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf">"Stations Number 96745"</a> (PDF). Ministry of Energy, Utilities and Climate. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 26 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stations+Number+96745&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Energy%2C+Utilities+and+Climate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dmi.dk%2Fdmi%2Ftr01-17.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DWD-106"><a href="#cite_ref-DWD_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_967450_kt.pdf">"Klimatafel von Jakarta (Stadt, Obs.), West-Java / Indonesien"</a> (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 10 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Baseline+climate+means+%281961%E2%80%931990%29+from+stations+all+over+the+world&rft.atitle=Klimatafel+von+Jakarta+%28Stadt%2C+Obs.%29%2C+West-Java+%2F+Indonesien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwd.de%2FDWD%2Fklima%2Fberatung%2Fak%2Fak_967450_kt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/indonesia/jakarta-climate">"Jakarta, Indonesia – Monthly weather forecast and Climate data"</a>. Weather Atlas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190209180027/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/indonesia/jakarta-climate">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 8 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jakarta%2C+Indonesia+%E2%80%93+Monthly+weather+forecast+and+Climate+data&rft.pub=Weather+Atlas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather-atlas.com%2Fen%2Findonesia%2Fjakarta-climate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECybriwskyFord2001202–13-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECybriwskyFord2001202%E2%80%9313_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCybriwskyFord2001">Cybriwsky & Ford 2001</a>, pp. 202–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGinsburgKoppelMcGee199171-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGinsburgKoppelMcGee199171_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGinsburgKoppelMcGee1991">Ginsburg, Koppel & McGee 1991</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarphamTanner199571-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarphamTanner199571_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarphamTanner1995">Harpham & Tanner 1995</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bps.go.id/website/materi_ind/materiBrsInd-20210121151046.pdf">"Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020"</a> (PDF) (in Indonesian). <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Indonesia" title="Statistics Indonesia">Statistics Indonesia</a>. 21 January 2021. p. 9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122154418/https://www.bps.go.id/website/materi_ind/materiBrsInd-20210121151046.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hasil+Sensus+Penduduk+2020&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Statistics+Indonesia&rft.date=2021-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bps.go.id%2Fwebsite%2Fmateri_ind%2FmateriBrsInd-20210121151046.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/jakarta-population/">"Jakarta population"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701054401/http://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/jakarta-population/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jakarta+population&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldpopulationreview.com%2Fworld-cities%2Fjakarta-population%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/uu11ee/uu11ee15.htm">"Jabotabek, the Jakarta metropolitan area"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_University" title="United Nations University">UNU</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028233059/https://archive.unu.edu/unupress/unupbooks/uu11ee/uu11ee15.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jabotabek%2C+the+Jakarta+metropolitan+area&rft.pub=UNU&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.unu.edu%2Funupress%2Funupbooks%2Fuu11ee%2Fuu11ee15.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSetiawati" class="citation news cs1">Setiawati, Indah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/08/28/after-census-city-plans-95-million.html">"After census city plans for 9.5 million"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200211232602/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/08/28/after-census-city-plans-95-million.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 3 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=After+census+city+plans+for+9.5+million&rft.aulast=Setiawati&rft.aufirst=Indah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2F08%2F28%2Fafter-census-city-plans-95-million.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jakarta.bps.go.id/publication/2018/01/05/44b34f04cad6439abf0e7ed0/statistik-daerah-provinsi-dki-jakarta-2017.html">"BPS Provinsi DKI Jakarta"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327171524/https://jakarta.bps.go.id/publication/2018/01/05/44b34f04cad6439abf0e7ed0/statistik-daerah-provinsi-dki-jakarta-2017.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BPS+Provinsi+DKI+Jakarta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjakarta.bps.go.id%2Fpublication%2F2018%2F01%2F05%2F44b34f04cad6439abf0e7ed0%2Fstatistik-daerah-provinsi-dki-jakarta-2017.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHook" class="citation web cs1">Hook, Walter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sti-india-uttoolkit.adb.org/mod2/se3/005_5.html">"BRT – Case Study 5 – Annex 5 Case Studies and Lessons – Module 2: Bus Rapid Transit (BRT): Toolkit for Feasibility Studies"</a>. sti-india-uttoolkit.adb.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110828022705/http://sti-india-uttoolkit.adb.org/mod2/se3/005_5.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2011. Retrieved 12 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sti-india-uttoolkit.adb.org&rft.atitle=BRT+%E2%80%93+Case+Study+5+%E2%80%93+Annex+5+Case+Studies+and+Lessons+%E2%80%93+Module+2%3A+Bus+Rapid+Transit+%28BRT%29%3A+Toolkit+for+Feasibility+Studies&rft.aulast=Hook&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsti-india-uttoolkit.adb.org%2Fmod2%2Fse3%2F005_5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHermanto1998?-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHermanto1998?_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHermanto1998">Hermanto 1998</a>, p. ?. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirman" class="citation web cs1">Firman, Tommy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/03/26/population-growth-greater-jakarta-and-its-impact.html#sthash.bynCViBO.dpuf">"Population growth of Greater Jakarta and its impact"</a>. The Jakarta Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150929060917/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2011/03/26/population-growth-greater-jakarta-and-its-impact.html#sthash.bynCViBO.dpuf">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2015. Retrieved 6 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Population+growth+of+Greater+Jakarta+and+its+impact&rft.aulast=Firman&rft.aufirst=Tommy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2011%2F03%2F26%2Fpopulation-growth-greater-jakarta-and-its-impact.html%23sthash.bynCViBO.dpuf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190910132641/http://www.globalindonesianvoices.com/33429/jakarta-to-overtake-tokyo-as-most-populated-megacity-by-2030/">"These are the megacities of the future"</a>. 9 October 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.globalindonesianvoices.com/33429/jakarta-to-overtake-tokyo-as-most-populated-megacity-by-2030/">the original</a> on 10 September 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=These+are+the+megacities+of+the+future&rft.date=2018-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalindonesianvoices.com%2F33429%2Fjakarta-to-overtake-tokyo-as-most-populated-megacity-by-2030%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://knoema.com/">"Data collection, analysis, visualization and sharing"</a>. Knoema. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180825220550/https://knoema.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Knoema&rft.atitle=Data+collection%2C+analysis%2C+visualization+and+sharing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fknoema.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jakarta.bps.go.id/publication/2018/01/05/44b34f04cad6439abf0e7ed0/statistik-daerah-provinsi-dki-jakarta-2017.html">"Statistics of DKI Jakarta Province 2017"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327171524/https://jakarta.bps.go.id/publication/2018/01/05/44b34f04cad6439abf0e7ed0/statistik-daerah-provinsi-dki-jakarta-2017.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistics+of+DKI+Jakarta+Province+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjakarta.bps.go.id%2Fpublication%2F2018%2F01%2F05%2F44b34f04cad6439abf0e7ed0%2Fstatistik-daerah-provinsi-dki-jakarta-2017.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ETHNICITY-122">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ETHNICITY_122-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ETHNICITY_122-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-percentage-of-population-in-Jakarta-according-to-the-major-ethnic-group-2010_fig1_323524160">"The percentage of population in Jakarta according to the major ethnic group (2010)"</a>. Retrieved 14 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+percentage+of+population+in+Jakarta+according+to+the+major+ethnic+group+%282010%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Ffigure%2FThe-percentage-of-population-in-Jakarta-according-to-the-major-ethnic-group-2010_fig1_323524160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> These cement the pluralism in ethnic and national identities found in contemporary Jakarta;<a href="#CITEREFKn%C3%B6rr2007">Knörr 2007</a>, p. 263 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESáenzEmbrickRodriguez2015?-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTES%C3%A1enzEmbrickRodriguez2015?_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFS%C3%A1enzEmbrickRodriguez2015">Sáenz, Embrick & Rodriguez 2015</a>, p. ?. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIyer200123-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIyer200123_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIyer2001">Iyer 2001</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2005" class="citation news cs1">Johnston, Tim (3 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4312805.stm">"Chinese diaspora: Indonesia"</a>. BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071223170116/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/4312805.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2007. Retrieved 30 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chinese+diaspora%3A+Indonesia&rft.date=2005-03-03&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fasia-pacific%2F4312805.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReid2010170-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReid2010170_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReid2010">Reid 2010</a>, p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Board of Editors, Contributions to Southeast Asian Ethnography, 1987 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENaim1971115-131-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENaim1971115-131_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNaim1971">Naim 1971</a>, p. 115-131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdya2022125-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdya2022125_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdya2022">Adya 2022</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOnishi2010" class="citation news cs1">Onishi, Norimitsu (26 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/26/world/asia/26indo.html">"As English Spreads, Indonesians Fear for Their Language"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190811160323/https://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/26/world/asia/26indo.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2019. Retrieved 11 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=As+English+Spreads%2C+Indonesians+Fear+for+Their+Language&rft.date=2010-07-26&rft.aulast=Onishi&rft.aufirst=Norimitsu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F07%2F26%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F26indo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100419010540/http://www.ui.ac.id/en/profile/page/overview">"Profile | Universitas Indonesia"</a>. Ui.ac.id. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ui.ac.id/en/profile/page/overview">the original</a> on 19 April 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Profile+%26%23124%3B+Universitas+Indonesia&rft.pub=Ui.ac.id&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ui.ac.id%2Fen%2Fprofile%2Fpage%2Foverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unj.ac.id/">"State University of Jakarta"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170917075024/http://unj.ac.id/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=State+University+of+Jakarta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unj.ac.id%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upnvj.ac.id/id.html">"University of Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Jakarta"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171004090012/http://www.upnvj.ac.id/id.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+of+Pembangunan+Nasional+%22Veteran%22+Jakarta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.upnvj.ac.id%2Fid.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jakarta.ut.ac.id">"Universitas Terbuka Jakarta"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Universitas+Terbuka+Jakarta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjakarta.ut.ac.id&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://universitaspertamina.ac.id/">"Pertamina University"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171004055400/http://universitaspertamina.ac.id/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pertamina+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funiversitaspertamina.ac.id%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://binus.ac.id/">"Bina Nusantara University"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171004055400/http://binus.ac.id/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bina+Nusantara+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbinus.ac.id%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jayabaya.ac.id/">"Jayabaya University"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171004085730/http://www.jayabaya.ac.id/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jayabaya+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jayabaya.ac.id%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://upi-yai.ac.id//">"Persada Indonesia "YAI" University"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221105135752/https://upi-yai.ac.id/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2022. Retrieved 5 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Persada+Indonesia+%22YAI%22+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fupi-yai.ac.id%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171004135658/http://www.univpancasila.ac.id/">"Pancasila University"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.univpancasila.ac.id/">the original</a> on 4 October 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pancasila+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.univpancasila.ac.id%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110714022424/http://www.majalah-farmacia.com/rubrik/one_news_print.asp?IDNews=754">"Print Artikel"</a>. Majalah-farmacia.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.majalah-farmacia.com/rubrik/one_news_print.asp?IDNews=754">the original</a> on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 27 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Print+Artikel&rft.pub=Majalah-farmacia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.majalah-farmacia.com%2Frubrik%2Fone_news_print.asp%3FIDNews%3D754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iics.sch.id/">"IPEKA International Christian School"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011224053/http://www.iics.sch.id/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 4 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IPEKA+International+Christian+School&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iics.sch.id%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ais-indonesia.com/">"Welcome to Australian International School Indonesia"</a>. Ais-indonesia.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110303191008/http://www.ais-indonesia.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+Australian+International+School+Indonesia&rft.pub=Ais-indonesia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ais-indonesia.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jjs.or.id/">"赤道直下の国インドネシアで仲間とともに思いっきり学ぶ"</a>. jjs.or.id. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211219150400/https://www.jjs.or.id/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2021. Retrieved 2 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%B5%A4%E9%81%93%E7%9B%B4%E4%B8%8B%E3%81%AE%E5%9B%BD+%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E3%81%A7+%E4%BB%B2%E9%96%93%E3%81%A8%E3%81%A8%E3%82%82%E3%81%AB+%E6%80%9D%E3%81%84%E3%81%A3%E3%81%8D%E3%82%8A%E5%AD%A6%E3%81%B6&rft.pub=jjs.or.id&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jjs.or.id%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jimsch.org/">"Jakarta International Multicultural School"</a>. Jimsch.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110222010630/http://jimsch.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jakarta+International+Multicultural+School&rft.pub=Jimsch.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jimsch.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130216070318/http://nzis.net/">"Welcome to New Zealand International School"</a>. Nzis.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzis.net/">the original</a> on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 14 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+New+Zealand+International+School&rft.pub=Nzis.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nzis.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20091020172648/http://www.sph.edu/sph_edu/menu/index.php">"Sekolah Pelita Harapan"</a>. Sph.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sph.edu/sph_edu/menu/index.php">the original</a> on 20 October 2009. Retrieved 14 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sekolah+Pelita+Harapan&rft.pub=Sph.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sph.edu%2Fsph_edu%2Fmenu%2Findex.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RELIGION-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RELIGION_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RELIGION_148-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://satudata.kemenag.go.id/dataset/detail/jumlah-penduduk-menurut-agama">"Jumlah Penduduk Menurut Agama"</a> (in Indonesian). <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Religious_Affairs_(Indonesia)" title="Ministry of Religious Affairs (Indonesia)">Ministry of Religious Affairs</a>. 31 August 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jumlah+Penduduk+Menurut+Agama&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Religious+Affairs&rft.date=2022-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsatudata.kemenag.go.id%2Fdataset%2Fdetail%2Fjumlah-penduduk-menurut-agama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Pemerintah Provinsi Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta, Ensiklopedi Jakarta: Culture & Heritage, Vol. 1, Dinas Kebudayaan dan Permuseuman, 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPorter200239-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPorter200239_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPorter2002">Porter 2002</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bic.org/offices/jakarta">"Bahá'í International Community"</a>. 21 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181003014602/https://www.bic.org/offices/jakarta">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 2 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD+International+Community&rft.date=2015-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bic.org%2Foffices%2Fjakarta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jakarta.bps.go.id/publication/2022/02/25/5979600247867d861a1f334c/provinsi-dki-jakarta-dalam-angka-2022.html">"Provinsi DKI Jakarta Dalam Angka 2022"</a>. Statistics Indonesia. Retrieved 22 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Provinsi+DKI+Jakarta+Dalam+Angka+2022&rft.pub=Statistics+Indonesia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjakarta.bps.go.id%2Fpublication%2F2022%2F02%2F25%2F5979600247867d861a1f334c%2Fprovinsi-dki-jakarta-dalam-angka-2022.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jakarta2021-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jakarta2021_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jakarta2021_153-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadan_Pusat_Statistik_Jawa_Timur2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Statistics_Indonesia" title="Statistics Indonesia">Badan Pusat Statistik Jawa Timur</a> (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jakarta.bps.go.id/publication/2022/02/25/5979600247867d861a1f334c/provinsi-dki-jakarta-dalam-angka-2022.html">Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Kabupaten/kota di DKI Jakarta 2019–2021</a>. Jakarta: Badan Pusat Statistik.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Produk+Domestik+Regional+Bruto+Kabupaten%2Fkota+di+DKI+Jakarta+2019%E2%80%932021&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Badan+Pusat+Statistik&rft.date=2022&rft.au=Badan+Pusat+Statistik+Jawa+Timur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjakarta.bps.go.id%2Fpublication%2F2022%2F02%2F25%2F5979600247867d861a1f334c%2Fprovinsi-dki-jakarta-dalam-angka-2022.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ceoworld.biz/2020/02/13/most-economically-influential-cities-in-the-world-2020/">"Most economically influential cities in the world, 2020"</a>. CEO World. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200217085537/https://ceoworld.biz/2020/02/13/most-economically-influential-cities-in-the-world-2020/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 6 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CEO+World&rft.atitle=Most+economically+influential+cities+in+the+world%2C+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fceoworld.biz%2F2020%2F02%2F13%2Fmost-economically-influential-cities-in-the-world-2020%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Shenzhen-and-Jakarta-shine-in-city-economy-forecasts-for-2030">"Shenzhen and Jakarta shine in city economy forecasts for 2030"</a>. Nikkei Asian Review. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181206073115/https://asia.nikkei.com/Economy/Shenzhen-and-Jakarta-shine-in-city-economy-forecasts-for-2030">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2018. Retrieved 6 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nikkei+Asian+Review&rft.atitle=Shenzhen+and+Jakarta+shine+in+city+economy+forecasts+for+2030&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia.nikkei.com%2FEconomy%2FShenzhen-and-Jakarta-shine-in-city-economy-forecasts-for-2030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIswara2019" class="citation news cs1">Iswara, Made Anthony (27 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/06/27/jakarta-makes-top-20-for-resilient-cities-in-global-real-estate-index.html">"Jakarta makes top 20 for resilient cities in global real estate index"</a>. The Jakarta Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703115244/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/06/27/jakarta-makes-top-20-for-resilient-cities-in-global-real-estate-index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2019. Retrieved 3 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Jakarta+makes+top+20+for+resilient+cities+in+global+real+estate+index&rft.date=2019-06-27&rft.aulast=Iswara&rft.aufirst=Made+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F06%2F27%2Fjakarta-makes-top-20-for-resilient-cities-in-global-real-estate-index.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://properti.kompas.com/read/2019/07/03/120000721/2028-jakarta-diperkirakan-masuk-daftar-kota-tangguh-dunia">"2028, Jakarta Diperkirakan Masuk Daftar Kota Tangguh Dunia"</a>. Kompas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703064708/https://properti.kompas.com/read/2019/07/03/120000721/2028-jakarta-diperkirakan-masuk-daftar-kota-tangguh-dunia">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2019. Retrieved 3 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kompas&rft.atitle=2028%2C+Jakarta+Diperkirakan+Masuk+Daftar+Kota+Tangguh+Dunia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fproperti.kompas.com%2Fread%2F2019%2F07%2F03%2F120000721%2F2028-jakarta-diperkirakan-masuk-daftar-kota-tangguh-dunia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.tempo.co/read/news/2017/05/29/056879582/Six-Indonesian-Companies-Make-Forbes-Global-2000-List">"Six Indonesian Companies Make Forbes Global 2000 List"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180908110023/https://en.tempo.co/read/news/2017/05/29/056879582/Six-Indonesian-Companies-Make-Forbes-Global-2000-List">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Six+Indonesian+Companies+Make+Forbes+Global+2000+List&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.tempo.co%2Fread%2Fnews%2F2017%2F05%2F29%2F056879582%2FSix-Indonesian-Companies-Make-Forbes-Global-2000-List&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fortune.com/global500/list">"Fortune 500"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630134150/http://fortune.com/global500/list">Archived</a> from the original on 30 June 2019. Retrieved 30 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fortune+500&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffortune.com%2Fglobal500%2Flist&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-indonesia-startups/indonesia-expects-to-have-more-than-5-unicorns-by-2019-minister-idUSKCN1G310J">"Indonesia expects to have more than 5 unicorns by 2019: minister"</a>. Reuters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190519074340/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-indonesia-startups/indonesia-expects-to-have-more-than-5-unicorns-by-2019-minister-idUSKCN1G310J">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2019. Retrieved 22 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Indonesia+expects+to+have+more+than+5+unicorns+by+2019%3A+minister&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-indonesia-startups%2Findonesia-expects-to-have-more-than-5-unicorns-by-2019-minister-idUSKCN1G310J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/06/24/google-launches-first-cloud-region-in-indonesia.html">"Google launches first Cloud region in Indonesia"</a>. The Jakarta Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200625115356/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/06/24/google-launches-first-cloud-region-in-indonesia.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Google+launches+first+Cloud+region+in+Indonesia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F06%2F24%2Fgoogle-launches-first-cloud-region-in-indonesia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/02/06/jakarta-economy-grows-6-22-in-2017.html">"Jakarta economy grows 6.22% in 2017"</a>. The Jakarta Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180626192518/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/02/06/jakarta-economy-grows-6-22-in-2017.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2018. Retrieved 26 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Jakarta+economy+grows+6.22%25+in+2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2018%2F02%2F06%2Fjakarta-economy-grows-6-22-in-2017.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economy.okezone.com/read/2018/02/02/320/1853947/realisasi-investasi-di-dki-jakarta-2017-capai-rp108-6-triliun">"Realisasi Investasi di DKI Jakarta 2017 Capai Rp108,6 Triliun"</a>. OKEZONE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180626192259/https://economy.okezone.com/read/2018/02/02/320/1853947/realisasi-investasi-di-dki-jakarta-2017-capai-rp108-6-triliun">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2018. Retrieved 26 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=OKEZONE&rft.atitle=Realisasi+Investasi+di+DKI+Jakarta+2017+Capai+Rp108%2C6+Triliun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomy.okezone.com%2Fread%2F2018%2F02%2F02%2F320%2F1853947%2Frealisasi-investasi-di-dki-jakarta-2017-capai-rp108-6-triliun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilda_B_Alexander2015" class="citation web cs1">Hilda B Alexander (19 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://properti.kompas.com/read/2015/03/19/110000721/18.Konglomerat.Indonesia.Tinggal.di.Jakarta">"18 Konglomerat Indonesia Tinggal di Jakarta"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161015115143/http://properti.kompas.com/read/2015/03/19/110000721/18.Konglomerat.Indonesia.Tinggal.di.Jakarta">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2016. Retrieved 1 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=18+Konglomerat+Indonesia+Tinggal+di+Jakarta&rft.date=2015-03-19&rft.au=Hilda+B+Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fproperti.kompas.com%2Fread%2F2015%2F03%2F19%2F110000721%2F18.Konglomerat.Indonesia.Tinggal.di.Jakarta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mercer.com/newsroom/cost-of-living-2017.html">"Mercer's annual Cost of Living Survey finds African, Asian, and European cities dominate the list of most expensive locations for working abroad"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180113110140/https://www.mercer.com/newsroom/cost-of-living-2017.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2018. Retrieved 21 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mercer%27s+annual+Cost+of+Living+Survey+finds+African%2C+Asian%2C+and+European+cities+dominate+the+list+of+most+expensive+locations+for+working+abroad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mercer.com%2Fnewsroom%2Fcost-of-living-2017.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/">"Britannica"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180803224535/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Steve-Biko">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2018. Retrieved 29 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGantan2014" class="citation news cs1">Gantan, Josua (1 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/jakarta/jakarta-the-luxury-property-capital-of-the-world/">"Jakarta: The Luxury Property Capital of the World – The Jakarta Globe"</a>. Jakarta Globe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141101075747/http://www.thejakartaglobe.com/news/jakarta/jakarta-the-luxury-property-capital-of-the-world/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2014. Retrieved 27 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jakarta+Globe&rft.atitle=Jakarta%3A+The+Luxury+Property+Capital+of+the+World+%E2%80%93+The+Jakarta+Globe&rft.date=2014-11-01&rft.aulast=Gantan&rft.aufirst=Josua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartaglobe.com%2Fnews%2Fjakarta%2Fjakarta-the-luxury-property-capital-of-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2015/10/22/14262611/.Jakarta.Kota.dengan.Lahan.Mal.Terluas.di.Dunia">"Jakarta, Kota dengan Lahan Mal Terluas di Dunia"</a>. 22 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161227202504/http://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2015/10/22/14262611/.Jakarta.Kota.dengan.Lahan.Mal.Terluas.di.Dunia.">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2016. Retrieved 22 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jakarta%2C+Kota+dengan+Lahan+Mal+Terluas+di+Dunia&rft.date=2015-10-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmegapolitan.kompas.com%2Fread%2F2015%2F10%2F22%2F14262611%2F.Jakarta.Kota.dengan.Lahan.Mal.Terluas.di.Dunia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/10/31/jakarta-a-city-with-many-shopping-centers.html">"Jakarta, a city with many shopping centres"</a>. The Jakarta Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170815110234/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/10/31/jakarta-a-city-with-many-shopping-centers.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2017. Retrieved 15 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Jakarta%2C+a+city+with+many+shopping+centres&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2014%2F10%2F31%2Fjakarta-a-city-with-many-shopping-centers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.expat.or.id/info/jakartamallsshoppingcenters.html">"Jakarta Malls and Shopping Centers – luxury shopping in Jakarta, Indonesia"</a>. Expat.or.id. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100728232215/http://www.expat.or.id/info/jakartamallsshoppingcenters.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 July 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jakarta+Malls+and+Shopping+Centers+%E2%80%93+luxury+shopping+in+Jakarta%2C+Indonesia&rft.pub=Expat.or.id&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.expat.or.id%2Finfo%2Fjakartamallsshoppingcenters.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170612071803/http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=196805&p=internationalfranchisestores">"International Franchise Stores"</a>. Debenhams plc. 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=196805&p=internationalfranchisestores">the original</a> on 12 June 2017. Retrieved 4 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Franchise+Stores&rft.pub=Debenhams+plc&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphx.corporate-ir.net%2Fphoenix.zhtml%3Fc%3D196805%26p%3Dinternationalfranchisestores&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sogo.co.id/stores/">"SOGO"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150723124127/http://sogo.co.id/stores/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2015. Retrieved 23 July 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SOGO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsogo.co.id%2Fstores%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://properti.kompas.com/read/2009/03/20/06102484/Jalan.Satrio.Dijadikan.Shopping.Belt.Jakarta/">"Jalan Satrio Dijadikan "Shopping Belt" Jakarta"</a>. kompas.com. 20 June 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130620124625/http://properti.kompas.com/read/2009/03/20/06102484/Jalan.Satrio.Dijadikan.Shopping.Belt.Jakarta">Archived</a> from the original on 20 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kompas.com&rft.atitle=Jalan+Satrio+Dijadikan+%22Shopping+Belt%22+Jakarta&rft.date=2013-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fproperti.kompas.com%2Fread%2F2009%2F03%2F20%2F06102484%2FJalan.Satrio.Dijadikan.Shopping.Belt.Jakarta%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/07/20/special-transjakarta-buses-to-serve-city-shoppers.html">"Special Transjakarta buses to serve city shoppers"</a>. The Jakarta Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180720094238/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/07/20/special-transjakarta-buses-to-serve-city-shoppers.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2018. Retrieved 20 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Special+Transjakarta+buses+to+serve+city+shoppers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2018%2F07%2F20%2Fspecial-transjakarta-buses-to-serve-city-shoppers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2017/08/04/jakarta-named-the-most-popular-location-tag-on-instagram-stories.html">"Jakarta named the most popular location tag on Instagram Stories"</a>. The Jakarta Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171212193545/http://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2017/08/04/jakarta-named-the-most-popular-location-tag-on-instagram-stories.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Jakarta+named+the+most+popular+location+tag+on+Instagram+Stories&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Flife%2F2017%2F08%2F04%2Fjakarta-named-the-most-popular-location-tag-on-instagram-stories.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2017/12/04/jakarta-among-top-10-cities-on-instagram.html">"Jakarta among top 10 cities on Instagram"</a>. The Jakarta Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171212193427/http://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2017/12/04/jakarta-among-top-10-cities-on-instagram.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Jakarta+among+top+10+cities+on+Instagram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Ftravel%2F2017%2F12%2F04%2Fjakarta-among-top-10-cities-on-instagram.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/09/27/jakarta-in-big-five-worlds-fastest-growing-destinations.html">"Jakarta in big five world's fastest growing destinations"</a>. The Jakarta Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170927094749/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/09/27/jakarta-in-big-five-worlds-fastest-growing-destinations.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2017. Retrieved 27 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Jakarta+in+big+five+world%27s+fastest+growing+destinations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2017%2F09%2F27%2Fjakarta-in-big-five-worlds-fastest-growing-destinations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2017/10/26/jakarta-among-10-fastest-growing-tourist-cities-in-the-world.html">"Jakarta among 10 fastest growing tourist cities in the world"</a>. The Jakarta Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181209124752/http://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2017/10/26/jakarta-among-10-fastest-growing-tourist-cities-in-the-world.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2018. Retrieved 7 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Jakarta+among+10+fastest+growing+tourist+cities+in+the+world&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Ftravel%2F2017%2F10%2F26%2Fjakarta-among-10-fastest-growing-tourist-cities-in-the-world.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2019/07/08/jakarta-likely-to-see-tourist-influx-in-2027-study-says.html">"Jakarta likely to see tourist influx in 2027, study says"</a>. The Jakarta Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190708072700/https://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2019/07/08/jakarta-likely-to-see-tourist-influx-in-2027-study-says.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Jakarta+likely+to+see+tourist+influx+in+2027%2C+study+says&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Ftravel%2F2019%2F07%2F08%2Fjakarta-likely-to-see-tourist-influx-in-2027-study-says.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://go.euromonitor.com/rs/805-KOK-719/images/Euromonitor%20International_WTM%20London%202017_Top%20100%20City%20Destinations.pdf">"Euromonitor International's Top 100 City Destinations Ranking"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180412023032/http://go.euromonitor.com/rs/805-KOK-719/images/Euromonitor%20International_WTM%20London%202017_Top%20100%20City%20Destinations.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 12 April 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Euromonitor+International%27s+Top+100+City+Destinations+Ranking&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgo.euromonitor.com%2Frs%2F805-KOK-719%2Fimages%2FEuromonitor%2520International_WTM%2520London%25202017_Top%2520100%2520City%2520Destinations.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indonesiaexpat.id/news/jakartas-statistics-bureau-reports-an-increase-in-overseas-tourists-in-2023/">"Jakarta's Statistics Bureau Reports an Increase in Overseas Tourists in 2023"</a>. Indonesia Expat. Retrieved 25 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indonesia+Expat&rft.atitle=Jakarta%27s+Statistics+Bureau+Reports+an+Increase+in+Overseas+Tourists+in+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findonesiaexpat.id%2Fnews%2Fjakartas-statistics-bureau-reports-an-increase-in-overseas-tourists-in-2023%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2017/05/06/jakarta-preps-mice-tourism-to-lure-more-tourists.html">"Jakarta preps MICE tourism to lure more tourists"</a>. The Jakarta Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170610052514/http://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2017/05/06/jakarta-preps-mice-tourism-to-lure-more-tourists.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Jakarta+preps+MICE+tourism+to+lure+more+tourists&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Ftravel%2F2017%2F05%2F06%2Fjakarta-preps-mice-tourism-to-lure-more-tourists.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2017/04/29/ministry-holds-national-convention-to-develop-mice-tourism.html">"Ministry holds national convention to develop MICE tourism"</a>. The Jakarta Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170802131043/http://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2017/04/29/ministry-holds-national-convention-to-develop-mice-tourism.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2017. Retrieved 16 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Ministry+holds+national+convention+to+develop+MICE+tourism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Ftravel%2F2017%2F04%2F29%2Fministry-holds-national-convention-to-develop-mice-tourism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/08/23/lebaran-betawi-an-event-maintain-bonds-and-traditions.html">"Lebaran Betawi: An event to maintain bonds and traditions"</a>. The Jakarta Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190727113539/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/08/23/lebaran-betawi-an-event-maintain-bonds-and-traditions.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Lebaran+Betawi%3A+An+event+to+maintain+bonds+and+traditions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F08%2F23%2Flebaran-betawi-an-event-maintain-bonds-and-traditions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2019/07/27/16343861/festival-condet-2019-upaya-untuk-lestarikan-budaya-betawi">"Festival Condet 2019, Upaya untuk Lestarikan Budaya Betawi"</a>. Kompas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190727111921/https://megapolitan.kompas.com/read/2019/07/27/16343861/festival-condet-2019-upaya-untuk-lestarikan-budaya-betawi">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kompas&rft.atitle=Festival+Condet+2019%2C+Upaya+untuk+Lestarikan+Budaya+Betawi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmegapolitan.kompas.com%2Fread%2F2019%2F07%2F27%2F16343861%2Ffestival-condet-2019-upaya-untuk-lestarikan-budaya-betawi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKn%C3%B6rr2007">Knörr 2007</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanjung" class="citation news cs1">Tanjung, Intan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2016/07/23/where-to-go-for-a-drink-and-to-dress-up-to-impress.html">"Where to go for a drink and to dress up to impress"</a>. The Jakarta Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171210180351/http://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2016/07/23/where-to-go-for-a-drink-and-to-dress-up-to-impress.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Where+to+go+for+a+drink+and+to+dress+up+to+impress&rft.aulast=Tanjung&rft.aufirst=Intan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Flife%2F2016%2F07%2F23%2Fwhere-to-go-for-a-drink-and-to-dress-up-to-impress.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker" class="citation news cs1">Parker, Simon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/indonesia/jakarta/articles/36-hours-in-jakarta/">"36 Hours in... Jakarta"</a>. The Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171207164631/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/asia/indonesia/jakarta/articles/36-hours-in-jakarta/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=36+Hours+in...+Jakarta&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftravel%2Fdestinations%2Fasia%2Findonesia%2Fjakarta%2Farticles%2F36-hours-in-jakarta%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWira" class="citation news cs1">Wira, Simon Ni Nyoman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2017/04/13/jakpost-guide-to-jl-sabang.html">"Jakpost guide to Jl. Sabang"</a>. The Jakarta Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809172452/http://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2017/04/13/jakpost-guide-to-jl-sabang.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Jakpost+guide+to+Jl.+Sabang&rft.aulast=Wira&rft.aufirst=Simon+Ni+Nyoman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Ftravel%2F2017%2F04%2F13%2Fjakpost-guide-to-jl-sabang.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSymington" class="citation news cs1">Symington, Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/asia/jakarta-travel-tips-where-to-go-and-what-to-see-in-48-hours-9757018.html">"Jakarta Travel Tips: Where to go and what to do in 48 hours"</a>. The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180423232525/https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/asia/jakarta-travel-tips-where-to-go-and-what-to-see-in-48-hours-9757018.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2018. Retrieved 23 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Jakarta+Travel+Tips%3A+Where+to+go+and+what+to+do+in+48+hours&rft.aulast=Symington&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Ftravel%2Fasia%2Fjakarta-travel-tips-where-to-go-and-what-to-see-in-48-hours-9757018.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2016/06/24/the-legendary-eateries-you-must-visit-in-blok-m.html">"The legendary eateries you must visit in Blok M"</a>. The Jakarta Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809211115/http://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2016/06/24/the-legendary-eateries-you-must-visit-in-blok-m.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=The+legendary+eateries+you+must+visit+in+Blok+M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Flife%2F2016%2F06%2F24%2Fthe-legendary-eateries-you-must-visit-in-blok-m.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2016/12/20/7-tantalizing-eateries-in-tebet.html">"7 tantalizing eateries in Tebet"</a>. The Jakarta Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809214024/http://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2016/12/20/7-tantalizing-eateries-in-tebet.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=7+tantalizing+eateries+in+Tebet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Flife%2F2016%2F12%2F20%2F7-tantalizing-eateries-in-tebet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://food.detik.com/info-kuliner/d-5747634/kramat-raya-surga-nasi-kapau-di-jakarta-yang-ikonik">Kramat Raya, "Surga" Nasi Kapau di Jakarta yang Ikonik</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFigge" class="citation news cs1">Figge, Katrin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jakartaglobe.id/archive/a-trip-to-melawais-little-tokyo-in-jakarta/">"A Trip to Melawai's Little Tokyo in Jakarta"</a>. Jakarta Globe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170812140556/http://jakartaglobe.id/archive/a-trip-to-melawais-little-tokyo-in-jakarta/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2017. Retrieved 10 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jakarta+Globe&rft.atitle=A+Trip+to+Melawai%27s+Little+Tokyo+in+Jakarta&rft.aulast=Figge&rft.aufirst=Katrin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjakartaglobe.id%2Farchive%2Fa-trip-to-melawais-little-tokyo-in-jakarta%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2017/07/30/jakpost-guide-to-jl-kemang-raya-part-1.html">"JakPost guide to Jl. Kemang Raya: Part 1"</a>. The Jakarta Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170803020029/http://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2017/07/30/jakpost-guide-to-jl-kemang-raya-part-1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=JakPost+guide+to+Jl.+Kemang+Raya%3A+Part+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Ftravel%2F2017%2F07%2F30%2Fjakpost-guide-to-jl-kemang-raya-part-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJatmiko" class="citation news cs1">Jatmiko, Bambang Priyo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ekonomi.kompas.com/read/2015/05/06/054500826/Fenomena.Bisnis.Kuliner.di.Jalan.Senopati.Jakarta">"Fenomena Bisnis Kuliner di Jalan Senopati Jakarta"</a>. Kompas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809174104/http://ekonomi.kompas.com/read/2015/05/06/054500826/Fenomena.Bisnis.Kuliner.di.Jalan.Senopati.Jakarta">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kompas&rft.atitle=Fenomena+Bisnis+Kuliner+di+Jalan+Senopati+Jakarta&rft.aulast=Jatmiko&rft.aufirst=Bambang+Priyo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fekonomi.kompas.com%2Fread%2F2015%2F05%2F06%2F054500826%2FFenomena.Bisnis.Kuliner.di.Jalan.Senopati.Jakarta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValentina" class="citation news cs1">Valentina, Jessicha. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2017/07/07/jakpost-guide-to-pantai-indah-kapuk.html">"Jakpost guide to Pantai Indah Kapuk"</a>. The Jakarta Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170806143921/http://www.thejakartapost.com/travel/2017/07/07/jakpost-guide-to-pantai-indah-kapuk.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2017. Retrieved 9 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Jakpost+guide+to+Pantai+Indah+Kapuk&rft.aulast=Valentina&rft.aufirst=Jessicha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Ftravel%2F2017%2F07%2F07%2Fjakpost-guide-to-pantai-indah-kapuk.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrakoso2015" class="citation web cs1">Prakoso, Johanes Randy (29 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://travel.detik.com/read/2015/06/29/140837/2955101/1519/lenggang-jakarta-tempat-nongkrong-baru-di-monas">"Lenggang Jakarta, Tempat Nongkrong Baru di Monas"</a>. detik.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160724070751/http://travel.detik.com/read/2015/06/29/140837/2955101/1519/lenggang-jakarta-tempat-nongkrong-baru-di-monas">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=detik.com&rft.atitle=Lenggang+Jakarta%2C+Tempat+Nongkrong+Baru+di+Monas&rft.date=2015-06-29&rft.aulast=Prakoso&rft.aufirst=Johanes+Randy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftravel.detik.com%2Fread%2F2015%2F06%2F29%2F140837%2F2955101%2F1519%2Flenggang-jakarta-tempat-nongkrong-baru-di-monas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wartakota.tribunnews.com/2016/12/29/lenggang-jakarta-kemayoran-resmi-dibuka-kawasan-sentra-kuliner-baru-di-pusat-ibu-kota">"Lenggang Jakarta Kemayoran Resmi Dibuka, Kawasan Sentra Kuliner Baru di Pusat Ibu Kota"</a>. Tribnnews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107024421/http://wartakota.tribunnews.com/2016/12/29/lenggang-jakarta-kemayoran-resmi-dibuka-kawasan-sentra-kuliner-baru-di-pusat-ibu-kota">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 2 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tribnnews&rft.atitle=Lenggang+Jakarta+Kemayoran+Resmi+Dibuka%2C+Kawasan+Sentra+Kuliner+Baru+di+Pusat+Ibu+Kota&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwartakota.tribunnews.com%2F2016%2F12%2F29%2Flenggang-jakarta-kemayoran-resmi-dibuka-kawasan-sentra-kuliner-baru-di-pusat-ibu-kota&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2020/02/01/better-space-for-cheap-food.html">"Better space for cheap food"</a>. The Jakarta Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200424145439/https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2020/02/01/better-space-for-cheap-food.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2020. Retrieved 8 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Better+space+for+cheap+food&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Facademia%2F2020%2F02%2F01%2Fbetter-space-for-cheap-food.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Life-Arts/Life/Superhot-fried-chicken-eats-into-KFC-s-dominance-in-Indonesia">"Superhot fried chicken eats into KFC's dominance in Indonesia"</a>. Nikkei Asian Review. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180523105332/https://asia.nikkei.com/Life-Arts/Life/Superhot-fried-chicken-eats-into-KFC-s-dominance-in-Indonesia">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2018. Retrieved 23 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nikkei+Asian+Review&rft.atitle=Superhot+fried+chicken+eats+into+KFC%27s+dominance+in+Indonesia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia.nikkei.com%2FLife-Arts%2FLife%2FSuperhot-fried-chicken-eats-into-KFC-s-dominance-in-Indonesia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHanna1962193–203-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHanna1962193%E2%80%93203_202-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHanna1962">Hanna 1962</a>, pp. 193–203. </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141005210655/http://www.ocasia.org/game/GameParticular.aspx?9QoyD9QEWPeFpHpEhgXsDA==">"Olympic Council of Asia: Games"</a>. Ocasia.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ocasia.org/Game/GameParticular.aspx?9QoyD9QEWPeFpHpEhgXsDA==">the original</a> on 5 October 2014. Retrieved 27 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Olympic+Council+of+Asia%3A+Games&rft.pub=Ocasia.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ocasia.org%2FGame%2FGameParticular.aspx%3F9QoyD9QEWPeFpHpEhgXsDA%3D%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reservation.gbk.id/venue/id_stadion-utama-gelora-bung-karno">"Stadion Utama Gelora Bung Karno"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181003181809/https://reservation.gbk.id/venue/id_stadion-utama-gelora-bung-karno">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 10 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stadion+Utama+Gelora+Bung+Karno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freservation.gbk.id%2Fvenue%2Fid_stadion-utama-gelora-bung-karno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090723093055/http://www.the-afc.com/en/previous-competitions/afc-asian-cup-2007/afc-asian-cup-2007-hosts">"Asian Cup 2007 Host nations"</a>. 11 September 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-afc.com/en/previous-competitions/afc-asian-cup-2007/afc-asian-cup-2007-hosts">the original</a> on 23 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Asian+Cup+2007+Host+nations&rft.date=2007-09-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.the-afc.com%2Fen%2Fprevious-competitions%2Fafc-asian-cup-2007%2Fafc-asian-cup-2007-hosts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fussballtempel.net/afc/IDN.html">"Football stadiums of the world – Stadiums in Indonesia"</a>. Fussballtempel.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100513032836/http://www.fussballtempel.net/afc/IDN.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Football+stadiums+of+the+world+%E2%80%93+Stadiums+in+Indonesia&rft.pub=Fussballtempel.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fussballtempel.net%2Fafc%2FIDN.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nysnmedia.com/lintasan-sudah-90-persen-rampung-timnas-sepeda-jajal-venue-velodrome-awal-mei/">"Lintasan Sudah 90 Persen Rampung, Timnas Sepeda Jajal Venue Velodrome Awal Mei"</a>. NYSN Media. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615111614/http://nysnmedia.com/lintasan-sudah-90-persen-rampung-timnas-sepeda-jajal-venue-velodrome-awal-mei/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 5 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Lintasan+Sudah+90+Persen+Rampung%2C+Timnas+Sepeda+Jajal+Venue+Velodrome+Awal+Mei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnysnmedia.com%2Flintasan-sudah-90-persen-rampung-timnas-sepeda-jajal-venue-velodrome-awal-mei%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beritasatu.com/jakarta/448378-equestrian-park-pulomas-ditargetkan-rampung-november-2017.html">"Equestrian Park Pulomas Ditargetkan Rampung November 2017"</a>. Berita Satu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180701030446/http://www.beritasatu.com/jakarta/448378-equestrian-park-pulomas-ditargetkan-rampung-november-2017.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2018. Retrieved 6 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Berita+Satu&rft.atitle=Equestrian+Park+Pulomas+Ditargetkan+Rampung+November+2017&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beritasatu.com%2Fjakarta%2F448378-equestrian-park-pulomas-ditargetkan-rampung-november-2017.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/06/25/carfree-day-reduces-air-pollution-tests.html">"Car-Free Day reduces air pollution: Tests"</a>. 25 June 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607063052/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/06/25/carfree-day-reduces-air-pollution-tests.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 26 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Car-Free+Day+reduces+air+pollution%3A+Tests&rft.date=2008-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2008%2F06%2F25%2Fcarfree-day-reduces-air-pollution-tests.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/10/23/thousands-runners-join-jakarta-marathon-2015-sunday.html">"Thousands of runners to join Jakarta Marathon 2015 on Sunday"</a>. The Jakarta Post. 23 October 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151119142554/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2015/10/23/thousands-runners-join-jakarta-marathon-2015-sunday.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Thousands+of+runners+to+join+Jakarta+Marathon+2015+on+Sunday&rft.date=2015-10-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2015%2F10%2F23%2Fthousands-runners-join-jakarta-marathon-2015-sunday.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151119131110/http://www.globalindonesianvoices.com/22647/here-are-the-new-routes-for-jakarta-marathon-2015/">"Here are the New Routes for Jakarta Marathon 2015 | GIVnews.com – Indonesian Perspective to Global Audience"</a>. Globalindonesianvoices.com. 26 September 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalindonesianvoices.com/22647/here-are-the-new-routes-for-jakarta-marathon-2015/">the original</a> on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Here+are+the+New+Routes+for+Jakarta+Marathon+2015+%26%23124%3B+GIVnews.com+%E2%80%93+Indonesian+Perspective+to+Global+Audience&rft.pub=Globalindonesianvoices.com&rft.date=2015-09-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalindonesianvoices.com%2F22647%2Fhere-are-the-new-routes-for-jakarta-marathon-2015%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151119080400/http://indonesia.travel/en/event/detail/867/jakarta-marathon-2014-indonesia-s-biggest-running-event">"Wonderful Indonesia – Jakarta Marathon 2014 : Indonesia's Biggest Running Event"</a>. Indonesia.travel. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indonesia.travel/en/event/detail/867/jakarta-marathon-2014-indonesia-s-biggest-running-event">the original</a> on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wonderful+Indonesia+%E2%80%93+Jakarta+Marathon+2014+%3A+Indonesia%27s+Biggest+Running+Event&rft.pub=Indonesia.travel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findonesia.travel%2Fen%2Fevent%2Fdetail%2F867%2Fjakarta-marathon-2014-indonesia-s-biggest-running-event&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aimsworldrunning.org/Calendar.htm">"AIMS – Calendar of Races"</a>. Aimsworldrunning.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151110072644/http://aimsworldrunning.org/Calendar.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=AIMS+%E2%80%93+Calendar+of+Races&rft.pub=Aimsworldrunning.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faimsworldrunning.org%2FCalendar.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.tempo.co/read/news/2013/10/28/057525201/IAAF-Approves-Jakarta-Marathons-Route">"IAAF Approves Jakarta Marathon's Route | Metro | Tempo.Co :: Indonesian News Portal"</a>. En.tempo.co. 28 October 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151119080604/http://en.tempo.co/read/news/2013/10/28/057525201/IAAF-Approves-Jakarta-Marathons-Route">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2015. Retrieved 19 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IAAF+Approves+Jakarta+Marathon%27s+Route+%26%23124%3B+Metro+%26%23124%3B+Tempo.Co+%3A%3A+Indonesian+News+Portal&rft.pub=En.tempo.co&rft.date=2013-10-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.tempo.co%2Fread%2Fnews%2F2013%2F10%2F28%2F057525201%2FIAAF-Approves-Jakarta-Marathons-Route&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5936626/sirkuit-formula-e-di-ancol-mulai-dibangun">"Sirkuit Formula E di Ancol Mulai Dibangun"</a>. Detik.com. 10 February 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220409032532/https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5936626/sirkuit-formula-e-di-ancol-mulai-dibangun">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Detik.com&rft.atitle=Sirkuit+Formula+E+di+Ancol+Mulai+Dibangun&rft.date=2022-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.detik.com%2Fberita%2Fd-5936626%2Fsirkuit-formula-e-di-ancol-mulai-dibangun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120701193202/http://www.tvdigital.kominfo.go.id/berita/2-siaran-tv-digital.html">"TV Digital Indonesia – Siaran TV Digital"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tvdigital.kominfo.go.id/berita/2-siaran-tv-digital.html">the original</a> on 1 July 2012. Retrieved 7 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TV+Digital+Indonesia+%E2%80%93+Siaran+TV+Digital&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tvdigital.kominfo.go.id%2Fberita%2F2-siaran-tv-digital.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.detik.com/berita/2582777/ini-21-caleg-dpr-yang-terpilih-dari-dki-jakarta">"Ini 21 Caleg DPR yang Terpilih dari DKI Jakarta"</a>. detik.com (in Indonesian). 14 May 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180814103209/https://news.detik.com/berita/2582777/ini-21-caleg-dpr-yang-terpilih-dari-dki-jakarta">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2018. Retrieved 14 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=detik.com&rft.atitle=Ini+21+Caleg+DPR+yang+Terpilih+dari+DKI+Jakarta&rft.date=2014-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.detik.com%2Fberita%2F2582777%2Fini-21-caleg-dpr-yang-terpilih-dari-dki-jakarta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/01/14/four-years-on-ahoks-smart-city-legacy-lives-on.html">"Four years on, Ahok's 'Smart City' legacy lives on"</a>. The Jakarta Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190114153327/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2019/01/14/four-years-on-ahoks-smart-city-legacy-lives-on.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Four+years+on%2C+Ahok%27s+%27Smart+City%27+legacy+lives+on&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F01%2F14%2Ffour-years-on-ahoks-smart-city-legacy-lives-on.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> 'Taxpayer money for the city', The Jakarta Post, 16 July 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDewi2013" class="citation news cs1">Dewi, Sita W. (9 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/12/09/jokowi-spends-less-provides-more-foke-say-observers.html">"Jokowi spends less, provides more than Foke, say observers"</a>. The Jakarta Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028233100/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/12/09/jokowi-spends-less-provides-more-foke-say-observers.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 19 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Jokowi+spends+less%2C+provides+more+than+Foke%2C+say+observers&rft.date=2013-12-09&rft.aulast=Dewi&rft.aufirst=Sita+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2013%2F12%2F09%2Fjokowi-spends-less-provides-more-foke-say-observers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/01/29/editorial-regional-budgets-underspent.html">"Editorial: Regional budgets underspent"</a>. The Jakarta Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161010174954/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/01/29/editorial-regional-budgets-underspent.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Editorial%3A+Regional+budgets+underspent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2016%2F01%2F29%2Feditorial-regional-budgets-underspent.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDewi2013" class="citation news cs1">Dewi, Sita W. (29 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/01/29/council-approves-city-budget-2013-higher-proposed.html">"Council approves city budget for 2013, higher than proposed"</a>. The Jakarta Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028233059/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/01/29/council-approves-city-budget-2013-higher-proposed.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Council+approves+city+budget+for+2013%2C+higher+than+proposed&rft.date=2013-01-29&rft.aulast=Dewi&rft.aufirst=Sita+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2013%2F01%2F29%2Fcouncil-approves-city-budget-2013-higher-proposed.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/11/28/2019-draft-city-budget-to-be-set-at-rp-89-trillion.html">"2019 draft city budget to be set at Rp 89 trillion"</a>. The Jakarta Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190817150214/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/11/28/2019-draft-city-budget-to-be-set-at-rp-89-trillion.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2019. Retrieved 17 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=2019+draft+city+budget+to+be+set+at+Rp+89+trillion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2018%2F11%2F28%2F2019-draft-city-budget-to-be-set-at-rp-89-trillion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.tempo.co/read/1236195/jakarta-proposes-rp95-trillion-regional-budget-plan-for-2020?">"Jakarta Proposes Rp95 Trillion Regional Budget Plan for 2020"</a>. Tempo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190815081524/https://en.tempo.co/read/1236195/jakarta-proposes-rp95-trillion-regional-budget-plan-for-2020">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2019. Retrieved 17 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tempo&rft.atitle=Jakarta+Proposes+Rp95+Trillion+Regional+Budget+Plan+for+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.tempo.co%2Fread%2F1236195%2Fjakarta-proposes-rp95-trillion-regional-budget-plan-for-2020%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/05/13/jakarta-revised-budget-estimated-at-rp-72-trillion.html">"Jakarta revised budget estimated at Rp 72 trillion"</a>. The Jakarta Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190817153243/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2017/05/13/jakarta-revised-budget-estimated-at-rp-72-trillion.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2019. Retrieved 17 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Jakarta+revised+budget+estimated+at+Rp+72+trillion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2017%2F05%2F13%2Fjakarta-revised-budget-estimated-at-rp-72-trillion.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090911220356/http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/jakpus/default.asp">"Central Jakarta Profile"</a>. The City Jakarta Administration. Jakarta.go.id. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/jakpus/default.asp">the original</a> on 11 September 2009. Retrieved 19 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+City+Jakarta+Administration&rft.atitle=Central+Jakarta+Profile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jakarta.go.id%2Fen%2Fpemerintahan%2Fkotamadya%2Fjakpus%2Fdefault.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090911220346/http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/jakbar/default.asp">"West Jakarta Profile"</a>. The City Jakarta Administration. Jakarta.go.id. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/jakbar/default.asp">the original</a> on 11 September 2009. Retrieved 24 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+City+Jakarta+Administration&rft.atitle=West+Jakarta+Profile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jakarta.go.id%2Fen%2Fpemerintahan%2Fkotamadya%2Fjakbar%2Fdefault.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090705203755/http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/jaksel/">"South Jakarta Profile"</a>. The City Jakarta Administration. Jakarta.go.id. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/jaksel/">the original</a> on 5 July 2009. Retrieved 19 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+City+Jakarta+Administration&rft.atitle=South+Jakarta+Profile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jakarta.go.id%2Fen%2Fpemerintahan%2Fkotamadya%2Fjaksel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091014184630/http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/jaktim/default.asp">"East Jakarta Profile"</a>. The City Jakarta Administration. Jakarta.go.id. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/jaktim/default.asp">the original</a> on 14 October 2009. Retrieved 19 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+City+Jakarta+Administration&rft.atitle=East+Jakarta+Profile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jakarta.go.id%2Fen%2Fpemerintahan%2Fkotamadya%2Fjaktim%2Fdefault.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090913084331/http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/jakut/default.asp">"North Jakarta Profile"</a>. The City Jakarta Administration. Jakarta.go.id. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/jakut/default.asp">the original</a> on 13 September 2009. Retrieved 19 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+City+Jakarta+Administration&rft.atitle=North+Jakarta+Profile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jakarta.go.id%2Fen%2Fpemerintahan%2Fkotamadya%2Fjakut%2Fdefault.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090616124511/http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/kepseribu/">""Thousand Island" Profile"</a>. The City Jakarta Administration. Jakarta.go.id. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jakarta.go.id/en/pemerintahan/kotamadya/kepseribu">the original</a> on 16 June 2009. Retrieved 19 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+City+Jakarta+Administration&rft.atitle=%22Thousand+Island%22+Profile&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jakarta.go.id%2Fen%2Fpemerintahan%2Fkotamadya%2Fkepseribu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> Biro Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024-234"><a href="#cite_ref-Badan_Pusat_Statistik_2024_234-0">^</a> Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, Kota Subussalam Dalam Angka 2024 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.1175) </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/26/413/1/-metode-baru-indeks-pembangunan-manusia.html">"Human Development Indices by Province, 2020–2021 (New Method)"</a> (in Indonesian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210127193437/https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/26/413/1/-metode-baru-indeks-pembangunan-manusia.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2021. Retrieved 3 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Indices+by+Province%2C+2020%E2%80%932021+%28New+Method%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bps.go.id%2Findicator%2F26%2F413%2F1%2F-metode-baru-indeks-pembangunan-manusia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> Law No. 7/2017 (UU No. 7 Tahun 2017) as amended by Government Regulation in Lieu of Law No. 1/2022 and Regulation of General Elections Commission No. 6/2023. </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/06/21/capital-or-not-jakarta-looks-toward-urban-regeneration.html">"Capital or not, Jakarta looks toward urban regeneration"</a>. The Jakarta Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200621164407/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/06/21/capital-or-not-jakarta-looks-toward-urban-regeneration.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2020. Retrieved 21 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Capital+or+not%2C+Jakarta+looks+toward+urban+regeneration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F06%2F21%2Fcapital-or-not-jakarta-looks-toward-urban-regeneration.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Transport_in_Jakarta_NYT8413-238"><a href="#cite_ref-Transport_in_Jakarta_NYT8413_238-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoe_Cochrane2013" class="citation news cs1">Joe Cochrane (4 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/05/world/asia/hours-to-go-just-to-get-to-work.html">"Hours to Go, Just to Get to Work: Indonesians Cope With Infuriating Traffic and Inefficient Public Transit"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 5 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hours+to+Go%2C+Just+to+Get+to+Work%3A+Indonesians+Cope+With+Infuriating+Traffic+and+Inefficient+Public+Transit&rft.date=2013-08-04&rft.au=Joe+Cochrane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F08%2F05%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fhours-to-go-just-to-get-to-work.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/10/31/jakarta-wins-global-2021-sustainable-transport-award-for-integrated-public-transportation.html">"Jakarta wins global 2021 Sustainable Transport Award for integrated public transportation"</a>. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 31 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Jakarta+wins+global+2021+Sustainable+Transport+Award+for+integrated+public+transportation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F10%2F31%2Fjakarta-wins-global-2021-sustainable-transport-award-for-integrated-public-transportation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Transport_in_Jakarta_Easts.info-240"><a href="#cite_ref-Transport_in_Jakarta_Easts.info_240-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.easts.info/on-line/proceedings_05/2391.pdf">"Transportation Issues and Future Condition in Tokyo, Jakarta, Manila and Hiroshima"</a> (PDF). Retrieved 11 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transportation+Issues+and+Future+Condition+in+Tokyo%2C+Jakarta%2C+Manila+and+Hiroshima&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.easts.info%2Fon-line%2Fproceedings_05%2F2391.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Transport_in_Jakarta_bisnis.liputan6.com-241"><a href="#cite_ref-Transport_in_Jakarta_bisnis.liputan6.com_241-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bisnis.liputan6.com/read/2687827/pulo-gebang-terminal-terbesar-se-asean-diresmikan-28-desember">"Pulo Gebang, Terminal Terbesar se-ASEAN Diresmikan 28 Desember"</a>. Liputan6. Retrieved 12 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Liputan6&rft.atitle=Pulo+Gebang%2C+Terminal+Terbesar+se-ASEAN+Diresmikan+28+Desember&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbisnis.liputan6.com%2Fread%2F2687827%2Fpulo-gebang-terminal-terbesar-se-asean-diresmikan-28-desember&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurniawan" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kurniawan, Ruly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oto.detik.com/berita/d-3682888/ini-pengganti-metromini-di-jakarta">"Ini Pengganti Metromini di Jakarta"</a>. detikoto (in Indonesian). Retrieved 13 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=detikoto&rft.atitle=Ini+Pengganti+Metromini+di+Jakarta&rft.aulast=Kurniawan&rft.aufirst=Ruly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foto.detik.com%2Fberita%2Fd-3682888%2Fini-pengganti-metromini-di-jakarta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.tempo.co/read/1686084/heru-budi-asks-transjakarta-to-add-more-buses-to-reduce-congestion">"Heru Budi Asks Transjakarta to Add More Buses to Reduce Congestion"</a>. Tempo. Retrieved 1 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tempo&rft.atitle=Heru+Budi+Asks+Transjakarta+to+Add+More+Buses+to+Reduce+Congestion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.tempo.co%2Fread%2F1686084%2Fheru-budi-asks-transjakarta-to-add-more-buses-to-reduce-congestion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2021/06/04/get-ready-for-a-bike-revolution.html">"Get ready for a bike revolution"</a>. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 5 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Get+ready+for+a+bike+revolution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Facademia%2F2021%2F06%2F04%2Fget-ready-for-a-bike-revolution.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.tempo.co/read/1468861/anies-baswedan-suggests-incentives-for-workers-riding-bike-to-work">"Anies Baswedan Suggests Incentives for Workers Riding Bike to Work"</a>. Tempo. Retrieved 5 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tempo&rft.atitle=Anies+Baswedan+Suggests+Incentives+for+Workers+Riding+Bike+to+Work&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.tempo.co%2Fread%2F1468861%2Fanies-baswedan-suggests-incentives-for-workers-riding-bike-to-work&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://metropolitan.inilah.com/read/detail/1805915/pelabuhan-muara-angke-siap-digunakan">"Pelabuhan Muara Angke Siap Digunakan"</a>. Retrieved 13 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pelabuhan+Muara+Angke+Siap+Digunakan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmetropolitan.inilah.com%2Fread%2Fdetail%2F1805915%2Fpelabuhan-muara-angke-siap-digunakan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShenntyara2017" class="citation news cs1">Shenntyara, Mirtha (22 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theaseanpost.com/article/indonesia-asias-maritime-gateway-west">"Indonesia: Asia's maritime gateway to the west"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417190228/https://theaseanpost.com/article/indonesia-asias-maritime-gateway-west">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 21 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Indonesia%3A+Asia%27s+maritime+gateway+to+the+west&rft.date=2017-09-22&rft.aulast=Shenntyara&rft.aufirst=Mirtha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheaseanpost.com%2Farticle%2Findonesia-asias-maritime-gateway-west&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHernig2018">Hernig 2018</a>, p. 112; <a href="#CITEREFHartmannMaennigWang2017">Hartmann, Maennig & Wang 2017</a>, p. 59 </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuniarni" class="citation web cs1">Yuniarni, Sarah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jakartaglobe.id/business/heres-how-indonesia-can-benefit-from-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative">"Here's How Indonesia Can Benefit From China's Belt and Road Initiative"</a>. Jakarta Globe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028233100/https://jakartaglobe.id/business/heres-how-indonesia-can-benefit-from-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jakarta+Globe&rft.atitle=Here%27s+How+Indonesia+Can+Benefit+From+China%27s+Belt+and+Road+Initiative&rft.aulast=Yuniarni&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjakartaglobe.id%2Fbusiness%2Fheres-how-indonesia-can-benefit-from-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCawley2013" class="citation web cs1">McCawley, Tom (November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.development.asia/PDF/issue15/devasia-15-web-4-nov-2013-14-overdue-antidote.pdf">"Overdue Antidote"</a> (PDF). Asian Development Bank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131224102842/http://www.development.asia/PDF/issue15/devasia-15-web-4-nov-2013-14-overdue-antidote.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Overdue+Antidote&rft.pub=Asian+Development+Bank&rft.date=2013-11&rft.aulast=McCawley&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.development.asia%2FPDF%2Fissue15%2Fdevasia-15-web-4-nov-2013-14-overdue-antidote.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBritnell201547-251"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBritnell201547_251-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBritnell2015">Britnell 2015</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bpjs-kesehatan.go.id/bpjs/index.php/post/read/2016/424/Jakarta-Provincial-Government-Experience-4th-Year-Program-to-Integrate-KJS-JKN-KIS">"Pemprov DKI Jakarta Masuki Tahun ke-4 Integrasikan KJS ke Program JKN-KIS"</a> (in Indonesian). <a href="/wiki/BPJS_Kesehatan" title="BPJS Kesehatan">BPJS Kesehatan</a>. 29 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220118172826/https://www.bpjs-kesehatan.go.id/bpjs/index.php/post/read/2016/424/Jakarta-Provincial-Government-Experience-4th-Year-Program-to-Integrate-KJS-JKN-KIS">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pemprov+DKI+Jakarta+Masuki+Tahun+ke-4+Integrasikan+KJS+ke+Program+JKN-KIS&rft.pub=BPJS+Kesehatan&rft.date=2016-12-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bpjs-kesehatan.go.id%2Fbpjs%2Findex.php%2Fpost%2Fread%2F2016%2F424%2FJakarta-Provincial-Government-Experience-4th-Year-Program-to-Integrate-KJS-JKN-KIS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartiyanti2018" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Martiyanti, Erna (17 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beritajakarta.id/read/54041/dinkes-pastikan-kjs-masih-tetap-berlaku#.Yeb3cPgxVPY">"Dinkes Pastikan KJS Masih Tetap Berlaku – Beritajakarta.id"</a>. Beritajakarta.id/ (in Indonesian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220118172820/https://www.beritajakarta.id/read/54041/dinkes-pastikan-kjs-masih-tetap-berlaku#.Yeb3cPgxVPY">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2022. Retrieved 18 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Beritajakarta.id%2F&rft.atitle=Dinkes+Pastikan+KJS+Masih+Tetap+Berlaku+%E2%80%93+Beritajakarta.id&rft.date=2018-01-17&rft.aulast=Martiyanti&rft.aufirst=Erna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.beritajakarta.id%2Fread%2F54041%2Fdinkes-pastikan-kjs-masih-tetap-berlaku%23.Yeb3cPgxVPY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDihni2021" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dihni, Vika Azkiya (25 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2021/11/25/bukan-jakarta-penduduk-yang-miliki-bpjs-di-provinsi-ini-terbanyak-se-indonesia">"Bukan Jakarta, Penduduk yang Miliki BPJS di Provinsi Ini Terbanyak Se-Indonesia"</a>. databoks.katadata.co.id (in Indonesian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211126033740/https://databoks.katadata.co.id/datapublish/2021/11/25/bukan-jakarta-penduduk-yang-miliki-bpjs-di-provinsi-ini-terbanyak-se-indonesia">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2021. Retrieved 18 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=databoks.katadata.co.id&rft.atitle=Bukan+Jakarta%2C+Penduduk+yang+Miliki+BPJS+di+Provinsi+Ini+Terbanyak+Se-Indonesia&rft.date=2021-11-25&rft.aulast=Dihni&rft.aufirst=Vika+Azkiya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdataboks.katadata.co.id%2Fdatapublish%2F2021%2F11%2F25%2Fbukan-jakarta-penduduk-yang-miliki-bpjs-di-provinsi-ini-terbanyak-se-indonesia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2016/09/27/indonesias-health-care-industry-is-on-the-rise.html">"Indonesia's health care industry is on the rise"</a>. The Jakarta Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171222052122/http://www.thejakartapost.com/academia/2016/09/27/indonesias-health-care-industry-is-on-the-rise.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 21 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Indonesia%27s+health+care+industry+is+on+the+rise&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Facademia%2F2016%2F09%2F27%2Findonesias-health-care-industry-is-on-the-rise.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribunnews.com/nasional/2013/10/25/mayapada-hospital-jakarta-selatan-diresmikan">"Mayapada Hospital Jakarta Selatan Diresmikan"</a>. Tribun News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171222052329/http://www.tribunnews.com/nasional/2013/10/25/mayapada-hospital-jakarta-selatan-diresmikan">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2017. Retrieved 21 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tribun+News&rft.atitle=Mayapada+Hospital+Jakarta+Selatan+Diresmikan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribunnews.com%2Fnasional%2F2013%2F10%2F25%2Fmayapada-hospital-jakarta-selatan-diresmikan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cloudmedis.com/jadwal-dokter/">"Jadwal Dokter"</a>. cloudmedis.com. Retrieved 6 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cloudmedis.com&rft.atitle=Jadwal+Dokter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudmedis.com%2Fjadwal-dokter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426001736/http://en.palyja.co.id/profile/key-figures/">"Key Figures"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.palyja.co.id/profile/key-figures/">the original</a> on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Key+Figures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.palyja.co.id%2Fprofile%2Fkey-figures%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIwan2008" class="citation thesis cs1">Iwan, Renalia (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/handle/10063/978">Ten Years of Public Private Partnership in Jakarta Drinking Water Service (1998–2007): Eastern Jakarta Drinking Water Service by Thames PAM Jaya</a> (Thesis). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211116222402/http://researcharchive.vuw.ac.nz/handle/10063/978">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Ten+Years+of+Public+Private+Partnership+in+Jakarta+Drinking+Water+Service+%281998%E2%80%932007%29%3A+Eastern+Jakarta+Drinking+Water+Service+by+Thames+PAM+Jaya&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Iwan&rft.aufirst=Renalia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearcharchive.vuw.ac.nz%2Fhandle%2F10063%2F978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakkerKooyShofianiMartijn2006" class="citation report cs1">Bakker, Karen; Kooy, Michelle; Shofiani, Nur Endah; Martijn, Ernst-Jan (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/disconnected-poverty-water-supply-and-development-jakarta-indonesia">Disconnected: Poverty, Water Supply and Development in Jakarta, Indonesia</a> (Report). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">UNDP</a> (published 17 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220829213725/https://hdr.undp.org/content/disconnected-poverty-water-supply-and-development-jakarta-indonesia">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 16 November 2021. <q>Personal Communication from Kris Tutuko, Technical Director PAM JAYA, Jakarta, Indonesia (was quoted – seems difficult to understand).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Disconnected%3A+Poverty%2C+Water+Supply+and+Development+in+Jakarta%2C+Indonesia&rft.pub=UNDP&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Bakker&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft.au=Kooy%2C+Michelle&rft.au=Shofiani%2C+Nur+Endah&rft.au=Martijn%2C+Ernst-Jan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Fdisconnected-poverty-water-supply-and-development-jakarta-indonesia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKRuHA_People's_coalition_for_the_water_rights2011" class="citation web cs1">KRuHA People's coalition for the water rights (7 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426001731/http://www.kruha.org/page/en/dinamic_detil/50/194/Press_Releases/Poor_Water_Service__Most_of_Jakarta_People_Threatened_by_E_Coli.html">"Poor Water Service, Most of Jakarta People Threatened by E-Coli"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kruha.org/page/en/dinamic_detil/50/194/Press_Releases/Poor_Water_Service__Most_of_Jakarta_People_Threatened_by_E_Coli.html">the original</a> on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 20 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poor+Water+Service%2C+Most+of+Jakarta+People+Threatened+by+E-Coli&rft.date=2011-06-07&rft.au=KRuHA+People%27s+coalition+for+the+water+rights&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kruha.org%2Fpage%2Fen%2Fdinamic_detil%2F50%2F194%2FPress_Releases%2FPoor_Water_Service__Most_of_Jakarta_People_Threatened_by_E_Coli.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNababan2017" class="citation news cs1">Nababan, Christine Novita (11 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnnindonesia.com/ekonomi/20170610160840-85-220815/kementerian-esdm-jakarta-krisis-air-bersih/">"Kementerian ESDM: Jakarta Krisis Air Bersih"</a>. CNN Indonesia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170611040040/http://www.cnnindonesia.com/ekonomi/20170610160840-85-220815/kementerian-esdm-jakarta-krisis-air-bersih/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2017. Retrieved 13 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Kementerian+ESDM%3A+Jakarta+Krisis+Air+Bersih&rft.date=2017-06-11&rft.aulast=Nababan&rft.aufirst=Christine+Novita&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnnindonesia.com%2Fekonomi%2F20170610160840-85-220815%2Fkementerian-esdm-jakarta-krisis-air-bersih%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asean.org/jakarta-is-affirmed-to-be-a-diplomatic-capital-city/">"Jakarta is Affirmed to be a Diplomatic Capital City"</a>. Association of Southeast Asian Nations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160531081257/http://asean.org/jakarta-is-affirmed-to-be-a-diplomatic-capital-city/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Association+of+Southeast+Asian+Nations&rft.atitle=Jakarta+is+Affirmed+to+be+a+Diplomatic+Capital+City&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asean.org%2Fjakarta-is-affirmed-to-be-a-diplomatic-capital-city%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JakartaPost2-264"><a href="#cite_ref-JakartaPost2_264-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnjaiah2009" class="citation news cs1">Anjaiah, Veeramalla (30 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/07/30/morocco-seeks-boost-business-ties-with-ri-envoy.html">"Morocco seeks to boost business ties with RI: Envoy"</a>. The Jakarta Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171114064731/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/07/30/morocco-seeks-boost-business-ties-with-ri-envoy.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2017. Retrieved 14 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Morocco+seeks+to+boost+business+ties+with+RI%3A+Envoy&rft.date=2009-07-30&rft.aulast=Anjaiah&rft.aufirst=Veeramalla&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2009%2F07%2F30%2Fmorocco-seeks-boost-business-ties-with-ri-envoy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sisters-265">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sisters_265-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sisters_265-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beritajakarta.id/en/read/29691/21-state-capitals-working-with-sister-city-with-jakarta">"21 State Capitals Working with Sister City with Jakarta"</a>. Berita Jakarta. 13 February 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210721063802/https://www.beritajakarta.id/en/read/29691/21-state-capitals-working-with-sister-city-with-jakarta">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 17 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=21+State+Capitals+Working+with+Sister+City+with+Jakarta&rft.pub=Berita+Jakarta&rft.date=2019-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.beritajakarta.id%2Fen%2Fread%2F29691%2F21-state-capitals-working-with-sister-city-with-jakarta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NESO-266"><a href="#cite_ref-NESO_266-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160807135334/http://www.nesoindonesia.or.id/berita/2014/september/jakarta-and-rotterdam-strengthen-ties-on-urban-water-management">"Jakarta and Rotterdam strengthen ties on urban water management"</a>. Neso Indonesia. 16 September 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nesoindonesia.or.id/berita/2014/september/jakarta-and-rotterdam-strengthen-ties-on-urban-water-management">the original</a> on 7 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neso+Indonesia&rft.atitle=Jakarta+and+Rotterdam+strengthen+ties+on+urban+water+management&rft.date=2014-09-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nesoindonesia.or.id%2Fberita%2F2014%2Fseptember%2Fjakarta-and-rotterdam-strengthen-ties-on-urban-water-management&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jakarta&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdya2022" class="citation book cs1">Adya, Afandri (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ol6EAAAQBAJ&q=minangkabau+in+a+nutshell">Minangkabau In A Nutshell</a> [Minangkabau In A Nutshell] (Cet. 1 ed.). Bukunesia Publisher. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-623-88007-3-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-623-88007-3-5"><bdi>978-623-88007-3-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221105120151/https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Minangkabau_In_A_Nutshell/8ol6EAAAQBAJ?hl=id&gbpv=1&dq=pasar+senen+minangkabau+in+a+nutshell&pg=PA125&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2022. Retrieved 5 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minangkabau+In+A+Nutshell&rft.edition=Cet.+1&rft.pub=Bukunesia+Publisher&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-623-88007-3-5&rft.aulast=Adya&rft.aufirst=Afandri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8ol6EAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dminangkabau%2Bin%2Ba%2Bnutshell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyatrohaédi2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ayatrohaédi (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ggxvAAAAMAAJ">Sundakala: cuplikan sejarah Sunda berdasarkan naskah-naskah "Panitia Wangsakerta" Cirebon</a> [Sundakala: A snippet of Sundanese history based on the manuscripts of "Panitia Wangsakerta" Cirebon] (in Indonesian). Pustaka Jaya. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-419-330-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-979-419-330-3"><bdi>978-979-419-330-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028233058/https://books.google.com/books?id=ggxvAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sundakala%3A+cuplikan+sejarah+Sunda+berdasarkan+naskah-naskah+%22Panitia+Wangsakerta%22+Cirebon&rft.pub=Pustaka+Jaya&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-979-419-330-3&rft.au=Ayatroha%C3%A9di&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DggxvAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBakkerKooyShofianiMartijn2008" class="citation journal cs1">Bakker, K.; Kooy, M.; Shofiani, N.E.; Martijn, E. J. (2008). "Governance Failure: Rethinking the Institutional Dimensions of Urban Water Supply to Poor Households". World Development. 36 (10): 1891–1915. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.worlddev.2007.09.015">10.1016/j.worlddev.2007.09.015</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Development&rft.atitle=Governance+Failure%3A+Rethinking+the+Institutional+Dimensions+of+Urban+Water+Supply+to+Poor+Households&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1891-%3C%2Fspan%3E1915&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.worlddev.2007.09.015&rft.aulast=Bakker&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=Kooy%2C+M.&rft.au=Shofiani%2C+N.E.&rft.au=Martijn%2C+E.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaskoro2010" class="citation book cs1">Baskoro, Bra (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hg34cQAACAAJ">Wisata kota Jalan Jaksa : sebuah kajian sosiologi pariwisata</a> [Street tourism, city tourism: A study of the sociology of tourism] (Cet. 1 ed.). Penerbit Koekoesan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-1442-31-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-979-1442-31-2"><bdi>978-979-1442-31-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220829213724/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Wisata_kota_Jalan_Jaksa/hg34cQAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 27 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wisata+kota+Jalan+Jaksa+%3A+sebuah+kajian+sosiologi+pariwisata&rft.edition=Cet.+1&rft.pub=Penerbit+Koekoesan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-979-1442-31-2&rft.aulast=Baskoro&rft.aufirst=Bra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhg34cQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBishopPhillipsYeo2003" class="citation book cs1">Bishop, Ryan; Phillips, John; Yeo, Wei Wei (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S4nUNKK9_lwC">Postcolonial Urbanism: Southeast Asian Cities and Global Processes</a>. Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93250-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93250-9"><bdi>978-0-415-93250-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211116222359/https://books.google.com/books?id=S4nUNKK9_lwC">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postcolonial+Urbanism%3A+Southeast+Asian+Cities+and+Global+Processes&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93250-9&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft.au=Phillips%2C+John&rft.au=Yeo%2C+Wei+Wei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS4nUNKK9_lwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritnell2015" class="citation book cs1">Britnell, Mark (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZhEnswEACAAJ">In Search of the Perfect Health System</a>. London: Palgrave. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-49661-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-49661-4"><bdi>978-1-137-49661-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220829213724/https://www.google.com/books/edition/In_Search_of_the_Perfect_Health_System/ZhEnswEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 27 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+the+Perfect+Health+System&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-137-49661-4&rft.aulast=Britnell&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZhEnswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBungeVreeland1983" class="citation book cs1">Bunge, Frederica M.; Vreeland, Nena (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1VTgXgmkRi0C">Indonesia: A Country Study</a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028233059/https://books.google.com/books?id=1VTgXgmkRi0C">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesia%3A+A+Country+Study&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Bunge&rft.aufirst=Frederica+M.&rft.au=Vreeland%2C+Nena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1VTgXgmkRi0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorfield2013" class="citation book cs1">Corfield, Justin (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a46gFDWr3aMC&pg=PA196">"Sister Cities"</a>. Historical Dictionary of Pyongyang. London: Anthem Press. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85728-234-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85728-234-7"><bdi>978-0-85728-234-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330090156/https://books.google.com/books?id=a46gFDWr3aMC&pg=PA196">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2019. Retrieved 16 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sister+Cities&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Pyongyang&rft.place=London&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-85728-234-7&rft.aulast=Corfield&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da46gFDWr3aMC%26pg%3DPA196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglass1992" class="citation journal cs1">Douglass, M. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F095624789200400203">"The Political Economy of Urban Poverty and Environmental Management in Asia: Access, Empowerment, and Community-based Alternatives"</a>. Environment and Urbanization. 4 (2): 9–32. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1992EnUrb...4....9D">1992EnUrb...4....9D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F095624789200400203">10.1177/095624789200400203</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environment+and+Urbanization&rft.atitle=The+Political+Economy+of+Urban+Poverty+and+Environmental+Management+in+Asia%3A+Access%2C+Empowerment%2C+and+Community-based+Alternatives&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E32&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F095624789200400203&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1992EnUrb...4....9D&rft.aulast=Douglass&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F095624789200400203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCortesão1990" class="citation book cs1">Cortesão, Armando (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h82D-Y0E3TwC">The Suma Oriental of Tome Pires, books 1–5</a>. New Delhi: Asian Educational Services. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-206-0535-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-206-0535-7"><bdi>81-206-0535-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624041704/https://books.google.com/books?id=h82D-Y0E3TwC">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Suma+Oriental+of+Tome+Pires%2C+books+1%E2%80%935&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=81-206-0535-7&rft.aulast=Cortes%C3%A3o&rft.aufirst=Armando&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh82D-Y0E3TwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCybriwskyFord2001" class="citation journal cs1">Cybriwsky, Roman; Ford, Larry R. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026427510100004X">"City profile: Jakarta"</a>. Cities. 18 (3). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0264-2751%2801%2900004-X">10.1016/S0264-2751(01)00004-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0264-2751">0264-2751</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cities&rft.atitle=City+profile%3A+Jakarta&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0264-2751%2801%2900004-X&rft.issn=0264-2751&rft.aulast=Cybriwsky&rft.aufirst=Roman&rft.au=Ford%2C+Larry+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS026427510100004X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglass1989" class="citation journal cs1">Douglass, M. (1989). "The Environmental Sustainability of Development. Coordination, Incentives and Political Will in Land Use Planning for the Jakarta Metropolis". Third World Planning Review. 11 (2): 211. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3828%2Ftwpr.11.2.44113540kqt27180">10.3828/twpr.11.2.44113540kqt27180</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Third+World+Planning+Review&rft.atitle=The+Environmental+Sustainability+of+Development.+Coordination%2C+Incentives+and+Political+Will+in+Land+Use+Planning+for+the+Jakarta+Metropolis&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=211&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3828%2Ftwpr.11.2.44113540kqt27180&rft.aulast=Douglass&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriend2003" class="citation book cs1">Friend, Theodore (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_w6Mn4xRLt8C">Indonesian Destinies</a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01137-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01137-3"><bdi>978-0-674-01137-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160629160413/https://books.google.com/books?id=_w6Mn4xRLt8C">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesian+Destinies&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01137-3&rft.aulast=Friend&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_w6Mn4xRLt8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGinsburgKoppelMcGee1991" class="citation book cs1">Ginsburg, Norton Sydney; Koppel, Bruce; McGee, T. G. (1991). "The Extended Metropolis: Implications for Urban Management". In Cheema, G. Shabbir (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OGWoa3bW-cYC">The Extended Metropolis: Settlement Transition in Asia</a>. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-585-30143-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-585-30143-3"><bdi>0-585-30143-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211116222839/https://books.google.com/books?id=OGWoa3bW-cYC">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Extended+Metropolis%3A+Implications+for+Urban+Management&rft.btitle=The+Extended+Metropolis%3A+Settlement+Transition+in+Asia&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-585-30143-3&rft.aulast=Ginsburg&rft.aufirst=Norton+Sydney&rft.au=Koppel%2C+Bruce&rft.au=McGee%2C+T.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOGWoa3bW-cYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanna1962" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Willard_A._Hanna" title="Willard A. Hanna">Hanna, Willard A.</a> (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1U9QAQAAMAAJ">"The Politics of Sport. Indonesia as the Host to the "Fourth Asian Games""</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_University" title="American University">American University</a>. Southeast Asia Series. 10 (19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211116222840/https://books.google.com/books?id=1U9QAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southeast+Asia+Series&rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+Sport.+Indonesia+as+the+Host+to+the+%22Fourth+Asian+Games%22&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=19&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Hanna&rft.aufirst=Willard+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1U9QAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarphamTanner1995" class="citation book cs1">Harpham, Trudy; Tanner, Marcel (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xg5HYXyEO2QC">Urban health in developing countries : progress and prospects</a>. London: Earthscan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85383-285-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-85383-285-5"><bdi>1-85383-285-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211116222400/https://books.google.com/books?id=xg5HYXyEO2QC">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+health+in+developing+countries+%3A+progress+and+prospects&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Earthscan&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-85383-285-5&rft.aulast=Harpham&rft.aufirst=Trudy&rft.au=Tanner%2C+Marcel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxg5HYXyEO2QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartmannMaennigWang2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hartmann, Wolf D.; Maennig, Wolfgang; Wang, Run (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LZLYswEACAAJ">Chinas neue Seidenstraße Kooperation statt Isolation</a> [China's New Silk Road Cooperation instead of isolation] (in German) (1 ed.). Frankfurt am Main. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-95601-224-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-95601-224-2"><bdi>978-3-95601-224-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028233104/https://books.google.com/books?id=LZLYswEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinas+neue+Seidenstra%C3%9Fe+Kooperation+statt+Isolation&rft.place=Frankfurt+am+Main&rft.edition=1&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-3-95601-224-2&rft.aulast=Hartmann&rft.aufirst=Wolf+D.&rft.au=Maennig%2C+Wolfgang&rft.au=Wang%2C+Run&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLZLYswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHellmanThynellVoorst2018" class="citation book cs1">Hellman, Jorgen; Thynell, Marie; Voorst, Roanne van (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wtJMDwAAQBAJ">Jakarta: Claiming spaces and rights in the city</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-62044-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-62044-4"><bdi>978-1-351-62044-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220829213725/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Jakarta/wtJMDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2022. Retrieved 27 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jakarta%3A+Claiming+spaces+and+rights+in+the+city&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-351-62044-4&rft.aulast=Hellman&rft.aufirst=Jorgen&rft.au=Thynell%2C+Marie&rft.au=Voorst%2C+Roanne+van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwtJMDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHermanto1998" class="citation book cs1">Hermanto, Zarida (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C-_sAAAAMAAJ">Perubahan pemanfaatan tanah di Jabotabek : studi perbandingan dengan Gerbangkertosusila</a> [Land use change in Jabotabek: A comparative study with Gerbangkertosusila]. Jakarta: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Institute_of_Sciences" title="Indonesian Institute of Sciences">Indonesian Institute of Sciences</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-9165-04-0" title="Special:BookSources/979-9165-04-0"><bdi>979-9165-04-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028233100/https://books.google.com/books?id=C-_sAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perubahan+pemanfaatan+tanah+di+Jabotabek+%3A+studi+perbandingan+dengan+Gerbangkertosusila&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Indonesian+Institute+of+Sciences&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=979-9165-04-0&rft.aulast=Hermanto&rft.aufirst=Zarida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC-_sAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson1970" class="citation book cs1">Henderson, John William (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rDW9gEpgJJ4C">Area Handbook for Indonesia</a>. Vol. 550. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028233103/https://books.google.com/books?id=rDW9gEpgJJ4C">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Area+Handbook+for+Indonesia&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=John+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrDW9gEpgJJ4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHernig2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hernig, Marcus (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=coZaDwAAQBAJ">Die Renaissance der Seidenstraße: Der Weg des chinesischen Drachens ins Herz Europas</a> [The Renaissance of the Silk Road: The Chinese Dragon's Way to the Heart of Europe] (in German). FinanzBuch Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-96092-253-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-96092-253-7"><bdi>978-3-96092-253-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028233101/https://books.google.com/books?id=coZaDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Renaissance+der+Seidenstra%C3%9Fe%3A+Der+Weg+des+chinesischen+Drachens+ins+Herz+Europas&rft.pub=FinanzBuch+Verlag&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-96092-253-7&rft.aulast=Hernig&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcoZaDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeuken1999" class="citation book cs1">Heuken, Adolf (1999). Sumber-sumber asli sejarah Jakarta, Jilid I: Dokumen-dokumen sejarah Jakarta sampai dengan akhir abad ke-16 [Original sources of Jakarta's history, Volume I: Historical documents of Jakarta up to the end of the 16th century]. Vol. 1. Cipta Loka Caraka.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sumber-sumber+asli+sejarah+Jakarta%2C+Jilid+I%3A+Dokumen-dokumen+sejarah+Jakarta+sampai+dengan+akhir+abad+ke-16&rft.pub=Cipta+Loka+Caraka&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Heuken&rft.aufirst=Adolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIyer2001" class="citation book cs1">Iyer, Alessandra (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4XocAQAAIAAJ">Indonesian Performing Arts: Tradition and Transition</a>. Harwood Academic Pub. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028233108/https://books.google.com/books?id=4XocAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesian+Performing+Arts%3A+Tradition+and+Transition&rft.pub=Harwood+Academic+Pub.&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Iyer&rft.aufirst=Alessandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4XocAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKampen1831" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kampen, Nicolaas Godfried (1831). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fU1SAAAAcAAJ">Geschiedenis der Nederlanders buiten Europa</a> [History of the Dutch outside Europe] (in Dutch). Vol. 1. Haarlem: De Erven François Bohn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028233111/https://books.google.com/books?id=fU1SAAAAcAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschiedenis+der+Nederlanders+buiten+Europa&rft.place=Haarlem&rft.pub=De+Erven+Fran%C3%A7ois+Bohn&rft.date=1831&rft.aulast=Kampen&rft.aufirst=Nicolaas+Godfried&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfU1SAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnörr2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Knörr, Jacqueline (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y_IAxzcSX7YC">Kreolität und postkoloniale Gesellschaft: Integration und Differenzierung in Jakarta</a> [Creole and Post-Colonial Society: Integration and Differentiation in Jakarta] (in German). Campus Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-593-38344-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-593-38344-6"><bdi>978-3-593-38344-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028233101/https://books.google.com/books?id=y_IAxzcSX7YC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kreolit%C3%A4t+und+postkoloniale+Gesellschaft%3A+Integration+und+Differenzierung+in+Jakarta&rft.pub=Campus+Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-593-38344-6&rft.aulast=Kn%C3%B6rr&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy_IAxzcSX7YC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnörr2014" class="citation book cs1">Knörr, Jacqueline (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bo0dDAAAQBAJ">Creole Identity in Postcolonial Indonesia</a>. Berghahn Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78238-268-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78238-268-3"><bdi>978-1-78238-268-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt9qcwb1">j.ctt9qcwb1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220325104504/https://books.google.com/books?id=Bo0dDAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creole+Identity+in+Postcolonial+Indonesia&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt9qcwb1%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-1-78238-268-3&rft.aulast=Kn%C3%B6rr&rft.aufirst=Jacqueline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBo0dDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKusno2000" class="citation book cs1">Kusno, Abidin (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1SSWwAtgkB8C">Behind the Postcolonial: Architecture, Urban Space and Political Cultures</a>. New York City: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23615-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23615-7"><bdi>978-0-415-23615-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028233104/https://books.google.com/books?id=1SSWwAtgkB8C">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Behind+the+Postcolonial%3A+Architecture%2C+Urban+Space+and+Political+Cultures&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-23615-7&rft.aulast=Kusno&rft.aufirst=Abidin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1SSWwAtgkB8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerrillees2015" class="citation book cs1">Merrillees, Scott (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=akLWjgEACAAJ&q=JAKARTA:+Portraits+of+a+Capital+1950-1980">Jakarta: Portraits of a Capital 1950–1980</a>. Jakarta: Equinox Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786028397308" title="Special:BookSources/9786028397308"><bdi>9786028397308</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210330012722/https://books.google.com/books?id=akLWjgEACAAJ&q=JAKARTA%3A+Portraits+of+a+Capital+1950-1980">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jakarta%3A+Portraits+of+a+Capital+1950%E2%80%931980&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Equinox+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9786028397308&rft.aulast=Merrillees&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DakLWjgEACAAJ%26q%3DJAKARTA%3A%2BPortraits%2Bof%2Ba%2BCapital%2B1950-1980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrayClemensPhinnPossingham2014" class="citation journal cs1">Murray, N.J.; Clemens, R.S.; Phinn, S.R.; Possingham, H.P.; Fuller, R.A. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/60169/1/130260.pdf">"Tracking the rapid loss of tidal wetlands in the Yellow Sea"</a> (PDF). Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 12 (5): 267–272. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014FrEE...12..267M">2014FrEE...12..267M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1890%2F130260">10.1890/130260</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207073933/https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/60169/1/130260.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 December 2021. Retrieved 5 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Ecology+and+the+Environment&rft.atitle=Tracking+the+rapid+loss+of+tidal+wetlands+in+the+Yellow+Sea&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E267-%3C%2Fspan%3E272&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1890%2F130260&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014FrEE...12..267M&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=N.J.&rft.au=Clemens%2C+R.S.&rft.au=Phinn%2C+S.R.&rft.au=Possingham%2C+H.P.&rft.au=Fuller%2C+R.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearchonline.jcu.edu.au%2F60169%2F1%2F130260.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasGrijns2000" class="citation book cs1">Nas, Peter J.M.; Grijns, Kees (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cBJr9viseXEC">Jakarta-Batavia: Socio-cultural Essays</a>. Leiden: KITLV Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-6718-139-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-6718-139-0"><bdi>90-6718-139-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200202111722/https://books.google.com/books?id=cBJr9viseXEC">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2020. Retrieved 28 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jakarta-Batavia%3A+Socio-cultural+Essays&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=KITLV+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=90-6718-139-0&rft.aulast=Nas&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.M.&rft.au=Grijns%2C+Kees&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcBJr9viseXEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaim1971" class="citation book cs1">Naim, Mochtar (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1355/9789814380164-002/html">"Merantau: Causes and Effects of Minangkabau Voluntary Migration"</a>. Merantau. ISEAS Publishing. pp. 1–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1355%2F9789814380164-002">10.1355/9789814380164-002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4380-16-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4380-16-4"><bdi>978-981-4380-16-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028233059/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1355/9789814380164-002/html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Merantau%3A+Causes+and+Effects+of+Minangkabau+Voluntary+Migration&rft.btitle=Merantau&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.pub=ISEAS+Publishing&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1355%2F9789814380164-002&rft.isbn=978-981-4380-16-4&rft.aulast=Naim&rft.aufirst=Mochtar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1355%2F9789814380164-002%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter2002" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Donald James (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QcUOmAEACAAJ">Managing politics and Islam in Indonesia</a>. London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1736-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1736-6"><bdi>0-7007-1736-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211116223034/https://books.google.com/books?id=QcUOmAEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Managing+politics+and+Islam+in+Indonesia&rft.place=London&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7007-1736-6&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Donald+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQcUOmAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid2010" class="citation book cs1">Reid, Anthony (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nV48FbJx1gQC">Imperial Alchemy: Nationalism and Political Identity in Southeast Asia</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87237-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87237-9"><bdi>978-0-521-87237-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211116222837/https://books.google.com/books?id=nV48FbJx1gQC">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2021. Retrieved 16 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Alchemy%3A+Nationalism+and+Political+Identity+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87237-9&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnV48FbJx1gQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicklefs1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/M._C._Ricklefs" title="M. C. Ricklefs">Ricklefs, M. C.</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oj9dDwAAQBAJ">A History of Modern Indonesia</a>. London: Macmillan Education UK. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-349-16645-9">10.1007/978-1-349-16645-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-24380-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-24380-0"><bdi>978-0-333-24380-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028233105/https://books.google.com/books?id=oj9dDwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Indonesia&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan+Education+UK&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-349-16645-9&rft.isbn=978-0-333-24380-0&rft.aulast=Ricklefs&rft.aufirst=M.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Doj9dDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSajor2003" class="citation journal cs1">Sajor, Edsel E. (2003). "Globalization and the Urban Property Boom in Metro Cebu, Philippines". Development and Change. 34 (4): 713–742. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-7660.00325">10.1111/1467-7660.00325</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Development+and+Change&rft.atitle=Globalization+and+the+Urban+Property+Boom+in+Metro+Cebu%2C+Philippines&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E713-%3C%2Fspan%3E742&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-7660.00325&rft.aulast=Sajor&rft.aufirst=Edsel+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSáenzEmbrickRodriguez2015" class="citation book cs1">Sáenz, Rogelio; Embrick, David G.; Rodriguez, Nestor P. (2015). The International Handbook of the Demography of Race and Ethnicity. Dordrecht. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-481-8891-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-481-8891-8"><bdi>978-90-481-8891-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+Handbook+of+the+Demography+of+Race+and+Ethnicity&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-90-481-8891-8&rft.aulast=S%C3%A1enz&rft.aufirst=Rogelio&rft.au=Embrick%2C+David+G.&rft.au=Rodriguez%2C+Nestor+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoppertDamais1997" class="citation book cs1">Schoppert, P.; Damais, S. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AHHRaLFrMxMC">Java Style</a>. Paris: Didier Millet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-593-232-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-593-232-3"><bdi>978-962-593-232-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028233100/https://books.google.com/books?id=AHHRaLFrMxMC">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Java+Style&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Didier+Millet&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-962-593-232-3&rft.aulast=Schoppert&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Damais%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAHHRaLFrMxMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilver2007" class="citation book cs1">Silver, Christopher (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UEaUAgAAQBAJ&q=Sukarno+build+Jakarta&pg=PA101">Planning the Megacity: Jakarta in the Twentieth Century</a>. Planning, History and Environment. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-99122-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-99122-7"><bdi>978-1-135-99122-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417190202/https://books.google.com/books?id=UEaUAgAAQBAJ&q=Sukarno+build+Jakarta&pg=PA101">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Planning+the+Megacity%3A+Jakarta+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.series=Planning%2C+History+and+Environment&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-135-99122-7&rft.aulast=Silver&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUEaUAgAAQBAJ%26q%3DSukarno%2Bbuild%2BJakarta%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoekmono1973" class="citation book cs1">Soekmono, R. (1973). Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2, 2nd ed [Introduction to Indonesian Cultural History 2] (2 ed.). Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pengantar+Sejarah+Kebudayaan+Indonesia+2%2C+2nd+ed.&rft.place=Yogyakarta&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Penerbit+Kanisius&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Soekmono&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuryadinataArifinAnanta2003" class="citation book cs1">Suryadinata, Leo; Arifin, Evi Nurvidya; Ananta, Aris (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nFckUneBbRIC">Indonesia's Population: Ethnicity and Religion in a Changing Political Landscape</a>. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-230-212-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-230-212-0"><bdi>978-981-230-212-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210825195405/https://books.google.com/books?id=nFckUneBbRIC">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesia%27s+Population%3A+Ethnicity+and+Religion+in+a+Changing+Political+Landscape&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-981-230-212-0&rft.aulast=Suryadinata&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft.au=Arifin%2C+Evi+Nurvidya&rft.au=Ananta%2C+Aris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnFckUneBbRIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeeuwen2010" class="citation web cs1">Teeuwen, Dirk (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160705011509/http://indonesia-dutchcolonialheritage.nl/Special%20Subjects/Railroads.html/tram-batavia%5B1%5D.pdf">"From horsepower to electrification: Tramways in Batavia-Jakarta 1869–1962"</a> (PDF). Rendez-vous Batavia. Indonesia-Dutch Colonial Heritage. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indonesia-dutchcolonialheritage.nl/Special%20Subjects/Railroads.html/tram-batavia%5b1%5d.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 July 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rendez-vous+Batavia&rft.atitle=From+horsepower+to+electrification%3A+Tramways+in+Batavia-Jakarta+1869%E2%80%931962&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Teeuwen&rft.aufirst=Dirk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indonesia-dutchcolonialheritage.nl%2FSpecial%2520Subjects%2FRailroads.html%2Ftram-batavia%5B1%5D.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorchiaDjuhari2007" class="citation book cs1">Torchia, Christopher; Djuhari, Lely (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BnhzBgAAQBAJ">Indonesian Idioms and Expressions: Colloquial Indonesian at Work</a>. Tuttle Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-1650-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4629-1650-4"><bdi>978-1-4629-1650-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028233107/https://books.google.com/books?id=BnhzBgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesian+Idioms+and+Expressions%3A+Colloquial+Indonesian+at+Work&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4629-1650-4&rft.aulast=Torchia&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Djuhari%2C+Lely&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBnhzBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1997" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Peter (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SfQJAQAAMAAJ">Java</a> (1st ed.). Melbourne: Lonely Planet. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86442-314-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86442-314-6"><bdi>978-0-86442-314-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028233058/https://books.google.com/books?id=SfQJAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Java&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-86442-314-6&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSfQJAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaworoentoe2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Waworoentoe, Willem Johan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Jakarta">"Jakarta"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161114011818/https://www.britannica.com/place/Jakarta">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jakarta&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Waworoentoe&rft.aufirst=Willem+Johan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FJakarta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitton2003" class="citation book cs1">Witton, Patrick (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dmDYLxcPDPoC">Indonesia</a>. Melbourne: Lonely Planet Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74059-154-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74059-154-6"><bdi>978-1-74059-154-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210427151558/https://books.google.com/books?id=dmDYLxcPDPoC">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2021. Retrieved 27 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indonesia&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-74059-154-6&rft.aulast=Witton&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdmDYLxcPDPoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZahorka2007" class="citation book cs1">Zahorka, Herwig (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xSRwAAAAMAAJ">The Sunda Kingdoms of West Java</a>. Yayasan Cipta Loka Caraka. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211028233110/https://books.google.com/books?id=xSRwAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 28 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sunda+Kingdoms+of+West+Java&rft.pub=Yayasan+Cipta+Loka+Caraka&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Zahorka&rft.aufirst=Herwig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxSRwAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jakarta&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRing1994" class="citation book cs1">Ring, Trudy (1994). Schellinger, Paul E.; Salkin, Robert M. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JqHPpNaZfNwC">International Dictionary of Historic Places: Asia and Oceania</a>. Vol. 5. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-884964-05-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-884964-05-2"><bdi>1-884964-05-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Dictionary+of+Historic+Places%3A+Asia+and+Oceania&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn+Publishers&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-884964-05-2&rft.aulast=Ring&rft.aufirst=Trudy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJqHPpNaZfNwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJakarta" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(16)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Jakarta&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-16 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-16"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jakarta.go.id">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jakarta-tourism.go.id/">Jakarta</a> (official travel website)</li> <li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/6362934">Jakarta</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Jakarta.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Coat_of_arms_of_Jakarta.svg/17px-Coat_of_arms_of_Jakarta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="507"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 17px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Coat_of_arms_of_Jakarta.svg/17px-Coat_of_arms_of_Jakarta.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="17" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Coat_of_arms_of_Jakarta.svg/26px-Coat_of_arms_of_Jakarta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Coat_of_arms_of_Jakarta.svg/34px-Coat_of_arms_of_Jakarta.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Jakarta" title="Portal:Jakarta">Jakarta</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/29px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/38px-Terra.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="21" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/42px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Indonesia" title="Portal:Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Jakarta at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jakarta" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Jakarta">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 14px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="14" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" class="extiw" title="c:Jakarta">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Jakarta" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Jakarta">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jakarta" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Jakarta">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="18" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jakarta" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Jakarta">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jakarta" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Jakarta">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 17px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="17" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Jakarta" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Jakarta">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Jakarta" class="extiw" title="voy:Jakarta">Travel guides</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/21px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/32px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/42px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3630" class="extiw" title="d:Q3630">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div></section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jakarta&oldid=1272529182">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jakarta&oldid=1272529182</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Jakarta&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 29 January 2025, at 02:49 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Джакартэ – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Джакартэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djakarta" title="Djakarta – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Djakarta" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%83%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B3" title="ጃካርታ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጃካርታ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="जकार्ता – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="जकार्ता" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="جاكرتا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جاكرتا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%83%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%A1" title="Ճաքարթա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ճաքարթա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE" title="জাকাৰ্টা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জাকাৰ্টা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xakarta" title="Xakarta – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xakarta" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="जाकर्ता – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="जाकर्ता" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jak%C3%A1ta" title="Jakáta – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Jakáta" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cakarta" title="Cakarta – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cakarta" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="جاکارتا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جاکارتا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%C3%A9rah_Khusus_Ibukota_Jakarta" title="Daérah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Daérah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="জাকার্তা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জাকার্তা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dairah_Khusus_Indung_banua_Jakarta" title="Dairah Khusus Indung banua Jakarta – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Dairah Khusus Indung banua Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daerah_Khusus_Ibukota_Jakarta" title="Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Джакарта – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Джакарта" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Джакарта – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джакарта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Джакарта – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Джакарта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="जकार्ता – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जकार्ता" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Джакарта – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джакарта" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%8A%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BC%8D" title="ཊ་ཁར་ཏ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཊ་ཁར་ཏ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Джакарта – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Джакарта" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Джакарта – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Джакарта" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daerah_Khusus_Ibukota_Jakarta" title="Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7" title="جاكارطا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="جاكارطا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="जाकार्ता – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="जाकार्ता" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Τζακάρτα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζακάρτα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Джакарта ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Джакарта ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakarta" title="Yakarta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Yakarta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%9Cakarto" title="Ĝakarto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĝakarto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakarta" title="Yakarta – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Yakarta" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="جاکارتا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جاکارتا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djakarta" title="Djakarta – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Djakarta" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iac%C3%A1rta" title="Iacárta – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Iacárta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iacarta" title="Iacarta – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Iacarta" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Джакарта – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Джакарта" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%8A%A0%E9%81%94" title="雅加達 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="雅加達" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%95%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE" title="જાકાર્તા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જાકાર્તા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%B4%ED%83%80" title="자카르타 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자카르타" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%A1" title="Ջակարտա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջակարտա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="जकार्ता – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जकार्ता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daerah_Khusus_Ibukota_Jakarta" title="Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daerah_Khusus_Ibukota_Jakarta" title="Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Джакартæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Джакартæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djakarta" title="Djakarta – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Djakarta" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacarta" title="Giacarta – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giacarta" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%94" title="ג'קרטה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'קרטה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakartah" title="Jakartah – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Jakartah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarita" title="Jakarita – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Jakarita" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4" title="ಜಕಾರ್ತ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಕಾರ್ತ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90" title="ჯაკარტა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯაკარტა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Джакарта – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джакарта" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Джакарта – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Джакарта" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cakarta" title="Cakarta – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Cakarta" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Жакарта – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жакарта" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacarta" title="Jacarta – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Jacarta" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djakarta" title="Djakarta – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Djakarta" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%95%E0%BA%B2" title="ຈາກາຕາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຈາກາຕາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEakarta" title="Džakarta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džakarta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Джакарта – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Джакарта" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEakarta" title="Džakarta – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Džakarta" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacarta" title="Giacarta – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Giacarta" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djacarta" title="Djacarta – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Djacarta" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEakarta" title="Džakarta – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Džakarta" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacarta" title="Giacarta – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Giacarta" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daerah_Khusus_Ibukota_Jakarta" title="Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="जकार्ता – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="जकार्ता" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Џакарта – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џакарта" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4" title="ജക്കാർത്ത – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജക്കാർത്ത" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A0akarta" title="Ġakarta – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ġakarta" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="जकार्ता – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जकार्ता" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90" title="ჯაკარტა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯაკარტა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="جاكارتا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جاكارتا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="جاکارتا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جاکارتا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacarta" title="Jacarta – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Jacarta" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Джакарта – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Джакарта" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Жакарта – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Жакарта" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ဂျကာတာမြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျကာတာမြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakata" title="Jakata – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Jakata" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="जाकार्ता – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जाकार्ता" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="जकार्ता – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जकार्ता" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF" title="ジャカルタ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャカルタ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Джакарта – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Джакарта" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Pitcairn-Norfolk" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Pitcairn-Norfolk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Джакарта – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Джакарта" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%BE" title="ଜାକର୍ତା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଜାକର୍ତା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE" title="ਜਕਾਰਤਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਕਾਰਤਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="جکارتا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جکارتا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="جاکارتا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جاکارتا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B6" title="ចាកាតា – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ចាកាតា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacarta" title="Giacarta – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Giacarta" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BCakarta" title="Dżakarta – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dżakarta" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacarta" title="Jacarta – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jacarta" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cakarta" title="Cakarta – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Cakarta" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Джакарта – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Джакарта" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Джакарта – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Джакарта" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Дьакаарта – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дьакаарта" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="तरुमानगरम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="तरुमानगरम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱨᱛᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱟᱠᱟᱨᱛᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacarta" title="Giacarta – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Giacarta" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhakarta" title="Xhakarta – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Xhakarta" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacarta" title="Giacarta – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Giacarta" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F" title="ජකාර්තා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජකාර්තා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="جڪارتا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جڪارتا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEakarta" title="Džakarta – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Džakarta" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BCakarta" title="Dżakarta – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Dżakarta" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="جاکارتا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جاکارتا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Џакарта – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џакарта" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEakarta" title="Džakarta – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Džakarta" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE" title="ஜகார்த்தா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜகார்த்தா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacarta" title="Giacarta – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Giacarta" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cakarta" title="Cakarta – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Cakarta" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2" title="จาการ์ตา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จาการ์ตา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Ҷакарта – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷакарта" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%A4%E1%8F%99" title="ᎠᏤᏙ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏤᏙ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cakarta" title="Cakarta – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cakarta" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyakata" title="Gyakata – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Gyakata" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Джакарта – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Джакарта" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Джакарта – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джакарта" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="جکارتا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جکارتا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="جاكارتا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="جاكارتا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xacarta" title="Xacarta – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Xacarta" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEakart" title="Džakart – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Džakart" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%8A%A0%E9%81%94" title="雅加達 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="雅加達" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%8A%A0%E9%81%94" title="雅加達 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="雅加達" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%90" title="דזשאקארטא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דזשאקארטא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E5%8A%A0%E9%81%94" title="耶加達 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="耶加達" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEakarta" title="Džakarta – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Džakarta" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%8A%A0%E8%BE%BE" title="雅加达 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="雅加达" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Jakarta" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cakart%C9%99" title="Čakartə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Čakartə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 January 2025, at 02:49 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jakarta&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-dd7b9dc85-wpczq","wgBackendResponseTime":294,"wgKartographerLiveData":{"_f050c08b58221d5cb995a7073fc52b8437b577b6":[{"type":"ExternalData","service":"geomask","url":"https://maps.wikimedia.org/geoshape?getgeojson=1\u0026ids=Q3630","properties":{"stroke-width":2,"stroke":"#333333","title":"Jakarta"}}]},"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.946","walltime":"4.483","ppvisitednodes":{"value":31600,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":909214,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":105080,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":29,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":59,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1002521,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3689.934 1 -total"," 31.04% 1145.204 3 Template:Reflist"," 21.14% 779.876 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 19.34% 713.547 1 Template:Infobox"," 15.43% 569.232 114 Template:Cite_web"," 10.24% 377.923 89 Template:Cite_news"," 6.17% 227.796 40 Template:Sfn"," 6.12% 225.810 43 Template:Cite_book"," 4.16% 153.380 30 Template:Flagicon"," 3.25% 120.088 1 Template:Small"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.414","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":28150455,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdya2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdyatama2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnjaiah2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAyatrohaédi2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBadan_Pusat_Statistik2024\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBadan_Pusat_Statistik_Jawa_Timur2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakkerKooyShofianiMartijn2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakkerKooyShofianiMartijn2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaskoro2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhwanaMuthiariny2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBishopPhillipsYeo2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBritnell2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBungeVreeland1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChairunnisa2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorfield2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCortesão1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCybriwskyFord2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDewi2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDihni2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDouglass1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDouglass1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElyda2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFigge\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFirman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriend2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGantan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGinsburgKoppelMcGee1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanna1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarphamTanner1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHartmannMaennigWang2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHellmanThynellVoorst2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenderson1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHendrix\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHermanto1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHernig2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeuken1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHilda_B_Alexander2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolzerJohnson1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHook\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIswara2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIwan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIyer2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJatmiko\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnston2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKRuHA_People\u0026#039;s_coalition_for_the_water_rights2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKampen1831\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnörr2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnörr2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKusno2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeonhardt2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartiyanti2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCawley2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMei_Lin2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerrillees2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinggu2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurrayClemensPhinnPossingham2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNababan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNaim1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNasGrijns2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOnishi2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParker\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPorter2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrakoso2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReid2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRicklefs1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRicklefs2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRing1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosi1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSajor2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchoppertDamais1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSetiawati\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShari2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilver2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimanjuntak2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoekmono1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuroyo\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuryadinataArifinAnanta2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSymington\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSáenzEmbrickRodriguez2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTanjung\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeeuwen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTorchiaDjuhari2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurner1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValentina\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaworoentoe2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWidodo\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWira\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWitton2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZahorka2007\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Asian Games host cities\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bar box\"] = 3,\n [\"Bar percent\"] = 19,\n [\"Category see also\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 43,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 82,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 110,\n [\"Clear\"] = 2,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 3,\n [\"Convert\"] = 13,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 19,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"Excerpt\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 30,\n [\"Fontcolor\"] = 6,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"Gallery\"] = 1,\n [\"Geographic location\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 6,\n [\"Historical populations\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Increase\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox settlement\"] = 1,\n [\"Jakarta\"] = 1,\n [\"Jakarta topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 30,\n [\"Langx\"] = 8,\n [\"List of Asian capitals by region\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Main category\"] = 2,\n [\"Maplink\"] = 1,\n [\"Megacities\"] = 1,\n [\"Most populous cities in Indonesia\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 3,\n [\"Native phrase\"] = 1,\n [\"Nativename\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nihongo\"] = 2,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"OSM relation\"] = 1,\n [\"Official URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Pn\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-pc\"] = 1,\n [\"Provinces of Indonesia\"] = 1,\n [\"Provincial capitals in Indonesia\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 9,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 40,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Start date and age\"] = 5,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Sund\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Weather box\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wide image\"] = 1,\n [\"WikidataCoord\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"small\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","620","23.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","380","14.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","260","9.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","220","8.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","160","5.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","140","5.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","80","3.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","3.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","3.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","60","2.2"],["[others]","620","23.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-85f4f7c798-t6hjn","timestamp":"20250202041800","ttl":2317336,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Jakarta","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Jakarta","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3630","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3630","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-28T19:22:51Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/bf\/Busway_in_Bundaran_HI.jpg","headline":"capital city and smallest province of Indonesia"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>