CINXE.COM
Program in Economic History | Economic Growth Center
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ og: http://ogp.me/ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# schema: http://schema.org/ sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# "> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]},distributed_tracing:{enabled:true}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={agentID:"1588800701",accountID:"3876684",trustKey:"66686",xpid:"Vw4AV1BbDBABUVZbAwUEVFUD",licenseKey:"NRJS-a588e19175fb60800e5",applicationID:"1579443212"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-spa-1.274.0.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={8122:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>i});var n=r(944);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.R)(3);if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.R)(4);const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{if(null===e[a]){r[a]=null;continue}Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.R)(1,e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.R)(2,e)}}},2555:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Vp:()=>c,fn:()=>s,x1:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={beacon:n.NT.beacon,errorBeacon:n.NT.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){try{const t=c(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}function c(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function u(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}},9417:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D0:()=>h,gD:()=>g,xN:()=>p});var n=r(993);const i=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var o=r(2614),a=r(944),s=r(384),c=r(8122);const u="[data-nr-mask]",d=()=>{const e={mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},feature_flags:[],generic_events:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},logging:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0,level:n.p_.INFO},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},obfuscate:void 0,page_action:{enabled:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},performance:{capture_marks:!1,capture_measures:!1},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},session:{expiresMs:o.wk,inactiveMs:o.BB},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,preload:!1,sampling_rate:10,error_sampling_rate:100,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,fix_stylesheets:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){i(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(u):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=u:(0,a.R)(5,t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){i(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,a.R)(6,t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,a.R)(7,t)}},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},soft_navigations:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},ssl:void 0,user_actions:{enabled:!0}}},l={},f="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function h(e){if(!e)throw new Error(f);if(!l[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);l[e]=(0,c.a)(t,d());const r=(0,s.nY)(e);r&&(r.init=l[e])}function g(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(f);var r=h(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}},5603:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>c,o:()=>s});var n=r(384),i=r(8122);const o={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},a={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("LoaderConfig for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.a)(t,o);const r=(0,n.nY)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=a[e])}},3371:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>f,f:()=>l});var n=r(8122),i=r(384),o=r(6154),a=r(9324);let s=0;const c={buildEnv:a.F3,distMethod:a.Xs,version:a.xv,originTime:o.WN},u={customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,onerror:void 0,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},appMetadata:{},session:void 0,denyList:void 0,timeKeeper:void 0,obfuscator:void 0},d={};function l(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!d[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return d[e]}function f(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");d[e]={...(0,n.a)(t,u),...c},Object.hasOwnProperty.call(d[e],"harvestCount")||Object.defineProperty(d[e],"harvestCount",{get:()=>++s});const r=(0,i.nY)(e);r&&(r.runtime=d[e])}},9324:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{F3:()=>i,Xs:()=>o,Yq:()=>a,xv:()=>n});const n="1.274.0",i="PROD",o="CDN",a="^2.0.0-alpha.17"},6154:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A4:()=>s,OF:()=>d,RI:()=>i,WN:()=>h,bv:()=>o,gm:()=>a,lR:()=>f,m:()=>u,mw:()=>c,sb:()=>l});var n=r(1863);const i="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,o="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=i?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),s="complete"===a?.document?.readyState,c=Boolean("hidden"===a?.document?.visibilityState),u=""+a?.location,d=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(a.navigator?.userAgent),l=d&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,f=(()=>{const e=a.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);return Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2?+e[1]:0})(),h=Date.now()-(0,n.t)()},7295:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Xv:()=>a,gX:()=>i,iW:()=>o});var n=[];function i(e){if(!e||o(e))return!1;if(0===n.length)return!0;for(var t=0;t<n.length;t++){var r=n[t];if("*"===r.hostname)return!1;if(s(r.hostname,e.hostname)&&c(r.pathname,e.pathname))return!1}return!0}function o(e){return void 0===e.hostname}function a(e){if(n=[],e&&e.length)for(var t=0;t<e.length;t++){let r=e[t];if(!r)continue;0===r.indexOf("http://")?r=r.substring(7):0===r.indexOf("https://")&&(r=r.substring(8));const i=r.indexOf("/");let o,a;i>0?(o=r.substring(0,i),a=r.substring(i)):(o=r,a="");let[s]=o.split(":");n.push({hostname:s,pathname:a})}}function s(e,t){return!(e.length>t.length)&&t.indexOf(e)===t.length-e.length}function c(e,t){return 0===e.indexOf("/")&&(e=e.substring(1)),0===t.indexOf("/")&&(t=t.substring(1)),""===e||e===t}},1687:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Ak:()=>c,Ze:()=>l,x3:()=>u});var n=r(7836),i=r(3606),o=r(860),a=r(2646);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:o.P3[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e,t){e&&s[e]&&(s[e].get(t)&&s[e].delete(t),h(e,t,!1),s[e].size&&f(e))}function d(e){if(!e)throw new Error("agentIdentifier required");s[e]||(s[e]=new Map)}function l(e="",t="feature",r=!1){if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t)||r)return h(e,t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0,f(e)}function f(e){const t=Array.from(s[e]);t.every((([e,t])=>t.staged))&&(t.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),t.forEach((([t])=>{s[e].delete(t),h(e,t)})))}function h(e,t,r=!0){const o=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,s=i.i.handlers;if(!o.aborted&&o.backlog&&s){if(r){const e=o.backlog[t],r=s[t];if(r){for(let t=0;e&&t<e.length;++t)p(e[t],r);Object.entries(r).forEach((([e,t])=>{Object.values(t||{}).forEach((t=>{t[0]?.on&&t[0]?.context()instanceof a.y&&t[0].on(e,t[1])}))}))}}o.isolatedBacklog||delete s[t],o.backlog[t]=null,o.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}function p(e,t){var r=e[1];Object.values(t[r]||{}).forEach((t=>{var r=e[0];if(t[0]===r){var n=t[1],i=e[3],o=e[2];n.apply(i,o)}}))}},7836:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(384),i=r(8990),o=r(3371),a=r(2646),s=r(5607);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.W),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},l=!1;try{l=16===r.length&&(0,o.f)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var f={on:p,addEventListener:p,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=h(n),c=g(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var p=v()[s[e]];p&&p.push([f,e,r,a]);return a},get:m,listeners:g,context:h,buffer:function(e,t){const r=v();if(t=t||"feature",f.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((([e,n])=>{s[n]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:function(){f._aborted=!0,Object.keys(f.backlog).forEach((e=>{delete f.backlog[e]}))},isBuffering:function(e){return!!v()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:l?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{},isolatedBacklog:l};return Object.defineProperty(f,"aborted",{get:()=>{let e=f._aborted||!1;return e||(t&&(e=t.aborted),e)}}),f;function h(e){return e&&e instanceof a.y?e:e?(0,i.I)(e,c,(()=>new a.y(c))):new a.y(c)}function p(e,t){n[e]=g(e).concat(t)}function g(e){return n[e]||[]}function m(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(f,t)}function v(){return f.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.Zm)();d.ee||(d.ee=u)},2646:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{y:()=>n});class n{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}},9908:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{d:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(7836).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},3606:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{i:()=>o});var n=r(9908);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.d,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.d);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3878:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){return{capture:e,passive:!1,signal:t}}function i(e,t,r=!1,i){window.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}function o(e,t,r=!1,i){document.addEventListener(e,t,n(r,i))}r.d(t,{DD:()=>o,jT:()=>n,sp:()=>i})},5607:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>n});const n=(0,r(9566).bz)()},9566:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{LA:()=>s,ZF:()=>c,bz:()=>a,el:()=>u});var n=r(6154);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n.gm?.crypto||n.gm?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}function c(){return s(16)}function u(){return s(32)}},2614:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>a,H3:()=>n,g:()=>u,iL:()=>c,tS:()=>s,uh:()=>i,wk:()=>o});const n="NRBA",i="SESSION",o=144e5,a=18e5,s={STARTED:"session-started",PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},c={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},u={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},1863:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.floor(performance.now())}r.d(t,{t:()=>n})},7485:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=r(6154);function i(e){if(0===(e||"").indexOf("data:"))return{protocol:"data"};try{const t=new URL(e,location.href),r={port:t.port,hostname:t.hostname,pathname:t.pathname,search:t.search,protocol:t.protocol.slice(0,t.protocol.indexOf(":")),sameOrigin:t.protocol===n.gm?.location?.protocol&&t.host===n.gm?.location?.host};return r.port&&""!==r.port||("http:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="80"),"https:"===t.protocol&&(r.port="443")),r.pathname&&""!==r.pathname?r.pathname.startsWith("/")||(r.pathname="/".concat(r.pathname)):r.pathname="/",r}catch(e){return{}}}},944:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.debug&&console.debug("New Relic Warning: https://github.com/newrelic/newrelic-browser-agent/blob/main/docs/warning-codes.md#".concat(e),t)}r.d(t,{R:()=>n})},5284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>c,B:()=>s});var n=r(7836),i=r(6154);const o="newrelic";const a=new Set,s={};function c(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);s[t]??={},e&&"object"==typeof e&&(a.has(t)||(r.emit("rumresp",[e]),s[t]=e,a.add(t),function(e={}){try{i.gm.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(o,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}},8990:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{I:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},6389:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t=500,r={}){const n=r?.leading||!1;let i;return(...r)=>{n&&void 0===i&&(e.apply(this,r),i=setTimeout((()=>{i=clearTimeout(i)}),t)),n||(clearTimeout(i),i=setTimeout((()=>{e.apply(this,r)}),t))}}function i(e){let t=!1;return(...r)=>{t||(t=!0,e.apply(this,r))}}r.d(t,{J:()=>i,s:()=>n})},3304:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A:()=>o});var n=r(7836);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,r)=>{if("object"==typeof r&&null!==r){if(e.has(r))return;e.add(r)}return r}};function o(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())??""}catch(e){try{n.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}return""}}},5289:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{GG:()=>o,sB:()=>a});var n=r(3878);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.sp)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.DD)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},384:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{NT:()=>o,US:()=>d,Zm:()=>a,bQ:()=>c,dV:()=>s,nY:()=>u,pV:()=>l});var n=r(6154),i=r(1863);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return n.gm.NREUM||(n.gm.NREUM={}),void 0===n.gm.newrelic&&(n.gm.newrelic=n.gm.NREUM),n.gm.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:n.gm.setTimeout,SI:n.gm.setImmediate,CT:n.gm.clearTimeout,XHR:n.gm.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:n.gm.Request,EV:n.gm.Event,PR:n.gm.Promise,MO:n.gm.MutationObserver,FETCH:n.gm.fetch,WS:n.gm.WebSocket}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,i.t)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},2843:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>i});var n=r(3878);function i(e,t=!1,r,i){(0,n.DD)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},8139:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{u:()=>f});var n=r(7836),i=r(3434),o=r(8990),a=r(6154);const s={},c=a.gm.XMLHttpRequest,u="addEventListener",d="removeEventListener",l="nr@wrapped:".concat(n.P);function f(e){var t=function(e){return(e||n.ee).get("events")}(e);if(s[t.debugId]++)return t;s[t.debugId]=1;var r=(0,i.YM)(t,!0);function f(e){r.inPlace(e,[u,d],"-",p)}function p(e,t){return e[1]}return"getPrototypeOf"in Object&&(a.RI&&h(document,f),h(a.gm,f),h(c.prototype,f)),t.on(u+"-start",(function(e,t){var n=e[1];if(null!==n&&("function"==typeof n||"object"==typeof n)){var i=(0,o.I)(n,l,(function(){var e={object:function(){if("function"!=typeof n.handleEvent)return;return n.handleEvent.apply(n,arguments)},function:n}[typeof n];return e?r(e,"fn-",null,e.name||"anonymous"):n}));this.wrapped=e[1]=i}})),t.on(d+"-start",(function(e){e[1]=this.wrapped||e[1]})),t}function h(e,t,...r){let n=e;for(;"object"==typeof n&&!Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(n,u);)n=Object.getPrototypeOf(n);n&&t(n,...r)}},3434:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Jt:()=>o,YM:()=>c});var n=r(7836),i=r(5607);const o="nr@original:".concat(i.W);var a=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,s=!1;function c(e,t){return e||(e=n.ee),r.inPlace=function(e,t,n,i,o){n||(n="");const a="-"===n.charAt(0);for(let s=0;s<t.length;s++){const c=t[s],u=e[c];d(u)||(e[c]=r(u,a?c+n:n,i,c,o))}},r.flag=o,r;function r(t,r,n,s,c){return d(t)?t:(r||(r=""),nrWrapper[o]=t,function(e,t,r){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.keys(e).forEach((function(r){Object.defineProperty(t,r,{get:function(){return e[r]},set:function(t){return e[r]=t,t}})})),t}catch(e){u([e],r)}for(var n in e)a.call(e,n)&&(t[n]=e[n])}(t,nrWrapper,e),nrWrapper);function nrWrapper(){var o,a,d,l;try{a=this,o=[...arguments],d="function"==typeof n?n(o,a):n||{}}catch(t){u([t,"",[o,a,s],d],e)}i(r+"start",[o,a,s],d,c);try{return l=t.apply(a,o)}catch(e){throw i(r+"err",[o,a,e],d,c),e}finally{i(r+"end",[o,a,l],d,c)}}}function i(r,n,i,o){if(!s||t){var a=s;s=!0;try{e.emit(r,n,i,t,o)}catch(t){u([t,r,n,i],e)}s=a}}}function u(e,t){t||(t=n.ee);try{t.emit("internal-error",e)}catch(e){}}function d(e){return!(e&&"function"==typeof e&&e.apply&&!e[o])}},9300:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.ajax},3333:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,Zp:()=>i,mq:()=>s,nf:()=>a,qN:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.genericEvents,i=["auxclick","click","copy","keydown","paste","scrollend"],o=["focus","blur"],a=4,s=1e3},6774:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.jserrors},993:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{ET:()=>o,TZ:()=>a,p_:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i={ERROR:"ERROR",WARN:"WARN",INFO:"INFO",DEBUG:"DEBUG",TRACE:"TRACE"},o="log",a=n.K7.logging},3785:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{R:()=>c,b:()=>u});var n=r(9908),i=r(1863),o=r(860),a=r(3969),s=r(993);function c(e,t,r={},c=s.p_.INFO){(0,n.p)(a.xV,["API/logging/".concat(c.toLowerCase(),"/called")],void 0,o.K7.metrics,e),(0,n.p)(s.ET,[(0,i.t)(),t,r,c],void 0,o.K7.logging,e)}function u(e){return"string"==typeof e&&Object.values(s.p_).some((t=>t===e.toUpperCase().trim()))}},3969:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{TZ:()=>n,XG:()=>s,rs:()=>i,xV:()=>a,z_:()=>o});const n=r(860).K7.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},6630:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewEvent},782:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{T:()=>n});const n=r(860).K7.pageViewTiming},6344:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{BB:()=>d,G4:()=>o,Qb:()=>l,TZ:()=>i,Ug:()=>a,_s:()=>s,bc:()=>u,yP:()=>c});var n=r(2614);const i=r(860).K7.sessionReplay,o={RECORD:"recordReplay",PAUSE:"pauseReplay",REPLAY_RUNNING:"replayRunning",ERROR_DURING_REPLAY:"errorDuringReplay"},a=.12,s={DomContentLoaded:0,Load:1,FullSnapshot:2,IncrementalSnapshot:3,Meta:4,Custom:5},c={[n.g.ERROR]:15e3,[n.g.FULL]:3e5,[n.g.OFF]:0},u={RESET:{message:"Session was reset",sm:"Reset"},IMPORT:{message:"Recorder failed to import",sm:"Import"},TOO_MANY:{message:"429: Too Many Requests",sm:"Too-Many"},TOO_BIG:{message:"Payload was too large",sm:"Too-Big"},CROSS_TAB:{message:"Session Entity was set to OFF on another tab",sm:"Cross-Tab"},ENTITLEMENTS:{message:"Session Replay is not allowed and will not be started",sm:"Entitlement"}},d=5e3,l={API:"api"}},5270:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Aw:()=>c,CT:()=>u,SR:()=>s});var n=r(384),i=r(9417),o=r(7767),a=r(6154);function s(e){return!!(0,n.dV)().o.MO&&(0,o.V)(e)&&!0===(0,i.gD)(e,"session_trace.enabled")}function c(e){return!0===(0,i.gD)(e,"session_replay.preload")&&s(e)}function u(e,t){const r=t.correctAbsoluteTimestamp(e);return{originalTimestamp:e,correctedTimestamp:r,timestampDiff:e-r,originTime:a.WN,correctedOriginTime:t.correctedOriginTime,originTimeDiff:Math.floor(a.WN-t.correctedOriginTime)}}},3738:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{He:()=>i,Kp:()=>s,Lc:()=>u,Rz:()=>d,TZ:()=>n,bD:()=>o,d3:()=>a,jx:()=>l,uP:()=>c});const n=r(860).K7.sessionTrace,i="bstResource",o="resource",a="-start",s="-end",c="fn"+a,u="fn"+s,d="pushState",l=1e3},3962:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{AM:()=>o,O2:()=>s,Qu:()=>c,TZ:()=>a,ih:()=>u,tC:()=>i});var n=r(860);const i=["click","keydown","submit"],o="api",a=n.K7.softNav,s={INITIAL_PAGE_LOAD:"",ROUTE_CHANGE:1,UNSPECIFIED:2},c={INTERACTION:1,AJAX:2,CUSTOM_END:3,CUSTOM_TRACER:4},u={IP:"in progress",FIN:"finished",CAN:"cancelled"}},7378:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$p:()=>x,BR:()=>b,Kp:()=>R,L3:()=>y,Lc:()=>c,NC:()=>o,SG:()=>d,TZ:()=>i,U6:()=>p,UT:()=>m,d3:()=>w,dT:()=>f,e5:()=>A,gx:()=>v,l9:()=>l,oW:()=>h,op:()=>g,rw:()=>u,tH:()=>E,uP:()=>s,wW:()=>T,xq:()=>a});var n=r(384);const i=r(860).K7.spa,o=["click","submit","keypress","keydown","keyup","change"],a=999,s="fn-start",c="fn-end",u="cb-start",d="api-ixn-",l="remaining",f="interaction",h="spaNode",p="jsonpNode",g="fetch-start",m="fetch-done",v="fetch-body-",b="jsonp-end",y=(0,n.dV)().o.ST,w="-start",R="-end",x="-body",T="cb"+R,A="jsTime",E="fetch"},4234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>o});var n=r(7836),i=r(1687);class o{constructor(e,t){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=t,this.blocked=!1}deregisterDrain(){(0,i.x3)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName)}}},7767:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{V:()=>o});var n=r(9417),i=r(6154);const o=e=>i.RI&&!0===(0,n.gD)(e,"privacy.cookies_enabled")},425:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>j});var n=r(860),i=r(2555),o=r(3371),a=r(9908),s=r(7836),c=r(1687),u=r(5289),d=r(6154),l=r(944),f=r(3969),h=r(384),p=r(6344);const g=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start",p.G4.RECORD,p.G4.PAUSE,"log","wrapLogger"],m=["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"];var v=r(1863),b=r(2614),y=r(993),w=r(3785),R=r(2646),x=r(3434);function T(e,t,r,n){if("object"!=typeof t||!t||"string"!=typeof r||!r||"function"!=typeof t[r])return(0,l.R)(29);const i=function(e){return(e||s.ee).get("logger")}(e),o=(0,x.YM)(i),a=new R.y(s.P);return a.level=n.level,a.customAttributes=n.customAttributes,o.inPlace(t,[r],"wrap-logger-",a),i}function A(){const e=(0,h.pV)();g.forEach((t=>{e[t]=(...r)=>function(t,...r){let n=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e&&e.api?e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&n.push(e.api[t](...r)):(0,l.R)(38,t)})),n.length>1?n:n[0]}(t,...r)}))}const E={};var S=r(9417),N=r(5603),O=r(5284);const _=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let I=!1;function j(e,t={},g,R){let{init:x,info:j,loader_config:P,runtime:C={},exposed:k=!0}=t;C.loaderType=g;const L=(0,h.pV)();j||(x=L.init,j=L.info,P=L.loader_config),(0,S.xN)(e.agentIdentifier,x||{}),(0,N.a)(e.agentIdentifier,P||{}),j.jsAttributes??={},d.bv&&(j.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.x1)(e.agentIdentifier,j);const H=(0,S.D0)(e.agentIdentifier),D=[j.beacon,j.errorBeacon];I||(H.proxy.assets&&(_(H.proxy.assets),D.push(H.proxy.assets)),H.proxy.beacon&&D.push(H.proxy.beacon),A(),(0,h.US)("activatedFeatures",O.B),e.runSoftNavOverSpa&&=!0===H.soft_navigations.enabled&&H.feature_flags.includes("soft_nav")),C.denyList=[...H.ajax.deny_list||[],...H.ajax.block_internal?D:[]],C.ptid=e.agentIdentifier,(0,o.V)(e.agentIdentifier,C),e.ee=s.ee.get(e.agentIdentifier),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=function(e,t,h=!1){t||(0,c.Ak)(e,"api");const g={};var R=s.ee.get(e),x=R.get("tracer");E[e]=b.g.OFF,R.on(p.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(t=>{E[e]=t}));var A="api-",S=A+"ixn-";function N(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.Vp)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.x1)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),I(A,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function O(){}g.log=function(e,{customAttributes:t={},level:r=y.p_.INFO}={}){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/log/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,w.R)(R,e,t,r)},g.wrapLogger=(e,t,{customAttributes:r={},level:i=y.p_.INFO}={})=>{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/wrapLogger/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),T(R,e,t,{customAttributes:r,level:i})},m.forEach((e=>{g[e]=I(A,e,!0,"api")})),g.addPageAction=I(A,"addPageAction",!0,n.K7.genericEvents),g.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,o.f)(e).customTransaction=(r||"http://custom.transaction")+t,I(A,"setPageViewName",!0)()},g.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t,r=!1){if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return N(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.R)(40,typeof t)}else(0,l.R)(39,typeof e)},g.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.R)(41,typeof e)},g.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return N("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.R)(42,typeof e)},g.start=()=>{try{(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/start/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),R.emit("manual-start-all")}catch(e){(0,l.R)(23,e)}},g[p.G4.RECORD]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)(p.G4.RECORD,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,R)},g[p.G4.PAUSE]=function(){(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)(p.G4.PAUSE,[],void 0,n.K7.sessionReplay,R)},g.interaction=function(e){return(new O).get("object"==typeof e?e:{})};const _=O.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),h||(0,a.p)(S+"tracer",[(0,v.t)(),e,r],i,n.K7.spa,R),function(){if(x.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,v.t)(),i,o],r),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){const t="string"==typeof e?new Error(e):e;throw x.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],r),t}finally{x.emit("fn-end",[(0,v.t)()],r)}}}};function I(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[(0,v.t)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,R),r?void 0:this}}function j(){r.e(478).then(r.bind(r,8778)).then((({setAPI:t})=>{t(e),(0,c.Ze)(e,"api")})).catch((e=>{(0,l.R)(27,e),R.abort()}))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{_[e]=I(S,e,void 0,h?n.K7.softNav:n.K7.spa)})),g.setCurrentRouteName=h?I(S,"routeName",void 0,n.K7.softNav):I(A,"routeName",!0,n.K7.spa),g.noticeError=function(t,r){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),(0,a.p)(f.xV,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.K7.metrics,R),(0,a.p)("err",[t,(0,v.t)(),!1,r,!!E[e]],void 0,n.K7.jserrors,R)},d.RI?(0,u.GG)((()=>j()),!0):j(),g}(e.agentIdentifier,R,e.runSoftNavOverSpa)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=k),I=!0}},8374:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},860:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{$J:()=>o,K7:()=>n,P3:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",genericEvents:"generic_events",jserrors:"jserrors",logging:"logging",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",softNav:"soft_navigations",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.spa]:5,[n.ajax]:6,[n.sessionTrace]:7,[n.softNav]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9,[n.logging]:10,[n.genericEvents]:11},o={[n.pageViewTiming]:"events",[n.ajax]:"events",[n.spa]:"events",[n.softNav]:"events",[n.metrics]:"jserrors",[n.jserrors]:"jserrors",[n.sessionTrace]:"browser/blobs",[n.sessionReplay]:"browser/blobs",[n.logging]:"browser/logs",[n.genericEvents]:"ins"}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>({212:"nr-spa-compressor",249:"nr-spa-recorder",478:"nr-spa"}[e]+"-1.274.0.min.js"),i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.274.0.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={478:"sha512-1vUqEfJPB8Pihje9mv5CfYgkitO1FWcS+UQb84DbXqP8oYctRv4/lzl/MzNLPlRhcY1WVDBGL20I8vm6s2VV7g==",249:"sha512-Y/BeZAh6VSTmUtUNmS5XdyKxL92s30Fyyj8xVW76HSPxcKItL4+x2+kGMZc8pMJnUpZDz1L4eftZQAJh3D8NnA==",212:"sha512-Gn2tQ3qog5Yhrx/gRutkSTYPp+7nkKFt4/mIXg99LxcNpMDAYJZDBYmAACdoHNM86+iq1F3cBcQotFNzjIX8bw=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var h=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(h.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=h.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=h.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={38:0,788:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.274.0.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(8374);var e=i(944),t=i(6344),r=i(9566);class n{agentIdentifier;constructor(e=(0,r.LA)(16)){this.agentIdentifier=e}#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}log(e,t){return this.#e("log",e,t)}}class o extends n{#e(t,...r){if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...r);(0,e.R)(35,t)}start(){return this.#e("start")}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.RECORD)}pauseReplay(){return this.#e(t.G4.PAUSE)}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}wrapLogger(e,t,r){return this.#e("wrapLogger",e,t,r)}}var a=i(860),s=i(9417);const c=Object.values(a.K7);function u(e){const t={};return c.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!0===(0,s.gD)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var d=i(425);var l=i(1687),f=i(4234),h=i(5289),p=i(6154),g=i(5270),m=i(7767),v=i(6389);class b extends f.W{constructor(e,t,r=!0){super(e.agentIdentifier,t),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===e.init[this.featureName].autoStart&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto?(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,t):this.ee.on("manual-start-all",(0,v.J)((()=>{(0,l.Ak)(e.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator(e)})))}importAggregator(t,r={}){if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;let n;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{n=e}));const o=async()=>{let o;try{if((0,m.V)(this.agentIdentifier)){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,6526));o=e(t)}}catch(t){(0,e.R)(20,t),this.ee.emit("internal-error",[t]),this.featureName===a.K7.sessionReplay&&this.abortHandler?.()}try{if(t.sharedAggregator)await t.sharedAggregator;else{t.sharedAggregator=i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,9337));const{EventAggregator:e}=await t.sharedAggregator;t.sharedAggregator=new e}if(!this.#t(this.featureName,o))return(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void n(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(478).then(i.bind(i,6103)),{Aggregate:a}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new a(t,r),n(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.R)(34,t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,l.Ze)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName,!0),n(!1),this.ee&&this.ee.abort()}};p.RI?(0,h.GG)((()=>o()),!0):o()}#t(e,t){switch(e){case a.K7.sessionReplay:return(0,g.SR)(this.agentIdentifier)&&!!t;case a.K7.sessionTrace:return!!t;default:return!0}}}var y=i(6630);class w extends b{static featureName=y.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,y.T,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var R=i(384);var x=i(9908),T=i(2843),A=i(3878),E=i(782),S=i(1863);class N extends b{static featureName=E.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,E.T,t),p.RI&&((0,T.u)((()=>(0,x.p)("docHidden",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,E.T,this.ee)),!0),(0,A.sp)("pagehide",(()=>(0,x.p)("winPagehide",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,E.T,this.ee))),this.importAggregator(e))}}var O=i(3969);class _ extends b{static featureName=O.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,O.TZ,t),this.importAggregator(e)}}var I=i(6774),j=i(3304);class P{constructor(e,t,r,n,i){this.name="UncaughtError",this.message="string"==typeof e?e:(0,j.A)(e),this.sourceURL=t,this.line=r,this.column=n,this.__newrelic=i}}function C(e){return H(e)?e:new P(void 0!==e?.message?e.message:e,e?.filename||e?.sourceURL,e?.lineno||e?.line,e?.colno||e?.col,e?.__newrelic)}function k(e){const t="Unhandled Promise Rejection";if(!e?.reason)return;if(H(e.reason))try{return e.reason.message=t+": "+e.reason.message,C(e.reason)}catch(t){return C(e.reason)}const r=C(e.reason);return r.message=t+": "+r?.message,r}function L(e){if(e.error instanceof SyntaxError&&!/:\d+$/.test(e.error.stack?.trim())){const t=new P(e.message,e.filename,e.lineno,e.colno,e.error.__newrelic);return t.name=SyntaxError.name,t}return H(e.error)?e.error:C(e)}function H(e){return e instanceof Error&&!!e.stack}class D extends b{static featureName=I.T;#r=!1;constructor(e,r=!0){super(e,I.T,r);try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}this.ee.on("internal-error",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("ierr",[C(e),(0,S.t)(),!0,{},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)})),this.ee.on(t.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(e=>{this.#r=e})),p.gm.addEventListener("unhandledrejection",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("err",[k(e),(0,S.t)(),!1,{unhandledPromiseRejection:1},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),(0,A.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),p.gm.addEventListener("error",(e=>{this.abortHandler&&(0,x.p)("err",[L(e),(0,S.t)(),!1,{},this.#r],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)}),(0,A.jT)(!1,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#n,this.importAggregator(e)}#n(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}var M=i(8990);let K=1;const U="nr@id";function V(e){const t=typeof e;return!e||"object"!==t&&"function"!==t?-1:e===p.gm?0:(0,M.I)(e,U,(function(){return K++}))}function G(e){if("string"==typeof e&&e.length)return e.length;if("object"==typeof e){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&e instanceof ArrayBuffer&&e.byteLength)return e.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&e instanceof Blob&&e.size)return e.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&e instanceof FormData))try{return(0,j.A)(e).length}catch(e){return}}}var F=i(8139),B=i(7836),W=i(3434);const z={},q=["open","send"];function Z(t){var r=t||B.ee;const n=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("xhr")}(r);if(z[n.debugId]++)return n;z[n.debugId]=1,(0,F.u)(r);var i=(0,W.YM)(n),o=p.gm.XMLHttpRequest,a=p.gm.MutationObserver,s=p.gm.Promise,c=p.gm.setInterval,u="readystatechange",d=["onload","onerror","onabort","onloadstart","onloadend","onprogress","ontimeout"],l=[],f=p.gm.XMLHttpRequest=function(t){const r=new o(t),a=n.context(r);try{n.emit("new-xhr",[r],a),r.addEventListener(u,(s=a,function(){var e=this;e.readyState>3&&!s.resolved&&(s.resolved=!0,n.emit("xhr-resolved",[],e)),i.inPlace(e,d,"fn-",y)}),(0,A.jT)(!1))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(15,t);try{n.emit("internal-error",[t])}catch(e){}}var s;return r};function h(e,t){i.inPlace(t,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",y)}if(function(e,t){for(var r in e)t[r]=e[r]}(o,f),f.prototype=o.prototype,i.inPlace(f.prototype,q,"-xhr-",y),n.on("send-xhr-start",(function(e,t){h(e,t),function(e){l.push(e),a&&(g?g.then(b):c?c(b):(m=-m,v.data=m))}(t)})),n.on("open-xhr-start",h),a){var g=s&&s.resolve();if(!c&&!s){var m=1,v=document.createTextNode(m);new a(b).observe(v,{characterData:!0})}}else r.on("fn-end",(function(e){e[0]&&e[0].type===u||b()}));function b(){for(var e=0;e<l.length;e++)h(0,l[e]);l.length&&(l=[])}function y(e,t){return t}return n}var Y="fetch-",X=Y+"body-",J=["arrayBuffer","blob","json","text","formData"],Q=p.gm.Request,ee=p.gm.Response,te="prototype";const re={};function ne(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("fetch")}(e);if(!(Q&&ee&&p.gm.fetch))return t;if(re[t.debugId]++)return t;function r(e,r,n){var i=e[r];"function"==typeof i&&(e[r]=function(){var e,r=[...arguments],o={};t.emit(n+"before-start",[r],o),o[B.P]&&o[B.P].dt&&(e=o[B.P].dt);var a=i.apply(this,r);return t.emit(n+"start",[r,e],a),a.then((function(e){return t.emit(n+"end",[null,e],a),e}),(function(e){throw t.emit(n+"end",[e],a),e}))})}return re[t.debugId]=1,J.forEach((e=>{r(Q[te],e,X),r(ee[te],e,X)})),r(p.gm,"fetch",Y),t.on(Y+"end",(function(e,r){var n=this;if(r){var i=r.headers.get("content-length");null!==i&&(n.rxSize=i),t.emit(Y+"done",[null,r],n)}else t.emit(Y+"done",[e],n)})),t}var ie=i(7485),oe=i(5603);class ae{constructor(e){this.agentIdentifier=e}generateTracePayload(e){if(!this.shouldGenerateTrace(e))return null;var t=(0,oe.o)(this.agentIdentifier);if(!t)return null;var n=(t.accountID||"").toString()||null,i=(t.agentID||"").toString()||null,o=(t.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!i)return null;var a=(0,r.ZF)(),s=(0,r.el)(),c=Date.now(),u={spanId:a,traceId:s,timestamp:c};return(e.sameOrigin||this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useTraceContextHeadersForCors())&&(u.traceContextParentHeader=this.generateTraceContextParentHeader(a,s),u.traceContextStateHeader=this.generateTraceContextStateHeader(a,c,n,i,o)),(e.sameOrigin&&!this.excludeNewrelicHeader()||!e.sameOrigin&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)&&this.useNewrelicHeaderForCors())&&(u.newrelicHeader=this.generateTraceHeader(a,s,c,n,i,o)),u}generateTraceContextParentHeader(e,t){return"00-"+t+"-"+e+"-01"}generateTraceContextStateHeader(e,t,r,n,i){return i+"@nr=0-1-"+r+"-"+n+"-"+e+"----"+t}generateTraceHeader(e,t,r,n,i,o){if(!("function"==typeof p.gm?.btoa))return null;var a={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:n,ap:i,id:e,tr:t,ti:r}};return o&&n!==o&&(a.d.tk=o),btoa((0,j.A)(a))}shouldGenerateTrace(e){return this.isDtEnabled()&&this.isAllowedOrigin(e)}isAllowedOrigin(e){var t=!1,r={};if((0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing")&&(r=(0,s.D0)(this.agentIdentifier).distributed_tracing),e.sameOrigin)t=!0;else if(r.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var n=0;n<r.allowed_origins.length;n++){var i=(0,ie.D)(r.allowed_origins[n]);if(e.hostname===i.hostname&&e.protocol===i.protocol&&e.port===i.port){t=!0;break}}return t}isDtEnabled(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.enabled}excludeNewrelicHeader(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.exclude_newrelic_header}useNewrelicHeaderForCors(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!1!==e.cors_use_newrelic_header}useTraceContextHeadersForCors(){var e=(0,s.gD)(this.agentIdentifier,"distributed_tracing");return!!e&&!!e.cors_use_tracecontext_headers}}var se=i(9300),ce=i(7295),ue=["load","error","abort","timeout"],de=ue.length,le=(0,R.dV)().o.REQ,fe=(0,R.dV)().o.XHR;class he extends b{static featureName=se.T;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,se.T,t),this.dt=new ae(e.agentIdentifier),this.handler=(e,t,r,n)=>(0,x.p)(e,t,r,n,this.ee);try{const e={xmlhttprequest:"xhr",fetch:"fetch",beacon:"beacon"};p.gm?.performance?.getEntriesByType("resource").forEach((t=>{if(t.initiatorType in e&&0!==t.responseStatus){const r={status:t.responseStatus},n={rxSize:t.transferSize,duration:Math.floor(t.duration),cbTime:0};pe(r,t.name),this.handler("xhr",[r,n,t.startTime,t.responseEnd,e[t.initiatorType]],void 0,a.K7.ajax)}}))}catch(e){}ne(this.ee),Z(this.ee),function(e,t,r,n){function i(e){var t=this;t.totalCbs=0,t.called=0,t.cbTime=0,t.end=R,t.ended=!1,t.xhrGuids={},t.lastSize=null,t.loadCaptureCalled=!1,t.params=this.params||{},t.metrics=this.metrics||{},e.addEventListener("load",(function(r){T(t,e)}),(0,A.jT)(!1)),p.lR||e.addEventListener("progress",(function(e){t.lastSize=e.loaded}),(0,A.jT)(!1))}function o(e){this.params={method:e[0]},pe(this,e[1]),this.metrics={}}function s(t,r){e.loader_config.xpid&&this.sameOrigin&&r.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",e.loader_config.xpid);var i=n.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(i){var o=!1;i.newrelicHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("newrelic",i.newrelicHeader),o=!0),i.traceContextParentHeader&&(r.setRequestHeader("traceparent",i.traceContextParentHeader),i.traceContextStateHeader&&r.setRequestHeader("tracestate",i.traceContextStateHeader),o=!0),o&&(this.dt=i)}}function c(e,r){var n=this.metrics,i=e[0],o=this;if(n&&i){var a=G(i);a&&(n.txSize=a)}this.startTime=(0,S.t)(),this.body=i,this.listener=function(e){try{"abort"!==e.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==e.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof r.onload)&&"function"==typeof o.end)&&o.end(r)}catch(e){try{t.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}};for(var s=0;s<de;s++)r.addEventListener(ue[s],this.listener,(0,A.jT)(!1))}function u(e,t,r){this.cbTime+=e,t?this.onloadCalled=!0:this.called+=1,this.called!==this.totalCbs||!this.onloadCalled&&"function"==typeof r.onload||"function"!=typeof this.end||this.end(r)}function d(e,t){var r=""+V(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&!this.xhrGuids[r]&&(this.xhrGuids[r]=!0,this.totalCbs+=1)}function l(e,t){var r=""+V(e)+!!t;this.xhrGuids&&this.xhrGuids[r]&&(delete this.xhrGuids[r],this.totalCbs-=1)}function f(){this.endTime=(0,S.t)()}function h(e,r){r instanceof fe&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-added",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function g(e,r){r instanceof fe&&"load"===e[0]&&t.emit("xhr-load-removed",[e[1],e[2]],r)}function m(e,t,r){t instanceof fe&&("onload"===r&&(this.onload=!0),("load"===(e[0]&&e[0].type)||this.onload)&&(this.xhrCbStart=(0,S.t)()))}function v(e,r){this.xhrCbStart&&t.emit("xhr-cb-time",[(0,S.t)()-this.xhrCbStart,this.onload,r],r)}function b(e){var t,r=e[1]||{};if("string"==typeof e[0]?0===(t=e[0]).length&&p.RI&&(t=""+p.gm.location.href):e[0]&&e[0].url?t=e[0].url:p.gm?.URL&&e[0]&&e[0]instanceof URL?t=e[0].href:"function"==typeof e[0].toString&&(t=e[0].toString()),"string"==typeof t&&0!==t.length){t&&(this.parsedOrigin=(0,ie.D)(t),this.sameOrigin=this.parsedOrigin.sameOrigin);var i=n.generateTracePayload(this.parsedOrigin);if(i&&(i.newrelicHeader||i.traceContextParentHeader))if(e[0]&&e[0].headers)s(e[0].headers,i)&&(this.dt=i);else{var o={};for(var a in r)o[a]=r[a];o.headers=new Headers(r.headers||{}),s(o.headers,i)&&(this.dt=i),e.length>1?e[1]=o:e.push(o)}}function s(e,t){var r=!1;return t.newrelicHeader&&(e.set("newrelic",t.newrelicHeader),r=!0),t.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.set("traceparent",t.traceContextParentHeader),t.traceContextStateHeader&&e.set("tracestate",t.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r}}function y(e,t){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=(0,S.t)(),this.dt=t,e.length>=1&&(this.target=e[0]),e.length>=2&&(this.opts=e[1]);var r,n=this.opts||{},i=this.target;"string"==typeof i?r=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof le?r=i.url:p.gm?.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(r=i.href),pe(this,r);var o=(""+(i&&i instanceof le&&i.method||n.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=o,this.body=n.body,this.txSize=G(n.body)||0}function w(e,t){if(this.endTime=(0,S.t)(),this.params||(this.params={}),(0,ce.iW)(this.params))return;let n;this.params.status=t?t.status:0,"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);const i={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:(0,S.t)()-this.startTime};r("xhr",[this.params,i,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this,a.K7.ajax)}function R(e){const t=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(let t=0;t<de;t++)e.removeEventListener(ue[t],this.listener,!1);t.aborted||(0,ce.iW)(t)||(n.duration=(0,S.t)()-this.startTime,this.loadCazptureCalled||4!==e.readyState?null==t.status&&(t.status=0):T(this,e),n.cbTime=this.cbTime,r("xhr",[t,n,this.startTime,this.endTime,"xhr"],this,a.K7.ajax))}}function T(e,r){e.params.status=r.status;var n=function(e,t){var r=e.responseType;return"json"===r&&null!==t?t:"arraybuffer"===r||"blob"===r||"json"===r?G(e.response):"text"===r||""===r||void 0===r?G(e.responseText):void 0}(r,e.lastSize);if(n&&(e.metrics.rxSize=n),e.sameOrigin){var i=r.getResponseHeader("X-NewRelic-App-Data");i&&((0,x.p)(O.rs,["Ajax/CrossApplicationTracing/Header/Seen"],void 0,a.K7.metrics,t),e.params.cat=i.split(", ").pop())}e.loadCaptureCalled=!0}t.on("new-xhr",i),t.on("open-xhr-start",o),t.on("open-xhr-end",s),t.on("send-xhr-start",c),t.on("xhr-cb-time",u),t.on("xhr-load-added",d),t.on("xhr-load-removed",l),t.on("xhr-resolved",f),t.on("addEventListener-end",h),t.on("removeEventListener-end",g),t.on("fn-end",v),t.on("fetch-before-start",b),t.on("fetch-start",y),t.on("fn-start",m),t.on("fetch-done",w)}(e,this.ee,this.handler,this.dt),this.importAggregator(e)}}function pe(e,t){var r=(0,ie.D)(t),n=e.params||e;n.hostname=r.hostname,n.port=r.port,n.protocol=r.protocol,n.host=r.hostname+":"+r.port,n.pathname=r.pathname,e.parsedOrigin=r,e.sameOrigin=r.sameOrigin}const ge={},me=["pushState","replaceState"];function ve(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("history")}(e);return!p.RI||ge[t.debugId]++||(ge[t.debugId]=1,(0,W.YM)(t).inPlace(window.history,me,"-")),t}var be=i(3738);const{He:ye,bD:we,d3:Re,Kp:xe,TZ:Te,Lc:Ae,uP:Ee,Rz:Se}=be;class Ne extends b{static featureName=Te;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,Te,t);if(!(0,m.V)(this.agentIdentifier))return void this.deregisterDrain();const r=this.ee;let n;ve(r),this.eventsEE=(0,F.u)(r),this.eventsEE.on(Ee,(function(e,t){this.bstStart=(0,S.t)()})),this.eventsEE.on(Ae,(function(e,t){(0,x.p)("bst",[e[0],t,this.bstStart,(0,S.t)()],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)})),r.on(Se+Re,(function(e){this.time=(0,S.t)(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash})),r.on(Se+xe,(function(e){(0,x.p)("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)}));try{n=new PerformanceObserver((e=>{const t=e.getEntries();(0,x.p)(ye,[t],void 0,a.K7.sessionTrace,r)})),n.observe({type:we,buffered:!0})}catch(e){}this.importAggregator(e,{resourceObserver:n})}}var Oe=i(2614);class _e extends b{static featureName=t.TZ;#i;#o;constructor(e,r=!0){let n;super(e,t.TZ,r),this.replayRunning=!1,this.#o=e;try{n=JSON.parse(localStorage.getItem("".concat(Oe.H3,"_").concat(Oe.uh)))}catch(e){}(0,g.SR)(e.agentIdentifier)&&this.ee.on(t.G4.RECORD,(()=>this.#a())),this.#s(n)?(this.#i=n?.sessionReplayMode,this.#c()):this.importAggregator(e),this.ee.on("err",(e=>{this.replayRunning&&(this.errorNoticed=!0,(0,x.p)(t.G4.ERROR_DURING_REPLAY,[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee))})),this.ee.on(t.G4.REPLAY_RUNNING,(e=>{this.replayRunning=e}))}#s(e){return e&&(e.sessionReplayMode===Oe.g.FULL||e.sessionReplayMode===Oe.g.ERROR)||(0,g.Aw)(this.agentIdentifier)}#u=!1;async#c(e){if(!this.#u){this.#u=!0;try{const{Recorder:t}=await Promise.all([i.e(478),i.e(249)]).then(i.bind(i,8589));this.recorder??=new t({mode:this.#i,agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier,trigger:e,ee:this.ee}),this.recorder.startRecording(),this.abortHandler=this.recorder.stopRecording}catch(e){}this.importAggregator(this.#o,{recorder:this.recorder,errorNoticed:this.errorNoticed})}}#a(){this.featAggregate?this.featAggregate.mode!==Oe.g.FULL&&this.featAggregate.initializeRecording(Oe.g.FULL,!0):(this.#i=Oe.g.FULL,this.#c(t.Qb.API),this.recorder&&this.recorder.parent.mode!==Oe.g.FULL&&(this.recorder.parent.mode=Oe.g.FULL,this.recorder.stopRecording(),this.recorder.startRecording(),this.abortHandler=this.recorder.stopRecording))}}var Ie=i(3962);class je extends b{static featureName=Ie.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){if(super(e,Ie.TZ,t),!p.RI||!(0,R.dV)().o.MO)return;const r=ve(this.ee);Ie.tC.forEach((e=>{(0,A.sp)(e,(e=>{a(e)}),!0)}));const n=()=>(0,x.p)("newURL",[(0,S.t)(),""+window.location],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee);r.on("pushState-end",n),r.on("replaceState-end",n);try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}(0,A.sp)("popstate",(e=>(0,x.p)("newURL",[e.timeStamp,""+window.location],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)),!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal);let i=!1;const o=new((0,R.dV)().o.MO)(((e,t)=>{i||(i=!0,requestAnimationFrame((()=>{(0,x.p)("newDom",[(0,S.t)()],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee),i=!1})))})),a=(0,v.s)((e=>{(0,x.p)("newUIEvent",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee),o.observe(document.body,{attributes:!0,childList:!0,subtree:!0,characterData:!0})}),100,{leading:!0});this.abortHandler=function(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),o.disconnect(),this.abortHandler=void 0},this.importAggregator(e,{domObserver:o})}}var Pe=i(7378);const Ce={},ke=["appendChild","insertBefore","replaceChild"];function Le(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("jsonp")}(e);if(!p.RI||Ce[t.debugId])return t;Ce[t.debugId]=!0;var r=(0,W.YM)(t),n=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,i=/(.*)\.([^.]+)/,o=/^(\w+)(\.|$)(.*)$/;function a(e,t){if(!e)return t;const r=e.match(o),n=r[1];return a(r[3],t[n])}return r.inPlace(Node.prototype,ke,"dom-"),t.on("dom-start",(function(e){!function(e){if(!e||"string"!=typeof e.nodeName||"script"!==e.nodeName.toLowerCase())return;if("function"!=typeof e.addEventListener)return;var o=(s=e.src,c=s.match(n),c?c[1]:null);var s,c;if(!o)return;var u=function(e){var t=e.match(i);if(t&&t.length>=3)return{key:t[2],parent:a(t[1],window)};return{key:e,parent:window}}(o);if("function"!=typeof u.parent[u.key])return;var d={};function l(){t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",l,(0,A.jT)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",f,(0,A.jT)(!1))}function f(){t.emit("jsonp-error",[],d),t.emit("jsonp-end",[],d),e.removeEventListener("load",l,(0,A.jT)(!1)),e.removeEventListener("error",f,(0,A.jT)(!1))}r.inPlace(u.parent,[u.key],"cb-",d),e.addEventListener("load",l,(0,A.jT)(!1)),e.addEventListener("error",f,(0,A.jT)(!1)),t.emit("new-jsonp",[e.src],d)}(e[0])})),t}const He={};function De(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("promise")}(e);if(He[t.debugId])return t;He[t.debugId]=!0;var r=t.context,n=(0,W.YM)(t),i=p.gm.Promise;return i&&function(){function e(r){var o=t.context(),a=n(r,"executor-",o,null,!1);const s=Reflect.construct(i,[a],e);return t.context(s).getCtx=function(){return o},s}p.gm.Promise=e,Object.defineProperty(e,"name",{value:"Promise"}),e.toString=function(){return i.toString()},Object.setPrototypeOf(e,i),["all","race"].forEach((function(r){const n=i[r];e[r]=function(e){let i=!1;[...e||[]].forEach((e=>{this.resolve(e).then(a("all"===r),a(!1))}));const o=n.apply(this,arguments);return o;function a(e){return function(){t.emit("propagate",[null,!i],o,!1,!1),i=i||!e}}}})),["resolve","reject"].forEach((function(r){const n=i[r];e[r]=function(e){const r=n.apply(this,arguments);return e!==r&&t.emit("propagate",[e,!0],r,!1,!1),r}})),e.prototype=i.prototype;const o=i.prototype.then;i.prototype.then=function(...e){var i=this,a=r(i);a.promise=i,e[0]=n(e[0],"cb-",a,null,!1),e[1]=n(e[1],"cb-",a,null,!1);const s=o.apply(this,e);return a.nextPromise=s,t.emit("propagate",[i,!0],s,!1,!1),s},i.prototype.then[W.Jt]=o,t.on("executor-start",(function(e){e[0]=n(e[0],"resolve-",this,null,!1),e[1]=n(e[1],"resolve-",this,null,!1)})),t.on("executor-err",(function(e,t,r){e[1](r)})),t.on("cb-end",(function(e,r,n){t.emit("propagate",[n,!0],this.nextPromise,!1,!1)})),t.on("propagate",(function(e,r,n){this.getCtx&&!r||(this.getCtx=function(){if(e instanceof Promise)var r=t.context(e);return r&&r.getCtx?r.getCtx():this})}))}(),t}const Me={},Ke="setTimeout",Ue="setInterval",Ve="clearTimeout",Ge="-start",Fe=[Ke,"setImmediate",Ue,Ve,"clearImmediate"];function Be(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("timer")}(e);if(Me[t.debugId]++)return t;Me[t.debugId]=1;var r=(0,W.YM)(t);return r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(0,2),Ke+"-"),r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(2,3),Ue+"-"),r.inPlace(p.gm,Fe.slice(3),Ve+"-"),t.on(Ue+Ge,(function(e,t,n){e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",null,n)})),t.on(Ke+Ge,(function(e,t,n){this.method=n,this.timerDuration=isNaN(e[1])?0:+e[1],e[0]=r(e[0],"fn-",this,n)})),t}const We={};function ze(e){const t=function(e){return(e||B.ee).get("mutation")}(e);if(!p.RI||We[t.debugId])return t;We[t.debugId]=!0;var r=(0,W.YM)(t),n=p.gm.MutationObserver;return n&&(window.MutationObserver=function(e){return this instanceof n?new n(r(e,"fn-")):n.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=n.prototype),t}const{TZ:qe,d3:Ze,Kp:Ye,$p:Xe,wW:Je,e5:Qe,tH:$e,uP:et,rw:tt,Lc:rt}=Pe;class nt extends b{static featureName=qe;constructor(e,t=!0){if(super(e,qe,t),!p.RI)return;try{this.removeOnAbort=new AbortController}catch(e){}let r,n=0;const i=this.ee.get("tracer"),o=Le(this.ee),a=De(this.ee),s=Be(this.ee),c=Z(this.ee),u=this.ee.get("events"),d=ne(this.ee),l=ve(this.ee),f=ze(this.ee);function h(e,t){l.emit("newURL",[""+window.location,t])}function g(){n++,r=window.location.hash,this[et]=(0,S.t)()}function m(){n--,window.location.hash!==r&&h(0,!0);var e=(0,S.t)();this[Qe]=~~this[Qe]+e-this[et],this[rt]=e}function v(e,t){e.on(t,(function(){this[t]=(0,S.t)()}))}this.ee.on(et,g),a.on(tt,g),o.on(tt,g),this.ee.on(rt,m),a.on(Je,m),o.on(Je,m),this.ee.on("fn-err",((...t)=>{t[2]?.__newrelic?.[e.agentIdentifier]||(0,x.p)("function-err",[...t],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)})),this.ee.buffer([et,rt,"xhr-resolved"],this.featureName),u.buffer([et],this.featureName),s.buffer(["setTimeout"+Ye,"clearTimeout"+Ze,et],this.featureName),c.buffer([et,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+Ze],this.featureName),d.buffer([$e+Ze,$e+"-done",$e+Xe+Ze,$e+Xe+Ye],this.featureName),l.buffer(["newURL"],this.featureName),f.buffer([et],this.featureName),a.buffer(["propagate",tt,Je,"executor-err","resolve"+Ze],this.featureName),i.buffer([et,"no-"+et],this.featureName),o.buffer(["new-jsonp","cb-start","jsonp-error","jsonp-end"],this.featureName),v(d,$e+Ze),v(d,$e+"-done"),v(o,"new-jsonp"),v(o,"jsonp-end"),v(o,"cb-start"),l.on("pushState-end",h),l.on("replaceState-end",h),window.addEventListener("hashchange",h,(0,A.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("load",h,(0,A.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),window.addEventListener("popstate",(function(){h(0,n>1)}),(0,A.jT)(!0,this.removeOnAbort?.signal)),this.abortHandler=this.#n,this.importAggregator(e)}#n(){this.removeOnAbort?.abort(),this.abortHandler=void 0}}var it=i(3333);class ot extends b{static featureName=it.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,it.TZ,t);const r=[e.init.page_action.enabled,e.init.performance.capture_marks,e.init.performance.capture_measures,e.init.user_actions.enabled];p.RI&&e.init.user_actions.enabled&&(it.Zp.forEach((e=>(0,A.sp)(e,(e=>(0,x.p)("ua",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)),!0))),it.qN.forEach((e=>(0,A.sp)(e,(e=>(0,x.p)("ua",[e],void 0,this.featureName,this.ee)))))),r.some((e=>e))?this.importAggregator(e):this.deregisterDrain()}}var at=i(993),st=i(3785);class ct extends b{static featureName=at.TZ;constructor(e,t=!0){super(e,at.TZ,t);const r=this.ee;this.ee.on("wrap-logger-end",(function([e]){const{level:t,customAttributes:n}=this;(0,st.R)(r,e,n,t)})),this.importAggregator(e)}}new class extends o{constructor(t,r){super(r),p.gm?(this.features={},(0,R.bQ)(this.agentIdentifier,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(w),this.runSoftNavOverSpa=[...this.desiredFeatures].some((e=>e.featureName===a.K7.softNav)),(0,d.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.R)(21)}get config(){return{info:this.info,init:this.init,loader_config:this.loader_config,runtime:this.runtime}}run(){try{const t=u(this.agentIdentifier),r=[...this.desiredFeatures];r.sort(((e,t)=>a.P3[e.featureName]-a.P3[t.featureName])),r.forEach((r=>{if(!t[r.featureName]&&r.featureName!==a.K7.pageViewEvent)return;if(this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.spa)return;if(!this.runSoftNavOverSpa&&r.featureName===a.K7.softNav)return;const n=function(e){switch(e){case a.K7.ajax:return[a.K7.jserrors];case a.K7.sessionTrace:return[a.K7.ajax,a.K7.pageViewEvent];case a.K7.sessionReplay:return[a.K7.sessionTrace];case a.K7.pageViewTiming:return[a.K7.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(r.featureName).filter((e=>!(e in this.features)));n.length>0&&(0,e.R)(36,{targetFeature:r.featureName,missingDependencies:n}),this.features[r.featureName]=new r(this)}))}catch(t){(0,e.R)(22,t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,R.Zm)();delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator;return r.ee.get(this.agentIdentifier).abort(),!1}}}({features:[he,w,N,Ne,_e,_,D,ot,ct,je,nt],loaderType:"spa"})})()})();</script> <style>/* @see https://github.com/aFarkas/lazysizes#broken-image-symbol */.js img.lazyload:not([src]) { visibility: hidden; }/* @see https://github.com/aFarkas/lazysizes#automatically-setting-the-sizes-attribute */.js img.lazyloaded[data-sizes=auto] { display: block; width: 100%; }</style> <link rel="canonical" href="https://egc.yale.edu/initiatives/economic-history" /> <meta name="robots" content="index" /> <link rel="image_src" href="https://egc.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/social_media/public/RS%20Photos/Lexington-Avenue-between-105th-and-106th-Streets-Manhattan-1913.jpg?h=63821f92&itok=f_u0I8q7" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Economic Growth Center" /> <meta property="og:type" content="Initiative" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://egc.yale.edu/initiatives/economic-history" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Program in Economic History" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://egc.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/social_media/public/RS%20Photos/Lexington-Avenue-between-105th-and-106th-Streets-Manhattan-1913.jpg?h=63821f92&itok=f_u0I8q7" /> <meta property="og:image:url" content="https://egc.yale.edu/sites/default/files/styles/social_media/public/RS%20Photos/Lexington-Avenue-between-105th-and-106th-Streets-Manhattan-1913.jpg?h=63821f92&itok=f_u0I8q7" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="675" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="photo" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Program in Economic History" /> <meta name="twitter:image:height" content="675" /> <meta name="twitter:image:width" content="1200" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/sites/default/files/favicons/apple-touch-icon.png"/> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/sites/default/files/favicons/favicon-32x32.png"/> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/sites/default/files/favicons/favicon-16x16.png"/> <link rel="manifest" href="/sites/default/files/favicons/site.webmanifest"/> <link rel="mask-icon" href="/sites/default/files/favicons/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#5bbad5"/> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#da532c"/> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"/> <meta name="favicon-generator" content="Drupal responsive_favicons + realfavicongenerator.net" /> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 9 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width" /> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <script type="application/ld+json">{ "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "BreadcrumbList", "itemListElement": [ { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 1, "name": "Home", "item": "https://egc.yale.edu/" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 2, "name": "Initiatives", "item": "https://egc.yale.edu/initiatives" }, { "@type": "ListItem", "position": 3, "name": "Program In Economic History" } ] }</script> <title>Program in Economic History | Economic Growth Center</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/ajax-progress.module.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/align.module.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/autocomplete-loading.module.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/fieldgroup.module.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/container-inline.module.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/clearfix.module.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/details.module.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/hidden.module.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/item-list.module.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/js.module.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/nowrap.module.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/position-container.module.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/progress.module.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/reset-appearance.module.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/resize.module.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/sticky-header.module.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/system-status-counter.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/system-status-report-counters.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/system-status-report-general-info.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/tabledrag.module.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/tablesort.module.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/core/modules/system/css/components/tree-child.module.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/modules/contrib/extlink/extlink.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/modules/contrib/paragraphs/css/paragraphs.unpublished.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/tobin/../economics/assets/dist/base/base.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/egc/../economics/assets/dist/base/base.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/egc/../economics/assets/dist/base/base--egc.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/egc/../economics/assets/dist/layout/layout--egc.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/tobin/../economics/assets/dist/components/drupal-messages/drupal-messages.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/tobin/../economics/assets/dist/components/ckeditor/ckeditor.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/tobin/../economics/assets/dist/components/ckeditor/ckeditor--tobin.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/egc/../economics/assets/dist/components/drupal-messages/drupal-messages.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/egc/../economics/assets/dist/components/ckeditor/ckeditor.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/egc/../economics/assets/dist/components/ckeditor/ckeditor--egc.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/egc/../economics/assets/dist/components/navigation/footer/footer--egc.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/economics/assets/dist/components/navigation/social/social.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/economics/assets/dist/components/media/image/image.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/economics/assets/dist/components/paragraph/link-with-image/link-with-image.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/economics/assets/dist/components/paragraph/layout/four-column/four-column.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/economics/assets/dist/components/field/advanced-header-field/advanced-header-field.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/economics/assets/dist/components/paragraph/layout/one-column/one-column.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/egc/../economics/assets/dist/components/paragraph/cta-link/cta-link.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/egc/../economics/assets/dist/components/paragraph/cta-link/cta-link--egc.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/economics/assets/dist/components/node/news-item/teaser-vertical/news-item-teaser-vertical.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/economics/assets/dist/components/node/event/teaser-vertical/event-teaser-vertical.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/economics/assets/dist/components/paragraph/layout/two-column/two-column.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/economics/assets/dist/components/node/news-item/teaser-callout-horizontal/news-item-teaser-callout-horizontal.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/economics/assets/dist/components/node/publication/teaser-callout-horizontal/publication-teaser-callout-horizontal.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/economics/assets/dist/components/node/teaser-callout-horizontal/teaser-callout-horizontal.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/economics/assets/dist/components/paragraph/html-content/html-content.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/egc/../economics/assets/dist/components/node/initiative/initiative.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/egc/../economics/assets/dist/components/node/initiative/initiative--egc.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/egc/../economics/assets/dist/components/navigation/book/book.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/egc/../economics/assets/dist/components/navigation/book/book--egc.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/tobin/../economics/assets/dist/components/navigation/breadcrumb/breadcrumb.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/tobin/../economics/assets/dist/components/navigation/breadcrumb/breadcrumb--tobin.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/egc/../economics/assets/dist/components/navigation/main/main.css?snly7r" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/themes/custom/egc/../economics/assets/dist/components/navigation/main/main--egc.css?snly7r" /> <script src="/libraries/fontawesome/js/fontawesome.min.js?v=6.4.0" defer></script> <script src="/libraries/fontawesome/js/light.min.js?v=6.4.0" defer></script> <script src="/libraries/fontawesome/js/brands.min.js?v=6.4.0" defer></script> </head> <body data-roles="anonymous" class="site-page site-page--node-initiative site-page--book egc-domain"> <a href="#site-main" class="visually-hidden focusable"> Skip to main content </a> <header class="site-header" data-js="site-header"> <div class="site-header__content"> <div class="site-header__background-stripe"></div> <div class="site-header__sticky-trigger"></div> <div class="site-header__branding-block"> <div class="branding-block"> <div class="branding-block__pre-site-name"> Yale </div> <div class="branding-block__site-name"> <a href="/" aria-label="Tobin Center homepage.">Economic Growth Center</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="site-header__menu"> <button class="menu-toggle" data-js="menu-toggle" aria-controls="block-main" aria-expanded="false"> <span></span> <span></span> <span></span> </button> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-main-menu" id="block-main" class="block-main-menu" data-js="block-main-menu"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-main-menu">Main Menu</h2> <ul class="menu menu--main-egc menu--main menu--level-0"> <li class="menu__item menu__item--has-submenu"> <details class="menu__details"> <summary class="menu__summary"> <a href="/about" data-drupal-link-system-path="about">About</a> </summary> <div class="menu__submenu-wrapper"> <ul class="menu menu--main-egc menu--main menu--level-1 menu--submenu"> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/about/egc-newsletter" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/302331">Newsletter</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/about/annual-report" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/200908">Annual Report</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/about/our-history" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/200030">EGC History</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="https://economics.yale.edu/international-and-development-economics">IDE Masters Program</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/about/students" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/200091">For Current Students</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/about/support-our-work" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/200453">Support EGC's Work</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/about/contact-egc" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/200049">Contact Us</a> </li> </ul> </div> </details> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--has-submenu"> <details class="menu__details"> <summary class="menu__summary"> <a href="/people" data-drupal-link-system-path="people">People</a> </summary> <div class="menu__submenu-wrapper"> <ul class="menu menu--main-egc menu--main menu--level-1 menu--submenu"> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/people-egc" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/201125">Core Team</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/people/faculty" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/201824">Faculty</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/people/egc-visiting-faculty" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/201825">Visiting Faculty</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/people/kuznets-visitors" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/201826">Kuznets Visitors</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/people/postdoctoral-scholars" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/201828">Postdoctoral Scholars</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/people/student-interns" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/201829">Student Interns</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/people/egc-alumni" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/201830">EGC Alumni</a> </li> </ul> </div> </details> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--has-submenu"> <details class="menu__details"> <summary class="menu__summary"> <a href="/opportunities" data-drupal-link-system-path="opportunities">Opportunities</a> </summary> <div class="menu__submenu-wrapper"> <ul class="menu menu--main-egc menu--main menu--level-1 menu--submenu"> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/opportunities/jobs-research-fellowships" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/200147">Jobs & Research Fellowships</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/opportunities/internships-yale-students" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/200148">Internships for Yale students</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/opportunities-egc/faculty-research-support" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/302625">Faculty Research Support</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/opportunities/egc-incubation-fund" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/302506">EGC Incubation Fund</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/opportunities-egc/support-graduate-students" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/302624">Support for Graduate Students</a> </li> </ul> </div> </details> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/news" data-drupal-link-system-path="news">News</a> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--has-submenu"> <details class="menu__details"> <summary class="menu__summary"> <a href="/events" data-drupal-link-system-path="events">Events</a> </summary> <div class="menu__submenu-wrapper"> <ul class="menu menu--main-egc menu--main menu--level-1 menu--submenu"> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/events/weekly-events" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/302476">Weekly Events</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/events/upcoming-conferences" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/200283">Upcoming Conferences</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/events/simon-kuznets-memorial-lecture-series" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/152830">Kuznets Memorial Lecture</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/events/past-events" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/302498">Past Events</a> </li> </ul> </div> </details> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/data" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/200096">Data</a> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--has-submenu"> <details class="menu__details"> <summary class="menu__summary"> <a href="/research" data-drupal-link-system-path="research">Research</a> </summary> <div class="menu__submenu-wrapper"> <ul class="menu menu--main-egc menu--main menu--level-1 menu--submenu"> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/research/publications-egc" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/201831">Publications</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/research/research-summaries" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/200140">Research Summaries</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/research/egc-affiliate-spotlight-series" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/200285">EGC Affiliate Spotlight Series</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/research/works-progress" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/302507">Works in Progress</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="https://elischolar.library.yale.edu/egcenter-discussion-paper-series/">Discussion Papers</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/research/projects" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301397">Projects</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/research/egc-voices-development-podcast" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/200890">EGC Podcast Series</a> </li> </ul> </div> </details> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--has-submenu menu__item--active"> <details class="menu__details"> <summary class="menu__summary"> <a href="/initiatives" aria-current="page" data-drupal-link-system-path="initiatives">Initiatives</a> </summary> <div class="menu__submenu-wrapper"> <ul class="menu menu--main-egc menu--main menu--level-1 menu--submenu"> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="https://ie.yale.edu">Inclusion Economics</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/initiatives/markets-and-development" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301225">Markets & Development</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/initiatives/climate-energy-growth-initiative" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/302091">Climate, Energy & Growth</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/initiatives/gender-and-growth-gaps-project" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/201431">Gender & Growth Gaps</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/initiatives/latin-america-and-caribbean-program" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/201836">Latin America & the Caribbean</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/initiatives/bridging-atlantic-migrations-and-their-legacies" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301226">Bridging the Atlantic</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/initiatives/data-science-development" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/301224">Data Science for Development</a> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--active"> <a href="/initiatives/economic-history" aria-current="page" data-drupal-link-system-path="node/201763" class="is-active">Program In Economic History</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="https://cowles.yale.edu/international-trade">Program in International Trade</a> </li> </ul> </div> </details> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="site-header__search"> <a href="/search" aria-label=" Economic Growth Center search page"> <i class="fal fa-search"></i><span>Search</span> </a> </div> <div class="site-header__breadcrumbs"> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="system-breadcrumb"> <h2 id="system-breadcrumb" class="visually-hidden">Breadcrumb</h2> <ol id="menu-breadcrumb" class="menu menu--breadcrumb" data-js="breadcrumb"> <li class="menu__item menu__item--0"> <a href="/"><span>Home</span></a> <div class="menu__item-seperator"> <i class="fal fa-chevron-right"></i> </div> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--1"> <a href="https://egc.yale.edu/initiatives"><span>Initiatives</span></a> <div class="menu__item-seperator"> <i class="fal fa-chevron-right"></i> </div> </li> <li class="menu__item menu__item--2"> Program In Economic History </li> </ol> </nav> </div> <div class="site-header__book-title"> <a href="/initiatives/economic-history">Program in Economic History </a> </div> <div class="site-header__book-menu"> <button class="menu-toggle menu-toggle--book" data-js="book-menu-toggle" aria-controls="block-book-menu" aria-expanded="false"> <span></span> <span></span> <span></span> </button> <nav id="block-book" aria-labelledby="block-book-menu" class="block-book-menu" data-js="block-book-menu"> <h2 id="block-book-menu" class="visually-hidden"></h2> <ul class="menu menu--book menu--level-0"> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/egc-initiatives/program-economic-history/research" hreflang="en">Research</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/egc-initiatives/program-economic-history/events" hreflang="en">Events</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/egc-initiatives/program-economic-history/news" hreflang="en">News</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/program-economic-history/weekly-events" hreflang="en">Weekly Events</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/program-economic-history/courses" hreflang="en">Courses</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/program-economic-history/visitors" hreflang="en">Past Visitors </a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/program-economic-history/past-conferences" hreflang="en">Past Conferences</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="/program-economic-history/contact" hreflang="en">Contact Us</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="site-header__book-return"> <a href="/" aria-label="Back to Economic Growth Center homepage"> <i class="fal fa-arrow-left"></i><span>EGC Home</span> </a> </div> </div> </header> <main class="site-main"> <div class="site-main__system"></div> <div class="region-content"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div><div id="block-egc-content"> <article class="node node--initiative node--full color-scheme-yale-blue node--has-banner-image" data-js="node-initiative"> <header class="node__header" data-js="node-header"> <div class="node__header-content-wrapper"> <div class="node__banner-image"> <figure role="group" class="media media--image media--tobin-banner"> <picture> <source media="all and (min-width: 1440px)" type="image/webp" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/tobin_banner_1440/public/RS%20Photos/Lexington-Avenue-between-105th-and-106th-Streets-Manhattan-1913.webp?h=63821f92&itok=7ixuSXXm 1x"/> <source media="all and (min-width: 1440px)" type="image/jpeg" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/tobin_banner_1440/public/RS%20Photos/Lexington-Avenue-between-105th-and-106th-Streets-Manhattan-1913.jpg?h=63821f92&itok=7ixuSXXm 1x"/> <img class="tobin_banner lazyload" width="1440" height="700" alt="A historical view of subway construction in New York City, 1913" loading="lazy" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/tobin_banner_1440/public/RS%20Photos/Lexington-Avenue-between-105th-and-106th-Streets-Manhattan-1913.jpg?h=63821f92&itok=7ixuSXXm" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </picture> <figcaption class="media__figcaption"> <cite class="media__credit"> New York Public Library</cite> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="node__header-content"> <div class="node__introduction"> <h2>How have economies functioned in different times & places? How do present-day problems reflect earlier development?</h2> <p>聽</p> <h3><em><span><span><span><span><span><span>The Program in Economic History fosters research on the development of economies, using empirical evidence, economics & econometrics, & the examination of institutional contexts.</span></span></span></span></span></span></em></h3> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="node__content"> <div class="node__sections"> <section class="layout--margin-bottom-md layout layout--one-column"> <div class="layout__regions"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--html-content paragraph--default" id="paragraph-html-content-254692" data-js="html-content"> <div class="paragraph__body"> <p>Economic history is the study of the long-term development of economies. The field uses empirical evidence, the tools of economics and econometrics, and appreciation of institutional context to understand how economies functioned in different times and places, and how present-day economic problems reflect earlier development.</p> <p>The Program in Economic History exists within the Economic Growth Center to foster research in the field of economic history. The links at the top of this page will take you to information on weekly events, mini-conferences, and other program activities.聽</p> <p>The Director of the Program is聽<a href="/people/gerald-jaynes">Gerald Jaynes</a>聽(gerald.jaynes@yale.edu).</p> <p>Yale does not offer graduate programs in economic history聽<em>per se</em>. Students who participate in the activities of the Program in Economic History are working toward a PhD in economics, history, or another discipline. They fulfill the degree requirements for their respective department; there are no separate requirements for economic history. (For information on the economics PhD program, see聽<a href="http://economics.yale.edu/graduate/requirements">http://economics.yale.edu/graduate/requirements</a>; for the history PhD program,聽<a href="http://history.yale.edu/academics/graduate-programs">http://history.yale.edu/academics/graduate-programs</a>; for other programs, consult the relevant departmental website, or the website for Yale Graduate school,聽<a href="http://gsas.yale.edu/">http://gsas.yale.edu</a>).</p> <p>Admission to graduate programs at Yale is handled by the graduate school; interested prospective students should check the graduate school website for forms, deadlines, and other information.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="layout--margin-bottom-md layout layout--one-column" aria-labelledby="heading-layout-259570"> <header class="advanced-header-field advanced-header-field--heading-tag-h2"> <h2 id="heading-layout-259570" class="advanced-header-field__heading"> Research Highlights </h2> </header> <div class="layout__regions"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--curated-content paragraph--default" id="paragraph-curated-content-259571" data-js="curated-content"> <article class="node-teaser node-teaser--publication node-teaser--callout-horizontal color-scheme-egc-black node--has-page-image" data-js="node-publication"> <header class="node-teaser__header"> <div class="node-teaser__heading"> Sun Kyoung Lee uses data to trace the roots of urban segregation </div> <div class="node-teaser__author-links"> <a href="/people/sun-kyoung-lee" hreflang="en"><span>Sun Kyoung Lee</span></a> </div> <div class="node-teaser__cta-link"> <a href="/research/sun-kyoung-lee-uses-data-trace-roots-urban-segregation">Read More</a> </div> </header> <div class="node-teaser__content"> <div class="node-teaser__image"> <figure role="group" class="media media--image media--teaser-callout-horizontal"> <picture> <source media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/webp" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/teaser_callout_horizontal/public/2020-04/Sun_Kyoung_Lee_headshot%20cropped%20v2_0.webp?h=02dc3d82&itok=Pt0FBgNO 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/teaser_callout_horizontal_x2/public/2020-04/Sun_Kyoung_Lee_headshot%20cropped%20v2_0.webp?h=02dc3d82&itok=kzbbuR4A 2x"/> <source media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/jpeg" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/teaser_callout_horizontal/public/2020-04/Sun_Kyoung_Lee_headshot%20cropped%20v2_0.jpg?h=02dc3d82&itok=Pt0FBgNO 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/teaser_callout_horizontal_x2/public/2020-04/Sun_Kyoung_Lee_headshot%20cropped%20v2_0.jpg?h=02dc3d82&itok=kzbbuR4A 2x"/> <img class="teaser_callout_horizontal lazyload" width="760" height="440" alt="Sun Kyoung Lee" loading="lazy" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/teaser_callout_horizontal/public/2020-04/Sun_Kyoung_Lee_headshot%20cropped%20v2_0.jpg?h=02dc3d82&itok=Pt0FBgNO" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </picture> </figure> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--cta-link paragraph--default paragraph--cta-link-primary" id="paragraph-cta-link-259572" data-js="cta-link"> <a href="/egc-initiatives/program-economic-history/research">Related Research</a> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="layout--margin-bottom-md layout layout--one-column" aria-labelledby="heading-layout-259573"> <header class="advanced-header-field advanced-header-field--heading-tag-h2"> <h2 id="heading-layout-259573" class="advanced-header-field__heading"> News </h2> </header> <div class="layout__regions"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--curated-content paragraph--default" id="paragraph-curated-content-260613" data-js="curated-content"> <article class="node-teaser node-teaser--news-item node-teaser--callout-horizontal color-scheme-egc-dark-gray" data-js="node-news-item"> <header class="node-teaser__header"> <div class="node-teaser__heading"> EGC Voices in Development Podcast, Episode 7: Gerald Jaynes </div> <div class="node-teaser__cta-link"> <a href="/news/230605/egc-voices-development-podcast-episode-7-gerald-jaynes">Read Story</a> </div> </header> <div class="node-teaser__content"> <div class="node-teaser__image"> <figure role="group" class="media media--image media--teaser-callout-horizontal"> <picture> <source media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/webp" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/teaser_callout_horizontal/public/2024-10/IMG_8297.webp?h=71976bb4&itok=x586p1RI 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/teaser_callout_horizontal_x2/public/2024-10/IMG_8297.webp?h=71976bb4&itok=IKFLgCeb 2x"/> <source media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/jpeg" data-srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/teaser_callout_horizontal/public/2024-10/IMG_8297.jpg?h=71976bb4&itok=x586p1RI 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/teaser_callout_horizontal_x2/public/2024-10/IMG_8297.jpg?h=71976bb4&itok=IKFLgCeb 2x"/> <img class="teaser_callout_horizontal lazyload" width="760" height="440" alt=" Gerald Jaynes" loading="lazy" data-src="/sites/default/files/styles/teaser_callout_horizontal/public/2024-10/IMG_8297.jpg?h=71976bb4&itok=x586p1RI" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </picture> </figure> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--cta-link paragraph--default paragraph--cta-link-primary" id="paragraph-cta-link-259575" data-js="cta-link"> <a href="/egc-initiatives/program-economic-history/news">Related News</a> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="layout--background layout--color-scheme-egc-background-gray layout--width-edge-to-edge layout--margin-bottom-md layout layout--one-column" aria-labelledby="heading-layout-258762"> <header class="advanced-header-field advanced-header-field--heading-tag-h2"> <h2 id="heading-layout-258762" class="advanced-header-field__heading"> Event Highlights </h2> </header> <div class="layout__regions"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <section class="layout--50-50 layout--margin-bottom-md layout layout--two-column"> <div class="layout__regions"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--first"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--curated-content paragraph--default" id="paragraph-curated-content-258763" data-js="curated-content"> <article class="node-teaser node-teaser--event node-teaser--vertical color-scheme-yale-medium-blue" data-js="node-event"> <header class="node-teaser__header"> <div class="node-teaser__type-label"> Conference </div> <div class="node-teaser__heading"> <div class="node-teaser__left-section"> <div class="node-teaser__event-start-date"> Apr 26 2024 </div> </div> <div class="node-teaser__right-section"> <a href="/events/2024/charting-future-economics-governance-and-economic-development"><span>Charting the Future of Economics, Governance, and Economic Development in the United States and Beyond</span></a> </div> </div> </header> <div class="node-teaser__content"> <div class="node-teaser__image"> <figure role="group" class="media media--image media--teaser-vertical"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2023-08/Old_book_-_Basking_Ridge_Historical_Society%20sm_0.webp?h=9646a8db&itok=V3om0UDf 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_large/public/2023-08/Old_book_-_Basking_Ridge_Historical_Society%20sm_0.webp?h=9646a8db&itok=uYOmsNLE 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_small/public/2023-08/Old_book_-_Basking_Ridge_Historical_Society%20sm_0.webp?h=9646a8db&itok=0MJ2fesQ 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2023-08/Old_book_-_Basking_Ridge_Historical_Society%20sm_0.webp?h=9646a8db&itok=V3om0UDf 2x" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2023-08/Old_book_-_Basking_Ridge_Historical_Society%20sm_0.jpg?h=9646a8db&itok=V3om0UDf 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_large/public/2023-08/Old_book_-_Basking_Ridge_Historical_Society%20sm_0.jpg?h=9646a8db&itok=uYOmsNLE 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_small/public/2023-08/Old_book_-_Basking_Ridge_Historical_Society%20sm_0.jpg?h=9646a8db&itok=0MJ2fesQ 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2023-08/Old_book_-_Basking_Ridge_Historical_Society%20sm_0.jpg?h=9646a8db&itok=V3om0UDf 2x" type="image/jpeg"/> <img class="teaser_vertical" src="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2023-08/Old_book_-_Basking_Ridge_Historical_Society%20sm_0.jpg?h=9646a8db&itok=V3om0UDf" width="720" height="500" alt="" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </picture> </figure> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--curated-content paragraph--default" id="paragraph-curated-content-259888" data-js="curated-content"> <article class="node-teaser node-teaser--news-item node-teaser--vertical color-scheme-egc-dark-gray" data-js="node-news-item"> <header class="node-teaser__header"> <div class="node-teaser__type-label"> News </div> <div class="node-teaser__heading"> <a href="/news/211221/looking-back-race-ethnicity-gender-and-economic-justice-virtual-symposium"><span>Looking back on the Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Economic Justice Virtual Symposium</span></a> </div> </header> <div class="node-teaser__content"> <div class="node-teaser__image"> <figure role="group" class="media media--image media--teaser-vertical"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/EJ_Symposium_organizers.webp?h=749c6dcd&itok=zPHBcJCM 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_large/public/2024-10/EJ_Symposium_organizers.webp?h=749c6dcd&itok=VVuU-efS 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_small/public/2024-10/EJ_Symposium_organizers.webp?h=749c6dcd&itok=1JyClsiQ 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/EJ_Symposium_organizers.webp?h=749c6dcd&itok=zPHBcJCM 2x" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/EJ_Symposium_organizers.jpg?h=749c6dcd&itok=zPHBcJCM 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_large/public/2024-10/EJ_Symposium_organizers.jpg?h=749c6dcd&itok=VVuU-efS 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_small/public/2024-10/EJ_Symposium_organizers.jpg?h=749c6dcd&itok=1JyClsiQ 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/EJ_Symposium_organizers.jpg?h=749c6dcd&itok=zPHBcJCM 2x" type="image/jpeg"/> <img class="teaser_vertical" src="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/EJ_Symposium_organizers.jpg?h=749c6dcd&itok=zPHBcJCM" width="720" height="500" alt="Co-organizers of the Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Economic Justice Virtual Symposium (L-R): Rohini Pande, Yusuf Neggers, Gerald Jaynes, and Ceren Baysan." loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </picture> </figure> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="layout--margin-bottom-md layout layout--four-column"> <div class="layout__regions"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--first"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--cta-link paragraph--default paragraph--cta-link-primary" id="paragraph-cta-link-259576" data-js="cta-link"> <a href="/egc-initiatives/program-economic-history/events">Related events</a> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--cta-link paragraph--default paragraph--cta-link-primary" id="paragraph-cta-link-259891" data-js="cta-link"> <a href="/events/weekly-events">Weekly Events</a> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--third"> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--fourth"> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </section> <section class="layout--margin-bottom-md layout layout--one-column" aria-labelledby="heading-layout-259313"> <header class="advanced-header-field advanced-header-field--heading-tag-h2"> <h2 id="heading-layout-259313" class="advanced-header-field__heading"> Faculty </h2> </header> <div class="layout__regions"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <section class="layout--margin-bottom-md layout layout--four-column"> <div class="layout__regions"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--first"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--link-with-image paragraph--default" id="paragraph-link-with-image-259315" data-js="link-with-image"> <div class="paragraph__header"> <div class="paragraph__title"> Jos茅-Antonio Esp铆n-S谩nchez </div> <div class="paragraph__link"> <a href="/people/jose-antonio-espin-sanchez">See more</a> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph__image"> <figure role="group" class="media media--image media--teaser-vertical"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/EGC%20headshots/Espi%CC%81n%20Sa%CC%81nchez%20EGC%20Headshot.webp?h=029ba33f&itok=AXxOVssy 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_large/public/EGC%20headshots/Espi%CC%81n%20Sa%CC%81nchez%20EGC%20Headshot.webp?h=029ba33f&itok=YGbzy8qQ 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_small/public/EGC%20headshots/Espi%CC%81n%20Sa%CC%81nchez%20EGC%20Headshot.webp?h=029ba33f&itok=AKJTHVV_ 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/EGC%20headshots/Espi%CC%81n%20Sa%CC%81nchez%20EGC%20Headshot.webp?h=029ba33f&itok=AXxOVssy 2x" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/EGC%20headshots/Espi%CC%81n%20Sa%CC%81nchez%20EGC%20Headshot.jpg?h=029ba33f&itok=AXxOVssy 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_large/public/EGC%20headshots/Espi%CC%81n%20Sa%CC%81nchez%20EGC%20Headshot.jpg?h=029ba33f&itok=YGbzy8qQ 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_small/public/EGC%20headshots/Espi%CC%81n%20Sa%CC%81nchez%20EGC%20Headshot.jpg?h=029ba33f&itok=AKJTHVV_ 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/EGC%20headshots/Espi%CC%81n%20Sa%CC%81nchez%20EGC%20Headshot.jpg?h=029ba33f&itok=AXxOVssy 2x" type="image/jpeg"/> <img class="teaser_vertical" src="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/EGC%20headshots/Espi%CC%81n%20Sa%CC%81nchez%20EGC%20Headshot.jpg?h=029ba33f&itok=AXxOVssy" width="720" height="500" alt="Jos茅-Antonio Esp铆n-S谩nchez" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </picture> </figure> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--link-with-image paragraph--default" id="paragraph-link-with-image-259316" data-js="link-with-image"> <div class="paragraph__header"> <div class="paragraph__title"> Gerald Jaynes </div> <div class="paragraph__link"> <a href="/people/gerald-jaynes">See more</a> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph__image"> <figure role="group" class="media media--image media--teaser-vertical"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2021-07/jaynes_0.webp?h=827069f2&itok=kTjeoc2s 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_large/public/2021-07/jaynes_0.webp?h=827069f2&itok=pkx5F0Pp 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_small/public/2021-07/jaynes_0.webp?h=827069f2&itok=jtZr0WEm 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2021-07/jaynes_0.webp?h=827069f2&itok=kTjeoc2s 2x" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2021-07/jaynes_0.jpg?h=827069f2&itok=kTjeoc2s 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_large/public/2021-07/jaynes_0.jpg?h=827069f2&itok=pkx5F0Pp 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_small/public/2021-07/jaynes_0.jpg?h=827069f2&itok=jtZr0WEm 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2021-07/jaynes_0.jpg?h=827069f2&itok=kTjeoc2s 2x" type="image/jpeg"/> <img class="teaser_vertical" src="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2021-07/jaynes_0.jpg?h=827069f2&itok=kTjeoc2s" width="720" height="500" alt="Gerald Jaynes" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </picture> </figure> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--third"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--link-with-image paragraph--default" id="paragraph-link-with-image-259548" data-js="link-with-image"> <div class="paragraph__header"> <div class="paragraph__title"> Benjamin Polak </div> <div class="paragraph__link"> <a href="/people/benjamin-polak">See more</a> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph__image"> <figure role="group" class="media media--image media--teaser-vertical"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/polak-provost-011313_1_0.webp?h=54162ad7&itok=tB9QqV7V 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_large/public/polak-provost-011313_1_0.webp?h=54162ad7&itok=3w_YJUvg 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_small/public/polak-provost-011313_1_0.webp?h=54162ad7&itok=2SHgL9jo 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/polak-provost-011313_1_0.webp?h=54162ad7&itok=tB9QqV7V 2x" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/polak-provost-011313_1_0.jpg?h=54162ad7&itok=tB9QqV7V 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_large/public/polak-provost-011313_1_0.jpg?h=54162ad7&itok=3w_YJUvg 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_small/public/polak-provost-011313_1_0.jpg?h=54162ad7&itok=2SHgL9jo 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/polak-provost-011313_1_0.jpg?h=54162ad7&itok=tB9QqV7V 2x" type="image/jpeg"/> <img class="teaser_vertical" src="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/polak-provost-011313_1_0.jpg?h=54162ad7&itok=tB9QqV7V" width="720" height="500" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </picture> </figure> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--fourth"> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </section> <section class="layout--margin-bottom-md layout layout--one-column" aria-labelledby="heading-layout-259549"> <header class="advanced-header-field advanced-header-field--heading-tag-h2"> <h2 id="heading-layout-259549" class="advanced-header-field__heading"> Postdoctoral Scholars </h2> </header> <div class="layout__regions"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <section class="layout--margin-bottom-md layout layout--four-column"> <div class="layout__regions"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--first"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--link-with-image paragraph--default" id="paragraph-link-with-image-259551" data-js="link-with-image"> <div class="paragraph__header"> <div class="paragraph__title"> Sun Kyoung Lee (2019-22 Postdoc) </div> <div class="paragraph__link"> <a href="https://sunkyounglee.com/">See more</a> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph__image"> <figure role="group" class="media media--image media--teaser-vertical"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2020-04/Sun_Kyoung_Lee_headshot%20cropped%20v2_0.webp?h=02dc3d82&itok=z9aOHm9t 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_large/public/2020-04/Sun_Kyoung_Lee_headshot%20cropped%20v2_0.webp?h=02dc3d82&itok=_e46lPUy 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_small/public/2020-04/Sun_Kyoung_Lee_headshot%20cropped%20v2_0.webp?h=02dc3d82&itok=EO_7D25L 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2020-04/Sun_Kyoung_Lee_headshot%20cropped%20v2_0.webp?h=02dc3d82&itok=z9aOHm9t 2x" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2020-04/Sun_Kyoung_Lee_headshot%20cropped%20v2_0.jpg?h=02dc3d82&itok=z9aOHm9t 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_large/public/2020-04/Sun_Kyoung_Lee_headshot%20cropped%20v2_0.jpg?h=02dc3d82&itok=_e46lPUy 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_small/public/2020-04/Sun_Kyoung_Lee_headshot%20cropped%20v2_0.jpg?h=02dc3d82&itok=EO_7D25L 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2020-04/Sun_Kyoung_Lee_headshot%20cropped%20v2_0.jpg?h=02dc3d82&itok=z9aOHm9t 2x" type="image/jpeg"/> <img class="teaser_vertical" src="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2020-04/Sun_Kyoung_Lee_headshot%20cropped%20v2_0.jpg?h=02dc3d82&itok=z9aOHm9t" width="720" height="500" alt="Sun Kyoung Lee" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </picture> </figure> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--third"> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--fourth"> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </section> <section class="layout--margin-bottom-md layout layout--one-column" aria-labelledby="heading-layout-259889"> <header class="advanced-header-field advanced-header-field--heading-tag-h2"> <h2 id="heading-layout-259889" class="advanced-header-field__heading"> Visitors </h2> </header> <div class="layout__regions"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <section class="layout--margin-bottom-md layout layout--four-column"> <div class="layout__regions"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--first"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--link-with-image paragraph--default" id="paragraph-link-with-image-259568" data-js="link-with-image"> <div class="paragraph__header"> <div class="paragraph__title"> Steven Nafziger (Williams College, Spring 2025) </div> <div class="paragraph__link"> <a href="https://sites.google.com/williams.edu/nafziger">See more</a> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph__image"> <figure role="group" class="media media--image media--teaser-vertical"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Steven%20Nafziger.webp?h=4bb1ae7d&itok=fWd08j1C 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_large/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Steven%20Nafziger.webp?h=4bb1ae7d&itok=4b-_EC5p 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_small/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Steven%20Nafziger.webp?h=4bb1ae7d&itok=0nCseMXP 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Steven%20Nafziger.webp?h=4bb1ae7d&itok=fWd08j1C 2x" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Steven%20Nafziger.jpg?h=4bb1ae7d&itok=fWd08j1C 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_large/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Steven%20Nafziger.jpg?h=4bb1ae7d&itok=4b-_EC5p 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_small/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Steven%20Nafziger.jpg?h=4bb1ae7d&itok=0nCseMXP 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Steven%20Nafziger.jpg?h=4bb1ae7d&itok=fWd08j1C 2x" type="image/jpeg"/> <img class="teaser_vertical" src="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Steven%20Nafziger.jpg?h=4bb1ae7d&itok=fWd08j1C" width="720" height="500" alt="Headshot of Steven Nafziger" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </picture> </figure> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--link-with-image paragraph--default" id="paragraph-link-with-image-259569" data-js="link-with-image"> <div class="paragraph__header"> <div class="paragraph__title"> Leah Boustan (Princeton, 2024-25) </div> <div class="paragraph__link"> <a href="https://lboustan.scholar.princeton.edu/">See more</a> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph__image"> <figure role="group" class="media media--image media--teaser-vertical"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Leah%20Boustan.webp?h=f3385619&itok=vsZL17FM 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_large/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Leah%20Boustan.webp?h=f3385619&itok=fH0as6ZQ 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_small/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Leah%20Boustan.webp?h=f3385619&itok=sm2qubDf 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Leah%20Boustan.webp?h=f3385619&itok=vsZL17FM 2x" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Leah%20Boustan.jpg?h=f3385619&itok=vsZL17FM 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_large/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Leah%20Boustan.jpg?h=f3385619&itok=fH0as6ZQ 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_small/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Leah%20Boustan.jpg?h=f3385619&itok=sm2qubDf 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Leah%20Boustan.jpg?h=f3385619&itok=vsZL17FM 2x" type="image/jpeg"/> <img class="teaser_vertical" src="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Leah%20Boustan.jpg?h=f3385619&itok=vsZL17FM" width="720" height="500" alt="Headshot of Leah Boustan" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </picture> </figure> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--third"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--link-with-image paragraph--default" id="paragraph-link-with-image-259554" data-js="link-with-image"> <div class="paragraph__header"> <div class="paragraph__title"> Matthew Jaremski (Utah State University, Fall 2024) </div> <div class="paragraph__link"> <a href="https://www.matthewjaremski.com/">See more</a> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph__image"> <figure role="group" class="media media--image media--teaser-vertical"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-08/Jaremski-Headshot.webp?h=c0c0d586&itok=xyi5ZYMn 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_large/public/2024-08/Jaremski-Headshot.webp?h=c0c0d586&itok=4x-yuVgf 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_small/public/2024-08/Jaremski-Headshot.webp?h=c0c0d586&itok=Dd3Wcx7u 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-08/Jaremski-Headshot.webp?h=c0c0d586&itok=xyi5ZYMn 2x" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-08/Jaremski-Headshot.jpg?h=c0c0d586&itok=xyi5ZYMn 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_large/public/2024-08/Jaremski-Headshot.jpg?h=c0c0d586&itok=4x-yuVgf 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_small/public/2024-08/Jaremski-Headshot.jpg?h=c0c0d586&itok=Dd3Wcx7u 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-08/Jaremski-Headshot.jpg?h=c0c0d586&itok=xyi5ZYMn 2x" type="image/jpeg"/> <img class="teaser_vertical" src="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-08/Jaremski-Headshot.jpg?h=c0c0d586&itok=xyi5ZYMn" width="720" height="500" alt="Matthew Jaremski" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </picture> </figure> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--fourth"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--link-with-image paragraph--default" id="paragraph-link-with-image-259565" data-js="link-with-image"> <div class="paragraph__header"> <div class="paragraph__title"> Shari Eli (University of Toronto) </div> <div class="paragraph__link"> <a href="https://munkschool.utoronto.ca/person/shari-eli">See more</a> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph__image"> <figure role="group" class="media media--image media--teaser-vertical"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Shari%20Eli.webp?h=a3697bd7&itok=JCIffcyK 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_large/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Shari%20Eli.webp?h=a3697bd7&itok=n-P_Yyd- 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_small/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Shari%20Eli.webp?h=a3697bd7&itok=o_-X6QvO 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Shari%20Eli.webp?h=a3697bd7&itok=JCIffcyK 2x" type="image/webp"/> <img class="teaser_vertical" src="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Shari%20Eli.webp?h=a3697bd7&itok=JCIffcyK" width="720" height="500" alt="Headshot of Shari Eli" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </picture> </figure> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="layout--margin-bottom-md layout layout--four-column"> <div class="layout__regions"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--first"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--link-with-image paragraph--default" id="paragraph-link-with-image-259566" data-js="link-with-image"> <div class="paragraph__header"> <div class="paragraph__title"> Maggie Jones (Emory University, Spring 2022) </div> <div class="paragraph__link"> <a href="https://maggiejones.ca/">See more</a> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph__image"> <figure role="group" class="media media--image media--teaser-vertical"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Profile%20photo%20of%20Maggie%20Jones.webp?h=1c9b88c9&itok=9WGuoch9 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_large/public/2024-10/Profile%20photo%20of%20Maggie%20Jones.webp?h=1c9b88c9&itok=0DaFrruV 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_small/public/2024-10/Profile%20photo%20of%20Maggie%20Jones.webp?h=1c9b88c9&itok=6eM98hbV 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Profile%20photo%20of%20Maggie%20Jones.webp?h=1c9b88c9&itok=9WGuoch9 2x" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Profile%20photo%20of%20Maggie%20Jones.jpeg?h=1c9b88c9&itok=9WGuoch9 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_large/public/2024-10/Profile%20photo%20of%20Maggie%20Jones.jpeg?h=1c9b88c9&itok=0DaFrruV 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_small/public/2024-10/Profile%20photo%20of%20Maggie%20Jones.jpeg?h=1c9b88c9&itok=6eM98hbV 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Profile%20photo%20of%20Maggie%20Jones.jpeg?h=1c9b88c9&itok=9WGuoch9 2x" type="image/jpeg"/> <img class="teaser_vertical" src="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Profile%20photo%20of%20Maggie%20Jones.jpeg?h=1c9b88c9&itok=9WGuoch9" width="720" height="500" alt="Profile photo of Maggie Jones" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </picture> </figure> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--third"> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--fourth"> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </section> <section class="layout--margin-bottom-md layout layout--one-column" aria-labelledby="heading-layout-259552"> <header class="advanced-header-field advanced-header-field--heading-tag-h2"> <h2 id="heading-layout-259552" class="advanced-header-field__heading"> Collaborators </h2> </header> <div class="layout__regions"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--content"> <section class="layout--margin-bottom-md layout layout--four-column"> <div class="layout__regions"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--first"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--link-with-image paragraph--default" id="paragraph-link-with-image-259556" data-js="link-with-image"> <div class="paragraph__header"> <div class="paragraph__title"> Fabian Drixler (History) </div> <div class="paragraph__link"> <a href="https://history.yale.edu/people/fabian-drixler">See more</a> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph__image"> <figure role="group" class="media media--image media--teaser-vertical"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Fabian%20Drixler.webp?h=9e499333&itok=4v8VMFgU 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_large/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Fabian%20Drixler.webp?h=9e499333&itok=nJ9nuS6r 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_small/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Fabian%20Drixler.webp?h=9e499333&itok=3pCbXcNU 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Fabian%20Drixler.webp?h=9e499333&itok=4v8VMFgU 2x" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Fabian%20Drixler.jpg?h=9e499333&itok=4v8VMFgU 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_large/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Fabian%20Drixler.jpg?h=9e499333&itok=nJ9nuS6r 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_small/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Fabian%20Drixler.jpg?h=9e499333&itok=3pCbXcNU 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Fabian%20Drixler.jpg?h=9e499333&itok=4v8VMFgU 2x" type="image/jpeg"/> <img class="teaser_vertical" src="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Fabian%20Drixler.jpg?h=9e499333&itok=4v8VMFgU" width="720" height="500" alt="Headshot of Fabian Drixler" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </picture> </figure> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--link-with-image paragraph--default" id="paragraph-link-with-image-259557" data-js="link-with-image"> <div class="paragraph__header"> <div class="paragraph__title"> David Engerman (History) </div> <div class="paragraph__link"> <a href="https://history.yale.edu/people/david-engerman">See more</a> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph__image"> <figure role="group" class="media media--image media--teaser-vertical"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Profile%20photo%20of%20David%20Engerman.webp?h=308da0b7&itok=PWbGQxKd 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_large/public/2024-10/Profile%20photo%20of%20David%20Engerman.webp?h=308da0b7&itok=eyinvg1T 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_small/public/2024-10/Profile%20photo%20of%20David%20Engerman.webp?h=308da0b7&itok=6YSdOJAJ 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Profile%20photo%20of%20David%20Engerman.webp?h=308da0b7&itok=PWbGQxKd 2x" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Profile%20photo%20of%20David%20Engerman.jpg?h=308da0b7&itok=PWbGQxKd 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_large/public/2024-10/Profile%20photo%20of%20David%20Engerman.jpg?h=308da0b7&itok=eyinvg1T 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_small/public/2024-10/Profile%20photo%20of%20David%20Engerman.jpg?h=308da0b7&itok=6YSdOJAJ 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Profile%20photo%20of%20David%20Engerman.jpg?h=308da0b7&itok=PWbGQxKd 2x" type="image/jpeg"/> <img class="teaser_vertical" src="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Profile%20photo%20of%20David%20Engerman.jpg?h=308da0b7&itok=PWbGQxKd" width="720" height="500" alt="Profile photo of David Engerman" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </picture> </figure> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--third"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--link-with-image paragraph--default" id="paragraph-link-with-image-259561" data-js="link-with-image"> <div class="paragraph__header"> <div class="paragraph__title"> William B. English (SOM) </div> <div class="paragraph__link"> <a href="https://som.yale.edu/faculty-research/faculty-directory/william-b-english">See more</a> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph__image"> <figure role="group" class="media media--image media--teaser-vertical"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20William%20B.%20English.webp?h=d4481e58&itok=9Mrh1XD4 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_large/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20William%20B.%20English.webp?h=d4481e58&itok=x4ILUtnk 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_small/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20William%20B.%20English.webp?h=d4481e58&itok=kepDd56p 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20William%20B.%20English.webp?h=d4481e58&itok=9Mrh1XD4 2x" type="image/webp"/> <img class="teaser_vertical" src="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20William%20B.%20English.webp?h=d4481e58&itok=9Mrh1XD4" width="720" height="500" alt="Headshot of William B. English" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </picture> </figure> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--fourth"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--link-with-image paragraph--default" id="paragraph-link-with-image-259562" data-js="link-with-image"> <div class="paragraph__header"> <div class="paragraph__title"> Cameron LaPoint (SOM) </div> <div class="paragraph__link"> <a href="https://som.yale.edu/faculty-research/faculty-directory/cameron-lapoint">See more</a> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph__image"> <figure role="group" class="media media--image media--teaser-vertical"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Cameron%20LaPoint.webp?h=aa81dfca&itok=l3xAlIaI 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_large/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Cameron%20LaPoint.webp?h=aa81dfca&itok=IBLbvMti 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_small/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Cameron%20LaPoint.webp?h=aa81dfca&itok=SU08ZDyx 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Cameron%20LaPoint.webp?h=aa81dfca&itok=l3xAlIaI 2x" type="image/webp"/> <img class="teaser_vertical" src="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Cameron%20LaPoint.webp?h=aa81dfca&itok=l3xAlIaI" width="720" height="500" alt="Headshot of Cameron LaPoint" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </picture> </figure> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="layout--margin-bottom-md layout layout--four-column"> <div class="layout__regions"> <div class="layout__region layout__region--first"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--link-with-image paragraph--default" id="paragraph-link-with-image-259558" data-js="link-with-image"> <div class="paragraph__header"> <div class="paragraph__title"> Noel Lenski (History) </div> <div class="paragraph__link"> <a href="https://classics.yale.edu/people/noel-lenski">See more</a> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph__image"> <figure role="group" class="media media--image media--teaser-vertical"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Noel%20Lenski.webp?h=4626e670&itok=8LAC6Hpj 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_large/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Noel%20Lenski.webp?h=4626e670&itok=ReUI63yy 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_small/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Noel%20Lenski.webp?h=4626e670&itok=ygH9GzQG 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Noel%20Lenski.webp?h=4626e670&itok=8LAC6Hpj 2x" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Noel%20Lenski.jpg?h=4626e670&itok=8LAC6Hpj 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_large/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Noel%20Lenski.jpg?h=4626e670&itok=ReUI63yy 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_small/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Noel%20Lenski.jpg?h=4626e670&itok=ygH9GzQG 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Noel%20Lenski.jpg?h=4626e670&itok=8LAC6Hpj 2x" type="image/jpeg"/> <img class="teaser_vertical" src="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Noel%20Lenski.jpg?h=4626e670&itok=8LAC6Hpj" width="720" height="500" alt="Headshot of Noel Lenski" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </picture> </figure> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--second"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--link-with-image paragraph--default" id="paragraph-link-with-image-259559" data-js="link-with-image"> <div class="paragraph__header"> <div class="paragraph__title"> J.G. Manning (History) </div> <div class="paragraph__link"> <a href="https://history.yale.edu/people/joseph-manning">See more</a> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph__image"> <figure role="group" class="media media--image media--teaser-vertical"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Joseph%20Manning.webp?h=7f99e70a&itok=Gemu36QE 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_large/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Joseph%20Manning.webp?h=7f99e70a&itok=KykxP1Cn 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_small/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Joseph%20Manning.webp?h=7f99e70a&itok=ipgnzp5a 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Joseph%20Manning.webp?h=7f99e70a&itok=Gemu36QE 2x" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Joseph%20Manning.jpg?h=7f99e70a&itok=Gemu36QE 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_large/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Joseph%20Manning.jpg?h=7f99e70a&itok=KykxP1Cn 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_small/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Joseph%20Manning.jpg?h=7f99e70a&itok=ipgnzp5a 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Joseph%20Manning.jpg?h=7f99e70a&itok=Gemu36QE 2x" type="image/jpeg"/> <img class="teaser_vertical" src="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Joseph%20Manning.jpg?h=7f99e70a&itok=Gemu36QE" width="720" height="500" alt="Headshot of Joseph Manning" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </picture> </figure> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--third"> <div class="paragraph paragraph--link-with-image paragraph--default" id="paragraph-link-with-image-259560" data-js="link-with-image"> <div class="paragraph__header"> <div class="paragraph__title"> Keith Wrightson (History) </div> <div class="paragraph__link"> <a href="https://history.yale.edu/people/keith-wrightson">See more</a> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph__image"> <figure role="group" class="media media--image media--teaser-vertical"> <picture> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Keith%20Wrightson.webp?h=8597fb22&itok=tZVxN5uH 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_large/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Keith%20Wrightson.webp?h=8597fb22&itok=Z1vznlgg 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_small/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Keith%20Wrightson.webp?h=8597fb22&itok=dn3EOyaL 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Keith%20Wrightson.webp?h=8597fb22&itok=tZVxN5uH 2x" type="image/webp"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Keith%20Wrightson.jpg?h=8597fb22&itok=tZVxN5uH 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_large/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Keith%20Wrightson.jpg?h=8597fb22&itok=Z1vznlgg 2x" media="all and (min-width: 768px)" type="image/jpeg"/> <source srcset="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_small/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Keith%20Wrightson.jpg?h=8597fb22&itok=dn3EOyaL 1x, /sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Keith%20Wrightson.jpg?h=8597fb22&itok=tZVxN5uH 2x" type="image/jpeg"/> <img class="teaser_vertical" src="/sites/default/files/styles/landscape_medium/public/2024-10/Headshot%20of%20Keith%20Wrightson.jpg?h=8597fb22&itok=tZVxN5uH" width="720" height="500" alt="Headshot of Keith Wrightson" loading="lazy" typeof="foaf:Image" /> </picture> </figure> </div> </div> </div> <div class="layout__region layout__region--fourth"> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </section> </div> </div> </article> </div> </div> </main> <footer class="site-footer"> <div class="site-footer__newsletter"> <div class="newsletter newsletter--egc"> <h2 class="newsletter__title">Stay informed and sign up for the EGC Quarterly Newsletter.</h2> <p class="newsletter__text">Interested in more? EGC offers several newsletters and mailing lists. See all your options and subscribe.</p> <div class="newsletter__cta"> <a href="https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScaUuEmikFOlY7T80RjgmTIE4qEuSFxWIYIPU2jIWSe-JM3Lg/viewform" target="_blank" aria-label="Join our mailing list"> Stay Informed</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="site-footer__content"> <div class="site-footer__logo"> <a href="https://yale.edu" aria-label="Yale University's homepage">Yale</a> </div> <div class="site-footer__site-name"> <a href="/" aria-label=" Economic Growth Center homepage">Economic Growth Center</a> </div> <div class="site-footer__social-menu"> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-social-menu" id="block-social" class="block-social-menu" data-js="block-social-menu"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-social-menu">Social Menu</h2> <ul class="menu menu--social-egc menu--social menu--level-0"> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/YaleEGC" aria-label="Go to Economic Growth Center's Facebook page" title="Facebook"><i class="fab fa-facebook"></i></a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/yaleegc/" aria-label="Go to Economic Growth Center's Instagram page" title="Instagram"><i class="fab fa-instagram"></i></a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/42088547" aria-label="Go to Economic Growth Center's LinkedIn page" title="LinkedIn"><i class="fab fa-linkedin"></i></a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="https://x.com/YaleEGC" aria-label="Go to Economic Growth Center's X page" title="X"><i class="fab fa-x-twitter"></i></a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCSh-dNnqe1agUSzPM01LgBA" aria-label="Go to Economic Growth Center's YouTube page" title="YouTube"><i class="fab fa-youtube"></i></a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="site-footer__menu"> <nav role="navigation" aria-labelledby="block-footer-menu" id="block-footer" class="block-footer-menu" data-js="block-footer-menu"> <h2 class="visually-hidden" id="block-footer-menu">Footer Menu</h2> <ul class="menu menu--footer-egc menu--footer menu--level-0"> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="https://economics.yale.edu/">Department of Economics</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="https://usability.yale.edu/web-accessibility/accessibility-yale">Accessibility</a> </li> <li class="menu__item"> <a href="https://privacy.yale.edu/resources/privacy-statement">Privacy Policy</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div> <div class="site-footer__address"> <i class="fal fa-location-dot"></i><a href="https://www.google.com/maps/place/?q=place_id%3AChIJ8_D6y7fZ54kRhRDoWyzW-rg">P.O. Box 208268, New Haven CT 06520-8268</a> </div> <div class="site-footer__contact-info"> <span class="site-footer__contact-info-phone"> <i class="fal fa-phone"></i><a href="tel:2034323610">203-432-3610</a> </span> <span class="site-footer__contact-info-email"> <i class="fal fa-envelope"></i><a href="mailto:egc@yale.edu">egc@yale.edu</a> </span> </div> <div class="site-footer__copyright"> Copyright © 2024 Yale University. <span>All Rights Reserved.</span> </div> </div> </footer> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","scriptPath":null,"pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/201763","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"lazy":{"lazysizes":{"lazyClass":"lazyload","loadedClass":"lazyloaded","loadingClass":"lazyloading","preloadClass":"lazypreload","errorClass":"lazyerror","autosizesClass":"lazyautosizes","srcAttr":"data-src","srcsetAttr":"data-srcset","sizesAttr":"data-sizes","minSize":40,"customMedia":[],"init":true,"expFactor":1.5,"hFac":0.8,"loadMode":2,"loadHidden":true,"ricTimeout":0,"throttleDelay":125,"plugins":[]},"placeholderSrc":"","preferNative":false,"minified":true,"libraryPath":"\/libraries\/lazysizes"},"data":{"extlink":{"extTarget":true,"extTargetNoOverride":false,"extNofollow":true,"extNoreferrer":true,"extFollowNoOverride":false,"extClass":"0","extLabel":"(link is external)","extImgClass":false,"extSubdomains":true,"extExclude":"","extInclude":"","extCssExclude":"","extCssExplicit":"","extAlert":false,"extAlertText":"This link will take you to an external web site. We are not responsible for their content.","mailtoClass":"0","mailtoLabel":"(link sends email)","extUseFontAwesome":false,"extIconPlacement":"append","extFaLinkClasses":"fa fa-external-link","extFaMailtoClasses":"fa fa-envelope-o","whitelistedDomains":[]}},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"7adbd887018c04c323cfb6957e775c76a4b4c1dbbd7a3fbd9e3fc1ae947ade59"}}</script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery/jquery.min.js?v=3.6.3"></script> <script src="/core/misc/polyfills/element.matches.js?v=9.5.11"></script> <script src="/core/misc/polyfills/object.assign.js?v=9.5.11"></script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/once/once.min.js?v=1.0.1"></script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/jquery-once/jquery.once.min.js?v=2.2.3"></script> <script src="/core/misc/drupalSettingsLoader.js?v=9.5.11"></script> <script src="/core/misc/drupal.js?v=9.5.11"></script> <script src="/core/misc/drupal.init.js?v=9.5.11"></script> <script src="/core/assets/vendor/picturefill/picturefill.min.js?v=3.0.3"></script> <script src="/modules/contrib/lazy/js/lazy.js?v=9.5.11"></script> <script src="/core/misc/jquery.once.bc.js?v=9.5.11"></script> <script src="/themes/custom/tobin/../economics/assets/dist/base/base.js?snly7r"></script> <script src="/themes/custom/egc/../economics/assets/dist/layout/layout--egc.js?snly7r"></script> <script src="/modules/contrib/extlink/extlink.js?v=9.5.11"></script> <script src="/themes/custom/tobin/../economics/assets/dist/components/navigation/breadcrumb/breadcrumb.js?snly7r"></script> <script src="/themes/custom/egc/../economics/assets/dist/components/navigation/main/main.js?snly7r"></script> <script src="/themes/custom/egc/../economics/assets/dist/components/navigation/main/main--egc.js?snly7r"></script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"NRJS-a588e19175fb60800e5","applicationID":"1579443212","transactionName":"ZVNXN0VXD0UAV0MPClwZdABDXw5YTkRWAQBtVVQAX1M=","queueTime":0,"applicationTime":17,"atts":"SRRUQQ1NHEs=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>