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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">mòu a la barra laterala</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">Escondre</button> </div> <div id="p-Navigacion" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Navigacion" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigacion </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-Acuèlh" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Acu%C3%A8lh"><span>Acuèlh</span></a></li><li id="n-La-tavèrna" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia:La_tav%C3%A8rna"><span>La tavèrna</span></a></li><li id="n-thema" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Acu%C3%A8lh"><span>Portals tematics</span></a></li><li id="n-alphindex" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Totas_las_paginas"><span>Indèx alfabetic</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Pagina_a_l%27azard" title="Afichar una pagina a l'azard [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Una pagina a l'azard</span></a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Contact-url"><span>contact</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Contribuir" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Contribuir" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribuir </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Somari" title="L'endrech per s'assabentar."><span>Ajuda</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia:Acu%C3%A8lh" title="A prepaus del projècte, çò que podètz far, ont trobar d'informacions"><span>Comunautat</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Darri%C3%A8rs_cambiaments" title="Lista dels darrièrs cambiaments sul wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Darrièrs cambiaments</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutwp" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia:Acu%C3%A8lh_dels_nov%C3%A8ls_venguts"><span>Acuèlh dels novèls venguts</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Acu%C3%A8lh" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipèdia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-oc.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.1875em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="l'enciclopèdia liura" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-oc.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Rec%C3%A8rca" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cercar dins Wikipèdia [C]" accesskey="C"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Recercar</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Recercar sus Wikipèdia" aria-label="Recercar sus Wikipèdia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Cercar dins Wikipèdia [C]" accesskey="C" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Especial:Recèrca"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Recercar</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Aisinas personalas"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Modifier l'apparence de la taille, de la largeur et de la couleur de la police de la page" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aparença" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aparença</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_oc.wikipedia.org&uselang=oc" class=""><span>Far un don</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crear_un_compte&returnto=Cirurgia" title="Vos es conselhat de crear un compte e de vos connectar ; pasmens, es pas obligatòri" class=""><span>Crear un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Nom_d%27utilizaire&returnto=Cirurgia" title="Sètz convidat(ada) a vos identificar, mas es pas obligatòri. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Se connectar</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Més opcions" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aisinas personalas" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aisinas personalas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menú d'usuari" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_oc.wikipedia.org&uselang=oc"><span>Far un don</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crear_un_compte&returnto=Cirurgia" title="Vos es conselhat de crear un compte e de vos connectar ; pasmens, es pas obligatòri"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Crear un compte</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Nom_d%27utilizaire&returnto=Cirurgia" title="Sètz convidat(ada) a vos identificar, mas es pas obligatòri. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Se connectar</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pàgines per a editors no registrats <a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Introducci%C3%B3" aria-label="Vegeu més informació sobre l'edició"><span>més informació</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Mas_contribucions" title="Una llista de les modificacions fetes des d'aquesta adreça IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contribucions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Mas_discussions" title="La pagina de discussion per aquesta adreça IP [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Somari" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Somari</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mòu a la barra laterala</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">Escondre</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Començament</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Istòria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istòria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Istòria</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Istòria-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Istòria</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Istòria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antiquitat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antiquitat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Antiquitat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antiquitat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissença" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissença"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Renaissença</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissença-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sègle_XIX" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sègle_XIX"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Sègle XIX</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sègle_XIX-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dolor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dolor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Dolor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dolor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infeccion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infeccion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Infeccion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infeccion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emorragia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emorragia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>Emorragia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emorragia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sègle_XX" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sègle_XX"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Sègle XX</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sègle_XX-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cirurgia_actuala_e_perspectivas_futuras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cirurgia_actuala_e_perspectivas_futuras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Cirurgia actuala e perspectivas futuras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cirurgia_actuala_e_perspectivas_futuras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perspectivas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perspectivas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Perspectivas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perspectivas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formacion_del_cirurgian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formacion_del_cirurgian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Formacion del cirurgian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formacion_del_cirurgian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cirurgia_laparoscopica_o_celioscopia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cirurgia_laparoscopica_o_celioscopia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cirurgia laparoscopica o celioscopia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cirurgia_laparoscopica_o_celioscopia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referéncias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referéncias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Referéncias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referéncias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ligams_extèrnes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligams_extèrnes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ligams extèrnes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligams_extèrnes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Somari" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cirurgia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 110 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-110" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">110 lengas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirurgie" title="Chirurgie - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Chirurgie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirurch%C3%ADa" title="Cirurchía - aragonés" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cirurchía" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="शल्यचिकित्सा - angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="शल्यचिकित्सा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%A9" title="جراحة - arabi" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جراحة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A5%DC%A8%DC%92%DC%98%DC%AC%DC%90" title="ܥܨܒܘܬܐ - arameu" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܥܨܒܘܬܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="arameu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirux%C3%ADa" title="Ciruxía - asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ciruxía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C9%99rrahiyy%C9%99" title="Cərrahiyyə - azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cərrahiyyə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82" title="جراحلیق - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جراحلیق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Хірургія - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хірургія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Хірургія - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Хірургія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bed%C3%A8l" title="Bedèl - betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Bedèl" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Хирургия - bulgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хирургия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="आपरेसन - Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="आपरेसन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="অস্ত্রোপচার - bengalin" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অস্ত্রোপচার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirurgija" title="Hirurgija - bosniac" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hirurgija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirurgia" title="Cirurgia - catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cirurgia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B4%D8%AA%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="نەشتەرگەری - kurd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نەشتەرگەری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirurgie" title="Chirurgie - chèc" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chirurgie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="chèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Хирурги - chovash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хирурги" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chovash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llawfeddygaeth" title="Llawfeddygaeth - gal·lès" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llawfeddygaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gal·lès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirurgi" title="Kirurgi - danés" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kirurgi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirurgie" title="Chirurgie - alemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chirurgie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="शल्यचिकित्सा - Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="शल्यचिकित्सा" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Χειρουργική - grèc" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χειρουργική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery - anglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Surgery" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirurgio" title="Kirurgio - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kirurgio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirug%C3%ADa" title="Cirugía - espanhòl" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cirugía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhòl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirurgia" title="Kirurgia - estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kirurgia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirurgia" title="Kirurgia - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kirurgia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%DB%8C" title="جراحی - perse" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جراحی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirurgia" title="Kirurgia - finlandés" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kirurgia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirurgia" title="Kirurgia - võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kirurgia" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veisele" title="Veisele - fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Veisele" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirurgie" title="Chirurgie - francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chirurgie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1inliacht" title="Máinliacht - irlandés" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Máinliacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirurx%C3%ADa" title="Cirurxía - galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cirurxía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%94" title="כירורגיה - ebrèu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כירורגיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebrèu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="शल्यचिकित्सा - Indi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="शल्यचिकित्सा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Indi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirurgija" title="Kirurgija - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kirurgija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seb%C3%A9szet" title="Sebészet - ongrés" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sebészet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ongrés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Վիրաբուժություն - armèni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիրաբուժություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armèni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirurgia" title="Chirurgia - interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Chirurgia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedah" title="Bedah - indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bedah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirurgio" title="Kirurgio - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kirurgio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uppskur%C3%B0ur" title="Uppskurður - islandés" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Uppskurður" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirurgia" title="Chirurgia - italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chirurgia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="外科学 - japonés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="外科学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedhah" title="Bedhah - javanés" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bedhah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ქირურგია - georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქირურგია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yas%CA%8A%CA%8A_t%CA%8Am%C9%A9y%C9%9B_(Chirurgie)" title="Yasʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ (Chirurgie) - Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Yasʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ (Chirurgie)" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Хирургия - cazac" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Хирургия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="cazac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86" title="ಶಸ್ತ್ರಚಿಕಿತ್ಸೆ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಶಸ್ತ್ರಚಿಕಿತ್ಸೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%99%B8%EA%B3%BC" title="외과 - corean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="외과" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="corean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%C5%9Fterger%C3%AE" title="Niştergerî - curd" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Niştergerî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Хирургия - kirguís" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Хирургия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirurgia" title="Chirurgia - latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Chirurgia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirurjia" title="Sirurjia - lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sirurjia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirurgie" title="Chirurgie - limburguès" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Chirurgie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerusia" title="Cerusia - llombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cerusia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="llombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirurgija" title="Chirurgija - lituan" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Chirurgija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6irur%C4%A3ija" title="Ķirurģija - leton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ķirurģija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="leton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Хирургий - Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Хирургий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badah" title="Badah - minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Badah" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Хирургија - macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хирургија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="ശസ്ത്രക്രിയ - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ശസ്ത്രക്രിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%81_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Мэс засал - mongòl" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мэс засал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongòl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="शल्यचिकित्सा - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="शल्यचिकित्सा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembedahan" title="Pembedahan - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pembedahan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AC" title="ခွဲစိတ်ကုပညာ - birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ခွဲစိတ်ကုပညာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirurgie" title="Chirurgie - baix alemany" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Chirurgie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baix alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="शल्यक्रिया - nepalés" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="शल्यक्रिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="शल्यचिकित्सा - newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="शल्यचिकित्सा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirurgie" title="Chirurgie - neerlandés" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chirurgie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirurgi" title="Kirurgi - norvegian nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kirurgi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegian nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirurgi" title="Kirurgi - norvegian bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kirurgi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegian bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਸਰਜਰੀ - punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਰਜਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="शल्यचिकित्सा - pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="शल्यचिकित्सा" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirurgia" title="Chirurgia - polonés" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chirurgia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%8A" title="جراحي - pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جراحي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirurgia" title="Cirurgia - portugués" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cirurgia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runa_kuchuy" title="Runa kuchuy - quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Runa kuchuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirurgie" title="Chirurgie - romanés" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Chirurgie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Хирургия - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хирургия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="शल्यचिकित्सा - sanscrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="शल्यचिकित्सा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanscrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirurg%C3%ACa" title="Chirurgìa - sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Chirurgìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirurgija" title="Kirurgija - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kirurgija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="ශල්‍යවේදය - singalès" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ශල්‍යවේදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgery" title="Surgery - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Surgery" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirurgia" title="Chirurgia - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chirurgia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirurgija" title="Kirurgija - eslovèn" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kirurgija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovèn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirurgjia" title="Kirurgjia - albanés" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kirurgjia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Хирургија - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хирургија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirurgi" title="Kirurgi - suedés" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kirurgi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upasuaji" title="Upasuaji - swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Upasuaji" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%88" title="அறுவைச் சிகிச்சை - tamol" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அறுவைச் சிகிச்சை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0_%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8" title="శస్త్ర చికిత్స - telogó" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="శస్త్ర చికిత్స" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telogó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ศัลยศาสตร์ - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศัลยศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pag-oopera" title="Pag-oopera - tagal" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pag-oopera" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerrahi" title="Cerrahi - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cerrahi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Хірургія - ucrainés" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хірургія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucrainés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA" title="جراحت - ordó" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جراحت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ordó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jarrohlik" title="Jarrohlik - ozbèc" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jarrohlik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ozbèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirurzia" title="Chirurzia - vènet" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Chirurzia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="vènet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngo%E1%BA%A1i_khoa" title="Ngoại khoa - vietnamian" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngoại khoa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siruhiya" title="Siruhiya - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Siruhiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="外科学 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="外科学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A2" title="כירורגיע - yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="כירורגיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="外科学 - chinés" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="外科学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go%C4%81-kho-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Goā-kho-ha̍k - xinès min del sud" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Goā-kho-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="xinès min del sud" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91" title="外科 - cantonés" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="外科" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q40821#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modificar los ligams interlenga" class="wbc-editpage">Modificar los ligams</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espacis de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cirurgia" title="Veire l’article [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discutir:Cirurgia&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Discussion a prepaus d'aquesta pagina (la pagina existís pas) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Canvia la variant de llengua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">occitan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Afichatges"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cirurgia"><span>Legir</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cirurgia&veaction=edit" title="Modificar aquela pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificar</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cirurgia&action=edit" title="Modificar lo còdi font d'aquela pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cirurgia&action=history" title="Los autors e versions precedentas d'aquesta pagina. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Veire l'istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Bóstia d'aisinas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bóstia d'aisinas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aisinas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mòu a la barra laterala</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">Escondre</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Mai d'opcions" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Accions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cirurgia"><span>Legir</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cirurgia&veaction=edit" title="Modificar aquela pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificar</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cirurgia&action=edit" title="Modificar lo còdi font d'aquela pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cirurgia&action=history"><span>Veire l'istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Generau </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Paginas_ligadas/Cirurgia" title="Lista de las paginas ligadas a aquesta. [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Paginas connèxas</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Seguit_dels_ligams/Cirurgia" rel="nofollow" title="Lista dels darrièrs cambiaments de las paginas ligadas a aquesta [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Seguit dels ligams</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=oc" title="Mandar un imatge o fichièr mèdia sul servidor [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Importar un fichièr</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Paginas_especialas" title="Lista de totas las paginas especialas [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Paginas especialas</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cirurgia&oldid=2086421" title="Ligam permanent cap a aquesta version de la pagina"><span>Ligam permanent</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cirurgia&action=info" title="Mai d’informacion sus aquesta pagina"><span>Informacion sus la pagina</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Citar&page=Cirurgia&id=2086421&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informacions sus cossí citar aquesta pagina"><span>Citar aqueste article</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Foc.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCirurgia"><span>Obténer una URL acorchida</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Foc.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCirurgia"><span>Telecargar lo còdi QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Imprimir / exportar </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" 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lang="oc" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Cesarean_team.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Cesarean_team.JPG/250px-Cesarean_team.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Cesarean_team.JPG/375px-Cesarean_team.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Cesarean_team.JPG/500px-Cesarean_team.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3472" data-file-height="2604" /></a><figcaption>Una equipa de cirurgians e infermièras pendent una operacion cirurgicala obstetrica: la cesariana</figcaption></figure> <p>La <b>cirurgia</b> (del <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A8c" class="mw-redirect" title="Grèc">grèc</a> <i>χειρουργιά</i> - lit. "Trabalh manual") es una practica terapeutica qu'implica la manipulacion e que pressupausa l'accès al dedins de l'organisme per la perforacion o l'incision de la pèl. S'aplica a las activitats cruentas qu'an per fin de reparar o palliar mejans de manipulacions manualas amb diferents instruments lo damatge causat per unas <a href="/wiki/Malauti%C3%A1" title="Malautiá">malautiás</a> o autras causas. Un <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A8tge" title="Mètge">mètge</a> especializat dins aquesta disciplina es un <b>cirurgian.</b> La cirurgia se interven basicament dins los domènis seguents: </p> <ol><li>Estructura perforada o sagnant.</li> <li>Estructura (víscera) tampada.</li> <li>Estructura anormala = Tròp (tumor gaireben totjorn, mas pòt èsser un aneurisma o meningioma).</li> <li>Dolor (pòt fin finala èsser l'unic mejan de lo palliar -radiculotomia p. Ex.-).</li></ol> <p>Es important soslinhar que la cirurgia en plan fòrça escasenças cal pas representar la darrièra alternativa, mas se la de causir, jos pena de practicar un tractament tardièr d'un problèma, (aquò es subretot valid en cirurgia de la popa). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istòria"><span id="Ist.C3.B2ria"></span>Istòria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cirurgia&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modificar la seccion : Istòria" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cirurgia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Istòria"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'origina d'aquel mot proven del <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A8c_(lenga)" title="Grèc (lenga)">grèc</a> (cheir, man e ergon, trabalh). Se la medecina es l'art de garir, la cirurgia es l'art de garir amb las mans. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquitat">Antiquitat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cirurgia&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modificar la seccion : Antiquitat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cirurgia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Antiquitat"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A l'epòca de la Roma e Gècia anticas, la cirurgia èra considerada coma la tresena partida de l'art medical. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Appuleu_Cels&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Appuleu Cels (la pagina existís pas)">Appuleu Cels</a> dins un de sos libres explicava: " La tresena partida de l'art medical es la de garir amb la man. S'utilizan pas de medicaments ni de regims, s'agís amb la man ". </p><p>Los cirurgians e los mètges gaireben fasián convivéncia, fins al moment ont la filosofia se'n prenguèt de la medecina e los mètges de venir de filosòfs que soscavan sus las malautiás e de predominar sus lors accions la retorica: la terapeutica per la paraula. </p><p>Atal la terapeutica per la man passèt als ciutadans de classa inferiora. <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a>, un dels grands mètges de l'istòria, foguèt un mètge celèbre e cirurgian de gladiadors alara qu'èra a Pergam, mas quand se trapèt a Roma venguèt mètge de l'aristocràcia e dels emperaires e daissèt la cirurgia. </p><p>Pauc a pauc se realizèt una separacion entre medecina e cirurgia que se redusigava pas qu'al <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8gle_XVI" title="Sègle XVI">sègle XVI</a>. </p><p>Per exemple en 1240 l'emperaire Frederic II establiguèt un plan d'estudis pels cirurgians mai redusits qu'aquel pel mètges. Es a dire, l'art manual meritava pas la consideracion del saber scientific. Es l'epòca dels cirurgians barbièrs, obrièrs manuals, non clèrgues, que sabián pas lo latin e que a causa de lor abiletat amb lo cotèl de rasar èran plan capables d'incisar los abscesses e d'extaire las tumors, mas avián pas cap de preparacion medicala teorica. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaissença"><span id="Renaissen.C3.A7a"></span>Renaissença</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cirurgia&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modificar la seccion : Renaissença" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cirurgia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Renaissença"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Acquapendente_-_Operationes_chirurgicae,_1685_-_2984755.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Acquapendente_-_Operationes_chirurgicae%2C_1685_-_2984755.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Acquapendente_-_Operationes_chirurgicae%2C_1685_-_2984755.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Acquapendente_-_Operationes_chirurgicae%2C_1685_-_2984755.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Acquapendente_-_Operationes_chirurgicae%2C_1685_-_2984755.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Acquapendente_-_Operationes_chirurgicae%2C_1685_-_2984755.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Acquapendente_-_Operationes_chirurgicae%2C_1685_-_2984755.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3519" data-file-height="5105" /></a><figcaption>Hieronymus Fabricius, <i>Operationes chirurgicae</i>, 1685</figcaption></figure> <p>A partir de la Renaissença al sègle XVI tan las òbras anatomicas de Vesalio coma l'òbra de Ambroise Paré son lo ponch de partença del novèl concèpte de la cirurgia, se basant sus de coneissenças anatomicas e en l'aprendissatge dins los espitals. De fach Paré èra un cirurgian barbièr, fins a que se'n anèta París e comencèt a trabalhar a l'<i>Hôtel-Dieu</i>. </p><p>Lo recisol de la cirurgica se produsiguèt tanben a Anglatèrra, Itàlia, Alemanha e Espanha. </p><p>La sciéncia de basica de la Medecina e subretot de la Cirurgia foguèt l'<a href="/wiki/Anatomia" title="Anatomia">Anatomia</a>. Al sègle XVIII s'apondèt l'Anatomia Patologica (Morgagni) e la cirurgia experimentala (John Hunter). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sègle_XIX"><span id="S.C3.A8gle_XIX"></span>Sègle XIX</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cirurgia&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modificar la seccion : Sègle XIX" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cirurgia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Sègle XIX"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fin finala al sègle XIX lo desvolopament de la <a href="/wiki/Fisiologia" title="Fisiologia">Fisiologia</a> (Claude Bernard) e sustot l'apareission de la <a href="/wiki/Microbiologia" title="Microbiologia">Microbiologia</a> (Pasteur e Koch) faguèron un cambiament complet contra l'apròchi de las malautiás intèrnas. </p><p>La cirurgia s'establissiá coma la sciéncia de las malautiás extèrnas, la situacion al començament del sègle XIX èra que l'acte cirurgical contunhava a èsser malaisit e de naut risc, amb une mortalitat entre lo 50 e 70% dels pacients operats. Tres problèmas: la <a href="/wiki/Dolor" title="Dolor">dolor</a>, l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Infeccion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Infeccion (la pagina existís pas)">infeccion</a> e l'<a href="/w/index.php?title=Emorragia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emorragia (la pagina existís pas)">emorragia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dolor">Dolor</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cirurgia&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modificar la seccion : Dolor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cirurgia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Dolor"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Per redusire la dolor dels pacients s'utilizava lo freg, l'alcoòl, l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%92pi" title="Òpi">òpi</a>, l' <a href="/wiki/Ashish" title="Ashish">ashish</a>, diferentas plantas coma la <a href="/wiki/Jusquiama" class="mw-redirect" title="Jusquiama">jusquiama</a>, lo <a href="/wiki/Cambe" title="Cambe">cambe</a> indian... al sègle XIX s'introduguèron e ensajadas diferentas substàncias coma l'oxid nitrós, l'etèr sulfuric e lo clorofòrm, aqueste darrièr foguèt fòrça utilizat fins al començament del sègle XX. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Infeccion">Infeccion</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cirurgia&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modificar la seccion : Infeccion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cirurgia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Infeccion"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La persona mai coneguda al subjècte es Lister que comencèt a tractar las feridas amb de substàncias antisepticas, amb acid fenic, solucions d'òli fenicata... Las teorias de Lister se basavan a considerar totas las feridas coma infectadas e un aspècte fòrça important foguèt l'introduccion del concèpte de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Asepsia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asepsia (la pagina existís pas)">asepsia</a>, e d'insistar sus las recomandacions de Pasteur de repectat l'obligacion pels cirurgians de se lavar las mans e d'utilizar de material passat a de nautas temperaturas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Emorragia">Emorragia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cirurgia&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modificar la seccion : Emorragia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cirurgia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Emorragia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dempuèi sempre s'utilizava la cauterizacion dels vaissèl saguins e a partir de Paré s'impausèt la ligadura dels vaissèls, mai tard fogèron introduchas las pinças emostaticas. Cal soslinhar la primièra transfusion sanguina umana, que data de 1825 (Syng a Filadèlfia). Ja aviá estat ensejada amb sang de feda en 1667 a França, mas enebida pel còrs medical de Pares e tanben a Itàlia. E foguèt pas abans 1900 que se descobriguèron los tipes sanguins A,B,0 e pas abans 1940 que foguèron disponiblas de tecnicas de compatibilitat crosada, anticoagulacion e de conservacion de la sang. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sègle_XX"><span id="S.C3.A8gle_XX"></span>Sègle XX</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cirurgia&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modificar la seccion : Sègle XX" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cirurgia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Sègle XX"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Los darrièrs ans del sègle XIX e los primièrs del XX se caracterizèron per l'activitat de grands cirurgians, que amb de coneissenças coma l'asepsia, l'antisepsia, l'anestesia e lo perfeccionament cirurgical aumentèron las primièras en menas d'operacions que fins alara jamai s'èran realizadas: gastrectomia (1885), colecistectomia (1882), apendicectomia (finales del sègle XIX), toraxoplastia, tiroidectomia, tumors ipofisàrias, suturas vascularas, tractament cirurgical dels aneurismes... </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cirurgia_actuala_e_perspectivas_futuras">Cirurgia actuala e perspectivas futuras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cirurgia&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modificar la seccion : Cirurgia actuala e perspectivas futuras" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cirurgia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Cirurgia actuala e perspectivas futuras"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La Segonda Guèrra Mondiala representèt per la Cirurgia lo besonh, pas sonque de melhorar l'abiletat manuala, mas de resòlvre tanben los problèmas metabolics associats a las malautiás cirurgicalas e aqueles que seguisson las consequéncias de la quita accion cirurgicala. </p><p>Apareisson aital l'equilibri idroelectrolitic, la responsa neuroendocrinala a l'agression, la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ch%C3%B2c_cirulat%C3%B2ri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chòc cirulatòri (la pagina existís pas)">chòc cirulatòri</a>, la composicion corporala, la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nutricion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nutricion (la pagina existís pas)">nutricion</a> e l'<a href="/wiki/Immunologia" title="Immunologia">immunologia</a>. </p><p>Lo ponch de partença foguèt en <a href="/wiki/1952" class="mw-redirect" title="1952">1952</a> amb la publicacion per Francis Moore de son libre <i>"Metabolic Care of Surgical Patient" </i> </p><p>Fin finala dins la cirurgia actuala ja desapareguèt lo cirurgian general, que tractava quina malautiá cirurgicala que siá dempuèi una fractura fins a una peritonitis, per se veire aparéisser totas las especialitats cirurgicalas (neurocirurgia, cirurgia vasculara, traumatologia, cirurgia plastica, etc.). L'especialitat nomenada Cirurgia Generala e de l'Aparelh Digestiu es, benlèu, aquesta que semblabla mai als ancians cirurgians classics, mas dins la majoritat dels espitals se consacran a l'aparelh digestiu, la patologia cirurgicala endocrinala, compresa la quita glandulària e lo tractament de las ernias de la paret abdominala.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Un capítol especial es aqueste de la trasplantacion d'organs, que, malgrat que son intimament implicadas d'autras especialitats coma l'immunologia, la microbiologia, las malautiás infecciosas, las diferentas especialitats (nefrologia, cardiologia, pneumologia, epatologia, etc.), la basa de son evolucion sempre se faguèt dins la cirurgia, los cirurgians essent los grands impulsors de las avançadas dins aqueste camp tan atractiu e important de la medecina. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perspectivas">Perspectivas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cirurgia&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modificar la seccion : Perspectivas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cirurgia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Perspectivas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Las perspectivas pel futur dins l'evolucion de la cirurgia son: </p> <ul><li>Consolidacion de la cirurgia pauc invasiva: practicar d'operacions màgers per d'incisions pichonas mejans de tecnicas d'imatge de nauta tecnologia. Tanben nomenada cirurgia vidèoassistida, endoscopica o laparoscopica. La preséncia de la robotica pels cirugians, que comandan de tecnicas cirurgicalas determinadas, mai sovent delicadas, a de robòts.</li></ul> <ul><li>L'aparicion de las especialitats dins las especialitats, lo nomenat superespecialistes (cirurgians de colon o de fetge o d'esofag dins de l'aparelh digestiu, de genolh, colomna vertebrala o de la man dins de la ortopedia, èca.).</li></ul> <ul><li>Predominança de la sciéncia sus l'art, comprés coma l'accion manuala o instrumentala mai o mens espectaculara. Lo tractament cirurgical deu èsser basat sus la pròva scientifica, coma los tractaments farmacologics e los cirurgians, subretot los universitaris, devon promòure de trabalhs d'investigacion clinica cirurgicala per evalurar scientificament sas tecnicas e al dessús totes sos autres resultats.</li></ul> <ul><li>Trabalh en equipa, multidisciplinària, amb de mètges d'especialitats ligadas a las malautiás que caldrà tractar cada cirurgian. Es l'integracion de las diferentas disciplinas: per exemple la cardiologia e la cirurgia cardiaca, l'epatologia e la cirurgia de l'aparelh digestiu, la pneumologia e la cirurgia toraxica, la neurologia e la neurocirurgia, etc. E de mai amb las disciplinas basicas subretot lo diagnostic per l'imatge e l'anatomia patologica.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formacion_del_cirurgian">Formacion del cirurgian</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cirurgia&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modificar la seccion : Formacion del cirurgian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cirurgia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Formacion del cirurgian"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'actual sistèma de formacion dels cirurgians basats dins la residéncia dins los espitals foguèt establida ja per Langenbeck al sègle XIX en Alemanha. Entre sos discipols cal destacar Billroth e Kocher. Als EUA aqueste sistèma de formacion dels cirurgians foguèt introduch per Halsted e Osler tanben a fins del sègle XIX. </p><p>Los cambiaments que se produgèron amb los ans dins los diferents païses se veson sobretot dins los aspèctes del recrutament, la durada del periòde de formacion, lo sistèma de dintrada, l'evaluacion finala, etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cirurgia_laparoscopica_o_celioscopia">Cirurgia laparoscopica o celioscopia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cirurgia&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modificar la seccion : Cirurgia laparoscopica o celioscopia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cirurgia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Cirurgia laparoscopica o celioscopia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Es una tecnica cirurgicala que se practica amb d'incisions pichonas, utilsant l'assisténcia d'una camera vidèo que permet a l'equipa medicala de veire lo camp cirurgical a l'interior del pacient e far de i far de manipulcions. </p><p>Son d'intervencions pauc invasivas qu'evitan las grandas talhadas al <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bistor%C3%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bistorí (la pagina existís pas)">bistorí</a> requerits per la cirurgia dubèrta o convencionala e fan possible, donc, un periòde postoperatori fòrça mai rapid e confortable. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referéncias"><span id="Refer.C3.A9ncias"></span>Referéncias</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cirurgia&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modificar la seccion : Referéncias" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cirurgia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Referéncias"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Trullenque Peris, Ramon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=OkzhhUyoGzcC&printsec=frontcover&hl=ca#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Cirurgia abdominal</i></a>. València: Publicacions de la Universitat de València, 2002.</span> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ligams_extèrnes"><span id="Ligams_ext.C3.A8rnes"></span>Ligams extèrnes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cirurgia&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modificar la seccion : Ligams extèrnes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cirurgia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Ligams extèrnes"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="autres-projets boite-grise boite-a-droite noprint js-interprojets"> <p class="títol">Suls autres projèctes Wikimèdia :</p> <ul class="noarchive plainlinks"> <li class="commons"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cirurgia?uselang=oc">Cirurgia</a>, sus <span class="project">Wikimedia Commons</span> </li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latinsalud.com/articulos/00142.asp">Qué es la cirurgia laparoscòpica?</a> (Castelhan)</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Recuperada de « <a dir="ltr" href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cirurgia&oldid=2086421">https://oc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cirurgia&oldid=2086421</a> »</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categorias" title="Especial:Categorias">Categoria de la pagina</a> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Cirurgia" title="Categoria:Cirurgia">Cirurgia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categorias amagadas : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Categoria_Commons_amb_ligam_local_diferent_sus_Wikidata" title="Categoria:Categoria Commons amb ligam local diferent sus Wikidata">Categoria Commons amb ligam local diferent sus Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Article_utilizant_lo_mod%C3%A8l_Commonscat" title="Categoria:Article utilizant lo modèl Commonscat">Article utilizant lo modèl Commonscat</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Pagina_utilizant_Commonscat_sens_afichatge_personalizat" title="Categoria:Pagina utilizant Commonscat sens afichatge personalizat">Pagina utilizant Commonscat sens afichatge personalizat</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Aquela pagina es estada modificada pel darrièr còp lo 11 abril de 2018 a 09.35.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright"><span style="white-space: normal"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia:Drech_d%27autor" title="Wikipèdia:Drech d'autor">Drech d'autor</a> : Los tèxtes son disponibles jos <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr">licéncia Creative Commons paternitat pertatge a l’identic</a> ; d’autras condicions se pòdon aplicar. 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