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School timetable - Wikipedia

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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Description_and_purpose_of_a_school_timetable" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description_and_purpose_of_a_school_timetable"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Description and purpose of a school timetable</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Description_and_purpose_of_a_school_timetable-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_school" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_school"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>High school</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-High_school-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle High school subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-High_school-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Selected_other_options" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_other_options"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Selected other options</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_other_options-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stundenplan" title="Stundenplan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stundenplan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eskola_ordutegi" title="Eskola ordutegi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eskola ordutegi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%80" title="विद्यालय की समय सारिणी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विद्यालय की समय सारिणी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rooster_(planning)" title="Rooster (planning) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rooster (planning)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E5%89%B2" title="時間割 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="時間割" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_lekcji" title="Plan lekcji – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Plan lekcji" 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Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Распоред часова" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukuj%C3%A4rjestys" title="Lukujärjestys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lukujärjestys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timplan" title="Timplan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Timplan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a 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For classes with more than one grade level, see <a href="/wiki/Multi-age_classroom" title="Multi-age classroom">Multi-age classroom</a>.</div><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Table for coordinating educational schedules at an institution</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FLHS_School_Schedule.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/FLHS_School_Schedule.jpg/350px-FLHS_School_Schedule.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/FLHS_School_Schedule.jpg/525px-FLHS_School_Schedule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/FLHS_School_Schedule.jpg/700px-FLHS_School_Schedule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2084" data-file-height="1620" /></a><figcaption>Empty timetable sheet showing time slot allocations.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>school timetable</b> is a calendar that coordinates students and teachers within the <a href="/wiki/Classroom" title="Classroom">classrooms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Period_(school)" title="Period (school)">time periods</a> of the school day. Other factors include the class subjects and the type of classrooms available (for example, science laboratories). </p><p>Since the 1970s, researchers in <a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">operations research</a> and <a href="/wiki/Management_science" title="Management science">management science</a> have developed computerized solutions for the school timetable problem (STP). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description_and_purpose_of_a_school_timetable">Description and purpose of a school timetable</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_timetable&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Description and purpose of a school timetable"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A school timetable consists of a list of the complete set of offered courses, as well as the time and place of each course offered. The purposes of the school timetable are to inform teachers when and where they teach each course, and to enable students to enroll in a subset of courses without schedule conflicts.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_timetable&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">operations research</a> and <a href="/wiki/Management_science" title="Management science">management science</a> methodologies, school timetables had to be generated by hand. Hoshino and Fabris wrote, "As many school administrators know, creating a timetable is incredibly difficult, requiring the careful balance of numerous requirements (hard constraints) and preferences (soft constraints). When timetables are constructed by hand, the process is often 10% mathematics and 90% politics,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> leading to errors, inefficiencies, and resentment among teachers and students."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the simplest school timetable, such as an elementary school, these conditions must be satisfied:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>a teacher cannot teach two courses in the same time slot</li> <li>no classroom can be used by two courses simultaneously</li> <li>each teacher has a set of unavailable teaching timeslots.</li></ul> <p>Hoshino and Fabris describe other conditions of real-life timetabling problems, that </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>...involve additional constraints that must be satisfied, further increasing the complexity of the STP (school timetable problem).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> These variations include event constraints (e.g. Course X must be scheduled before Course Y), and resource constraints (e.g. scheduling only one lab-based course in any timeslot). At large universities, there are additional constraints that must be considered, such as taking into account the time students need to walk from one end of the campus to the other.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Since the 1970s, researchers have developed computerized solutions to manage the complex constraints involved in building school timetables.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 1976, for example, <a href="/wiki/Gunther_Schmidt" title="Gunther Schmidt">Gunther Schmidt</a> and Thomas Ströhlein formalized the STP with an iterative algorithm using <a href="/wiki/Logical_matrix" title="Logical matrix">logical matrices</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hypergraph" title="Hypergraph">hypergraphs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nelishia Pillay published a comprehensive survey paper of these algorithms in 2014,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> including a table of methods for solving the school timetabling problem.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="High_school">High school</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_timetable&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: High school"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>High school timetables are quite different from university timetables. The main difference is that in high schools, students have to be occupied and supervised every hour of the school day, or nearly every hour. Also, high school teachers generally have much higher teaching loads than is the case in universities. As a result, it is generally considered that university timetables involve more human judgement whereas high school timetabling is a more computationally intensive task (see the <a href="/wiki/Constraint_satisfaction_problem" title="Constraint satisfaction problem">constraint satisfaction problem</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selected_other_options">Selected other options</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_timetable&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Selected other options"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The task of constructing a high school timetable<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> may involve the following options (not an exhaustive list): </p> <ul><li>Part-time teachers<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> need to have certain entire days off. They will either specify to the school which weekdays they are or simply how many days per cycle they need off. Such teachers can greatly add to the difficulty of timetabling when they are assigned to large blocks.</li> <li>Sometimes there are 2 or 3 subjects which rotate between student bodies throughout the year. For example, the 8A students<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> might take Art in the first half of the year and Music in the second half.</li> <li>Off-timetable lessons:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> sometimes an occasional lesson is scheduled "off the timetable" meaning before school, after school, or during lunch. This usually happens with older students. It can be a desperate response to intractable timetabling problems or a compromise reached in order for the school to be able to offer less popular subjects.</li> <li>Abbreviations: In the United States «TTh» (or sometimes «TTH» or «T-TH») and «MWF» or «M-W-F» are used as unofficial short-hands for «Tuesdays and Thursdays» and «Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays».<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> They are used when columns need to be very narrow on tables where the extra characters would create an unintended new row or other unwanted formatting issues.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_timetable&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Block_scheduling" title="Block scheduling">Block scheduling</a>: When students have fewer, longer classes each day.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_scheduling" title="Modular scheduling">Modular scheduling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schedule" title="Schedule">Schedule</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_timetable&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHoshinoFabris2020" class="citation book cs1">Hoshino, Richard; Fabris, Irene (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-58942-4_19">"Optimizing Student Course Preferences in School Timetabling"</a>. In Hebrard, Emmanuel; Musliu, Nysret (eds.). <i>Integration of Constraint Programming, Artificial Intelligence, and Operations Research</i>. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol.&#160;12296. Springer International Publishing. pp.&#160;283–299. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-58942-4_19">10.1007/978-3-030-58942-4_19</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-58942-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-58942-4"><bdi>978-3-030-58942-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221839945">221839945</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Optimizing+Student+Course+Preferences+in+School+Timetabling&amp;rft.btitle=Integration+of+Constraint+Programming%2C+Artificial+Intelligence%2C+and+Operations+Research&amp;rft.series=Lecture+Notes+in+Computer+Science&amp;rft.pages=283-299&amp;rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&amp;rft.date=2020&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A221839945%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-58942-4_19&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-030-58942-4&amp;rft.aulast=Hoshino&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;rft.au=Fabris%2C+Irene&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-58942-4_19&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+timetable" class="Z3988"></span> Also available as .pdf: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khoury.northeastern.edu/home/rhoshino/papers/quest7.pdf">Hoshino &amp; Fabris</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkeErben2001" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Edmund; Erben, Wilhelm, eds. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/3-540-44629-X"><i>Practice and Theory of Automated Timetabling III</i></a>. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol.&#160;2079. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F3-540-44629-x">10.1007/3-540-44629-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-42421-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-42421-5"><bdi>978-3-540-42421-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0302-9743">0302-9743</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1258394">1258394</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Practice+and+Theory+of+Automated+Timetabling+III&amp;rft.series=Lecture+Notes+in+Computer+Science&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F3-540-44629-x&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1258394%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.issn=0302-9743&amp;rft.isbn=978-3-540-42421-5&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fbook%2F10.1007%2F3-540-44629-X&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+timetable" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPostAhmadiDaskalakiKingston2012" class="citation journal cs1">Post, Gerhard; Ahmadi, Samad; Daskalaki, Sophia; Kingston, Jeffrey H.; Kyngas, Jari; Nurmi, Cimmo; Ranson, David (2012-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10479-010-0699-9">"An XML format for benchmarks in High School Timetabling"</a>. <i>Annals of Operations Research</i>. <b>194</b> (1): 385–397. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10479-010-0699-9">10.1007/s10479-010-0699-9</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1572-9338">1572-9338</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254227100">254227100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Operations+Research&amp;rft.atitle=An+XML+format+for+benchmarks+in+High+School+Timetabling&amp;rft.volume=194&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=385-397&amp;rft.date=2012-04-01&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254227100%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.issn=1572-9338&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10479-010-0699-9&amp;rft.aulast=Post&amp;rft.aufirst=Gerhard&amp;rft.au=Ahmadi%2C+Samad&amp;rft.au=Daskalaki%2C+Sophia&amp;rft.au=Kingston%2C+Jeffrey+H.&amp;rft.au=Kyngas%2C+Jari&amp;rft.au=Nurmi%2C+Cimmo&amp;rft.au=Ranson%2C+David&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs10479-010-0699-9&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+timetable" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gunther_Schmidt" title="Gunther Schmidt">Gunther Schmidt</a> and Thomas Ströhlein (1976) "A Boolean matrix iteration in timetable construction", <a href="/wiki/Linear_Algebra_and_Its_Applications" title="Linear Algebra and Its Applications">Linear Algebra and Its Applications</a> 15(1):27–51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPillay2014" class="citation journal cs1">Pillay, Nelishia (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10479-013-1321-8">"A survey of school timetabling research"</a>. <i>Annals of Operations Research</i>. <b>218</b> (1): 261–293. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10479-013-1321-8">10.1007/s10479-013-1321-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254236964">254236964</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Operations+Research&amp;rft.atitle=A+survey+of+school+timetabling+research&amp;rft.volume=218&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=261-293&amp;rft.date=2014&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10479-013-1321-8&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254236964%23id-name%3DS2CID&amp;rft.aulast=Pillay&amp;rft.aufirst=Nelishia&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs10479-013-1321-8&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+timetable" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPillay2014" class="citation journal cs1">Pillay, Nelishia (2014-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10479-013-1321-8">"Overview of methods used to solve the school timetabling problem"</a>. <i>Annals of Operations Research</i>. <b>218</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10479-013-1321-8">10.1007/s10479-013-1321-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1572-9338">1572-9338</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID 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(1999-12-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cepac.cheme.cmu.edu/pasilectures/henning/EJOR-BrailsfordSmith.pdf">"Constraint satisfaction problems: Algorithms and applications"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>European Journal of Operational Research</i>. <b>119</b> (3): 557–581. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0377-2217%2898%2900364-6">10.1016/S0377-2217(98)00364-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0377-2217">0377-2217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Operational+Research&amp;rft.atitle=Constraint+satisfaction+problems%3A+Algorithms+and+applications&amp;rft.volume=119&amp;rft.issue=3&amp;rft.pages=557-581&amp;rft.date=1999-12-16&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0377-2217%2898%2900364-6&amp;rft.issn=0377-2217&amp;rft.aulast=Brailsford&amp;rft.aufirst=Sally+C.&amp;rft.au=Potts%2C+Chris+N.&amp;rft.au=Smith%2C+Barbara+M.&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcepac.cheme.cmu.edu%2Fpasilectures%2Fhenning%2FEJOR-BrailsfordSmith.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+timetable" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://notesread.com/importance-of-the-school-time-table/">"Importance of the School Time Table You Must Know"</a>. <i>Notes Read</i>. 2016-11-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/teachersguidetou0000iver"><i>A teacher's guide to using technology in the classroom</i></a></span>. Westport, CT: Libraries Unlimited. p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/teachersguidetou0000iver/page/121">121</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781591580744" title="Special:BookSources/9781591580744"><bdi>9781591580744</bdi></a>. <q>tth mw.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+teacher%27s+guide+to+using+technology+in+the+classroom&amp;rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&amp;rft.pages=121&amp;rft.pub=Libraries+Unlimited&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=9781591580744&amp;rft.aulast=Ivers&amp;rft.aufirst=Karen+S.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fteachersguidetou0000iver&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASchool+timetable" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_timetable&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.qub.ac.uk/itc2007/index.htm">International Timetabling Competition 2007</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alexandria.tue.nl/extra2/200211248.pdf">Robertus J. 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