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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"> <meta name="access" content="No"> <meta name="360-site-verification" content="1268d79b5e96aecf3ff2a7dac04ad990" /> <title>A survey of school timetabling research | Annals of Operations Research</title> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@SpringerLink"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Content cover image"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="A survey of school timetabling research"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Annals of Operations Research - Although there has been a fair amount of research in the area of school timetabling, this domain has not developed as well as other fields of educational timetabling..."/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/10479"/> <meta name="journal_id" content="10479"/> <meta name="dc.title" content="A survey of school timetabling research"/> <meta name="dc.source" content="Annals of Operations Research 2013 218:1"/> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Springer"/> <meta name="dc.date" content="2013-02-15"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"/> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York"/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York"/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="Although there has been a fair amount of research in the area of school timetabling, this domain has not developed as well as other fields of educational timetabling such as university course and examination timetabling. This can possibly be attributed to the fact that the studies in this domain have generally been conducted in isolation of each other and have addressed different school timetabling problems. Furthermore, there have been no comparative studies on the success of different methodologies on a variety of school timetabling problems. As a way forward this paper provides an overview of the research conducted in this domain, details of problem sets which are publicly available and proposes areas for further research in school timetabling."/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="1572-9338"/> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="Annals of Operations Research"/> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="2013-02-15"/> <meta name="prism.volume" content="218"/> <meta name="prism.number" content="1"/> <meta name="prism.section" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="261"/> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="293"/> <meta name="prism.copyright" content="2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York"/> <meta name="prism.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="prism.url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10479-013-1321-8"/> <meta name="prism.doi" content="doi:10.1007/s10479-013-1321-8"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10479-013-1321-8.pdf"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10479-013-1321-8"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Annals of Operations Research"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Ann Oper Res"/> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Springer US"/> <meta name="citation_issn" content="1572-9338"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="A survey of school timetabling research"/> <meta name="citation_volume" content="218"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="1"/> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2014/07"/> <meta name="citation_online_date" content="2013/02/15"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="261"/> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="293"/> <meta name="citation_article_type" content="Article"/> <meta name="citation_language" content="en"/> <meta name="dc.identifier" content="doi:10.1007/s10479-013-1321-8"/> <meta name="DOI" content="10.1007/s10479-013-1321-8"/> <meta name="size" content="371822"/> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.1007/s10479-013-1321-8"/> <meta name="citation_springer_api_url" content="http://api.springer.com/xmldata/jats?q=doi:10.1007/s10479-013-1321-8&api_key="/> <meta name="description" content="Although there has been a fair amount of research in the area of school timetabling, this domain has not developed as well as other fields of educational t"/> <meta name="dc.creator" content="Pillay, Nelishia"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Operations Research/Decision Theory"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Combinatorics"/> <meta name="dc.subject" content="Theory of Computation"/> <meta name="citation_reference" content="citation_title=Constraint-based timetabling—a case study; citation_inbook_title=Proceedings of ACS/IEEE international conference on computer systems and applications (AICCSA’01); citation_publication_date=2001; citation_pages=67; citation_id=CR1; citation_author=A. 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Zuters"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Pillay, Nelishia"/> <meta name="citation_author_email" content="pillayn32@ukzn.ac.za"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="School of Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/> <meta name="citation_cover_date" content="2014/07/01"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10479-013-1321-8"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="SpringerLink"/> <meta property="og:title" content="A survey of school timetabling research - Annals of Operations Research"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Although there has been a fair amount of research in the area of school timetabling, this domain has not developed as well as other fields of educational timetabling such as university course and examination timetabling. This can possibly be attributed to the fact that the studies in this domain have generally been conducted in isolation of each other and have addressed different school timetabling problems. Furthermore, there have been no comparative studies on the success of different methodologies on a variety of school timetabling problems. As a way forward this paper provides an overview of the research conducted in this domain, details of problem sets which are publicly available and proposes areas for further research in school timetabling."/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://media.springernature.com/full/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/10479"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/apple-touch-icon-92e819bf8a.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/android-chrome-192x192-6f081ca7e5.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-32x32-1435da3e82.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-16x16-ed57f42bd2.png> <link rel="shortcut icon" data-test="shortcut-icon" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-c6d59aafac.ico> <meta name="theme-color" 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class="c-breadcrumbs__link" itemprop="item" data-track="click_breadcrumb" data-track-context="article page" data-track-category="article" data-track-action="breadcrumbs" data-track-label="breadcrumb1"><span itemprop="name">Home</span></a><meta itemprop="position" content="1"> <svg class="c-breadcrumbs__chevron" role="img" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" width="10" height="10" viewBox="0 0 10 10"> <path d="m5.96738168 4.70639573 2.39518594-2.41447274c.37913917-.38219212.98637524-.38972225 1.35419292-.01894278.37750606.38054586.37784436.99719163-.00013556 1.37821513l-4.03074001 4.06319683c-.37758093.38062133-.98937525.38100976-1.367372-.00003075l-4.03091981-4.06337806c-.37759778-.38063832-.38381821-.99150444-.01600053-1.3622839.37750607-.38054587.98772445-.38240057 1.37006824.00302197l2.39538588 2.4146743.96295325.98624457z" fill-rule="evenodd" transform="matrix(0 -1 1 0 0 10)"/> </svg> </li> <li class="c-breadcrumbs__item" id="breadcrumb1" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope="" 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<li class="c-breadcrumbs__item" id="breadcrumb2" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope="" itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <span itemprop="name">Article</span><meta itemprop="position" content="3"> </li> </ol> </nav> <h1 class="c-article-title" data-test="article-title" data-article-title="">A survey of school timetabling research</h1> <ul class="c-article-identifiers"> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item"> Published: <time datetime="2013-02-15">15 February 2013</time> </li> </ul> <ul class="c-article-identifiers c-article-identifiers--cite-list"> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item"> <span data-test="journal-volume">Volume 218</span>, pages 261–293, (<span data-test="article-publication-year">2014</span>) </li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item c-article-identifiers__item--cite"> <a href="#citeas" data-track="click" data-track-action="cite this article" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link">Cite this article</a> </li> </ul> <div class="app-article-masthead__buttons" data-test="download-article-link-wrapper" data-track-context="masthead"> </div> </div> <div class="app-article-masthead__brand"> <a href="/journal/10479" class="app-article-masthead__journal-link" data-track="click_journal_home" data-track-action="journal homepage" data-track-context="article page" data-track-label="link"> <picture> <source type="image/webp" media="(min-width: 768px)" width="120" height="159" srcset="https://media.springernature.com/w120/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/10479?as=webp, https://media.springernature.com/w316/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/10479?as=webp 2x"> <img width="72" height="95" src="https://media.springernature.com/w72/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/10479?as=webp" srcset="https://media.springernature.com/w144/springer-static/cover-hires/journal/10479?as=webp 2x" alt=""> </picture> <span class="app-article-masthead__journal-title">Annals of Operations Research</span> </a> <a href="https://link.springer.com/journal/10479/aims-and-scope" class="app-article-masthead__submission-link" data-track="click_aims_and_scope" data-track-action="aims and scope" data-track-context="article page" data-track-label="link"> Aims and scope <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use></svg> </a> <a href="https://www.editorialmanager.com/anor" class="app-article-masthead__submission-link" data-track="click_submit_manuscript" data-track-context="article masthead on springerlink article page" data-track-action="submit manuscript" data-track-label="link"> Submit manuscript <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use></svg> </a> </div> </div> </div> </section> <div class="c-article-main u-container u-mt-24 u-mb-32 l-with-sidebar" id="main-content" data-component="article-container"> <main class="u-serif js-main-column" data-track-component="article body"> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Nelishia-Pillay-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Nelishia-Pillay-Aff1" data-author-search="Pillay, Nelishia" data-corresp-id="c1">Nelishia Pillay<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup> </li></ul> <div data-test="article-metrics"> <ul class="app-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-accesses-medium"></use> </svg>3542 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-citations-medium"></use> </svg>70 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Citations</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__count"><svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-altmetric-medium"></use> </svg>3 <span class="app-article-metrics-bar__label">Altmetric</span></p> </li> <li class="app-article-metrics-bar__item app-article-metrics-bar__item--metrics"> <p class="app-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/article/10.1007/s10479-013-1321-8/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Explore all metrics <svg class="u-icon app-article-metrics-bar__arrow-icon" width="24" height="24" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"> <use xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-arrow-right-medium"></use> </svg></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="u-mt-32"> </div> </header> </div> <div data-article-body="true" data-track-component="article body" class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>Although there has been a fair amount of research in the area of school timetabling, this domain has not developed as well as other fields of educational timetabling such as university course and examination timetabling. This can possibly be attributed to the fact that the studies in this domain have generally been conducted in isolation of each other and have addressed different school timetabling problems. Furthermore, there have been no comparative studies on the success of different methodologies on a variety of school timetabling problems. As a way forward this paper provides an overview of the research conducted in this domain, details of problem sets which are publicly available and proposes areas for further research in school timetabling.</p></div></div></section> <div class="c-notes"> <p class="c-notes__text c-status-message--info"> <svg width="24" height="24" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="c-status-message__icon"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-info-filled-medium"></use> </svg> This is a preview of subscription content, <a id="test-login-banner-link" href="//wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs10479-013-1321-8%3Ferror%3Dcookies_not_supported%26code%3Dd2636135-0d62-4ec9-9324-88104d465d38" data-track="click" data-track-action="login" data-track-label="link" class="c-preview-message__link">log in via an institution</a> <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" 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In <i>Proceedings of WSEAS transactions on information science and application</i> (Vol. 4(2), pp. 346–353). </p><p class="c-article-references__links u-hide-print"><a data-track="click_references" data-track-action="google scholar reference" data-track-value="google scholar reference" data-track-label="link" data-track-item_id="link" rel="nofollow noopener" aria-label="Google Scholar reference 117" href="http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Neural%20networks%20to%20enrich%20fitness%20function%20in%20a%20GA-based%20school%20timetabling%20model&pages=346-353&publication_year=2007&author=Zuters%2CJ."> Google Scholar</a> </p></li></ul><p class="c-article-references__download u-hide-print"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="download citation references" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1007/s10479-013-1321-8?format=refman&flavour=references">Download references<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p></div></div></div></section></div><section data-title="Acknowledgements"><div class="c-article-section" id="Ack1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Ack1">Acknowledgements</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Ack1-content"><p>The author would like to thank the reviewers for their helpful comments and suggests.</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">School of Computer Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Nelishia Pillay</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Nelishia-Pillay-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Nelishia Pillay</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Nelishia%20Pillay" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Nelishia%20Pillay" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Nelishia%20Pillay%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li></ol></div><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="corresponding-author">Corresponding author</h3><p id="corresponding-author-list">Correspondence to <a id="corresp-c1" href="mailto:pillayn32@ukzn.ac.za">Nelishia Pillay</a>.</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="appendices"><div class="c-article-section" id="appendices-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="appendices">Appendices</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="appendices-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="App1">Appendix A: Solving the school timetabling problem</h3><p>Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s10479-013-1321-8#Tab4">4</a> lists the different methods that have been applied to the school timetabling problem, the studies implementing these methods, the problems the methods were used to solve and the constraints for these problems. Note that for both the hybrid methods and comparative studies, column 2 also lists the methods used. </p><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-4"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab4" data-test="table-caption">Table 4 An overview of methods used to solve the school timetabling problem</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/article/10.1007/s10479-013-1321-8/tables/4" aria-label="Full size table 4"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="App1">Appendix B: Commercial and freeware software for school timetable construction</h3><p>Table <a data-track="click" data-track-label="link" data-track-action="table anchor" href="/article/10.1007/s10479-013-1321-8#Tab5">5</a> lists commercial and freeware packages for school timetable construction, the country that the package was developed in, and whether the software is specific to the domain of school timetabling or can be used to generate timetables for other educational institutions as well. </p><div class="c-article-table" data-test="inline-table" data-container-section="table" id="table-5"><figure><figcaption class="c-article-table__figcaption"><b id="Tab5" data-test="table-caption">Table 5 Software packages for school timetable construction</b></figcaption><div class="u-text-right u-hide-print"><a class="c-article__pill-button" data-test="table-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view table" data-track-label="button" rel="nofollow" href="/article/10.1007/s10479-013-1321-8/tables/5" aria-label="Full size table 5"><span>Full size table</span><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-right-small"></use></svg></a></div></figure></div> </div></div></section><section data-title="Rights and permissions"><div class="c-article-section" id="rightslink-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="rightslink">Rights and permissions</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="rightslink-content"><p class="c-article-rights"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="view rights and permissions" data-track-label="link" href="https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?title=A%20survey%20of%20school%20timetabling%20research&author=Nelishia%20Pillay&contentID=10.1007%2Fs10479-013-1321-8&copyright=Springer%20Science%2BBusiness%20Media%20New%20York&publication=0254-5330&publicationDate=2013-02-15&publisherName=SpringerNature&orderBeanReset=true">Reprints and permissions</a></p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="article-info" data-title="About this article"><div class="c-article-section" id="article-info-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="article-info">About this article</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="article-info-content"><div class="c-bibliographic-information"><div class="c-bibliographic-information__column"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="citeas">Cite this article</h3><p class="c-bibliographic-information__citation">Pillay, N. 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