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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>2003 boundary review</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2003_boundary_review-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landmarks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landmarks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Landmarks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landmarks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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<div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Clwyd</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clwyd_K%C5%ABn" title="Clwyd Kūn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Clwyd Kūn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontelezh_Clwyd" title="Kontelezh Clwyd – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kontelezh Clwyd" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clwyd" title="Clwyd – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Clwyd" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clwyd" title="Clwyd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Clwyd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clwyd" title="Clwyd – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Clwyd" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clwyd" title="Clwyd – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Clwyd" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clwyd" title="Clwyd – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Clwyd" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clwyd" title="Clwyd – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Clwyd" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clwyd_(comt%C3%A9)" title="Clwyd (comté) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Clwyd (comté)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clwyd" title="Clwyd – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Clwyd" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clwyd" title="Clwyd – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Clwyd" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%B4%EB%A3%A8%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C%EC%A3%BC" title="클루이드주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="클루이드주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clwyd_(contea)" title="Clwyd (contea) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Clwyd (contea)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%93" title="קלוויד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קלוויד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kloes" title="Kloes – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kloes" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluda" title="Cluda – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cluda" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clwyd" title="Clwyd – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Clwyd" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clwyd" title="Clwyd – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Clwyd" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clwyd" title="Clwyd – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Clwyd" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clwyd" title="Clwyd – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Clwyd" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clwyd" title="Clwyd – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Clwyd" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clwyd" title="Clwyd – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Clwyd" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clwyd" title="Clwyd – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Clwyd" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%97%D0%B4" title="Клуїд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Клуїд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E7%9B%A7%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7%E9%83%A1" title="克盧伊德郡 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="克盧伊德郡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1067984#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Clwyd&params=53.09_N_3.27_W_dim:50000_region:GB"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°05′N</span> <span class="longitude">3°16′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.09°N 3.27°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.09; -3.27</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Preserved county of Wales</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1048730501">.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv td,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-native{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms td{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms table{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms tbody tr:first-child td{width:50%;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-former-subdiv vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Clwyd</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Clwyd_Preserved_County_in_Wales.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Clwyd shown within Wales as a preserved county"><img alt="Clwyd shown within Wales as a preserved county" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Clwyd_Preserved_County_in_Wales.svg/200px-Clwyd_Preserved_County_in_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Clwyd_Preserved_County_in_Wales.svg/300px-Clwyd_Preserved_County_in_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Clwyd_Preserved_County_in_Wales.svg/400px-Clwyd_Preserved_County_in_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1047" data-file-height="1252" /></a></span><br /><i>Clwyd shown within Wales as a preserved county</i><hr /> <span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show county</span></div><div> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Districts_Clwyd_1974-96_Wales.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Clwyd shown as a county (in districts) between 1974 and 1996"><img alt="Clwyd shown as a county (in districts) between 1974 and 1996" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Districts_Clwyd_1974-96_Wales.svg/200px-Districts_Clwyd_1974-96_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Districts_Clwyd_1974-96_Wales.svg/300px-Districts_Clwyd_1974-96_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Districts_Clwyd_1974-96_Wales.svg/400px-Districts_Clwyd_1974-96_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="612" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_Wales#Local_Government_Act_1972:_Counties_and_districts" title="History of local government in Wales">1974–96 county boundaries</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Wales" title="Districts of Wales">districts</a>) within Wales<hr /> <span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show 1974–96 county in Wales</span></div></div><br /></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"> • 2022</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2,906 km<sup>2</sup> (<a href="/wiki/Preserved_counties_of_Wales#In_order_of_area" title="Preserved counties of Wales">4th</a>)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> • 2022</span></th><td class="infobox-data">501,561 (<a href="/wiki/Preserved_counties_of_Wales#In_order_of_population" title="Preserved counties of Wales">2nd</a>)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> • Created</span></th><td class="infobox-data">1974</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> • Abolished</span></th><td class="infobox-data">1996</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> • Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Flintshire" title="Flintshire">Flintshire</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Wrexham_County_Borough" title="Wrexham County Borough">Wrexham County Borough</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Denbighshire" title="Denbighshire">Denbighshire</a><br />Parts of <a href="/wiki/Conwy_County_Borough" title="Conwy County Borough">Conwy County Borough</a><br />Parts of <a href="/wiki/Powys" title="Powys">Powys</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Non-metropolitan county (1974–1996) Preserved county (1996–)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Clwyd_County_Council" title="Clwyd County Council">Clwyd County Council</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"> • <a href="/wiki/Administrative_centre" title="Administrative centre">HQ</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/County_Hall,_Mold" title="County Hall, Mold">Shire Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mold,_Flintshire" title="Mold, Flintshire">Mold</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Clwyd.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arms of Clwyd County Council"><img alt="Arms of Clwyd County Council" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_arms_of_Clwyd.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Clwyd.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_arms_of_Clwyd.svg/225px-Coat_of_arms_of_Clwyd.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_arms_of_Clwyd.svg/300px-Coat_of_arms_of_Clwyd.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="1035" /></a></span><br /></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhuddlan_Castle,_May_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Rhuddlan_Castle%2C_May_2012.jpg/220px-Rhuddlan_Castle%2C_May_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Rhuddlan_Castle%2C_May_2012.jpg/330px-Rhuddlan_Castle%2C_May_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Rhuddlan_Castle%2C_May_2012.jpg/440px-Rhuddlan_Castle%2C_May_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5089" data-file-height="3019" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rhuddlan_Castle" title="Rhuddlan Castle">Rhuddlan Castle</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Clwyd</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">KLOO</span>-id</i></a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Welsh:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cy-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">[ˈklʊɨd]</a></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Preserved_counties_of_Wales" title="Preserved counties of Wales">preserved county</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, situated in the north-east corner of the country; it is named after the <a href="/wiki/River_Clwyd" title="River Clwyd">River Clwyd</a>, which runs through the area. To the north lies the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a>, with the English ceremonial counties of <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a> to the east and <a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a> to the south-east. <a href="/wiki/Powys" title="Powys">Powys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gwynedd" title="Gwynedd">Gwynedd</a> lie to the south and west respectively. Clwyd also shares a maritime boundary with <a href="/wiki/Merseyside" title="Merseyside">Merseyside</a> along the <a href="/wiki/River_Dee,_Wales" title="River Dee, Wales">River Dee</a>. Between 1974 and 1996, a slightly different area had a <a href="/wiki/County_council" title="County council">county council</a>, with local government functions shared with six district councils. In 1996, Clwyd was abolished, and the new <a href="/wiki/Principal_areas_of_Wales" title="Principal areas of Wales">principal areas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Conwy_County_Borough" title="Conwy County Borough">Conwy County Borough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denbighshire" title="Denbighshire">Denbighshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flintshire" title="Flintshire">Flintshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wrexham_County_Borough" title="Wrexham County Borough">Wrexham County Borough</a> were created; under this reorganisation, "Clwyd" became a preserved county, with the name being retained for certain ceremonial functions. </p><p>This area of north-eastern Wales has been settled since prehistoric times; the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> built a fort beside a ford on the <a href="/wiki/River_Conwy" title="River Conwy">River Conwy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> and Welsh disputed the territory. They built their castles at strategic locations as they advanced and retreated, but in the end England prevailed, and <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I</a> conquered the country in 1282. The <a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Act_1535" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws in Wales Act 1535">Laws in Wales Act 1535</a> incorporated Wales under the <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">English Crown</a> and made it subject to English law. </p><p>Traditionally, agriculture was the mainstay of the economy of this part of Wales, but with the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/North_Wales_Coalfield" title="North Wales Coalfield">North Wales Coalfield</a> was developed and parts of eastern Clwyd around the Dee estuary and <a href="/wiki/Wrexham" title="Wrexham">Wrexham</a> became industrialised. The advent of the railway running from <a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a> along the North Wales coast in the mid-19th century made it easy for urban dwellers from <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a> and Cheshire to visit the seaside towns of North Wales. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clwyd&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>North Wales has had human settlements since prehistoric times. By the time the Romans reached Britain, the area that is now Clwyd was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> <a href="/wiki/Deceangli" title="Deceangli">Deceangli</a> tribe. They lived in a chain of hill forts running through the <a href="/wiki/Clwydian_Range" title="Clwydian Range">Clwydian Range</a> and their tribal capital was <a href="/wiki/Canovium" title="Canovium">Canovium</a>, at an important crossing of the <a href="/wiki/River_Conwy" title="River Conwy">River Conwy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This fell to the Romans, who built their own fort here, in about AD 75; and the whole of Wales was soon under their control. After the <a href="/wiki/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain" title="End of Roman rule in Britain">Roman departure from Britain</a> in AD 410, the successor states of Gwynedd and Powys controlled the area. From about 800 onwards, a series of dynastic marriages led to <a href="/wiki/Rhodri_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodri the Great">Rhodri Mawr</a> inheriting the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Gwynedd" title="Gwynedd">Gwynedd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Powys" title="Powys">Powys</a>. After his death, this kingdom was divided among his three sons and further strife followed: not only Welsh battles were fought, but there were also many raids by <a href="/wiki/Danes_(Germanic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Danes (Germanic tribe)">Danes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Denbigh_town_02220.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Denbigh_town_02220.jpg/220px-Denbigh_town_02220.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Denbigh_town_02220.jpg/330px-Denbigh_town_02220.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Denbigh_town_02220.jpg/440px-Denbigh_town_02220.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2279" data-file-height="896" /></a><figcaption>Denbigh in about 1775, from <i>A tour in Wales</i> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pennant" title="Thomas Pennant">Thomas Pennant</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Normans conquest of England at first had little effect on North Wales. This was to change as the city of <a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a> on the River Dee became the base for successive campaigns against the country in the 13th century. The coastal plain of Clwyd was the main invasion route, and a number of castles were built there to assist these advances. The castles at <a href="/wiki/Flint_Castle" title="Flint Castle">Flint</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhuddlan_Castle" title="Rhuddlan Castle">Rhuddlan</a> date from this period, and were the first to be built by <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a> in North Wales during his successful conquest in 1282.<sup id="cite_ref-Marsh_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marsh-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this, the rule of the Welsh princes was at an end and Wales was annexed to England. This area was known as the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Wales" title="Principality of Wales">Principality of Wales</a> from 1216 to 1536. From 1301, the Crown's lands in north and west Wales formed part of the <a href="/wiki/Appanage" title="Appanage">appanage</a> of England's heir apparent, who was given the title "Prince of Wales". Under the <a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Act_1535" class="mw-redirect" title="Laws in Wales Act 1535">Laws in Wales Act 1535</a>, Wales became permanently incorporated under the English Crown and subject to English law.<sup id="cite_ref-Marsh_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marsh-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WXM-SDSC0053.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/WXM-SDSC0053.jpg/220px-WXM-SDSC0053.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/WXM-SDSC0053.jpg/330px-WXM-SDSC0053.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/WXM-SDSC0053.jpg/440px-WXM-SDSC0053.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="524" /></a><figcaption>Bersham Ironworks</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> did not much affect the rural parts of the area, there was considerable industrial activity in the <a href="/wiki/North_Wales_Coalfield" title="North Wales Coalfield">North Wales Coalfield</a>, particularly around <a href="/wiki/Wrexham" title="Wrexham">Wrexham</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bersham_Ironworks" title="Bersham Ironworks">Bersham Ironworks</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bersham" title="Bersham">Bersham</a>, in the same area, was at the forefront of technological advances and was most famous for being the original working site of the industrialist <a href="/wiki/John_Wilkinson_(industrialist)" title="John Wilkinson (industrialist)">John Wilkinson</a> who invented new processes for boring <a href="/wiki/Cannon" title="Cannon">cannons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Williams-Wynn family of <a href="/wiki/Wynnstay" title="Wynnstay">Wynnstay</a> had become rich after the dissolution of the monasteries and owned vast estates in Clwyd with resources including lead, tin and copper as well as corn and timber.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clwyd&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clwyd is in the northeastern corner of Wales. It is bounded by the Irish Sea to the north, the Welsh preserved counties of Gwynedd to the west and Powys to the south, and the English ceremonial counties of Shropshire and Cheshire to the southeast and east respectively; much of the eastern boundary follows the course of the <a href="/wiki/River_Dee,_Wales" title="River Dee, Wales">River Dee</a> and its estuary. Other large rivers in the area include the <a href="/wiki/River_Alyn" title="River Alyn">River Alyn</a>, a tributary of the Dee, the <a href="/wiki/River_Clwyd" title="River Clwyd">River Clwyd</a> and the River Conwy in the west. The northern coastal strip is heavily developed for tourism and has many resorts, including <a href="/wiki/Llandudno" title="Llandudno">Llandudno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colwyn_Bay" title="Colwyn Bay">Colwyn Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colwyn" title="Colwyn">Colwyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abergele" title="Abergele">Abergele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhyl" title="Rhyl">Rhyl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prestatyn" title="Prestatyn">Prestatyn</a>. In the northeast lies <a href="/wiki/Deeside" title="Deeside">Deeside</a>, the coastal plain beside the Dee estuary, and this part of Clwyd is heavily developed for industry. The area around Wrexham and the commuter settlements close to Chester are also heavily built up.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlas_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlas-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Llwyn_Uchaf_grazing._-_geograph.org.uk_-_274623.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Llwyn_Uchaf_grazing._-_geograph.org.uk_-_274623.jpg/220px-Llwyn_Uchaf_grazing._-_geograph.org.uk_-_274623.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Llwyn_Uchaf_grazing._-_geograph.org.uk_-_274623.jpg/330px-Llwyn_Uchaf_grazing._-_geograph.org.uk_-_274623.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Llwyn_Uchaf_grazing._-_geograph.org.uk_-_274623.jpg/440px-Llwyn_Uchaf_grazing._-_geograph.org.uk_-_274623.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Sheep grazing with the Clwydian Range behind</figcaption></figure> <p>To the west of this is a ridge of mountains with a steep <a href="/wiki/Escarpment" title="Escarpment">scarp slope</a> to the west, the Clwydian Range. The highest point of these hills is <a href="/wiki/Moel_Famau" title="Moel Famau">Moel Famau</a> at 1,820 ft (555 m). The north-central part is the broad <a href="/wiki/Vale_of_Clwyd" title="Vale of Clwyd">Vale of Clwyd</a>, and the best agricultural land lies here. To the south of this, the land is much higher and more rugged, the <a href="/wiki/Mynydd_Hiraethog" class="mw-redirect" title="Mynydd Hiraethog">Denbigh Moors</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Berwyn_range" title="Berwyn range">Berwyn range</a> are here. The central and western parts are much more rural than the coastal area and the east, with part of the <a href="/wiki/Snowdonia_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Snowdonia National Park">Snowdonia National Park</a> lying in the western part.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlas_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlas-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population as of 2007 is estimated at 491,100, based on figures for the four component unitary authority areas.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 2003 boundary changes, its coastline has extended from the <a href="/wiki/Dee_Estuary" title="Dee Estuary">Dee Estuary</a> in Flintshire through to <a href="/wiki/Llanfairfechan" title="Llanfairfechan">Llanfairfechan</a>. Clwyd consists of the whole of the <a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_Wales" title="Historic counties of Wales">historic</a> county of <a href="/wiki/Flintshire_(historic)" title="Flintshire (historic)">Flintshire</a>, and most of <a href="/wiki/Denbighshire_(historic)" title="Denbighshire (historic)">Denbighshire</a>. Since 2003 it has also included the former <a href="/wiki/District_of_Aberconwy" title="District of Aberconwy">district of Aberconwy</a>, which lies in the historic county of <a href="/wiki/Caernarfonshire" title="Caernarfonshire">Caernarfonshire</a>, and also the former <a href="/wiki/Edeirnion" title="Edeirnion">Edeyrnion Rural District</a> in the historic county of <a href="/wiki/Merionethshire" title="Merionethshire">Merionethshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2003Act_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2003Act-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clwyd&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Limestone_Quarry,_Minera_-_geograph.org.uk_-_72267.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Limestone_Quarry%2C_Minera_-_geograph.org.uk_-_72267.jpg/220px-Limestone_Quarry%2C_Minera_-_geograph.org.uk_-_72267.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Limestone_Quarry%2C_Minera_-_geograph.org.uk_-_72267.jpg/330px-Limestone_Quarry%2C_Minera_-_geograph.org.uk_-_72267.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Limestone_Quarry%2C_Minera_-_geograph.org.uk_-_72267.jpg/440px-Limestone_Quarry%2C_Minera_-_geograph.org.uk_-_72267.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>Limestone quarry at Minera Mountain</figcaption></figure> <p>The land uses of any region depend on the underlying geology which influences the soil types. In the Clwydian Range, lead and <a href="/wiki/Spar_(mineralogy)" title="Spar (mineralogy)">spar minerals</a> have been mined in the past, and limestone quarried from <a href="/wiki/Llantysilio_Mountain" class="mw-redirect" title="Llantysilio Mountain">Llantysilio Mountain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruabon_Moors" title="Ruabon Moors">Ruabon Mountain</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Minera_Mountain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minera Mountain (page does not exist)">Minera Mountain</a> near Wrexham.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Minera_Limeworks" title="Minera Limeworks">Minera Limeworks</a> were once the largest lime workings in North Wales. Later, road building stone was extracted but the quarries closed in 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coal mining in the North Wales Coalfield ceased in the second half of the twentieth century but used to be a large source of employment in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-nwales_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nwales-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main products being manufactured in industrial east Clwyd include aircraft components (Airbus), engines (Toyota), paper (Shotton Paper) and steel processing, and the port of <a href="/wiki/Mostyn" title="Mostyn">Mostyn</a> builds and supports <a href="/wiki/Offshore_wind_power" title="Offshore wind power">offshore windfarms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Agriculture, largely based on livestock, has traditionally been the main occupation in the central and western parts. There are a mix of large and small farm businesses, and a thriving dairy sector in the Vale of Clwyd.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the towns have livestock markets and the farming industry supports farm machinery merchants, vets, feed merchants, contractors and all the ancillary trades connected with agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With their incomes on the decline, farmers have found opportunities in tourism, rural crafts, specialist food shops, farmers' markets and value-added food products.<sup id="cite_ref-Nienaber_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nienaber-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_pier,_Rhyl,_Wales-LCCN2001703538.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/The_pier%2C_Rhyl%2C_Wales-LCCN2001703538.jpg/220px-The_pier%2C_Rhyl%2C_Wales-LCCN2001703538.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/The_pier%2C_Rhyl%2C_Wales-LCCN2001703538.jpg/330px-The_pier%2C_Rhyl%2C_Wales-LCCN2001703538.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/The_pier%2C_Rhyl%2C_Wales-LCCN2001703538.jpg/440px-The_pier%2C_Rhyl%2C_Wales-LCCN2001703538.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3675" data-file-height="2756" /></a><figcaption>The Pier at <a href="/wiki/Rhyl" title="Rhyl">Rhyl</a>, about 1900</figcaption></figure> <p>The upland areas with their sheep farms and small, stone-walled fields are attractive to visitors, and redundant farm buildings are often converted to self-catering accommodation while the farmhouses themselves supply bed-and-breakfast opportunities. The arrival of the railway on the coast in the mid-nineteenth century opened up travel from Merseyside and caused a boom in tourism, with guesthouses in seaside towns offering board and lodging for the urban visitors. More recently caravan sites and holiday villages have blossomed and there has been an increase in the ownership of "second homes".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various initiatives designed to boost the economy of North Wales are being attempted in 2016. These include the Northern Gateway project on the former <a href="/wiki/MoD_Sealand" class="mw-redirect" title="MoD Sealand">Sealand RAF site</a> on Deeside, and a redevelopment project for the former Rhyl seafront and <a href="/wiki/Funfair" class="mw-redirect" title="Funfair">funfair</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_history">Administrative history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clwyd&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Administrative history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Local Government Commission for Wales set up in 1958 was the first to recommend wholesale amalgamation of the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_counties_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative counties of Wales">administrative counties</a> outside <a href="/wiki/Glamorgan" title="Glamorgan">Glamorgan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monmouthshire_(historic)" title="Monmouthshire (historic)">Monmouthshire</a>, with extensive boundary changes; however the then <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Housing_and_Local_Government" title="Ministry of Housing and Local Government">Minister of Housing and Local Government</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Keith_Joseph" title="Keith Joseph">Keith Joseph</a> decided not to accept the report, noting that county amalgamations in England had been highly unpopular when proposed.<sup id="cite_ref-Early_reform_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Early_reform-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1967, after a change of government, the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Wales" title="Secretary of State for Wales">Secretary of State for Wales</a> <a href="/wiki/Cledwyn_Hughes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cledwyn Hughes">Cledwyn Hughes</a> published a <a href="/wiki/White_paper" title="White paper">white paper</a> which revived the idea of amalgamation, but instead of the boundary changes proposed in the previous report, treated each county as a whole. The report recommended a single new <i>Gwynedd</i> incorporating Denbighshire, Flintshire, Caernarfonshire, Merionethshire and <a href="/wiki/Anglesey" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a>. The white paper stated that "the need for early action is particularly urgent in Wales", and so the issue was not referred to a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Commission">Royal Commission</a> as in England.<sup id="cite_ref-White_paper_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White_paper-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opponents criticised the proposed new council for being too large, and in November 1968 a new Secretary of State announced that Gwynedd would be divided into two.<sup id="cite_ref-Division_of_Gwynedd_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Division_of_Gwynedd-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This revised proposal was continued in a further white paper in March 1970, although this proposed that the councils be unitary authorities which would have no district councils below them. The incoming Conservative government resurrected two-tier local government in a consultative document published in February 1971, again with the same upper-tier boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-Conservative_proposal_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conservative_proposal-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some minor changes having been made to the existing boundaries due to special local factors, the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972" title="Local Government Act 1972">Local Government Act 1972</a> duly created Clwyd as a merger of Flintshire with most of Denbighshire, along with the Edeyrnion Rural District from Merionethshire.<sup id="cite_ref-Later_reform_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Later_reform-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1970 white paper had introduced the name of Clwyd by reference to the River Clwyd and the Clwydian range of hills; Clwyd was the only new Welsh county which did not take its name from an ancient kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clwyd_districts.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Clwyd_districts.png/220px-Clwyd_districts.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Clwyd_districts.png 1.5x" data-file-width="238" data-file-height="223" /></a><figcaption>Districts of Clwyd:<br /> 1, Colwyn<br />2, Rhuddlan<br />3, Glyndwr<br />4, Delyn<br />5, Alyn & Deeside<br />6, Wrexham Maelor</figcaption></figure> <p>For second-tier local government purposes, Clwyd was divided into six districts: <a href="/wiki/Alyn_and_Deeside_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alyn and Deeside (district)">Alyn and Deeside</a>, Colwyn, <a href="/wiki/Delyn_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delyn (district)">Delyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glynd%C5%B5r" title="Glyndŵr">Glyndŵr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhuddlan" title="Rhuddlan">Rhuddlan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wrexham_Maelor" title="Wrexham Maelor">Wrexham Maelor</a>, each being operated by a <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Wales" title="Subdivisions of Wales">district</a> or <a href="/wiki/Borough_council" class="mw-redirect" title="Borough council">borough council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Later_reform_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Later_reform-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were abolished, along with the county itself, on 1 April 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-1994Act_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1994Act-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Clwyd_County_Council" title="Clwyd County Council">Clwyd County Council</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> was granted in December 1974. The design of the shield, crest and motto includes elements taken from the arms of the former councils of Flintshire and Denbighshire. The green and white wave represents the Vale of Clwyd and the Clwydian Range lying between the two parts. The cross and <a href="/wiki/Chough" title="Chough">choughs</a> come from Flintshire's shield, which itself incorporated the traditional arms of <a href="/wiki/Edwin_of_Tegeingl" title="Edwin of Tegeingl">Edwin of Tegeingl</a>, while the black lion of the Princes of Powys Fadog is taken from Denbighshire's shield. The motto, <i>Tarian Cyfiawnder Duw</i> can be translated as "The shield of Justice is God".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clwyd County Council and its districts were abolished by the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_(Wales)_Act_1994" title="Local Government (Wales) Act 1994">Local Government (Wales) Act 1994</a>, and local government would be replaced by the four <a href="/wiki/Unitary_authorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Unitary authorities">unitary authorities</a> of <a href="/wiki/Flintshire" title="Flintshire">Flintshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wrexham_County_Borough" title="Wrexham County Borough">Wrexham County Borough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denbighshire" title="Denbighshire">Denbighshire</a>, and parts of <a href="/wiki/Conwy_(county_borough)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conwy (county borough)">Conwy</a> (along with some smaller communities moving to Powys). The Act also abolished the County, and states the term "county" would be synonymous with the "principal areas" created by the 1994 Act. However the Act then created a further set of "preserved counties", which were based on the eight created by the 1972 Act. These Preserved Counties, similar in respect to <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">English</a> <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial counties</a>, would be retained for a variety of purposes, including <a href="/wiki/Lieutenancy_area" title="Lieutenancy area">lieutenancy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shrievalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrievalty">shrievalty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clwyd County Council and its six districts ceased operations at midnight on 1 April 1996, and local government was immediately transferred to the new principal areas of Conwy, Denbighshire, Flintshire and <a href="/wiki/Wrexham_(county_borough)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wrexham (county borough)">Wrexham</a>. However, although bearing the same names, the boundaries of Flintshire and Denbighshire were substantially different from those of the <a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_Wales" title="Historic counties of Wales">historic counties</a>. As it happened, the county records for historic Flintshire had been retained at the <a href="/wiki/Hawarden" title="Hawarden">Hawarden</a> branch of the Clwyd Records Office while those for historic Denbighshire had continued to be held at the <a href="/wiki/Ruthin" title="Ruthin">Ruthin</a> branch, so there was no problem in segregating the records.<sup id="cite_ref-GenukiDenbighshire_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GenukiDenbighshire-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Preserved County of Clwyd came into effect on the same day that Clwyd County Council was abolished. The preserved county was almost identical to the 1974–96 county, but had a few minor changes in line with changes to local government boundaries, the communities of <a href="/wiki/Llanrhaeadr-ym-Mochnant" title="Llanrhaeadr-ym-Mochnant">Llanrhaeadr-ym-Mochnant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Llansilin" title="Llansilin">Llansilin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Llangedwyn" title="Llangedwyn">Llangedwyn</a> being transferred from Clwyd to Powys.<sup id="cite_ref-Review_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Review-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2003_boundary_review">2003 boundary review</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clwyd&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 2003 boundary review"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:WalesCeremonialClwyd.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/WalesCeremonialClwyd.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="249" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="249" /></a><figcaption>Clwyd as a <a href="/wiki/Preserved_counties_of_Wales" title="Preserved counties of Wales">preserved county</a> since 2003.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2003, the borders of Clwyd were changed to cover the remainder of Conwy (which had previously been part of Gwynedd), which was part of a Wales-wide re-organisation of the preserved counties, so that boundaries of the preserved counties would contain whole current principal areas only.<sup id="cite_ref-2003Act_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2003Act-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This led to some areas, such as the Aberconwy district, moving to a preserved county it had never been administered by in the past, and therefore these moves went generally unreported due to the preserved county's limited status. The Boundary Commission proceeded to retain the eight preserved counties, and modified their borders in 2003 to match with the incumbent principal area boundaries. The 2003 arrangement brings towns such as Llandudno and <a href="/wiki/Conwy" title="Conwy">Conwy</a> into the preserved county of Clwyd.<sup id="cite_ref-2003Act_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2003Act-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clwyd&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some local organisations still make use of the word "Clwyd" in their name, often because their membership covers a wider area than their present unitary authority. These organisations include the <a href="/wiki/Theatr_Clwyd" title="Theatr Clwyd">Theatr Clwyd</a>, which is based in <a href="/wiki/Mold,_Flintshire" title="Mold, Flintshire">Mold</a> and is the largest producing arts centre in Wales. It provides young people the opportunity to get involved in drama. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clwyd_Family_History_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clwyd Family History Society (page does not exist)">Clwyd Family History Society</a> can help its members to access many historical documents concerning northeastern Wales,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Clwyd-Powys_Archaeological_Trust" title="Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust">Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust</a> is one of four archaeological trusts covering the whole of Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clwyd_County_Darts_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clwyd County Darts Association (page does not exist)">Clwyd County Darts Association</a> organises tournaments and takes part in inter-county matches.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Clwyd_East_Football_League" title="Clwyd East Football League">Clwyd East Football League</a> was created in 2011 to represent the North East Wales area at the fifth tier of Welsh Football. It has subsequently changed its name to the North East Wales Football League.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Clwyd Pension Fund is the Local Government pension scheme inherited from Clwyd County Council, now providing pension schemes for Wrexham, Flintshire and Denbighshire unitary authorities and former districts.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The position of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Clwyd" title="Lord Lieutenant of Clwyd">Lord Lieutenant of Clwyd</a> also continues as the <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a>'s personal representative, as with the other seven preserved counties of Wales. The current Lord Lieutenant is Henry George Fetherstonhaugh, who was appointed in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Landmarks">Landmarks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clwyd&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Landmarks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traphont_Pontcysyllte_Sir_Wrecsam_03.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Traphont_Pontcysyllte_Sir_Wrecsam_03.JPG/220px-Traphont_Pontcysyllte_Sir_Wrecsam_03.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Traphont_Pontcysyllte_Sir_Wrecsam_03.JPG/330px-Traphont_Pontcysyllte_Sir_Wrecsam_03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Traphont_Pontcysyllte_Sir_Wrecsam_03.JPG/440px-Traphont_Pontcysyllte_Sir_Wrecsam_03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Narrowboat" title="Narrowboat">Narrowboat</a> crossing the <a href="/wiki/Pontcysyllte_Aqueduct" title="Pontcysyllte Aqueduct">Pontcysyllte Aqueduct</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Pontcysyllte_Aqueduct" title="Pontcysyllte Aqueduct">Pontcysyllte Aqueduct</a> was built by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Telford" title="Thomas Telford">Thomas Telford</a> in 1805 and is the largest aqueduct in the United Kingdom; it carries the <a href="/wiki/Llangollen_Canal" title="Llangollen Canal">Llangollen Canal</a> over the River Dee and is a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>, being considered a masterpiece of civil engineering.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Clwydian_Range_and_Dee_Valley" title="Clwydian Range and Dee Valley">Clwydian Range and Dee Valley</a> constitute an <a href="/wiki/Area_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty" title="Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty">Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Areas_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty_in_Wales" title="Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty in Wales">one of just five in the whole of Wales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Denbigh" title="Denbigh">Denbigh</a>, Colwyn and Ruthin are historic towns and <a href="/wiki/Llangollen" title="Llangollen">Llangollen</a> hosts the <a href="/wiki/Llangollen_International_Musical_Eisteddfod" title="Llangollen International Musical Eisteddfod">Llangollen International Musical Eisteddfod</a> in July each year.<sup id="cite_ref-Attractions_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Attractions-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Gop" title="The Gop">The Gop</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> mound, the second largest such structure in Britain being only superseded by <a href="/wiki/Silbury_Hill" title="Silbury Hill">Silbury Hill</a>. <a href="/wiki/Caer_Drewyn" title="Caer Drewyn">Caer Drewyn</a> is one of many <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> hill forts in Clwyd that attest to human occupation of this area for millennia. <a href="/wiki/Maen_Achwyfan_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Maen Achwyfan Cross">Maen Achwyfan Cross</a> is a carved 10th century wheel cross depicting Celtic and Viking symbols.<sup id="cite_ref-Attractions_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Attractions-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The castles of Rhuddlan and Flint were built by the Normans during their invasion of North Wales and <a href="/wiki/Castell_Dinas_Br%C3%A2n" title="Castell Dinas Brân">Castell Dinas Brân</a> was a Welsh fortress of the same period. <a href="/wiki/St_Asaph_Cathedral" title="St Asaph Cathedral">St Asaph Cathedral</a> also dates from the thirteenth century as does the medieval Cistercian abbey of <a href="/wiki/Valle_Crucis_Abbey" title="Valle Crucis Abbey">Valle Crucis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Attractions_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Attractions-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bodnant_Garden" title="Bodnant Garden">Bodnant Garden</a> is a formal garden in a landscaped setting,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Erddig" title="Erddig">Erddig Hall</a> is a stately home, both owned by the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust" title="National Trust">National Trust</a>. Other fine country houses in Clwyd include <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Hall,_Denbighshire" title="Trevor Hall, Denbighshire">Trevor Hall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Faenol_Fawr,_Bodelwyddan" title="Faenol Fawr, Bodelwyddan">Faenol Fawr, Bodelwyddan</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Plas_Mawr" title="Plas Mawr">Plas Mawr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aberconwy_House" title="Aberconwy House">Aberconwy House</a> are historic town houses in Conwy.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in Conwy is the <a href="/wiki/Conwy_Suspension_Bridge" title="Conwy Suspension Bridge">Conwy Suspension Bridge</a>, one of the first such bridges in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clwyd&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Virgin_Voyager,_Flint_railway_station_(geograph_4031998).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Virgin_Voyager%2C_Flint_railway_station_%28geograph_4031998%29.jpg/220px-Virgin_Voyager%2C_Flint_railway_station_%28geograph_4031998%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Virgin_Voyager%2C_Flint_railway_station_%28geograph_4031998%29.jpg/330px-Virgin_Voyager%2C_Flint_railway_station_%28geograph_4031998%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Virgin_Voyager%2C_Flint_railway_station_%28geograph_4031998%29.jpg/440px-Virgin_Voyager%2C_Flint_railway_station_%28geograph_4031998%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Virgin Voyager approaching <a href="/wiki/Flint_railway_station" title="Flint railway station">Flint railway station</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/North_Wales_Coast_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="North Wales Coast Line">North Wales Coast Line</a> is the railway line from <a href="/wiki/Crewe_railway_station" title="Crewe railway station">Crewe</a> to <a href="/wiki/Holyhead_railway_station" title="Holyhead railway station">Holyhead</a>, served by <a href="/wiki/Transport_for_Wales_Rail" title="Transport for Wales Rail">Transport for Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Avanti_West_Coast" title="Avanti West Coast">Avanti West Coast</a> services. Trains leaving Crewe pass through Chester, cross the River Dee into Wales, and continue through stations such as: <a href="/wiki/Shotton_railway_station" title="Shotton railway station">Shotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flint_railway_station" title="Flint railway station">Flint</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prestatyn_railway_station" title="Prestatyn railway station">Prestatyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhyl_railway_station" title="Rhyl railway station">Rhyl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colwyn_Bay_railway_station" title="Colwyn Bay railway station">Colwyn Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Llandudno_Junction_railway_station" title="Llandudno Junction railway station">Llandudno Junction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conwy_railway_station" title="Conwy railway station">Conwy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bangor_(Gwynedd)_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangor (Gwynedd) railway station">Bangor</a>, to Holyhead, from where there is a ferry service to Ireland. Passengers can change at Shotton for the <a href="/wiki/Borderlands_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Borderlands Line">Borderlands Line</a>, which links Wrexham with <a href="/wiki/Bidston" title="Bidston">Bidston</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Wirral_Peninsula" title="Wirral Peninsula">Wirral Peninsula</a> in England.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Conwy_Valley_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Conwy Valley Line">Conwy Valley Line</a> links Llandudno Junction to <a href="/wiki/Blaenau_Ffestiniog" title="Blaenau Ffestiniog">Blaenau Ffestiniog</a> via <a href="/wiki/Betws-y-Coed" title="Betws-y-Coed">Betws-y-Coed</a> and was constructed mainly for use as a freight line for the transport of <a href="/wiki/Slate" title="Slate">slate</a> to the quay at <a href="/wiki/Deganwy" title="Deganwy">Deganwy</a> for export by sea. It is a scenic route with a number of request stops.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury%E2%80%93Chester_line" title="Shrewsbury–Chester line">Shrewsbury–Chester line</a> connects <a href="/wiki/Wrexham_General_railway_station" title="Wrexham General railway station">Wrexham General</a>, northwards to Chester and southwards to other stations in the present-day county borough and to <a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury_railway_station" title="Shrewsbury railway station">Shrewsbury</a>. </p><p>There are no motorways in Clwyd. The <a href="/wiki/A55_road" title="A55 road">A55</a> dual carriageway road passes from Chester through <a href="/wiki/St_Asaph" title="St Asaph">St Asaph</a> to the North Wales coast at Abergele, after which it runs parallel to the railway line through Conwy and Bangor to terminate at Holyhead. The <a href="/wiki/A483_road" title="A483 road">A483</a> connects Wrexham northwards to Chester, and southwards to Ruabon and Chirk. The <a href="/wiki/A548_road" class="mw-redirect" title="A548 road">A548</a> passes from Chester to Abergele through Deeside and along the coast, before leaving the coast and terminating at <a href="/wiki/Llanrwst" title="Llanrwst">Llanrwst</a>. The main road from London is the <a href="/wiki/A5_road_(Great_Britain)" title="A5 road (Great Britain)">A5</a> which enters Clwyd at <a href="/wiki/Chirk" title="Chirk">Chirk</a> and passes northwestwards through Llangollen, <a href="/wiki/Corwen" title="Corwen">Corwen</a> and Betws-y-Coed to join the A55 and terminate at Bangor. The <a href="/wiki/A543_road" class="mw-redirect" title="A543 road">A543</a> crosses the Denbigh Moors from southeast to northwest, and the <a href="/wiki/A525_road" title="A525 road">A525</a> links Ruthin with St Asaph.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are local bus services between the main centres of population. Several services by <a href="/wiki/Arriva_Buses_Wales" title="Arriva Buses Wales">Arriva Buses Wales</a> run along the main coast road between Chester and Holyhead, linking the coastal resorts. Other routes include: Llandudno to Llanrwst and Betws-y-Coed via Conwy and <a href="/wiki/Dolgarrog" title="Dolgarrog">Dolgarrog</a>; Rhyl to Denbigh; Wrexham to Chester; and Wrexham to Mold.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clwyd&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Clwyd" title="Lord Lieutenant of Clwyd">List of Lord Lieutenants of Clwyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Clwyd" title="High Sheriff of Clwyd">List of High Sheriffs of Clwyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Denbighshire" title="List of places in Denbighshire">List of places in Denbighshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Flintshire" title="List of places in Flintshire">List of places in Flintshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Conwy_County_Borough" title="List of places in Conwy County Borough">List of places in Conwy County Borough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Wrexham_County_Borough" title="List of places in Wrexham County Borough">List of places in Wrexham County Borough</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clwyd&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John C.</a> (2008). <i>Longman Pronunciation Dictionary</i> (3rd ed.). Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4058-8118-0"><bdi>978-1-4058-8118-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClwyd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jones_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones,_P.2009" class="citation book cs1">Jones, P. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vb4lTZDtYOsC"><i>Illustrated History of Chester</i></a>. DB Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781859836842" title="Special:BookSources/9781859836842"><bdi>9781859836842</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Illustrated+History+of+Chester&rft.pub=DB+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781859836842&rft.au=Jones%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvb4lTZDtYOsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClwyd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Davies_(historian)" title="John Davies (historian)">Davies, John</a> (1994). <i>A History of Wales</i>. London: Penguin. p. 338. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-014581-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-014581-8"><bdi>0-14-014581-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Wales&rft.place=London&rft.pages=338&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-14-014581-8&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClwyd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marsh-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marsh_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marsh_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsh,_Terry" class="citation web cs1">Marsh, Terry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pathfinderwalks.co.uk/pathfinder-walking-in-north-wales/">"Pathfinder Guide: North Wales and Snowdonia"</a>. <i>Pathfinder Guides</i>. Crimson Publishing Ltd<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/rhagor/article/1912/">the original</a> on 3 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wales%3A+the+first+industrial+nation+of+the+World&rft.pub=Amgueddfa+Cymru+%E2%80%93+Museum+Wales&rft.date=2008-10-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museumwales.ac.uk%2Fen%2Frhagor%2Farticle%2F1912%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClwyd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Nevez,_CatherineWhitfield,_Paul2012" class="citation book cs1">Le Nevez, Catherine; Whitfield, Paul (2012). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781405389815"><i>The Rough Guide to Wales</i></a></span>. Rough Guides Limited. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781405389815/page/311">311</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4093-5902-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4093-5902-9"><bdi>978-1-4093-5902-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+Wales&rft.pages=311&rft.pub=Rough+Guides+Limited&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4093-5902-9&rft.au=Le+Nevez%2C+Catherine&rft.au=Whitfield%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781405389815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClwyd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morris-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morris_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris,_Jan2014" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Jan (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2EUEAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT234"><i>Wales: Epic Views of a Small Country</i></a>. Penguin Books Limited. p. 234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-97024-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-97024-9"><bdi>978-0-241-97024-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wales%3A+Epic+Views+of+a+Small+Country&rft.pages=234&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-241-97024-9&rft.au=Morris%2C+Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2EUEAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClwyd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atlas-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Atlas_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlas_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip's1994" class="citation book cs1">Philip's (1994). <i>Modern School Atlas</i>. George Philip & Son. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-540-05278-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-540-05278-7"><bdi>0-540-05278-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+School+Atlas&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=George+Philip+%26+Son&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-540-05278-7&rft.au=Philip%27s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClwyd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/Mid_2007_UK_England_&_Wales_Scotland_and_Northern_Ireland%20_21_08_08.zip">Statistics.gov.uk</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728154121/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/Mid_2007_UK_England_%26_Wales_Scotland_and_Northern_Ireland%20_21_08_08.zip">Archived</a> 2011-07-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2003Act-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2003Act_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2003Act_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2003Act_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opsi.gov.uk/legislation/wales/wsi2003/20030974e.htm">The Preserved Counties (Amendment to Boundaries) (Wales) Order 2003</a> Retrieved on 19 May 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clwydianrangeanddeevalleyaonb.org.uk/geodiversity/">"Geodiversity"</a>. 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Flintshire County Council<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Investing+in+Flintshire&rft.atitle=Flintshire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flintshire.gov.uk%2Fen%2FBusiness%2FAdvice-and-guidance%2FInvesting-in-Flintshire.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClwyd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160320022906/http://www.nfu-cymru.org.uk/contact-us/clwyd/">"Clwyd"</a>. NFU Cymru. 5 December 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nfu-cymru.org.uk/contact-us/clwyd/">the original</a> on 20 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Routledge. pp. 76–83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-12709-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-12709-3"><bdi>978-1-317-12709-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalization+and+Europe%27s+Rural+Regions&rft.pages=76-83&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-12709-3&rft.au=Nienaber%2C+Birte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRFurCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClwyd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoniface,_Brian_G.Cooper,_ChrisCooper,_Robyn2012" class="citation book cs1">Boniface, Brian G.; Cooper, Chris; Cooper, Robyn (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6abUvExxZiIC&pg=PA129"><i>Worldwide Destinations: The Geography of Travel and Tourism</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 129, 152–153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-097040-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-097040-0"><bdi>978-0-08-097040-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worldwide+Destinations%3A+The+Geography+of+Travel+and+Tourism&rft.pages=129%2C+152-153&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-08-097040-0&rft.au=Boniface%2C+Brian+G.&rft.au=Cooper%2C+Chris&rft.au=Cooper%2C+Robyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6abUvExxZiIC%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClwyd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160507131203/http://www.dailypost.co.uk/business/business-news/six-projects-kick-start-north-10669404">"Six projects to kick-start the North Wales economy in 2016"</a>. <i>Daily Post</i>. 1 January 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailypost.co.uk/business/business-news/six-projects-kick-start-north-10669404">the original</a> on 7 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Conwy+Valley+Line&rft.pub=North+Wales+Coast+Railway&rft.date=2014&rft.au=Sallery%2C+Dave&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nwrail.org.uk%2Fnwrvall.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClwyd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Concise Road Atlas: Britain</i>. AA Publishing. 2015. pp. 47–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7495-7743-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7495-7743-8"><bdi>978-0-7495-7743-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Road+Atlas%3A+Britain&rft.pages=47-55&rft.pub=AA+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-7495-7743-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClwyd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arrivabus.co.uk/wales/">"Discover the towns of Wales"</a>. <i>Arriva Wales</i>. Arriva Buses Wales<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arriva+Wales&rft.atitle=Discover+the+towns+of+Wales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arrivabus.co.uk%2Fwales%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClwyd" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Clwyd&params=53.09_N_3.27_W_dim:50000_region:GB"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span 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