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id="toc-Desintegrazio_motak_eta_adibideak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Desintegrazio_motak_eta_adibideak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Desintegrazio motak eta adibideak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Desintegrazio_motak_eta_adibideak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Desintegrazio motak eta adibideak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Desintegrazio_motak_eta_adibideak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alfa_desintegrazioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alfa_desintegrazioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Alfa desintegrazioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alfa_desintegrazioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beta_desintegrazioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beta_desintegrazioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Beta desintegrazioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beta_desintegrazioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gamma_desintegrazioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gamma_desintegrazioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Gamma desintegrazioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gamma_desintegrazioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Desintegrazio_erradioaktiboaren_formulazio_matematikoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Desintegrazio_erradioaktiboaren_formulazio_matematikoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Desintegrazio erradioaktiboaren formulazio matematikoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Desintegrazio_erradioaktiboaren_formulazio_matematikoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Osasunerako_arriskuak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Osasunerako_arriskuak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Osasunerako arriskuak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Osasunerako_arriskuak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Osasunerako arriskuak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Osasunerako_arriskuak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Erradioaktibitateak_eragindako_gaixotasunak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erradioaktibitateak_eragindako_gaixotasunak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Erradioaktibitateak eragindako gaixotasunak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erradioaktibitateak_eragindako_gaixotasunak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erradiologia-babesa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erradiologia-babesa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Erradiologia-babesa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erradiologia-babesa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aplikazioak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aplikazioak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Aplikazioak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aplikazioak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Aplikazioak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aplikazioak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Energia_nuklearra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energia_nuklearra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Energia nuklearra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energia_nuklearra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medikuntza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medikuntza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Medikuntza</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medikuntza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Materialen_datazioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Materialen_datazioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Materialen datazioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Materialen_datazioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikus,_gainera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikus,_gainera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ikus, gainera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikus,_gainera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Desintegrazio erradioaktibo</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 111 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-111" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">111 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktiwiteit" title="Radioaktiwiteit – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Radioaktiwiteit" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivit%C3%A4t" title="Radioaktivität – Suitzako alemana" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Radioaktivität" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Suitzako alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactividat" title="Radioactividat – aragoiera" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Radioactividat" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%AF" title="रेडियोधर्मी क्षय – angikera" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="रेडियोधर्मी क्षय" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angikera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B7_%D8%A5%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="اضمحلال نشاط إشعاعي – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اضمحلال نشاط إشعاعي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A%DA%A4" title="تهراس راديواكتيڤ – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تهراس راديواكتيڤ" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactivid%C3%A1" title="Radioactividá – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Radioactividá" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivlik" title="Radioaktivlik – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Radioaktivlik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A2%DA%A9%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="رادیوآکتیولیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رادیوآکتیولیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D2%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D1%83" title="Радиоактив тарҡалыу – baxkirera" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Радиоактив тарҡалыу" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baxkirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paluruhan_radioaktip" title="Paluruhan radioaktip – baliera" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Paluruhan radioaktip" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="baliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivit%C3%A4t" title="Radioaktivität – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Radioaktivität" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rad%C4%97j%C4%97akt%C4%ABvoms" title="Radėjėaktīvoms – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Radėjėaktīvoms" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Радыеактыўны распад – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Радыеактыўны распад" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Радыяактыўнасьць – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Радыяактыўнасьць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Радиоактивност – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Радиоактивност" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%AF" title="रेडियोएक्टिव क्षय – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रेडियोएक्टिव क्षय" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE" title="তেজস্ক্রিয়তা – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তেজস্ক্রিয়তা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivnost" title="Radioaktivnost – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Radioaktivnost" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactivitat" title="Radioactivitat – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Radioactivitat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%95%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="تیشکەچالاکی – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تیشکەچالاکی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivita" title="Radioaktivita – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Radioaktivita" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BB%C4%83_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83" title="Радиоактивлă аркану – txuvaxera" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Радиоактивлă аркану" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dadfeilio_ymbelydrol" title="Dadfeilio ymbelydrol – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dadfeilio ymbelydrol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivitet" title="Radioaktivitet – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Radioaktivitet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivit%C3%A4t" title="Radioaktivität – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Radioaktivität" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1" title="Ραδιενέργεια – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ραδιενέργεια" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Radioactive decay" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktiveco" title="Radioaktiveco – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Radioaktiveco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiactividad" title="Radiactividad – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Radiactividad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktiivsus" title="Radioaktiivsus – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Radioaktiivsus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioativid%C3%A1" title="Radioatividá – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Radioatividá" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="واپاشی پرتوزا – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="واپاشی پرتوزا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktiivisuus" title="Radioaktiivisuus – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Radioaktiivisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactivit%C3%A9" title="Radioactivité – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Radioactivité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raadioaktiwiteet" title="Raadioaktiwiteet – iparraldeko frisiera" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Raadioaktiwiteet" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="iparraldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio-aktiviteit" title="Radio-aktiviteit – mendebaldeko frisiera" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Radio-aktiviteit" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="mendebaldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meath_radaighn%C3%ADomhach" title="Meath radaighníomhach – irlandera" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Meath radaighníomhach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactividade" title="Radioactividade – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Radioactividade" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="רדיואקטיביות – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רדיואקטיביות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="रेडियोसक्रियता – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रेडियोसक्रियता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Radioactive decay" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivnost" title="Radioaktivnost – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Radioaktivnost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radyo-aktivite" title="Radyo-aktivite – Haitiko kreolera" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Radyo-aktivite" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitiko kreolera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivit%C3%A1s" title="Radioaktivitás – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Radioaktivitás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ռադիոակտիվություն – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռադիոակտիվություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactivitate" title="Radioactivitate – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Radioactivitate" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peluruhan_radioaktif" title="Peluruhan radioaktif – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Peluruhan radioaktif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktiveso" title="Radioaktiveso – idoa" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Radioaktiveso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geislavirkni" title="Geislavirkni – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Geislavirkni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioattivit%C3%A0" title="Radioattività – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Radioattività" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E8%83%BD" title="放射能 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="放射能" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="რადიოაქტიური დაშლა – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რადიოაქტიური დაშლა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8%D2%93%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Табиғи радиоактивтік – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Табиғи радиоактивтік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A3_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5" title="ವಿಕಿರಣ ಪಟುತ್ವ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿಕಿರಣ ಪಟುತ್ವ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%A9%EC%82%AC%EC%84%B1_%EB%B6%95%EA%B4%B4" title="방사성 붕괴 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="방사성 붕괴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%D9%90%D9%88%D9%90%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="ریڈیو ایکٹِوِٹی – kaxmirera" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ریڈیو ایکٹِوِٹی" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kaxmirera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B4%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%BB%D2%AF%D0%BA" title="Радиоактивдүүлүк – kirgizera" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Радиоактивдүүлүк" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactivitas" title="Radioactivitas – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Radioactivitas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactiviteit" title="Radioactiviteit – limburgera" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Radioactiviteit" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioativit%C3%A0" title="Radioatività – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Radioatività" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktyvumas" title="Radioaktyvumas – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Radioaktyvumas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivit%C4%81te" title="Radioaktivitāte – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Radioaktivitāte" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Радиоактивност – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Радиоактивност" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="ആണവാപചയം – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആണവാപചയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%B2%D1%85%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Цацраг идэвхт задрал – mongoliera" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цацраг идэвхт задрал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reputan_radioaktif" title="Reputan radioaktif – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Reputan radioaktif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9E%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%BD%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF" title="ရေဒီယိုသတ္တိကြွပြိုကွဲမှု – birmaniera" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရေဒီယိုသတ္တိကြွပြိုကွဲမှု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivit%C3%A4t" title="Radioaktivität – behe-alemana" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Radioaktivität" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="behe-alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactiviteit" title="Radioactiviteit – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Radioactiviteit" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivitet" title="Radioaktivitet – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Radioaktivitet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivitet" title="Radioaktivitet – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Radioaktivitet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactivitat" title="Radioactivitat – okzitaniera" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Radioactivitat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okzitaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkutaa%27inna_Xaanxawaa_(Radioactive_decay)" title="Burkutaa'inna Xaanxawaa (Radioactive decay) – oromoera" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Burkutaa'inna Xaanxawaa (Radioactive decay)" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromoera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AD%9F_%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%9F" title="ତେଜସ୍କ୍ରିୟ କ୍ଷୟ – oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ତେଜସ୍କ୍ରିୟ କ୍ଷୟ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%93_%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B5_%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%87" title="ਰੇਡੀਓ ਐਕਟਿਵ ਡਿਕੇ – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੇਡੀਓ ਐਕਟਿਵ ਡਿਕੇ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktywno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Radioaktywność – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Radioaktywność" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="تابکاری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تابکاری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioatividade" title="Radioatividade – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Radioatividade" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illanchaykuy" title="Illanchaykuy – kitxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Illanchaykuy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kitxua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactivitad" title="Radioactivitad – erretorromaniera" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Radioactivitad" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="erretorromaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactivitate" title="Radioactivitate – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Radioactivitate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Радиоактивный распад – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Радиоактивный распад" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioatividade" title="Radioatividade – sardiniera" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Radioatividade" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardiniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay – eskoziera" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Radioactive decay" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="eskoziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivnost" title="Radioaktivnost – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Radioaktivnost" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%93_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BA_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B8" title="විකිරණශීලී ක්ෂය වීම – sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="විකිරණශීලී ක්ෂය වීම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dioakt%C3%ADvny_rozpad" title="Rádioaktívny rozpad – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rádioaktívny rozpad" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivnost" title="Radioaktivnost – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Radioaktivnost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktiviteti" title="Radioaktiviteti – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Radioaktiviteti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Радиоактивност – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Радиоактивност" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivitet" title="Radioaktivitet – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Radioaktivitet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unururifu" title="Unururifu – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Unururifu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கதிரியக்கம் – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கதிரியக்கம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B_%E0%B0%A7%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%A4" title="రేడియో ధార్మికత – telugua" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రేడియో ధార్మికత" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5" title="การสลายตัวกัมมันตรังสี – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การสลายตัวกัมมันตรังสี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radyoaktivite" title="Radyoaktivite – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Radyoaktivite" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Радіоактивність – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Радіоактивність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%84" title="اشعاعی تنزل – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اشعاعی تنزل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktiv_parchalanish" title="Radioaktiv parchalanish – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Radioaktiv parchalanish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioaktivine_%C4%8Dihodamine" title="Radioaktivine čihodamine – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Radioaktivine čihodamine" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%B3ng_x%E1%BA%A1" title="Phóng xạ – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phóng xạ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiactivit%C3%A9" title="Radiactivité – valoniera" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Radiactivité" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunot_radyoaktibo" title="Dunot radyoaktibo – warayera" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dunot radyoaktibo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="warayera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7" title="放射性 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="放射性" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99%D7%90%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%98" title="ראדיאאקטיוויטעט – yiddisha" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ראדיאאקטיוויטעט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddisha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ct%C3%BAk%C3%A1_on%C3%ADt%C3%ADt%C3%A0nyindin" title="Ìtúká onítítànyindin – jorubera" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìtúká onítítànyindin" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="jorubera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7" title="放射性 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="放射性" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7" title="放射性 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="放射性" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B2ng-si%C4%81-s%C3%A8ng" title="Hòng-siā-sèng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hòng-siā-sèng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A" title="核衰變 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="核衰變" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Nukleo_atomikoaren_desintegrazio_erradioaktiboa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Nukleo_atomikoaren_desintegrazio_erradioaktiboa.jpg/220px-Nukleo_atomikoaren_desintegrazio_erradioaktiboa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Nukleo_atomikoaren_desintegrazio_erradioaktiboa.jpg/330px-Nukleo_atomikoaren_desintegrazio_erradioaktiboa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Nukleo_atomikoaren_desintegrazio_erradioaktiboa.jpg/440px-Nukleo_atomikoaren_desintegrazio_erradioaktiboa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1601" data-file-height="1178" /></a><figcaption>Nukleo atomikoetan gerta daitezkeen desintegrazio motak.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Desintegrazio erradioaktiboa</b> <a href="/wiki/Nukleo_atomiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Nukleo atomiko">nukleo atomikoetan</a> gertatzen den prozesu bat da, zeinaren bitartez energia galtzen baitute <a href="/wiki/Erradiazio" title="Erradiazio">erradiazio</a> gisa. Erradiazioaren izaeraren arabera, hiru desintegrazio mota bereiz daitezke: <a href="/wiki/Alfa_desintegrazio" title="Alfa desintegrazio">alfa desintegrazioa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beta_desintegrazio" title="Beta desintegrazio">beta desintegrazioa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Gamma_desintegrazioa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma desintegrazioa">gamma desintegrazioa</a>. Alfa zein beta desintegrazioetan <a href="/wiki/Partikula_azpiatomiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Partikula azpiatomiko">partikulak</a> igortzen dira; gamma desintegrazioan, aldiz, <a href="/wiki/Fotoi" title="Fotoi">fotoiak</a>. Desintegrazio mota edozein dela ere, nukleo atomiko ezegonkorrak dituen materialari <b>material erradioaktibo</b> deritzo. </p><p>Desintegratzen den <a href="/wiki/Isotopo_erradioaktibo" title="Isotopo erradioaktibo">isotopo erradioaktiboari</a> <i>guraso</i> esaten zaio, eta prozesuak nukleido <i>seme</i> bat sortzen du gutxienez. Gamma desintegrazioetan eta egoera nuklear kitzikatuen arteko barne-transformazioetan izan ezik, desintegrazio erradioaktiboa transmutazio nuklear bat da, ondorio seme bat duena, zeinak protoi edo neutroi kopuru desberdina (edo biak) baitu. </p><p>Desintegrazio erradioaktiboa ausazko prozesua da; hau da, lagin batean dauden atomoen artean ezinezkoa da aldez aurretik jakitea zein atomo desintegratuko den.<sup id="cite_ref-a_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-b_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zientzialariei zaila izan zitzaien aurresangarritasunik eza onartzea <a href="/wiki/Mekanika_kuantiko" title="Mekanika kuantiko">teoria kuantikoa</a> garatu aurretik.<sup id="cite_ref-a_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hala ere, lagin baten ikuspuntu makroskopikotik, posible da desintegrazio-tasaren neurri bat ematea, desintegrazio-konstantearen edo <a href="/wiki/Semidesintegrazio-periodo" title="Semidesintegrazio-periodo">erdibizitzaren</a> bidez. Atomo erradioaktibo desberdinen erdibizitzen arteko aldea magnitude-ordena anitzekoa izan daiteke: joktosegundo batzuetatik <a href="/wiki/Protio" title="Protio">(hidrogeno-1</a>, adibidez) unibertsoaren adina baino 160 trilioi aldiz handiagora arte (<a href="/wiki/Telurio" title="Telurio">telurio-128</a> kasu).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lurra" title="Lurra">Lurrean</a> erradioaktiboak diren 34 isotopo daude naturan. Isotopo horiek <a href="/wiki/Eguzki-sistema" title="Eguzki-sistema">eguzki-sistema</a> sortu baino lehenagokoak dira eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nukleido_primordial&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nukleido primordial (sortu gabe)">nukleido primordial</a> izenaz ezagunak dira.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nukleido primordialak eguzki-sistema sortu zeneko <a href="/wiki/Izarrarteko_ingurune" title="Izarrarteko ingurune">izarrarteko ingurunean</a> presente zeuden; <a href="/wiki/Nukleogenesi" title="Nukleogenesi">nukleosintesiaren</a> bidez sortu ziren <a href="/wiki/Izar" title="Izar">izarretan</a>, eta <a href="/wiki/Supernoba" title="Supernoba">supernobek</a> <a href="/wiki/Unibertsoa" title="Unibertsoa">unibertsoan</a> zehar barreiatu zituzten. <a href="/wiki/Uranio" title="Uranio">Uranioa</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Torio" title="Torio">torioa</a> dira nukleido horien adibide. Bestalde, badaude bizitza laburragoa duten 50 isotopo erradioaktibo inguru; nukleido primordialen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Desintegrazio-kate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desintegrazio-kate (sortu gabe)">desintegrazio-kateen</a> produktuak dira, edota aribideko <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prozesu_kosmogeniko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prozesu kosmogeniko (sortu gabe)">prozesu kosmogenikoen</a> ondorio: <a href="/wiki/Karbono-14" title="Karbono-14">karbono-14,</a> adibidez, zeina <a href="/wiki/Erradiazio_kosmiko" title="Erradiazio kosmiko">izpi kosmikoen</a> bidez <a href="/wiki/Atmosfera" title="Atmosfera">atmosferan</a> sortzen baita. Isotopo erradioaktiboak era artifizialean ere sor daitezke, <a href="/wiki/Partikula-azeleragailu" title="Partikula-azeleragailu">partikula-azeleragailuetan</a> edota <a href="/wiki/Erreaktore_nuklear" title="Erreaktore nuklear">erreaktore nuklearretan,</a> esate baterako.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Desintegrazio_erradioaktiboaren_aurkikuntza">Desintegrazio erradioaktiboaren aurkikuntza</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desintegrazio_erradioaktibo&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Desintegrazio erradioaktiboaren aurkikuntza»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desintegrazio_erradioaktibo&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Desintegrazio erradioaktiboaren aurkikuntza"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Henri_Becquerel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Henri_Becquerel.jpg/220px-Henri_Becquerel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Henri_Becquerel.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption>Henri Becquerel, erradioaktibitatearen aurkitzailea.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Esteka_hautsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Esteka hautsia"><span title=" Data honetatik dago hautsita esteka: otsaila 2021">Betiko hautsitako esteka</span></a></i>]</span></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Erradioaktibitatea <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Henri Becquerel</a> zientzialari frantziarrak aurkitu zuen 1896an. Becquerel <a href="/wiki/Fosforeszentzia" title="Fosforeszentzia">fosforeszentzia</a> aztertzen ari zen: materialek energia argi gisa xurgatzen eta igortzen duten fenomenoa. Material fosforeszenteek argia igortzen dute argitan denbora jakin batez egon ondoren. Becquerel-en helburua fosforeszentziak <a href="/wiki/X_izpi" title="X izpi">X izpiekin</a> izan zezakeen lotura aztertzea zen, X izpiak aurreko urtean (1895) aurkitu baitzituen <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Conrad_Roentgen" title="Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen">Wilhelm Roentgen</a> fisikari alemaniarrak eta, ordura arte, ez ziren izpi horien propietateak guztiz ezagutzen. </p><p>Becquerel-ek mineral fosforeszenteak paper beltzean bildutako argazki-xaflekin ukipenean jarri zituen. Mineralek ez zuten xaflan inolako aldaketarik eragin, <a href="/wiki/Uranio" title="Uranio">uranioa</a> erabili zuen arte: orduan, argazki-xafla belztu egin zen. Emaitza ikusita, argi zegoen uranioak nolabaiteko erradiazio ikusezina igortzen zuela, paper beltza zeharkatu eta argazki-xaflari eragiten ziona, xafla argitan egongo balitz bezala. Izpi horiei "Becquerel-en izpiak" deritze. Alabaina, izpien jatorria ezezaguna zen. Lehenik, fenomeno honek fosforeszentziarekin zerikusirik ez zuela ondorioztatu zuen Becquerel-ek, uranioa aurretik ez baitzen argiarekin kontaktuan egon. Gainera, uranioak igortzen zuena X izpiak ez zirela frogatu zuen esperimentu baten bidez. Esperimentu horretan, uranioaren igorpena <a href="/wiki/Eremu_magnetiko" title="Eremu magnetiko">eremu magnetiko</a> baten eraginpean desbideratu egiten zela behatu zuen, eta ordurako jakina zen X izpiei kanpo-eremu magnetikoek ez dietela eragiten.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aurkikuntza honen ondotik, Becquerel-ek beste esperimentu batzuk egin zituen erradiazioa aztertzeko xedez. Uranioak kanpo-eraginen independentea den erradiazio sarkorra igortzen duela frogatu zuen. Horrez gain, erradiazioak gorputz elektrifikatuak deskargatu ditzakeela erakutsi zuen, eta, ondorioz, aireko molekulak ioniza ditzakeela, airea eroale elektriko bilakatuz.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Pierre_and_Marie_Curie_at_work_in_laboratory_Wellcome_L0001761.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Pierre_and_Marie_Curie_at_work_in_laboratory_Wellcome_L0001761.jpg/220px-Pierre_and_Marie_Curie_at_work_in_laboratory_Wellcome_L0001761.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Pierre_and_Marie_Curie_at_work_in_laboratory_Wellcome_L0001761.jpg/330px-Pierre_and_Marie_Curie_at_work_in_laboratory_Wellcome_L0001761.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Pierre_and_Marie_Curie_at_work_in_laboratory_Wellcome_L0001761.jpg/440px-Pierre_and_Marie_Curie_at_work_in_laboratory_Wellcome_L0001761.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="3767" /></a><figcaption>Marie eta Pierre Curie laborategian.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Esteka_hautsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Esteka hautsia"><span title=" Data honetatik dago hautsita esteka: otsaila 2021">Betiko hautsitako esteka</span></a></i>]</span></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a>-k erradioaktibitatearen inguruan egindako ikerketak bereziki garrantzitsuak izan dira fisikan eta kimikan, eta baita medikuntzan ere (izan ere, "erradioaktibitate" hitza aurrenekoz Marie-k erabili zuen, zenbait atomok espontaneoki igorritako igorpen sarkor eta ionizatzaileak izendatzeko). Batetik, 1898an <a href="/wiki/Polonio" title="Polonio">polonioa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radioa</a> lehenengo aldiz isolatzea lortu zuten; bestetik, uranioak igorritako izpien eragina aztertu zuten. Azken horrek aplikazio ugari ditu <a href="/wiki/Minbizi" title="Minbizi">minbiziaren</a> tratamenduan eta <a href="/wiki/Medikuntza_nuklear" title="Medikuntza nuklear">medikuntza nuklearrean.</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1899an, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a>-ek esperimentuen bidez erakutsi zuen substantzia erradioaktiboek mota anitzetako erradiazioa igortzen dutela, eta <a href="/wiki/Alfa_partikula" title="Alfa partikula">alfa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Beta_desintegrazio" title="Beta desintegrazio">beta izpiak</a> bereizi zituen. Hurrengo urtean, 1900ean alegia, Paul Villard kimikari frantziarrak <a href="/wiki/Gamma_izpi" title="Gamma izpi">gamma izpiak</a> aurkitu zituen.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1902an, Ernest Rutherford eta <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Soddy" title="Frederick Soddy">Federick Soddy</a> lehenengoz ohartu ziren desintegratzen diren elementu guztiek formula matematiko berdintsua betetzen dutela, eta desintegrazio erradioaktiboaren ondorioz elementu batetik besterako <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transmutazio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transmutazio (sortu gabe)">transmutazioa</a> gertatzen dela. Transmutazioa arautzen duten zenbait lege enpiriko topatu zituzten, eta horiei jarraikiz, agerian geratu zen elementu kimiko guztiak oinarrizko partikula batzuez osaturik daudela.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Desintegrazio erradioaktiboaren aurkikuntzak, beste hainbatekin batera, kolokan jarri zuen XX. mendera arte nagusi zen mekanika klasikoa, eta teoria berri baten beharra azaleratu zuen: mekanika kuantikoa. Gainera, erradioaktibitatearen ikerketek bidea ireki zieten gaur egungo fisikaren aplikazio ugariri. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Desintegrazio_motak_eta_adibideak">Desintegrazio motak eta adibideak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desintegrazio_erradioaktibo&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Desintegrazio motak eta adibideak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desintegrazio_erradioaktibo&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Desintegrazio motak eta adibideak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Erradioaktibitatearen fenomenoa aurkitu eta gutxira igorpen erradioaktiboak hiru mota desberdinetan sailkatu ziren: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alfa_desintegrazioa">Alfa desintegrazioa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desintegrazio_erradioaktibo&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Alfa desintegrazioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desintegrazio_erradioaktibo&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Alfa desintegrazioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nukleo bateko <a href="/wiki/Protoi" title="Protoi">protoien</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Neutroi" title="Neutroi">neutroien</a> lotura-energia handia izan arren, nukleoa apur dezaketen prozesuak gerta daitezke. Horrelakoetan, <a href="/wiki/Nukleoi" title="Nukleoi">nukleoiz</a> osatutako sistema lotu bat igor dezake jatorrizko nukleoak. Halako sistema lotu bat sortzeko probabilitatea murriztuz doa beharrezkoak diren nukleoi kopurua handitu ahala. Horregatik, 2 protoiz eta 2 neutroiz osatutako nukleidoen igorpena beste nukleido astunagoen igorpena baino ohikoagoa da. 2 protoiz eta 2 neutroiz osatutako nukleidoari alfa partikula deritzo, eta nukleo batek alfa partikula bat igortzen duen prozesuari alfa desintegrazio deritzo. Historikoki, alfa desintegrazioarekiko ezegonkorrak ziren nukleoek igortzen zituzten partikulei alfa partikula izena eman zitzaien, Rutherford-ek 1908an helio-4 nukleo gisa identifikatu baino lehen, eta izena mantendu egin da.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nukleo batek alfa partikula bat igorritakoan, bere zenbaki atomikoa 2 unitate txikitzen da, eta masa-zenbakia, aldiz, 4 unitate. Alfa desintegrazioa sorrarazten duen elkarrekintza fisikoa <a href="/wiki/Elkarrekintza_nuklear_bortitz" title="Elkarrekintza nuklear bortitz">elkarrekintza nuklear bortitza</a> da. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beta_desintegrazioa">Beta desintegrazioa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desintegrazio_erradioaktibo&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Beta desintegrazioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desintegrazio_erradioaktibo&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Beta desintegrazioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nukleoa hautsi beharrean, nukleoaren gehiegizko protoi edo neutroi kopurua murriztu daiteke, protoi bat neutroi bihurtuz edo alderantziz. Neutroia desintegratzean, nukleoan protoi bat sortzen da eta <a href="/wiki/Elektroi" title="Elektroi">elektroi</a> bat eta elektroi <a href="/wiki/Antineutrino" title="Antineutrino">antineutrino</a> bat igortzen dira. Prozesu horri "beta minus" (β<sup>−</sup>) deritzo. Protoia desintegratzean, aldiz, nukleoan neutroi bat sortzen da eta <a href="/wiki/Positroi" title="Positroi">positroi</a> bat eta <a href="/wiki/Elektroi_neutrino" title="Elektroi neutrino">elektroi neutrino</a> bat igortzen dira. Beste prozesu horri "beta plus" (β<sup>+</sup>) deritzo. Aurreko biez gain, beste beta desintegrazio bat ere badago: <a href="/wiki/Elektroi-harrapaketa" title="Elektroi-harrapaketa">elektroi-harrapaketa</a>. Elektroi-harrapaketan, atomo bateko nukleotik hurbil dagoen elektroi bat nukleoko protoi batekin batu daiteke, neutroi bat osatuz. Elektroi-harrapaketa atomo astunetan gertatzen da batez ere; izan ere, nukleo astunek erradio handiagoa eta <a href="/wiki/Orbital" class="mw-redirect" title="Orbital">orbitalen</a> erradio txikiagoa izan ohi dute. </p><p>Aipatutako hiru prozesuetan, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karga_elektrikoaren_printzipioa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karga elektrikoaren printzipioa (sortu gabe)">kargaren kontserbazioaren printzipioa</a> betetzen da. Alfa desintegrazioan ez bezala, beta desintegrazioa sortzen duen elkarrekintza fisikoa <a href="/wiki/Elkarrekintza_nuklear_ahul" title="Elkarrekintza nuklear ahul">elkarrekintza nuklear ahula</a> da. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gamma_desintegrazioa">Gamma desintegrazioa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desintegrazio_erradioaktibo&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Gamma desintegrazioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desintegrazio_erradioaktibo&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Gamma desintegrazioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nukleo batek nukleoiderik igorri gabe eta beta desintegraziorik jasan gabe energia txikiagoko egoera batera aldatu dezake bere burua. Hori egitean, nukleoa egoera kitzikatu batetik energia txikiagoko maila batera aldatzen da, eta maiztasun oso handiko fotoi bat igortzen du. Fotoiaren energia nukleoaren bi egoeren arteko energia-aldearen berdina da (fotoiaren igorpenak nukleoari eragindako atzerapena arbuiatuz gero). Gamma desintegrazioa, alfa edo beta desintegrazioa gertatu ondoren jazo ohi da, desintegrazio horiek egoera kitzikatuetan uzten baitituzte nukleido semeak. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Desintegrazio_erradioaktiboaren_formulazio_matematikoa">Desintegrazio erradioaktiboaren formulazio matematikoa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desintegrazio_erradioaktibo&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Desintegrazio erradioaktiboaren formulazio matematikoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desintegrazio_erradioaktibo&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Desintegrazio erradioaktiboaren formulazio matematikoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Atomo erradioaktiboz osatutako lagin baten desintegrazio-gertakari kopuruaren eboluzioa erraz adieraz daiteke matematikoki. Ondoz ondoko desintegrazioen kate baten formulazioa konplexua izan badaiteke ere, kasurik sinpleena eta kualitatiboki interesgarriena aztertuko da. Demagun lagin bateko <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {A}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>A</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {A}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7683201425b7130b4f6bc52be92b6de7ccbf648f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.743ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {A}}}"></span> atomoa <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {B}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>B</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {B}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6aeda58a44d5ea035900157c62e6b609f3e59d86" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.646ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {B}}}"></span> atomoan desintegratzen dela <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {A -> B}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>A</mtext> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> <mtext>B</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {A -> B}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/466ec84f149e0a394af6fe8c160e9389133fa23b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.485ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {A -> B}}}"></span> prozesuaren bitartez. Aurrera jarraitzeko, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta t}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta t}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8c28867ecd34e2caed12cf38feadf6a81a7ee542" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.775ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta t}"></span> denbora-tartean desintegra daitekeen nukleo baten inguruan honako suposizio hauek onartuko dira:<sup id="cite_ref-b_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Desintegratzeko probabilitatea nukleoaren historiaren independentea da; hots, berbera da edozein <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>t</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}"></span> aldiunetan.</li> <li>Desintegratzeko probabilitatea nukleoaren ingurunearen independentea da.</li> <li>Desintegratzeko probabilitatea berbera da mota eta kitzikapen-energia jakin bateko nukleo guztien kasuan.</li></ol> <p>Badaude kasu batzuk non "2" suposizioa zuzena ez baita, baina 1-3 suposizioak zuzenak dira kasu gehienetan. Ondorioz, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\text{d}}t}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>d</mtext> </mrow> <mi>t</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\text{d}}t}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fd47b70672339f29b7fd814a881dacb02e2a7117" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.132ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\text{d}}t}"></span> denbora-tarte infinitesimalean, desintegrazio-gertakari kopurua laginean dagoen <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>N</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}"></span> atomo kopuruaren proportzionala da: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -{\frac {{\text{d}}N}{{\text{d}}t}}\propto N,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>d</mtext> </mrow> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>d</mtext> </mrow> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>∝</mo> <mi>N</mi> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -{\frac {{\text{d}}N}{{\text{d}}t}}\propto N,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dd96ecfceca7828a66cb3694ee132ce611ba2567" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:11.809ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -{\frac {{\text{d}}N}{{\text{d}}t}}\propto N,}"></span> </p><p>non zeinu negatiboak adierazten baitu desintegraziorik jasan ez duen atomo-kopuruak, denborak aurrera egin ahala, behera egiten duela. Isotopo erradioaktibo bakoitzak desintegrazio-abiadura propioa dauka; beraz, bakoitzak <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>λ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b43d0ea3c9c025af1be9128e62a18fa74bedda2a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.355ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda }"></span> desintegrazio-konstante propioa dauka. Hortaz: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -{\frac {{\text{d}}N}{{\text{d}}t}}=\lambda N}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>d</mtext> </mrow> <mi>N</mi> </mrow> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>d</mtext> </mrow> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mi>N</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -{\frac {{\text{d}}N}{{\text{d}}t}}=\lambda N}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f4cc57ed52409e5cc9ec939afd3b03570fc445d3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:12.518ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -{\frac {{\text{d}}N}{{\text{d}}t}}=\lambda N}"></span> </p><p>Lortutako ekuazioa lehen ordenako <a href="/wiki/Ekuazio_diferentzial" title="Ekuazio diferentzial">ekuazio diferentzial</a> arrunta da. Horrelako ekuazio diferentzialak ebazteko, non aurkitu nahi den funtzioaren deribatua(k) eta funtzioa bera agertzen baita (baitira), <a href="/wiki/Funtzio_esponentzial" title="Funtzio esponentzial">esponentzial</a> motako soluzioak saiatzen dira. Gauzak horrela, honako hau da soluzio orokorra: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N(t)=N_{0}e^{-\lambda t},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>N</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N(t)=N_{0}e^{-\lambda t},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fdacadb747bac9932ffd02ee35cf3cbd0bc0b4c8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.525ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N(t)=N_{0}e^{-\lambda t},}"></span> </p><p>non <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N_{0}=N(t=0)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>N</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N_{0}=N(t=0)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c72af9d32c7c765c66f8801f20410c72f411e731" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.992ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N_{0}=N(t=0)}"></span> integrazio-konstantea baita. Beraz, isotopo erradioaktibo baten lagineko atomoen desintegrazioek lege esponentziala jarraitzen dute. </p><p>Sarritan, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t_{1/2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t_{1/2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e0f560bf4b1077a7d30e67b95f8c956defb9dc46" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.171ex; width:3.538ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t_{1/2}}"></span> magnitudea erabiltzen da, hots, erdibizitza. Erdibizitzak, atomo erradioaktiboz osatutako lagin batean, atomoen erdiak desintegratzeko igaro behar den denbora adierazten du. Desintegrazio bakarreko prozesuetan honela kalkulatzen da erdibizitza: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {N_{0}}{2}}=N_{0}e^{-\lambda t_{1/2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {N_{0}}{2}}=N_{0}e^{-\lambda t_{1/2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0dc89c2b0d3b200d2d9eb10473e9ef7d47099b8d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:16.088ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {N_{0}}{2}}=N_{0}e^{-\lambda t_{1/2}}}"></span> </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t_{1/2}={\frac {\ln {2}}{\lambda }}=\tau \ln {2},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>t</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>ln</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </mrow> <mi>λ</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>τ</mi> <mi>ln</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t_{1/2}={\frac {\ln {2}}{\lambda }}=\tau \ln {2},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f4c2ef956f1ecd3da99428a41fd94dffc7d6664c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:19.785ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t_{1/2}={\frac {\ln {2}}{\lambda }}=\tau \ln {2},}"></span> </p><p>non <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tau }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>τ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tau }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/38a7dcde9730ef0853809fefc18d88771f95206c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.202ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tau }"></span> batez besteko bizidenbora definitu baita. Desintegrazioen eboluzioa jakiteak aplikazio ugari ekarri ditu, karbono-14 bidezko datazioa esate baterako. Substantzia erradioaktiboen artean alde handia dago erdibizitzari dagokionez. </p><p>Desintegrazio erradioaktiboaren abiadura edo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aktibitate_erradioaktibo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aktibitate erradioaktibo (sortu gabe)">aktibitate erradioaktiboa</a> <a href="/wiki/Becquerel" title="Becquerel">Bq</a>-etan neurtzen da <a href="/wiki/Nazioarteko_Unitate_Sistema" title="Nazioarteko Unitate Sistema">SI</a> sisteman. Denbora unitateko jazotzen den desintegrazio-kopurua adierazten du. Honela definitzen da: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A(t)=-{\frac {{\text{d}}N(t)}{{\text{d}}t}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>d</mtext> </mrow> <mi>N</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> <mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>d</mtext> </mrow> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A(t)=-{\frac {{\text{d}}N(t)}{{\text{d}}t}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/eef90e84a1c983d1769eca73cdf9fd8f5463cc7c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:16.14ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A(t)=-{\frac {{\text{d}}N(t)}{{\text{d}}t}}}"></span> </p><p>Hortaz, desintegrazio erradioaktiboaren formula aplikatuz, hurrengoa lortzen da: </p><p><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A(t)=\lambda N_{0}e^{-\lambda t}=A_{0}e^{-\lambda t},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mi>t</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A(t)=\lambda N_{0}e^{-\lambda t}=A_{0}e^{-\lambda t},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3846b1b91f942061c7c8af7707b5e873389c1f8d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:26.601ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A(t)=\lambda N_{0}e^{-\lambda t}=A_{0}e^{-\lambda t},}"></span> </p><p>non <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A_{0}=A(t=0)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>A</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A_{0}=A(t=0)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cdb0478a894e5df321067ee2b5cb302e70b18f43" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:14.549ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A_{0}=A(t=0)}"></span> hasierako aktibitate erradioaktiboa baita. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Osasunerako_arriskuak">Osasunerako arriskuak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desintegrazio_erradioaktibo&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Osasunerako arriskuak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desintegrazio_erradioaktibo&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Osasunerako arriskuak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Erradiazio_ionizatzaile" title="Erradiazio ionizatzaile">Erradiazio ionizatzaile</a>ak energia nahikoa dauka <a href="/wiki/Zelula" title="Zelula">zelula</a> bizien atomoei eragiteko, eta, ondorioz, material genetikoa (<a href="/wiki/Azido_desoxirribonukleiko" title="Azido desoxirribonukleiko">DNA</a>) kaltetzeko edo, muturreko kasuetan, zelula bera suntsitzeko. Horrez gain, gorputzeko <a href="/wiki/Elementu_kimiko" title="Elementu kimiko">elementu kimikoak</a> ionizatu ditzake eta zelulan duten funtzioa betetzea eragotzi.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oro har, zelulak gai dira kalte hau konpontzeko; kaltea iraunkorra denean edo behar bezala neutralizatzen ez denean, ordea, zelula hil edo tumoral bilakatu daiteke. Erradiazio-maila altua jasateak osasunean eragin akutua izan dezake, hala nola, erredurak azalean eta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erradiazio_sindrome_akutua&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erradiazio sindrome akutua (sortu gabe)">erradiazio sindrome akutua</a> ("erradiazio-gaitza"). Erradiazio-maila baxua luzaroan jasateak ere baditu ondorioak, berehala nabaritu ez arren, epe luzean ager daitezkeenak: <a href="/wiki/Minbizi" title="Minbizi">minbizia</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Gaixotasun_kardiobaskular" title="Gaixotasun kardiobaskular">eritasun kardiobaskularrak</a>, besteak beste.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Radiation_warning_symbol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Radiation_warning_symbol.jpg/220px-Radiation_warning_symbol.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Radiation_warning_symbol.jpg/330px-Radiation_warning_symbol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Radiation_warning_symbol.jpg/440px-Radiation_warning_symbol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="654" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption>Erradiazio<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Esteka_hautsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Esteka hautsia"><span title=" Data honetatik dago hautsita esteka: otsaila 2021">Betiko hautsitako esteka</span></a></i>]</span></sup> arriskutsua dagoela adierazten duen seinalea.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Erradioaktibitateak_eragindako_gaixotasunak">Erradioaktibitateak eragindako gaixotasunak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desintegrazio_erradioaktibo&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erradioaktibitateak eragindako gaixotasunak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desintegrazio_erradioaktibo&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Erradioaktibitateak eragindako gaixotasunak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hauek dira erradiazioak giza gorputzean eragin ditzakeen gaitzetako batzuk: </p> <ul><li><b>Tiroidean</b>: iodina erradioaktiboak minbizia eragiten du.</li> <li><b>Biriketan</b>: <a href="/wiki/Isotopo_erradioaktibo" title="Isotopo erradioaktibo">erradioisotopoak</a> arnasteak DNA kaltetzen du.</li> <li><b>Begietan</b>: <a href="/wiki/Begi-lauso" title="Begi-lauso">kataratak</a> (begi-lausoa) eragin ditzake.</li> <li><b>Urdailean</b>: isotopo erradioaktiboak urdailean gera daitezke eta bertan luzaroan erradiatzen jarraitu.</li> <li><b>Ugal-organoetan</b>: erradiazio-dosi handiek <a href="/wiki/Mutazio" title="Mutazio">mutazio</a>ak edo antzutasuna eragin ditzakete.</li> <li><b>Azalean</b>: erradiazioak erredurak eta minbizia sor ditzake.</li> <li><b>Hezur-muinean</b>: <a href="/wiki/Leuzemia" title="Leuzemia">leuzemia</a> eta odoleko bestelako gaitzak ager daitezke.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Erradiologia-babesa">Erradiologia-babesa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desintegrazio_erradioaktibo&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erradiologia-babesa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desintegrazio_erradioaktibo&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Erradiologia-babesa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitxategi:Transporte-seringues_plomb%C3%A9.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/Fitxategi:Transporte-seringues_plomb%C3%A9.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Transporte-seringues_plomb%C3%A9.jpg/220px-Transporte-seringues_plomb%C3%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Transporte-seringues_plomb%C3%A9.jpg/330px-Transporte-seringues_plomb%C3%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Transporte-seringues_plomb%C3%A9.jpg/440px-Transporte-seringues_plomb%C3%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2720" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Xiringak<sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Esteka_hautsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Esteka hautsia"><span title=" Data honetatik dago hautsita esteka: otsaila 2021">Betiko hautsitako esteka</span></a></i>]</span></sup> garraiatzeko berunezko edukiontzia, ohikoa medikuntza nuklearrean.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Erradiologia-babesa</b> diziplina anitzeko arlo zientifiko-teknikoa da eta gizakia eta ingurumena erradiazio ionizatzaileak dakartzan kalteetatik babestea du helburu. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erradiologia-Babeserako_Nazioarteko_Komisioa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erradiologia-Babeserako Nazioarteko Komisioa (sortu gabe)">Erradiologia-Babeserako Nazioarteko Komisioa</a> (ICRP) nazioarteko erakunde independentea da eta 1928an eratu zen. Gomendioak eta aholkuak ematen ditu erradazioaren aurkako babesa behar den edozein esparrutarako. Gomendiook aintzat hartzen dituzte beste erakunde batzuek eta gobernuek erradiologian bete beharreko neurriak eta arauak ezartzerakoan.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aipaturiko gomendioek ondorengo hiru oinarriak jarraitzen dituzte: </p> <ol><li><b>Justifikazioa</b>: erradiazioa erabiltzen duen jardunak nolabait onuragarria izan behar du gizartearentzat (adibidez, ikerkuntzan edo medikuntzan) eta ondorio negatiboak kontsideratu egin behar dira.</li> <li><b>Optimizazioa</b>: erradiazioan esposizioak ahalik eta txikiena izan behar du, faktore ekonomiko zein sozialak kontuan hartuta.</li> <li><b>Dosia mugatzea</b>: pertsona batek jasandako erradiazio-dosiak ezin du izan indarrean dagoen legeriak adierazten duena baino handiagoa.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aplikazioak">Aplikazioak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desintegrazio_erradioaktibo&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Aplikazioak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desintegrazio_erradioaktibo&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Aplikazioak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Desintegrazio erradioaktiboak aplikazio ugari ditu egungo teknologian. Ondoren azalduta datoz adibiderik nabarmenenak: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energia_nuklearra">Energia nuklearra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desintegrazio_erradioaktibo&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Energia nuklearra»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desintegrazio_erradioaktibo&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Energia nuklearra"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zenbait elementu astunen desintegrazioan askatutako energia gizartearentzat erabilgarria den <a href="/wiki/Energia_elektriko" title="Energia elektriko">energia elektrikoan</a> eraldatu daiteke. Helburu horretarako erabilitako bi isotopo ohikoenak uranio-235 eta <a href="/wiki/Plutonio" title="Plutonio">plutonio-239</a> dira. Neutroi aske batek nukleo astun baten aurka talka egitean, nukleoa apur dezake, neutroi askeak eta energia handiko fotoiak igorriz. Igorritako neutroiek beste nukleo batzuen aurka talka egin dezakete, erreakzioa behin eta berriro errepikatuz eta kate-erreakzio bat sortuz. Prozesu horri <a href="/wiki/Fisio_nuklear" title="Fisio nuklear">fisio nuklear</a> induzitu deritzo. Erreaktore nuklearretan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutroi-moderatzaile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neutroi-moderatzaile (sortu gabe)">neutroi-moderatzaile</a> bat erabiltzen da, hots, neutroiak xurgatu gabe beren abiadura murrizten duen ingurunea. Horrela, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutroi_laster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neutroi laster (sortu gabe)">neutroi lasterrak</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neutroi_termiko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neutroi termiko (sortu gabe)">neutroi termiko</a> bilakatzen ditu, zeintzuek probabilitate handiagoa baitute fisioa induzitzeko. Moderatzaile gisa <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">ur arina</a> erabili ohi da, baita <a href="/wiki/Grafito" title="Grafito">grafitoa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Ur_astun" title="Ur astun">ur astuna</a> ere. Erreaktore nuklearretan, gainera, ezinbestekoa da erreakzioa kontrolpean izatea eta, horretarako, <a href="/wiki/Kontrol_barrak" title="Kontrol barrak">kontrol-barrak</a> erabiltzen dira. Horien helburua neutroiak xurgatzea da, erreaktibotasuna kontrolatzeko. Kontrol-barrek neutroiak xurgatzeko probabilitate handia duten materialez eginda egon behar dute, hala nola <a href="/wiki/Zilar" title="Zilar">zilarra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indio" title="Indio">indioa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kadmio" title="Kadmio">kadmioa</a> edota <a href="/wiki/Boro" title="Boro">boroa</a>. Erreaktorean gertatzen diren erreakzio nuklearrek beroa sortzen dute eta, zirkuitu itxi batetik dabilen ura lurrun bihurtuz, alternadore bat higiarazten da energia elektrikoa sortzeko.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Energia nuklearra ibilgailuak higiarazteko ere erabil daiteke, urpekari eta itsasontzi nuklearretan adibidez.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Erreaktore nuklearren beharrik gabe energia nuklearra energia elektriko bihurtzeko beste modu batzuk daude. <a href="/wiki/Termoelektrizitate" title="Termoelektrizitate">Sorgailu termoelektrikoen</a> bitartez, desintegrazio erradioaktiboak eragindako tenperatura-aldeak erabiliz energia elektrikoa lor daiteke. Teknika hori <a href="/wiki/Eguzkia" title="Eguzkia">Eguzkitik</a> urrun dauden <a href="/wiki/Satelite_artifizial" title="Satelite artifizial">satelite artifizialetan</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Espazio_zunda" title="Espazio zunda">espazio-zundetan</a> erabili ohi da.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medikuntza">Medikuntza</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desintegrazio_erradioaktibo&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Medikuntza»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desintegrazio_erradioaktibo&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Medikuntza"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nukleo ezengokorren desintegrazioetan askatutako partikulak eta energia minbizia tratatzeko erabil daitezke. Zelula tumoralen aurka erradiazio ionizatzaileak bideratuz, zelula tumoralak hil edo beren hazkundea murriztu daiteke. Minbizia tratatzeko teknika horri <a href="/wiki/Erradioterapia" title="Erradioterapia">erradioterapia</a> deritzo.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bestalde, <a href="/wiki/Medikuntza_nuklear" title="Medikuntza nuklear">medikuntza nuklear</a> izeneko medikuntzaren adarrean, isotopo ezegonkorrak erabiltzen dira <a href="/wiki/Organo_(biologia)" title="Organo (biologia)">organoen</a> funtzionamendua aztertzeko.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Horretarako, isotopo ezegonkorra <a href="/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula">molekula</a> bati atxikirik gorputzean sartzen da. Modu horretan, isotopo ezegonkorra gorputzean zehar edo organo jakin batean zehar garraiatu daiteke eta, isotopoaren igorpena aztertuz, gorputzeko organoen funtzionamendua iker daiteke. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Materialen_datazioa">Materialen datazioa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desintegrazio_erradioaktibo&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Materialen datazioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desintegrazio_erradioaktibo&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Materialen datazioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lagin organikoetan dauden isotopo ezegonkorren presentzia beren adina jakiteko balia daiteke. <a href="/wiki/Karbono-14" title="Karbono-14">Karbono-14</a> isotopoaren bidezko datazioa horren adibide da.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Izpi_kosmiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Izpi kosmiko">Izpi kosmikoek</a> eguratseko molekulen aurka jotzean, nitrogenoaren nukleoek neutroi bat xurgatzen dute eta karbono-14 nukleo bihurtzen dira. Desintegratzean, karbono-14 nukleoek beta minus prozesua jasaten dute eta berriro ere nitrogeno bihurtzen dira. Prozesu hori etengabe gertatzen da. Eguratseko karbono-14 isotopoa fotosintesiaren bitartez landareek xurgatzen dute eta, hortik, elikadura prozesuen bitartez, animalien gorputzetan metatzen da. Bizidunak bizirik dauden bitartean, etengabe ordezten dute desintegratutako karbonoa, horrela karbono-14aren eta karbonoaren beste isotopoen arteko proportzioa konstante mantenduz. Izaki bizidun bat hiltzean, karbono-14aren ordezkapena eteten denez, isotopo ezegonkor horren kopurua etengabe murrizten da. Lagin baten karbono-14 isotopoaren kontzentrazioa neurtzen bada, bere denboraren eboluzioa ezaguna denez, laginaren adina zehaztasun handiz zenbatets daiteke. Nolanahi ere, 50.000 urtetik beherako materialak datatzeko balia daiteke soilik, karbono-14aren erdibizitza 5.730 urte ingurukoa baita. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desintegrazio_erradioaktibo&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desintegrazio_erradioaktibo&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-a-1">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-a_1-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-a_1-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFKrane,_Kenneth_S.1988">Krane, Kenneth S..  (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/15628946"><i>Introductory nuclear physics. </i></a> Wiley <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-471-80553-X" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-471-80553-X">0-471-80553-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=15628946">15628946</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-11-07)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-b-2">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-b_2-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-b_2-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFChoppin,_Gregory_R.,">Choppin, Gregory R.,. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/859381735"><i>Radiochemistry and nuclear chemistry. </i></a> (Fourth edition. argitaraldia) <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-0-12-397868-4" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-0-12-397868-4">978-0-12-397868-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=859381735">859381735</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-11-07)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://periodictable.com/Properties/A/HalfLife.html">«Half Life for all the elements in the Periodic Table»</a> <i>periodictable.com</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2020-11-07)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFGrupen,_Claus.2010">Grupen, Claus..  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navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Wikimedia proiektuak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11448" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q11448">Q11448</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Radioactivity">Radioactivity</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q11448%22">Q11448</a></span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11935845v">11935845v</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11935845v">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4048198-0">4048198-0</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85110661">sh85110661</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00563513">00563513</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph124974">ph124974</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">NARA</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10640985">10640985</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Architecture_Thesaurus" title="Art & Architecture Thesaurus">AAT</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/AATFullDisplay?find=&logic=AND&note=&subjectid=300221151">300221151</a></span></li> <li><b>Hiztegiak eta entziklopediak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Britannica</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/radioactivity">url</a></span></li> <li><b>Medikuntzako identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D011851">D011851</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="mw-mf-linked-projects hlist"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11448" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q11448">Q11448</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Radioactivity">Radioactivity</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q11448%22">Q11448</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></div>    </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget \"ErrefAurrebista\" was not loaded. 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