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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC" title="إبنزر سكروج – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إبنزر سكروج" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_Scrooge" title="Ebenezer Scrooge – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ebenezer Scrooge" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_Scrooge" title="Ebenezer Scrooge – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ebenezer Scrooge" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_Scrooge" title="Ebenezer Scrooge – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ebenezer Scrooge" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC" title="ابنزر اسکروج – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ابنزر اسکروج" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EB%B9%84%EB%8B%88%EC%A0%80_%EC%8A%A4%ED%81%AC%EB%A3%A8%EC%A7%80" title="에비니저 스크루지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에비니저 스크루지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_Scrooge" title="Ebenezer Scrooge – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ebenezer Scrooge" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_Scrooge" title="Ebenezer Scrooge – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ebenezer Scrooge" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_Scrooge" title="Ebenezer Scrooge – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ebenezer Scrooge" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_Scrooge" title="Ebenezer Scrooge – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ebenezer Scrooge" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_Scrooge" title="Ebenezer Scrooge – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ebenezer Scrooge" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_Scrooge" title="Ebenezer Scrooge – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ebenezer Scrooge" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6_(%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B6)" title="Скрудж (персонаж) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Скрудж (персонаж)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_Scrooge" title="Ebenezer Scrooge – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ebenezer Scrooge" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%95%D8%B1_%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC" title="ئیبینیزەر سکروج – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیبینیزەر سکروج" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D1%9F" title="Ебенизер Скруџ – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ебенизер Скруџ" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_Scrooge" title="Ebenezer Scrooge – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ebenezer Scrooge" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Ебенезер Скрудж – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ебенезер Скрудж" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E6%AF%94%E5%B0%BC%E6%BE%A4%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E9%AB%98%E6%B2%BB" title="艾比尼澤·史高治 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="艾比尼澤·史高治" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E6%AF%94%E5%B0%BC%E6%BE%A4%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%BA" title="艾比尼澤·史古基 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="艾比尼澤·史古基" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the fictional character in <i>A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens</i>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Scrooge_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Scrooge (disambiguation)">Scrooge</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Bah! Humbug!" redirects here. For the phrase, see <a href="/wiki/Humbug" title="Humbug">Humbug</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fictional character</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1256394594">.mw-parser-output .ib-character{border-spacing:2px 5px}.mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-above,.mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-header{background-color:#DEDEE2}.mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-image img{background-color:#f8f9fa}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-header{background:hsl(240,6%,20%);color:inherit}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-character .infobox-header{background:hsl(240,6%,20%);color:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-character"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above notheme">Ebenezer Scrooge</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol">A Christmas Carol</a></i> character</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Marley%27s_Ghost-John_Leech,_1843.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Marley%27s_Ghost-John_Leech%2C_1843.jpg/220px-Marley%27s_Ghost-John_Leech%2C_1843.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Marley%27s_Ghost-John_Leech%2C_1843.jpg/330px-Marley%27s_Ghost-John_Leech%2C_1843.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Marley%27s_Ghost-John_Leech%2C_1843.jpg/440px-Marley%27s_Ghost-John_Leech%2C_1843.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="2305" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Scrooge (left) encounters "Jacob Marley's ghost"</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Based on</th><td class="infobox-data">Possibly <a href="/wiki/John_Elwes_(politician)" title="John Elwes (politician)">John Elwes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dancer" title="Daniel Dancer">Daniel Dancer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jemmy_Wood" title="Jemmy Wood">Jemmy Wood</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Gender</th><td class="infobox-data">Male</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">Businessman<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Significant <span class="nowrap">other</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Belle (fiancée of Scrooge)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Fan (late sister)</li> <li>Fred (nephew)</li> <li>an unnamed niece-in-law (named Clara or Bess in some adaptations)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data">English (original)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ebenezer Scrooge</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span></span>/</a></span></span>) is a fictional character and the protagonist of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>'s 1843 novel, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol" title="A Christmas Carol">A Christmas Carol</a></i>. Initially a cold-hearted <a href="/wiki/Miser" title="Miser">miser</a> who despises <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>, his <a href="/wiki/Redemption_(theology)" title="Redemption (theology)">redemption</a> by visits from the ghost of <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Marley" title="Jacob Marley">Jacob Marley</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ghost_of_Christmas_Past" title="Ghost of Christmas Past">Ghost of Christmas Past</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ghost_of_Christmas_Present" title="Ghost of Christmas Present">Ghost of Christmas Present</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ghost_of_Christmas_Yet_to_Come" title="Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come">Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come</a> has become a defining tale of the Christmas holiday in the English-speaking world. </p><p>Dickens describes Scrooge thus early in the story: "The cold within him froze his old features, nipped his pointed nose, shrivelled his cheek, stiffened his gait; made his eyes red, his thin lips blue; and spoke out shrewdly in his grating voice." Throughout the novella, visits from the four ghosts show Scrooge the errors of his ways, and he transforms into a better, more generous man. Scrooge's last name has entered the English language as a <a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">byword</a> for greed and <a href="/wiki/Misanthropy" title="Misanthropy">misanthropy</a>, while his catchphrase, "<a href="/wiki/Humbug" title="Humbug">Bah! Humbug!</a>" is often used to express disgust with many modern Christmas traditions. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebenezer_Scrooge&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghost_Christmas_Past_Eytinge_1868.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Ghost_Christmas_Past_Eytinge_1868.jpg/220px-Ghost_Christmas_Past_Eytinge_1868.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Ghost_Christmas_Past_Eytinge_1868.jpg/330px-Ghost_Christmas_Past_Eytinge_1868.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Ghost_Christmas_Past_Eytinge_1868.jpg/440px-Ghost_Christmas_Past_Eytinge_1868.jpg 2x" data-file-width="482" data-file-height="629" /></a><figcaption>Scrooge and the <a href="/wiki/Ghost_of_Christmas_Past" title="Ghost of Christmas Past">Ghost of Christmas Past</a> <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Charles Dickens describes Scrooge as "a squeezing, wrenching, grasping, scraping, clutching, covetous, old sinner! Hard and sharp as flint... secret, and self-contained, and solitary as an oyster." He does business from a <a href="/wiki/Cornhill,_London" title="Cornhill, London">Cornhill</a> warehouse and is known among the merchants of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Exchange,_London" title="Royal Exchange, London">Royal Exchange</a> as a man of good credit. Despite having considerable personal wealth, he underpays his clerk <a href="/wiki/Bob_Cratchit" title="Bob Cratchit">Bob Cratchit</a> and hounds his debtors relentlessly while living cheaply and joylessly in the <a href="/wiki/Apartment" title="Apartment">chambers</a> of his deceased business partner, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Marley" title="Jacob Marley">Jacob Marley</a>. Most of all, he detests Christmas, which he associates with reckless spending. When two men approach him on Christmas Eve for a donation to charity, he sneers that the poor should avail themselves of the <a href="/wiki/Penal_treadmill" title="Penal treadmill">treadmill</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Workhouse" title="Workhouse">workhouses</a>, or else die to reduce the <a href="/wiki/An_Essay_on_the_Principle_of_Population" title="An Essay on the Principle of Population">surplus population</a>. He also refuses his nephew Fred's invitation to Christmas dinner and denounces him as a fool for celebrating Christmas. He even frightens a young carol singer by gripping a ruler with a fit of energy. Scrooge resents giving Cratchit Christmas Day off, as there will be no business for Scrooge during the day. </p><p>That night, Scrooge is visited by Marley's ghost, who is condemned to walk the world forever bound in chains as punishment for his greed and inhumanity in life. Marley tells Scrooge that he will be visited by three spirits, in the hope that he will mend his ways; if he does not, Marley warns, Scrooge will wear even heavier chains than his in the afterlife. </p><p>The first spirit, the <a href="/wiki/Ghost_of_Christmas_Past" title="Ghost of Christmas Past">Ghost of Christmas Past</a>, shows Scrooge visions of his early life. These visions establish Scrooge's unloving childhood in a <a href="/wiki/Boarding_school" title="Boarding school">boarding school</a>, where at Christmas he remained alone while his schoolmates returned home to their families. One of Scrooge's happy memories was when his sister Fan—later Fred's mother—came to take him home one Christmas, saying that their hard-hearted father had changed. Scrooge then apprenticed at the warehouse of a jovial and generous master, <a href="/wiki/Mr._Fezziwig" title="Mr. Fezziwig">Mr. Fezziwig</a>. He was engaged to a young woman named Belle, but gradually his love for Belle was overwhelmed by his love for money. Belle realised that he would resent her poverty and left him, eventually marrying another man. The present-day Scrooge reacts to his memories with nostalgia and deep regret. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech,1843.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech%2C1843.jpg/170px-Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech%2C1843.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech%2C1843.jpg/255px-Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech%2C1843.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech%2C1843.jpg/340px-Scrooges_third_visitor-John_Leech%2C1843.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1517" data-file-height="2439" /></a><figcaption>Scrooge and the <a href="/wiki/Ghost_of_Christmas_Present" title="Ghost of Christmas Present">Ghost of Christmas Present</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Last_of_the_Spirits-John_Leech,_1843.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/The_Last_of_the_Spirits-John_Leech%2C_1843.jpg/170px-The_Last_of_the_Spirits-John_Leech%2C_1843.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/The_Last_of_the_Spirits-John_Leech%2C_1843.jpg/255px-The_Last_of_the_Spirits-John_Leech%2C_1843.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/The_Last_of_the_Spirits-John_Leech%2C_1843.jpg/340px-The_Last_of_the_Spirits-John_Leech%2C_1843.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1485" data-file-height="2295" /></a><figcaption>Scrooge and the <a href="/wiki/Ghost_of_Christmas_Yet_to_Come" title="Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come">Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come</a> <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christmascarol1843_--_184.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white drawing of Scrooge and Bob Cratchit having a drink in front of a large fire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Christmascarol1843_--_184.jpg/170px-Christmascarol1843_--_184.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Christmascarol1843_--_184.jpg/255px-Christmascarol1843_--_184.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Christmascarol1843_--_184.jpg/340px-Christmascarol1843_--_184.jpg 2x" data-file-width="491" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption>Scrooge and Bob Cratchit celebrate Christmas with smoking bishop.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Ghost_of_Christmas_Present" title="Ghost of Christmas Present">Ghost of Christmas Present</a> arrives and shows Scrooge that his greed and selfishness have hurt others as well, particularly Cratchit, who cannot afford to provide his desperately ill son <a href="/wiki/Tiny_Tim_(A_Christmas_Carol)" title="Tiny Tim (A Christmas Carol)">Tiny Tim</a> with medical treatment because of Scrooge's miserliness. The Spirit tells an ashamed Scrooge that Tiny Tim will die unless something changes, and throws back at Scrooge his own heartless words about the poor and destitute. Scrooge and the ghost also visit Fred's Christmas party, where Fred defends his uncle from his guests' snide remarks. </p><p>Finally, the <a href="/wiki/Ghost_of_Christmas_Yet_to_Come" title="Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come">Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come</a> shows Scrooge where his greed and selfishness will lead: a lonely death and a neglected grave, unpaid servants stealing his belongings, debtors relieved at his passing, and the Cratchit family devastated by the loss of Tiny Tim. Scrooge asks the Spirit if this future can still be changed, and begs for another chance, promising to change his ways – and finds himself in his bed on Christmas Day. </p><p>An overjoyed Scrooge commits to being more generous and compassionate; he accepts his nephew's invitation to Christmas dinner, provides for Cratchit and his family, and donates to the charity fund. From then, he is said to have become the embodiment of the Christmas spirit and became a "second father" to Tiny Tim. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebenezer_Scrooge&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several theories have been put forward as to where Dickens got the inspiration for the character. </p><p>Ebenezer Lennox Scroggie was supposedly a merchant from <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> who won a catering contract for <a href="/wiki/King_George_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="King George IV">King George IV</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Visit_of_King_George_IV_to_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Visit of King George IV to Scotland">visit to Scotland</a>. He was buried in <a href="/wiki/Canongate_Kirkyard" title="Canongate Kirkyard">Canongate Kirkyard</a>, with a gravestone that is now lost. The theory is that Dickens noticed the gravestone that described Scroggie as being a "<a href="/wiki/Flour" title="Flour">meal</a> man" (<a href="/wiki/Grain_trade" title="Grain trade">grain merchant</a>) but misread it as "mean man."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This theory has been described as "a probable Dickens hoax" for which "[n]o one could find any corroborating evidence".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no record of anyone named Scroggie in the Edinburgh census returns of the period.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jemmy_Wood" title="Jemmy Wood">Jemmy Wood</a>, owner of the <a href="/wiki/Gloucester_Old_Bank" title="Gloucester Old Bank">Gloucester Old Bank</a> and possibly Britain's first millionaire, was nationally renowned for his stinginess, and may have been another model for Scrooge.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The man whom Dickens eventually mentions in <a href="/wiki/Letters_of_Charles_Dickens" title="Letters of Charles Dickens">his letters</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and who strongly resembles the character portrayed by Dickens' illustrator, <a href="/wiki/John_Leech_(caricaturist)" title="John Leech (caricaturist)">John Leech</a>, was a noted <a href="/wiki/British_people" title="British people">British</a> eccentric and <a href="/wiki/Miser" title="Miser">miser</a> named <a href="/wiki/John_Elwes_(politician)" title="John Elwes (politician)">John Elwes</a> (1714–1789).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Another suggested inspiration for the character of Scrooge is <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dancer" title="Daniel Dancer">Daniel Dancer</a>, who Dickens mentions, along with Elwes, in <i><a href="/wiki/Our_Mutual_Friend" title="Our Mutual Friend">Our Mutual Friend</a></i>. </p><p>It has been suggested that he chose the name <a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_(given_name)" title="Ebenezer (given name)">Ebenezer</a> ("stone (of) help") to reflect the help given to Scrooge to change his life.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commentators have suggested that the surname was partly inspired by the word "scrouge", meaning "crowd" or "squeeze", which was in use in the early 1800s.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kelly writes that Scrooge may have been influenced by Dickens' conflicting feelings for his father, whom he loved and demonised. This psychological conflict may be responsible for the two radically different Scrooges in the tale—one a cold, stingy recluse, the other a benevolent, loving man.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200314_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200314-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert Douglas-Fairhurst, a professor of <a href="/wiki/English_literature" title="English literature">English literature</a>, considers that in the opening part of the book portraying young Scrooge's lonely and unhappy childhood, and his aspiration to rise from poverty to riches "is something of a self-parody of Dickens's fears about himself"; the post-transformation parts of the book are how Dickens optimistically sees himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xix_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xix-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One school of thought is that Dickens based Scrooge's views of the poor on those of <a href="/wiki/Political_economist" class="mw-redirect" title="Political economist">political economist</a> and demographer <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Malthus">Thomas Malthus</a>, as evidenced by his callous attitude towards the "surplus population".<sup id="cite_ref-ELWREF_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ELWREF-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Simon_&_Schuster_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simon_&_Schuster-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "And the Union workhouses? ... The treadmill and the <a href="/wiki/Poor_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Poor Law">Poor Law</a> are in full vigour, then?" are a reflection of a sarcastic question raised by the reactionary philosopher <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a>: "Are there not treadmills, gibbets; even hospitals, poor-rates, New Poor-Law?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xiii_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xiii-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are literary precursors for Scrooge in Dickens's own works. <a href="/wiki/Peter_Ackroyd" title="Peter Ackroyd">Peter Ackroyd</a>, Dickens's biographer, sees similarities between Scrooge and the title character of <i><a href="/wiki/Martin_Chuzzlewit" title="Martin Chuzzlewit">Martin Chuzzlewit</a></i>, although the latter is "a more fantastic image" than the former; Ackroyd observes that Chuzzlewit's transformation to a charitable man is parallel to that of Scrooge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckroyd1990409_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckroyd1990409-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Douglas-Fairhurst sees that the minor character Gabriel Grub from <i>The Pickwick Papers</i> was also an influence when creating Scrooge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xviiiAlleyne2007_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xviiiAlleyne2007-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis">Analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebenezer_Scrooge&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scrooge's character, particularly how it changes throughout <i>A Christmas Carol</i>, has been the subject of several analyses.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The psychological phenomenon of increased generosity and altruism following encounters with mortality or existential dread is called the <a href="/wiki/Scrooge_effect" title="Scrooge effect">Scrooge effect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_other_media">In other media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebenezer_Scrooge&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In other media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The character of <a href="/wiki/Scrooge_McDuck" title="Scrooge McDuck">Scrooge McDuck</a>, created by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Barks" title="Carl Barks">Carl Barks</a>, was at least partially based on Ebenezer Scrooge: "I began to think of the great Dickens Christmas story about Scrooge… I was just thief enough to steal some of the idea and have a rich uncle for <a href="/wiki/Donald_Duck" title="Donald Duck">Donald</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebenezer_Scrooge&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grinch" title="Grinch">Grinch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Scrooge" title="Uncle Scrooge">Uncle Scrooge</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebenezer_Scrooge&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scrooge's type of business is not directly stated in the original work. Victorian-period adaptations often depict him as a money-lender, but also as a mercantile executive (1951) or commodity trader (1984).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Illustration by <a href="/wiki/Sol_Eytinge_Jr." title="Sol Eytinge Jr.">Sol Eytinge Jr.</a> (1868)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Illustration by <a href="/wiki/John_Leech_(caricaturist)" title="John Leech (caricaturist)">John Leech</a> (1843)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">original illustration by <a href="/wiki/John_Leech_(caricaturist)" title="John Leech (caricaturist)">John Leech</a> (1843)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carlyle's original question was written in his 1840 work <i>Chartism</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlyle184032_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlyle184032-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grub's name came from a 19th century Dutch miser, Gabriel de Graaf, a morose gravedigger.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlleyne2007_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlleyne2007-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebenezer_Scrooge&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scotsman.com/news-2-15012/revealed-the-scot-who-inspired-dickens-scrooge-1-571985">"Revealed: the Scot who inspired Dickens' Scrooge"</a>. <i>The Scotsman</i>. 24 December 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2020</span>. <q>Details of Scroggie's life are sparse, but he was a vintner as well as a corn merchant.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scotsman&rft.atitle=Revealed%3A+the+Scot+who+inspired+Dickens%27+Scrooge&rft.date=2004-12-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotsman.com%2Fnews-2-15012%2Frevealed-the-scot-who-inspired-dickens-scrooge-1-571985&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbenezer+Scrooge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/4y78YB9vVMG1xYrW8CmzjPw/that-ebenezer-geezer-who-was-the-real-scrooge">"BBC Arts – That Ebenezer geezer... who was the real Scrooge?"</a>. <i>BBC</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=BBC+Arts+%E2%80%93+That+Ebenezer+geezer...+who+was+the+real+Scrooge%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Farticles%2F4y78YB9vVMG1xYrW8CmzjPw%2Fthat-ebenezer-geezer-who-was-the-real-scrooge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbenezer+Scrooge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPelling2014" class="citation news cs1">Pelling, Rowan (7 February 2014). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/charles-dickens/9066840/Mr-Punch-is-still-knocking-them-dead-after-350-years.html">"Mr Punch is still knocking them dead after 350 years"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/charles-dickens/9066840/Mr-Punch-is-still-knocking-them-dead-after-350-years.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Mr+Punch+is+still+knocking+them+dead+after+350+years&rft.date=2014-02-07&rft.aulast=Pelling&rft.aufirst=Rowan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Fcharles-dickens%2F9066840%2FMr-Punch-is-still-knocking-them-dead-after-350-years.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbenezer+Scrooge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMelvin2014" class="citation book cs1">Melvin, Eric (2014). <i>A Walk Through Edinburgh's New Town</i>. Scotland: [Not credited]. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781500122010" title="Special:BookSources/9781500122010"><bdi>9781500122010</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Walk+Through+Edinburgh%27s+New+Town&rft.place=Scotland&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=%5BNot+credited%5D&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781500122010&rft.aulast=Melvin&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbenezer+Scrooge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSilence2015" class="citation book cs1">Silence, Rebecca (2015). <i>Gloucester History Tour</i>. Amberley Publishing Limited. p. 40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gloucester+History+Tour&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Silence&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbenezer+Scrooge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDickens1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Dickens, Charles</a> (1999). "Letter to George Holsworth, 18 January 1865". In House, Madeline; Storey, Graham; Brown, Margaret; Tillotson, Kathleen (eds.). <i>The Letters of Charles Dickens</i>. Oxford, England: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Letter+to+George+Holsworth%2C+18+January+1865&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+Charles+Dickens&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Dickens&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbenezer+Scrooge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKincaid2009" class="citation book cs1">Kincaid, Cheryl Anne (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170604233836/http://www.cambridgescholars.com/download/sample/59020"><i>Hearing the Gospel through Charles Dickens's "A Christmas Carol"</i></a> (2 ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. <span class="nowrap">7–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1443817981" title="Special:BookSources/978-1443817981"><bdi>978-1443817981</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridgescholars.com/download/sample/59020">the original</a> on 4 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hearing+the+Gospel+through+Charles+Dickens%27s+%22A+Christmas+Carol%22&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1443817981&rft.aulast=Kincaid&rft.aufirst=Cheryl+Anne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridgescholars.com%2Fdownload%2Fsample%2F59020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbenezer+Scrooge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPearson2014" class="citation news cs1">Pearson, Richard (9 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.ie/irish-news/education/why-did-charles-dickens-invent-scrooge-30815235.html">"Why did Charles Dickens invent Scrooge?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2020</span>. <q>Scrooge is also a real word. Spelled slightly differently, 'scrouge' 'scrowge' or 'scroodge' is an old word meaning to squeeze someone, to encroach on their space, making them feel uncomfortable...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Why+did+Charles+Dickens+invent+Scrooge%3F&rft.date=2014-12-09&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.ie%2Firish-news%2Feducation%2Fwhy-did-charles-dickens-invent-scrooge-30815235.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbenezer+Scrooge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCereno2018" class="citation web cs1">Cereno, Benito (14 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grunge.com/140628/the-real-man-who-inspired-ebenezer-scrooge/">"The real man who inspired Ebenezer Scrooge"</a>. <i>Grunge.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grunge.com&rft.atitle=The+real+man+who+inspired+Ebenezer+Scrooge&rft.date=2018-12-14&rft.aulast=Cereno&rft.aufirst=Benito&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.grunge.com%2F140628%2Fthe-real-man-who-inspired-ebenezer-scrooge%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbenezer+Scrooge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/scrouge">"Definition of SCROUGE"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+SCROUGE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fscrouge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbenezer+Scrooge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.londonguidedwalks.co.uk/blog/why-did-charles-dickens-choose-the-name-ebenezer-scrooge-">"Why did Charles Dickens choose the name Ebenezer Scrooge?"</a>. <i>www.londonguidedwalks.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2020</span>. <q>The word is also a blend of 'scrouge' the verb to squeeze or to press, used 1820–1830 (itself being a blend of crew and bruise) and gouge...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.londonguidedwalks.co.uk&rft.atitle=Why+did+Charles+Dickens+choose+the+name+Ebenezer+Scrooge%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.londonguidedwalks.co.uk%2Fblog%2Fwhy-did-charles-dickens-choose-the-name-ebenezer-scrooge-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbenezer+Scrooge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKelly200314-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKelly200314_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKelly2003">Kelly 2003</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xix-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xix_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDouglas-Fairhurst2006">Douglas-Fairhurst 2006</a>, p. xix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ELWREF-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ELWREF_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElwell2001" class="citation web cs1">Elwell, Frank W. (2 November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324221035/http://www.faculty.rsu.edu/users/f/felwell/www/Theorists/Malthus/reclaim.htm">"Reclaiming Malthus"</a>. Rogers State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faculty.rsu.edu/users/f/felwell/www/Theorists/Malthus/reclaim.htm">the original</a> on 24 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reclaiming+Malthus&rft.pub=Rogers+State+University&rft.date=2001-11-02&rft.aulast=Elwell&rft.aufirst=Frank+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.faculty.rsu.edu%2Fusers%2Ff%2Ffelwell%2Fwww%2FTheorists%2FMalthus%2Freclaim.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbenezer+Scrooge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simon_&_Schuster-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Simon_&_Schuster_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNasar2011" class="citation book cs1">Nasar, Sylvia (2011). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780684872988/page/3"><i>Grand pursuit : the story of economic genius</i></a></span> (1st Simon & Schuster hardcover ed.). New York City: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780684872988/page/3">3–10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-87298-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-87298-8"><bdi>978-0-684-87298-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grand+pursuit+%3A+the+story+of+economic+genius&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=3-10&rft.edition=1st+Simon+%26+Schuster+hardcover&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-684-87298-8&rft.aulast=Nasar&rft.aufirst=Sylvia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780684872988%2Fpage%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbenezer+Scrooge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xiii-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xiii_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDouglas-Fairhurst2006">Douglas-Fairhurst 2006</a>, p. xiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlyle184032-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlyle184032_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarlyle1840">Carlyle 1840</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckroyd1990409-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckroyd1990409_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAckroyd1990">Ackroyd 1990</a>, p. 409.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xviiiAlleyne2007-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDouglas-Fairhurst2006xviiiAlleyne2007_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDouglas-Fairhurst2006">Douglas-Fairhurst 2006</a>, p. xviii; <a href="#CITEREFAlleyne2007">Alleyne 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlleyne2007-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlleyne2007_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlleyne2007">Alleyne 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClarke2009" class="citation journal cs1">Clarke, Joseph (Jody) H. (December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/19349630903310039">"The Metapsychology of Character Change: A Case Study of Ebenezer Scrooge"</a>. <i>Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health</i>. <b>11</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">248–</span>263. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19349630903310039">10.1080/19349630903310039</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1934-9637">1934-9637</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145082385">145082385</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Spirituality+in+Mental+Health&rft.atitle=The+Metapsychology+of+Character+Change%3A+A+Case+Study+of+Ebenezer+Scrooge&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E248-%3C%2Fspan%3E263&rft.date=2009-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145082385%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1934-9637&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F19349630903310039&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Joseph+%28Jody%29+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F19349630903310039&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbenezer+Scrooge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcReynolds2020" class="citation journal cs1">McReynolds, Joseph Clayton (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/751568">"From Humbug to Humility: Learning How to Know with Ebenezer Scrooge"</a>. <i>Dickens Studies Annual: Essays on Victorian Fiction</i>. <b>51</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">20–</span>39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5325%2Fdickstudannu.51.1.0020">10.5325/dickstudannu.51.1.0020</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2167-8510">2167-8510</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216343006">216343006</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dickens+Studies+Annual%3A+Essays+on+Victorian+Fiction&rft.atitle=From+Humbug+to+Humility%3A+Learning+How+to+Know+with+Ebenezer+Scrooge&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E39&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216343006%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2167-8510&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5325%2Fdickstudannu.51.1.0020&rft.aulast=McReynolds&rft.aufirst=Joseph+Clayton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F751568&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbenezer+Scrooge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith1983" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Joanmarie (Summer 1983). "The Religious Conversion of Ebenezer Scrooge". <i>Religious Education</i>. <b>78</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">355–</span>361. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0034408300780307">10.1080/0034408300780307</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religious+Education&rft.atitle=The+Religious+Conversion+of+Ebenezer+Scrooge&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E355-%3C%2Fspan%3E361&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0034408300780307&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Joanmarie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbenezer+Scrooge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJonasSchimelGreenbergPyszczynski2002" class="citation journal cs1">Jonas, Eva; Schimel, Jeff; Greenberg, Jeff; Pyszczynski, Tom (October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/014616702236834">"The Scrooge Effect: Evidence that Mortality Salience Increases Prosocial Attitudes and Behavior"</a>. <i>Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin</i>. <b>28</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">1342–</span>1353. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F014616702236834">10.1177/014616702236834</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0146-1672">0146-1672</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Personality+and+Social+Psychology+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+Scrooge+Effect%3A+Evidence+that+Mortality+Salience+Increases+Prosocial+Attitudes+and+Behavior&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1342-%3C%2Fspan%3E1353&rft.date=2002-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F014616702236834&rft.issn=0146-1672&rft.aulast=Jonas&rft.aufirst=Eva&rft.au=Schimel%2C+Jeff&rft.au=Greenberg%2C+Jeff&rft.au=Pyszczynski%2C+Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F014616702236834&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbenezer+Scrooge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etda.libraries.psu.edu/files/final_submissions/18303">"THE DREAM OF THREE LIFETIMES: TRANSLATION AND TRANSNATIONALITY IN DONALD DUCK COMICS"</a>. <i>etda.libraries.psu.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=etda.libraries.psu.edu&rft.atitle=THE+DREAM+OF+THREE+LIFETIMES%3A+TRANSLATION+AND+TRANSNATIONALITY+IN+DONALD+DUCK+COMICS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetda.libraries.psu.edu%2Ffiles%2Ffinal_submissions%2F18303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbenezer+Scrooge" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ebenezer_Scrooge&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAckroyd1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ackroyd" title="Peter Ackroyd">Ackroyd, Peter</a> (1990). <i>Dickens</i>. London: Sinclair-Stevenson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85619-000-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85619-000-8"><bdi>978-1-85619-000-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dickens&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sinclair-Stevenson&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-85619-000-8&rft.aulast=Ackroyd&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbenezer+Scrooge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlleyne2007" class="citation news cs1">Alleyne, Richard (24 December 2007). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1573589/Real-Scrooge-was-Dutch-gravedigger.html">"Real Scrooge 'was Dutch gravedigger'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a></span>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1573589/Real-Scrooge-was-Dutch-gravedigger.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Real+Scrooge+%27was+Dutch+gravedigger%27&rft.date=2007-12-24&rft.aulast=Alleyne&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2F1573589%2FReal-Scrooge-was-Dutch-gravedigger.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbenezer+Scrooge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarlyle1840" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle, Thomas</a> (1840). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chartism02carlgoog"><i>Chartism</i></a>. London: J. Fraser. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/247585901">247585901</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chartism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+Fraser&rft.date=1840&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F247585901&rft.aulast=Carlyle&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchartism02carlgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbenezer+Scrooge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeVito2014" class="citation book cs1">DeVito, Carlo (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eM9tBAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1"><i>Inventing Scrooge</i></a> (Kindle ed.). Kennebunkport, ME: Cider Mill Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60433-555-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60433-555-2"><bdi>978-1-60433-555-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventing+Scrooge&rft.place=Kennebunkport%2C+ME&rft.edition=Kindle&rft.pub=Cider+Mill+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-60433-555-2&rft.aulast=DeVito&rft.aufirst=Carlo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeM9tBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbenezer+Scrooge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDickens1843" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Dickens, Charles</a> (1843). <i>A Christmas Carol</i>. London: Chapman and Hall. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/181675592">181675592</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Christmas+Carol&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chapman+and+Hall&rft.date=1843&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F181675592&rft.aulast=Dickens&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbenezer+Scrooge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDouglas-Fairhurst2006" class="citation book cs1">Douglas-Fairhurst, Robert (2006). "Introduction". In Dickens, Charles (ed.). <i>A Christmas Carol and other Christmas Books</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">vii–</span>xxix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920474-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920474-8"><bdi>978-0-19-920474-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=A+Christmas+Carol+and+other+Christmas+Books&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Evii-%3C%2Fspan%3Exxix&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-920474-8&rft.aulast=Douglas-Fairhurst&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbenezer+Scrooge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElwell2001" class="citation web cs1">Elwell, Frank W. (2 November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170324221035/http://www.faculty.rsu.edu/users/f/felwell/www/Theorists/Malthus/reclaim.htm">"Reclaiming Malthus"</a>. Rogers State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faculty.rsu.edu/users/f/felwell/www/Theorists/Malthus/reclaim.htm">the original</a> on 24 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reclaiming+Malthus&rft.pub=Rogers+State+University&rft.date=2001-11-02&rft.aulast=Elwell&rft.aufirst=Frank+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.faculty.rsu.edu%2Fusers%2Ff%2Ffelwell%2Fwww%2FTheorists%2FMalthus%2Freclaim.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbenezer+Scrooge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGordon2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gordon, Alexander (2008). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/8/101008776/">"Elwes, John (1714–1789)"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8776">10.1093/ref:odnb/8776</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Elwes%2C+John+%281714%E2%80%931789%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F8776&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Findex%2F8%2F101008776%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbenezer+Scrooge" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJordan2001" class="citation book cs1">Jordan, John O. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wPe7uCbGvPUC&pg=PP1"><i>The Cambridge Companion to Charles Dickens</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66964-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66964-1"><bdi>978-0-521-66964-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Charles+Dickens&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-66964-1&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=John+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwPe7uCbGvPUC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbenezer+Scrooge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKelly2003" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Richard Michael (2003). "Introduction". In Dickens, Charles (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=APL1OY2t3JgC&pg=PA9"><i>A Christmas Carol</i></a>. Ontario: Broadway Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">9–</span>30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55111-476-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55111-476-7"><bdi>978-1-55111-476-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=A+Christmas+Carol&rft.place=Ontario&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.pub=Broadway+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-55111-476-7&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Richard+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAPL1OY2t3JgC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbenezer+Scrooge" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSillence2015" class="citation book cs1">Sillence, Rebecca (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bWnGCQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1"><i>Gloucester History Tour</i></a>. Stroud, Glos: Amberley Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-4859-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4456-4859-0"><bdi>978-1-4456-4859-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gloucester+History+Tour&rft.place=Stroud%2C+Glos&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4456-4859-0&rft.aulast=Sillence&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbWnGCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEbenezer+Scrooge" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ebenezer Scrooge</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bob_Cratchit" title="Bob Cratchit">Bob Cratchit</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mr._Fezziwig" title="Mr. Fezziwig">Mr. Fezziwig</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tiny_Tim_(A_Christmas_Carol)" title="Tiny Tim (A Christmas Carol)">Tiny Tim</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Marley" title="Jacob Marley">Jacob Marley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghost_of_Christmas_Past" title="Ghost of Christmas Past">Ghost of Christmas Past</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghost_of_Christmas_Present" title="Ghost of Christmas Present">Ghost of Christmas Present</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghost_of_Christmas_Yet_to_Come" title="Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come">Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Scrooge,_or,_Marley%27s_Ghost" title="Scrooge, or, Marley's Ghost">Scrooge, or, Marley's Ghost</a></i> (1901)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(1908_film)" title="A Christmas Carol (1908 film)">A Christmas Carol</a></i> (1908)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(1910_film)" title="A Christmas Carol (1910 film)">A Christmas Carol</a></i> (1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Scrooge_(1913_film)" title="Scrooge (1913 film)">Scrooge</a></i> (1913)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Right_to_Be_Happy" title="The Right to Be Happy">The Right to Be Happy</a></i> (1916)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Scrooge_(1935_film)" title="Scrooge (1935 film)">Scrooge</a></i> (1935)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(1938_film)" title="A Christmas Carol (1938 film)">A Christmas Carol</a></i> (1938)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Scrooge_(1951_film)" title="Scrooge (1951 film)">Scrooge</a></i> (1951)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/It%27s_Never_Too_Late_(1953_film)" title="It's Never Too Late (1953 film)">It's Never Too Late</a></i> (1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(1960_film)" title="A Christmas Carol (1960 film)">A Christmas Carol</a></i> (1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Scrooge_(1970_film)" title="Scrooge (1970 film)">Scrooge</a></i> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(TV_special)" title="A Christmas Carol (TV special)">A Christmas Carol</a></i> (1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/An_American_Christmas_Carol" title="An American Christmas Carol">An American Christmas Carol</a></i> (1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Mickey%27s_Christmas_Carol" title="Mickey's Christmas Carol">Mickey's Christmas Carol</a></i> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Scrooged" title="Scrooged">Scrooged</a></i> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Muppet_Christmas_Carol" title="The Muppet Christmas Carol">The Muppet Christmas Carol</a></i> (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(1997_film)" title="A Christmas Carol (1997 film)">A Christmas Carol</a></i> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Carol:_The_Movie" title="Christmas Carol: The Movie">Christmas Carol: The Movie</a></i> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Carol_Christmas" title="A Carol Christmas">A Carol Christmas</a></i> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Springtime_with_Roo" title="Springtime with Roo">Springtime with Roo</a></i> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Chasing_Christmas" title="Chasing Christmas">Chasing Christmas</a></i> (2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(2006_film)" title="A Christmas Carol (2006 film)">A Christmas Carol</a></i> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/An_American_Carol" title="An American Carol">An American Carol</a></i> (2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Barbie_in_a_Christmas_Carol" title="Barbie in a Christmas Carol">Barbie in a Christmas Carol</a></i> (2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_of_Girlfriends_Past" title="Ghosts of Girlfriends Past">Ghosts of Girlfriends Past</a></i> (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(2009_film)" title="A Christmas Carol (2009 film)">A Christmas Carol</a></i> (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Smurfs:_A_Christmas_Carol" title="The Smurfs: A Christmas Carol">The Smurfs: A Christmas Carol</a></i> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Scrooge_%26_Marley_(2012_film)" title="Scrooge & Marley (2012 film)">Scrooge & Marley</a></i> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(2020_film)" title="A Christmas Carol (2020 film)">A Christmas Carol</a></i> (2020)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Spirited_(film)" title="Spirited (film)">Spirited</a></i> (2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Scrooge:_A_Christmas_Carol" title="Scrooge: A Christmas Carol">Scrooge: A Christmas Carol</a></i> (2022)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Christmas_Carol" title="The Christmas Carol">The Christmas Carol</a></i> (1949)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(Shower_of_Stars)" title="A Christmas Carol (Shower of Stars)">A Christmas Carol</a></i> (1954)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Mister_Magoo%27s_Christmas_Carol" title="Mister Magoo's Christmas Carol">Mister Magoo's Christmas Carol</a></i> (1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Carol_for_Another_Christmas" title="Carol for Another Christmas">Carol for Another Christmas</a></i> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Special_Sesame_Street_Christmas" title="A Special Sesame Street Christmas">A Special Sesame Street Christmas</a></i> (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Stingiest_Man_in_Town" title="The Stingiest Man in Town">The Stingiest Man in Town</a></i> (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Bugs_Bunny%27s_Christmas_Carol" title="Bugs Bunny's Christmas Carol">Bugs Bunny's Christmas Carol</a></i> (1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Rich_Little%27s_Christmas_Carol" title="Rich Little's Christmas Carol">Rich Little's Christmas Carol</a></i> (1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(1982_film)" title="A Christmas Carol (1982 film)">A Christmas Carol</a></i> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(1984_film)" title="A Christmas Carol (1984 film)">A Christmas Carol</a></i> (1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Blackadder%27s_Christmas_Carol" title="Blackadder's Christmas Carol">Blackadder's Christmas Carol</a></i> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Flintstones_Christmas_Carol" title="A Flintstones Christmas Carol">A Flintstones Christmas Carol</a></i> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ebbie" title="Ebbie">Ebbie</a></i> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ms._Scrooge" title="Ms. Scrooge">Ms. Scrooge</a></i> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/An_All_Dogs_Christmas_Carol" title="An All Dogs Christmas Carol">An All Dogs Christmas Carol</a></i> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_(film)" title="Ebenezer (film)">Ebenezer</a></i> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(1999_film)" title="A Christmas Carol (1999 film)">A Christmas Carol</a></i> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Diva%27s_Christmas_Carol" title="A Diva's Christmas Carol">A Diva's Christmas Carol</a></i> (2000)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(2000_film)" title="A Christmas Carol (2000 film)">A Christmas Carol</a></i> (2000)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(2004_film)" title="A Christmas Carol (2004 film)">A Christmas Carol</a></i> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/An_Easter_Carol" class="mw-redirect" title="An Easter Carol">An Easter Carol</a></i> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Karroll%27s_Christmas" title="Karroll's Christmas">Karroll's Christmas</a></i> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Bah,_Humduck!_A_Looney_Tunes_Christmas" title="Bah, Humduck! A Looney Tunes Christmas">Bah, Humduck! A Looney Tunes Christmas</a></i> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Nan%27s_Christmas_Carol" title="Nan's Christmas Carol">Nan's Christmas Carol</a></i> (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(Doctor_Who)" title="A Christmas Carol (Doctor Who)">A Christmas Carol</a>" (<i>Doctor Who</i>) (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/It%27s_Christmas,_Carol!" title="It's Christmas, Carol!">It's Christmas, Carol!</a></i> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Clarkson%27s_Cautionary_Christmas_Music_Tale" title="Kelly Clarkson's Cautionary Christmas Music Tale">Kelly Clarkson's Cautionary Christmas Music Tale</a></i> (2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Hearth%27s_Warming_Tail" title="A Hearth's Warming Tail">A Hearth's Warming Tail</a></i> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(TV_series)" title="A Christmas Carol (TV series)">A Christmas Carol</a></i> (2019)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Scrooge_(musical)" title="Scrooge (musical)">Scrooge</a></i> (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(musical)" title="A Christmas Carol (musical)">A Christmas Carol</a></i> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Mrs._Bob_Cratchit%27s_Wild_Christmas_Binge" title="Mrs. Bob Cratchit's Wild Christmas Binge">Mrs. Bob Cratchit's Wild Christmas Binge</a></i> (2002)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol;_or,_Past,_Present,_and_Future" title="A Christmas Carol; or, Past, Present, and Future">A Christmas Carol; or, Past, Present, and Future</a></i> (1844)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(1988_play)" title="A Christmas Carol (1988 play)">A Christmas Carol</a></i> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Queer_Carol" title="A Queer Carol">A Queer Carol</a></i> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Fellow_Passengers" title="Fellow Passengers">Fellow Passengers</a></i> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Klingon_Christmas_Carol" title="A Klingon Christmas Carol">A Klingon Christmas Carol</a></i> (2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(2017_play)" title="A Christmas Carol (2017 play)">A Christmas Carol</a></i> (2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol:_A_Ghost_Story" title="A Christmas Carol: A Ghost Story">A Christmas Carol: A Ghost Story</a></i> (2021)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soundtracks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Carol_(soundtrack)" class="mw-redirect" title="A Christmas Carol (soundtrack)">A Christmas Carol</a></i> (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who:_A_Christmas_Carol_(soundtrack)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor Who: A Christmas Carol (soundtrack)">Doctor Who: A Christmas Carol</a></i> (2011)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adaptations_of_A_Christmas_Carol" title="Adaptations of A Christmas Carol">Adaptations of <i>A Christmas Carol</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Batman:_No%C3%ABl" title="Batman: Noël">Batman: Noël</a></i> (comic)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/Green_Christmas_(Stan_Freberg_song)" title="Green Christmas (Stan Freberg song)">Green Chri$tma$</a>" (single)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Misadventures_of_the_Wholesome_Twins" title="The Misadventures of the Wholesome Twins">The Misadventures of the Wholesome Twins</a></i> (2005 musical)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Invented_Christmas_(film)" title="The Man Who Invented Christmas (film)">The Man Who Invented Christmas</a></i> (2017 film)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_and_the_Invisible_World" title="Ebenezer and the Invisible World">Ebenezer and the Invisible World</a></i> (video game)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Leech_(caricaturist)" title="John Leech (caricaturist)">John Leech (illustrator)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox429" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority 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