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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Kingdom of Sikkim</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kingdom_of_Sikkim-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Kingdom of Sikkim subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Sikkim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Invasions_from_Bhutan_and_Nepal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invasions_from_Bhutan_and_Nepal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Invasions from Bhutan and Nepal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invasions_from_Bhutan_and_Nepal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_the_British_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_the_British_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Relations with the British Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_the_British_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_monarchy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_monarchy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Independent monarchy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_monarchy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_history_of_Sikkim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_history_of_Sikkim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Political history of Sikkim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_history_of_Sikkim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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Available in 9 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8" title="সিকিমের ইতিহাস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সিকিমের ইতিহাস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_Sikkim" title="Historia de Sikkim – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de Sikkim" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="सिक्किम का इतिहास – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सिक्किम का इतिहास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikimo_karalyst%C4%97" title="Sikimo karalystė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sikimo karalystė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="सिक्किमको इतिहास – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सिक्किमको इतिहास" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="История Сиккима – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История Сиккима" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gururinpochen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Gururinpochen.jpg/240px-Gururinpochen.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Gururinpochen.jpg/360px-Gururinpochen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Gururinpochen.jpg/480px-Gururinpochen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="1259" /></a><figcaption> Statue of <a href="/wiki/Guru_Rinpoche" class="mw-redirect" title="Guru Rinpoche">Guru Rinpoche</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>history of Sikkim</b> begins with the indigenous Lepcha's contact with early <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan people">Tibetan settlers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a> was a sovereign <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchical</a> State in the eastern <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>. Later a protectorate of India followed by a merger with India and official recognition as a state of India. Lepchas were the main inhabitants as well as the Rulers of the land up to 1641.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lepchas are generally considered to be the first people, Indigenous to Sikkim also includes Darjeeling. </p><p>The establishment of the Buddhist kingdom under the <a href="/wiki/Chogyal" title="Chogyal">Chogyal</a> in the 17th century was followed by <a href="/wiki/British_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="British rule">British rule</a> in Sikkim and thereafter inclusion in India as an official state of the nation post- independence. <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a> emerged as a polity in its own right against a backdrop of incursions from Tibet and Bhutan, during which the kingdom enjoyed varying degrees of independence. In the early 18th century, the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> sought to establish trade routes with <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, leading Sikkim to fall under <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British suzerainty</a> until independence in 1947. Initially, Sikkim remained an independent country, until it <a href="/wiki/1975_Sikkimese_monarchy_referendum" title="1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum">merged with India</a> in 1975. Many provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Indian constitution</a> had to be altered to accommodate the international treaties and between Sikkim and India. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_history">Ancient history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sikkim&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ancient history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to one of the legendary accounts, the <a href="/wiki/Kirati_people" title="Kirati people">Kirati people</a> are ancient tribes of <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a>. The Kiratis came out of the shackles of primitive living and slowly and gradually marched towards civilization.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dr A. C. Singh (1983) stated that "Sikkim is known as the home of the Kirati tribesmen from the pre-historic times".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the <a href="/wiki/Kirati_people" title="Kirati people">Kirat</a> King <a href="/wiki/Yalambar" title="Yalambar">Yalambar</a> captured outer <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> in 1,500 B.C his kingdom extended from the river <a href="/wiki/Trishuli_River" title="Trishuli River">Trisuli</a> in the west to the river <a href="/wiki/Teesta_River" title="Teesta River">Teesta</a> in the east.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChemjong2014chapter_1,_The_term_'Kirat'_and_its_origin_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChemjong2014chapter_1,_The_term_'Kirat'_and_its_origin-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-KRUK_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KRUK-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Hindu mythology, Lord <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> is said to have appeared in the form of hunter <i>Kirateshwar</i> or <i>Lord of the Kiratas</i> to <a href="/wiki/Arjuna" title="Arjuna">Arjuna</a> in the very spot where the ancient <a href="/wiki/Kirateshwar_Mahadev_Temple" title="Kirateshwar Mahadev Temple">Kirateshwar temple</a> lies in <a href="/wiki/Legship" title="Legship">Legship</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Sikkim_district" class="mw-redirect" title="West Sikkim district">West Sikkim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 6th century the <a href="/wiki/Lepcha_people" title="Lepcha people">Lepchas</a> occupied the Lapchan area of <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> (present <a href="/wiki/Ilam,_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilam, Nepal">Ilam</a> region), present <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a>, <i>Har Chu Valley</i> and <i>Ammo Chu Valley</i> (present South Western <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>) and most of Eastern part of Greater Sikkim up to the <a href="/wiki/Chumbi_Valley" title="Chumbi Valley">Chumbi Valley</a>. Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Limbu_people" title="Limbu people">Limbu</a> inhabited the Western part of Greater Sikkim (present <a href="/wiki/Limbuwan" title="Limbuwan">Limbuwan</a> region).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A part of Limbuwan is still retained in present <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a> in the <a href="/wiki/West_Sikkim_district" class="mw-redirect" title="West Sikkim district">West district</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Sikkim_district" class="mw-redirect" title="South Sikkim district">South district</a> and a part of <a href="/wiki/North_Sikkim_district" class="mw-redirect" title="North Sikkim district">North district</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lepchas spoke the <a href="/wiki/Himalayish" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalayish">Himalayish</a> language <a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a>, and were believers of <i>Boongthism</i> and <i>Munism</i> or <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a> by faith. The Limbus spoke the <a href="/wiki/Limbu_language" title="Limbu language">Limbu language</a> and were believers of Yumaism or <a href="/wiki/Yuma_Sammang" title="Yuma Sammang">Yuma Sammang</a>, a form of <a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kirat Mundhum</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the 7th century, Thekung Adek consolidated the <a href="/wiki/Lepcha_people" title="Lepcha people">Lepcha</a> tribes and declared himself a <i>Panu</i>, a Tribal Religious and Administrative chief or king. Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Limbu_people" title="Limbu people">Limbu</a> tribes were ruled by 10 elected chiefs or <i>Hangs</i> from each of their clans to form a social and administrative body called <i>Thibong Yakthum Tumyanghang</i> (tribal republic council or Ten Limbus Council). <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Around 870 A.D. Na Hang, the chief of <a href="/wiki/Daramdin" title="Daramdin">Daramdin</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Sikkim_district" class="mw-redirect" title="West Sikkim district">West Sikkim</a> was incited by the Chilikchom people to fight against the <a href="/wiki/Kirati_people" title="Kirati people">Kirati</a> <a href="/wiki/Limbu_people" title="Limbu people">Limbu</a> king of <a href="/wiki/Limbuwan" title="Limbuwan">Limbuwan</a>, Mabo Hang. Na Hang was defeated and the Chilikchom were banished from Limbuwan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChemjong2014chapter_3,_Mawrong_Hang_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChemjong2014chapter_3,_Mawrong_Hang-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sikkim also finds mention in many Hindu texts because the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_saint" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist saint">Buddhist saint</a> <a href="/wiki/Guru_Rinpoche" class="mw-redirect" title="Guru Rinpoche">Guru Rinpoche</a> or <a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a> is said to have passed through the land in the 9th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to legend, the Guru blessed the land, introduced <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> to Sikkim and also foretold the era of the monarchy in the state, which would arrive centuries later.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There are numerous stories regarding the migration of Tibetans into Sikkim and the establishment of the Sikkimese monarchy. The most popular states that in the 13th century, <a href="/wiki/Guru_Tashi" title="Guru Tashi">Guru Tashi</a>, a prince from the Minyak House in <a href="/wiki/Kham" title="Kham">Kham</a> in Eastern <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, had a divine revelation one night instructing him to travel south to seek his fortunes. Guru Tashi settled down in the <a href="/wiki/Chumbi_Valley" title="Chumbi Valley">Chumbi Valley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population and linguistic survey were not held during this period but the region was certainly inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Lepcha_people" title="Lepcha people">Lepchas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Limbu_people" title="Limbu people">Limbus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Magars" title="Magars">Magars</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Bhutias" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhutias">Bhutias</a> in the later periods.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kingdom_of_Sikkim">Kingdom of Sikkim</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sikkim&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Sikkim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikkim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Sikkim.jpg/240px-Sikkim.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="362" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Sikkim.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption> Map of Sikkim (<a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>, 1981)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Norbugang_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Norbugang_4.jpg/240px-Norbugang_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Norbugang_4.jpg/360px-Norbugang_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Norbugang_4.jpg/480px-Norbugang_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4784" data-file-height="2248" /></a><figcaption>Throne of Norbuganag</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rabdantse_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Rabdantse_6.jpg/240px-Rabdantse_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Rabdantse_6.jpg/360px-Rabdantse_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Rabdantse_6.jpg/480px-Rabdantse_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4431" data-file-height="2935" /></a><figcaption>Rabdantse, ruins of the second capital of Kingdom of Sikkim</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Kingdom of Sikkim</a></div> <p>By 1641 the <a href="/wiki/Lepcha_people" title="Lepcha people">Lepchas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Limbu_people" title="Limbu people">Limbus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Magars" title="Magars">Magars</a> were ruling in different villages independently.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChemjong2014chapter_5,_Kirat_Kings_of_Namgyal_Dynasty_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChemjong2014chapter_5,_Kirat_Kings_of_Namgyal_Dynasty-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Limbu and the Magar tribes lived in the remote Western and Southern regions.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 17th century Tibetan migrants (called "Bhutias" locally) were forced to take refuge in Sikkim due to the conflict between followers of the <i>Yellow hat</i> and the <i>Red hats</i> in Tibet. The Bhutias tried to convert the Sikkimese <i>worshippers of nature</i> to Buddhism and succeeded to an extent.<sup id="cite_ref-History_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tibetan Lamas sought to establish Sikkim as a Buddhist Kingdom thereby electing a Lhopa King of Tibetan origin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChemjong2014chapter_5,_Kirat_Kings_of_Namgyal_Dynasty_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChemjong2014chapter_5,_Kirat_Kings_of_Namgyal_Dynasty-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1642, the fifth generation descendant of Guru Tashi, <a href="/wiki/Phuntsog_Namgyal" title="Phuntsog Namgyal">Phuntsog Namgyal</a> was consecrated as the first Denjong Gyalpo or the <a href="/wiki/Chogyal" title="Chogyal">Chogyal</a> (king) of Sikkim by Lhatsun Chhenpo, Nga-dag Lama and Kathhog Lama, three great Lamas who came from the north, west and south to <a href="/wiki/Yuksom" title="Yuksom">Yuksom</a> Norbugang in <a href="/wiki/West_Sikkim" class="mw-redirect" title="West Sikkim">West Sikkim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBareh20012_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBareh20012-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The event, <i>Naljor Chezhi</i>, was as predicted by <a href="/wiki/Guru_Rinpoche" class="mw-redirect" title="Guru Rinpoche">Guru Rinpoche</a> some eight hundred years before. The <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> sent the new Chogyal a silk scarf, the mitre of Guru Rinpoche and a <a href="/wiki/Sand_mandala" title="Sand mandala">sand image</a> of him as a coronation present.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBareh20012_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBareh20012-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Magar chiefs refused to accept the rule of the Chogyal who had to bring in Tibetan soldiers to subdue them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChemjong2014chapter_5,_Kirat_Kings_of_Namgyal_Dynasty_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChemjong2014chapter_5,_Kirat_Kings_of_Namgyal_Dynasty-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This historical gathering of the three virtuous lamas is called Yuksom, which in <a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a> means 'The Place where the Three monks met' as in Lepcha a lama is called a "Yukmun" and the word for three is "Som". The Chogyal, along with the three lamas proselytised the Lepcha tribes into Buddhism and annexed the Chumbi Valley, the present-day <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a> district and parts of today's eastern <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Shortly after his coronation the new Chogyal appointed 12 <i>kalon</i> or ministers from the <a href="/wiki/Bhutia" title="Bhutia">Bhutia</a> community and split his kingdom into 12 <i>Dzongs</i> or administrative units, which each contained a fort. Individual Dzongs were headed by a <i>Dzonga</i> drawn from amongst the Lepchas. The lands of Sikkim were leased as gifts to <i>Kazis</i> and <i>thikadars</i> who in turn leased sub-plots to peasants at high rents. <i>Mandals</i> (headmen) and <i>karbaris</i> (assistants to the mandals) were employed by the kazis and thikadars as rent collectors and dispute mediators. Out of Sikkim's 104 revenue estates, 61 were leased to Kazis and thikadars for fixed sums, five were given to monasteries and fifteen were retained by the Chogyal for his private use.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArora20084_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArora20084-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Limbu chiefs or the <a href="/wiki/Limbu_people" title="Limbu people">Subbas</a> were also given full autonomy of their districts under the King.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChemjong2014chapter_5,_Kirat_Kings_of_Namgyal_Dynasty_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChemjong2014chapter_5,_Kirat_Kings_of_Namgyal_Dynasty-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thus <a href="/wiki/Phuntsog_Namgyal" title="Phuntsog Namgyal">Phuntsog Namgyal</a> became the first King of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Kingdom of Sikkim</a> and all the <a href="/wiki/Limbu_people" title="Limbu people">Kirat</a> chiefs agreed to regard him as the supreme ruler. However, the <a href="/wiki/Magars" title="Magars">Magars</a> did not get along with the <a href="/wiki/Bhutia" title="Bhutia">Bhutia</a> and left Sikkim after they were defeated in a battle. The King called all the Kirat chiefs and proclaimed that <a href="/wiki/Bhutia" title="Bhutia">Bhutias</a> or Lhopsas, Tsongs or the <a href="/wiki/Limbu_people" title="Limbu people">Limbus</a> and the Mempas or the <a href="/wiki/Lepcha_people" title="Lepcha people">Lepchas</a> were all part of one family known as the <i>Lho-Mehn-Tsong</i> with the King as the father, the Lepchas as the mother and the Limbus as the sons and they were forbidden to fight amongst themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChemjong2014chapter_5,_Kirat_Kings_of_Namgyal_Dynasty_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChemjong2014chapter_5,_Kirat_Kings_of_Namgyal_Dynasty-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The signing of this tripartite treaty of <i>Lho-Mehn-Tsong Tsum</i> was overseen by eight <a href="/wiki/Bhutia" title="Bhutia">Bhutia</a> tribal leaders, twelve <a href="/wiki/Limbu_people" title="Limbu people">Limbu</a> tribal leaders and four <a href="/wiki/Lepcha_people" title="Lepcha people">Lepcha</a> tribal leaders in present <a href="/wiki/West_Sikkim_district" class="mw-redirect" title="West Sikkim district">West Sikkim</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invasions_from_Bhutan_and_Nepal">Invasions from Bhutan and Nepal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sikkim&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Invasions from Bhutan and Nepal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Phuntsog Namgyal was succeeded by his son, <a href="/wiki/Tensung_Namgyal" title="Tensung Namgyal">Tensung Namgyal</a> in 1670. The reign of this Chogyal was peaceful and saw the capital move from Yuksom to <a href="/wiki/Rabdentse" title="Rabdentse">Rabdentse</a>. <a href="/wiki/Chakdor_Namgyal" title="Chakdor Namgyal">Chakdor Namgyal</a>, the king's second wife's son, took over the throne from him in 1700. This outraged his elder half-sister Pendiongmu, who ousted him with the help of the <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutanese</a>. From 1700 to 1706, when Chakdor Namgyal was a minor, most parts of it were occupied by Deb Naku Zidar, the king of Bhutan. Chakdor Namgyal went into exile in Tibet. The Tibetan people subsequently expelled the Bhutanese army, and called Chakdor Namgyal back to Sikkim.<sup id="cite_ref-Extensive_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Extensive-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chakdor's son <a href="/wiki/Gyurmed_Namgyal" title="Gyurmed Namgyal">Gyurmed Namgyal</a> succeeded him in 1717. Gyurmed's reign saw many skirmishes between the Nepalese and Sikkimese. <a href="/wiki/Phuntsog_Namgyal_II" title="Phuntsog Namgyal II">Phuntsog Namgyal II</a>, the illegitimate child of Gyurmed, succeeded his father in 1733. His reign was tumultuous in the face of attacks by the Bhutanese and the Nepalese who managed to capture the capital Rabdentse. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tenzing_Namgyal" title="Tenzing Namgyal">Tenzing Namgyal</a>, Chogyal from 1780 to 1793, was a weak ruler, and his sovereignty saw most of Sikkim being appropriated by Nepal. In 1788, the Nepali <a href="/wiki/Gorkha_Kingdom" title="Gorkha Kingdom">Gorkha</a> Army invaded Sikkim and took <a href="/wiki/Limbuwan" title="Limbuwan">Limbuana</a> and the former capital Rabdentse by storm. The king of Sikkim went into exile in Tibet for a second time. In 1788, the <a href="/wiki/8th_Dalai_Lama" title="8th Dalai Lama">8th Dalai Lama</a> stationed him in Chumbi Valley in Rènà <a href="/wiki/County_(People%27s_Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="County (People's Republic of China)">zong</a> (also "Rèrì," today's <a href="/wiki/Yadong_County" title="Yadong County">Yadong County</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Extensive_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Extensive-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His son <a href="/wiki/Tshudpud_Namgyal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tshudpud Namgyal">Tshudpud Namgyal</a>, returned to Sikkim in 1793 to reclaim the throne with the help of Tibet. Finding Rabdentse too close to the Nepalese border, he shifted the capital to <a href="/wiki/Tumlong" title="Tumlong">Tumlong</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_the_British_Empire">Relations with the British Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sikkim&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Relations with the British Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_War_Memorial,_Sikkim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/British_War_Memorial%2C_Sikkim.jpg/250px-British_War_Memorial%2C_Sikkim.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/British_War_Memorial%2C_Sikkim.jpg/330px-British_War_Memorial%2C_Sikkim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/British_War_Memorial%2C_Sikkim.jpg/500px-British_War_Memorial%2C_Sikkim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A British era war memorial in <a href="/wiki/Nathang_Valley" title="Nathang Valley">Gnathang Valley</a>, East Sikkim</figcaption></figure> <p>With the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/The_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="The United Kingdom">British</a> in neighbouring India, Sikkim allied itself with them as they had a common enemy – the <a href="/wiki/Gorkha_Kingdom" title="Gorkha Kingdom">Gorkha Kingdom</a> of Nepal. The infuriated Nepalese attacked Sikkim with vengeance, overrunning most of the region including the <a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a>. This prompted the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a> to attack Nepal resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Nepalese_War" title="Anglo-Nepalese War">Anglo-Nepalese War</a>, which began in 1814. Treaties signed between the British and Nepal – the <a href="/wiki/Sugauli_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sugauli Treaty">Sugauli Treaty</a> and Sikkim and British India – <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Titalia" title="Treaty of Titalia">Treaty of Titalia</a>, returned the territory annexed by the Nepalese to Sikkim in 1817. </p><p>However, ties between Sikkim and India grew sour with the taxation of the area of <a href="/wiki/Morang" class="mw-redirect" title="Morang">Morang</a> by the British. An internal disturbance, which began in 1825, gave the British the opportunity to secure the 1835 cession of <a href="/wiki/Darjeeling" title="Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a> to British Sikkim given its perceived advantages as a <a href="/wiki/Sanitorium" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanitorium">sanitorium</a>. Unhappy with this development, Sikkim's <a href="/wiki/Dewan" title="Dewan">Dewan</a> often frustrated the cessation by denying aid to the British in capturing escaped criminals and offering amnesty for escaped slaves. As compensation for the loss, the British Government paid the Sikkim Raja Rs. 3,000 from 1841 onwards, a sum that was later increased to Rs. 12,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaget190741_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaget190741-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1849, British doctor <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Campbell_(doctor)" title="Archibald Campbell (doctor)">Archibald Campbell</a>, then superintendent of Darjeeling, and botanist <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Hooker</a>, ventured into the mountains of Sikkim with the permission of the British and the <a href="/wiki/Chogyal_of_Sikkim" class="mw-redirect" title="Chogyal of Sikkim">Chogyal of Sikkim</a> but strayed across the <a href="/wiki/Cho_La,_Sikkim" class="mw-redirect" title="Cho La, Sikkim">Cho La</a> into Tibet. They were detained by the Sikkim government at the instigation of the pro-Tibetan "mad Dewan" T. Namguey, which led to a punitive British expedition against the Himalayan kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArora20088_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArora20088-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaget190741_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaget190741-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although subsequent bloodshed was avoided, the British annexed the whole of the Darjeeling district and the <a href="/wiki/Terai" title="Terai">Terai</a> in 1861. In the same year, the signature of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tumlong" title="Treaty of Tumlong">Treaty of Tumlong</a> effectively made Sikkim a <i>de facto</i> protectorate of the British.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alongside "British Sikkim", "Independent Sikkim" continued to exist as a rump state centred around the capital at Gangtok ruling over 2,500 square miles (6,500 km<sup>2</sup>) of territory.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (October 2021)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> The former Chogyal was forced to abdicate in favour of his son, <a href="/wiki/Sidkeong_Namgyal" title="Sidkeong Namgyal">Sidkeong Namgyal</a> in 1863. </p><p>The Chogyals endeavoured to modernize Sikkim in the succeeding decades, along with their army. A state visit to Darjeeling by Sidekong's half-brother, Chogyal <a href="/wiki/Thutob_Namgyal" title="Thutob Namgyal">Thutob Namgyal</a> in 1873 failed to yield such results, and he returned to Tumlong disappointed. In 1886, the British, interested in trade with Tibet, launched a brief expedition into Sikkim. The Tibetans occupied several of Sikkim's northern border forts, and the Chogyal and his wife were held prisoner by the British when they came to negotiate at <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>. In 1888, the <a href="/wiki/Sikkim_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikkim Expedition">Tibetans were defeated</a> and northern Sikkim came under the rule of British India. The British established new landholdings in Sikkim but released the Chogyal only to have him captured again in 1891. These land estates were given to <a href="/wiki/Kazis_and_Thikadars_of_Sikkim" title="Kazis and Thikadars of Sikkim">Kazis, Thikadars and Lamas</a>. In 1894, the capital was shifted to <a href="/wiki/Gangtok" title="Gangtok">Gangtok</a>. </p><p>In 1895, the Chogyal was released, but the British governors in India reneged on an agreement – the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ten_Clauses_Agreement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ten Clauses Agreement (page does not exist)">Ten Clauses Agreement</a> – which returned sovereignty to Sikkim. The Political Officer in Sikkim, <a href="/wiki/John_Claude_White" title="John Claude White">John Claude White</a>, refused to return any sovereignty, and only let the Chogyal retain the judiciary of Sikkim. </p><p>In 1905, the <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales" title="Prince of Wales">Prince of Wales</a> – the future King <a href="/wiki/George_V_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George V of the United Kingdom">George V</a> – arrived in Calcutta on a state visit during which he met the Chogyal. The two made an excellent acquaintance and the Crown Prince of Sikkim, Sidkeong Tulku was sent to study at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a>. When Sidkeong came to power, he arranged widened sovereignty for Sikkim from King George's government and endorsed sweeping reforms in his short rule as Chogyal, which ended in 1914. In 1918, Sikkim's independence in all domestic affairs was restored, and in the next decade, the kingdom embarked on a policy to end social ills, outlawing <a href="/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">gambling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">child labour</a>, and indentured service. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_monarchy">Independent monarchy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sikkim&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Independent monarchy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Sikkim_(1967-1975).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Sikkim_%281967-1975%29.svg/240px-Flag_of_Sikkim_%281967-1975%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Sikkim_%281967-1975%29.svg/360px-Flag_of_Sikkim_%281967-1975%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Flag_of_Sikkim_%281967-1975%29.svg/480px-Flag_of_Sikkim_%281967-1975%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sikkim" title="Flag of Sikkim">The Sikkimese National Flag</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-03-24-03,_Tibetexpedition,_Der_Maharaja_von_Sikkim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-03-24-03%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Der_Maharaja_von_Sikkim.jpg/250px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-03-24-03%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Der_Maharaja_von_Sikkim.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-03-24-03%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Der_Maharaja_von_Sikkim.jpg/500px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-S-03-24-03%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Der_Maharaja_von_Sikkim.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="579" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tashi_Namgyal" title="Tashi Namgyal">Tashi Namgyal</a>, Chogyal of Sikkim. 1938.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sikkim had retained guarantees of independence from Britain when it became independent, and such guarantees were transferred to the Indian government when it gained independence in 1947. A popular vote for Sikkim to join the Indian Union failed and Indian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> agreed to a special protectorate status for Sikkim. Sikkim was to be a <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">tributary</a> of India, in which India controlled its external defence, diplomacy and communication. A state council was established in 1953 to allow for the constitutional government of the Chogyal, which was sustained until 1973.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1949, <a href="/wiki/Sikkim_State_Congress" title="Sikkim State Congress">Sikkim State Congress</a> led a state-wide agitation for democracy leading to the formation of Sikkim's first interim government led by Chief Minister <a href="/wiki/Tashi_Tshering_(Sikkimese_politician)" title="Tashi Tshering (Sikkimese politician)">Tashi Tshering</a> and his popular ministry. However, the government was dismissed within 29 days. </p><p>In the 1950s, Sikkim was used by the American CIA as a base for secret operations supporting Tibetan guerillas opposed to Chinese control of Tibet.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dramatic 1959 escape of the <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a> demonstrated Sikkim's value to both India and China. Nehru said the Chumbi Valley, controlled by China, was a "dagger pointed at the heart of India." During the 1962 <a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_War" title="Sino-Indian War">Sino-Indian War</a>, Indian troops arrived to block a possible Chinese invasion; there were some skirmishes between Indian and Chinese forces. After the war, India closed the ancient pass; it reopened in 2006. The 50s and 60s marked the emergence of political parties in Sikkim including <a href="/wiki/Sikkim_State_Congress" title="Sikkim State Congress">Sikkim State Congress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikkim_National_Party" title="Sikkim National Party">Sikkim National Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikkim_Swatantra_Dal" title="Sikkim Swatantra Dal">Sikkim Swatantra Dal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikkim_Janata_Party" title="Sikkim Janata Party">Sikkim Janata Party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikkim_National_Congress" title="Sikkim National Congress">Sikkim National Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The old ruler <a href="/wiki/Tashi_Namgyal" title="Tashi Namgyal">Tashi Namgyal</a> died in 1963 from cancer. The last hereditary ruler, Chogyal <a href="/wiki/Palden_Thondup_Namgyal" title="Palden Thondup Namgyal">Palden Thondup Namgyal</a>, ascended to the throne in 1965. Trouble began to brew for the crown even before the Chogyal assumed the throne, as Nehru, who had carefully preserved Sikkim's status as an independent protectorate, died in 1964. His daughter <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>, who became Prime Minister in 1966, had little patience for maintaining an independent Sikkim or its monarchy. The Chogyal, who responded to the increased pressure by drinking, was viewed by India as politically dangerous, especially after his wife, the American socialite <a href="/wiki/Hope_Cooke" title="Hope Cooke">Hope Cooke</a>, advocated a return of certain former Sikkimese properties. </p><p>In December 1950, by signing the "India - Sikkim Peace Treaty", Sikkim became India's protectorate. India took control of Sikkim in April 1973 and overthrew the monarchy. On April 9, 1975, the Sikkim Parliament announced the king was deposed and declared Sikkim had become part of India through a <a href="/wiki/1975_Sikkimese_monarchy_referendum" title="1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum">referendum</a>. On May 16, the Indian parliament announced that Sikkim officially became a state of India.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sikkim is a state in India, which currently has 6 districts. Gangtok is the largest district in terms of population, but Mangan is the largest district in terms of area.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_history_of_Sikkim">Political history of Sikkim</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sikkim&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Political history of Sikkim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1979 assembly election saw <a href="/wiki/Nar_Bahadur_Bhandari" title="Nar Bahadur Bhandari">Nar Bahadur Bhandari</a> elected Chief Minister of Sikkim. Bhandari held on to win again in 1984 and 1989. In 1994, Assembly politician <a href="/wiki/Pawan_Kumar_Chamling" title="Pawan Kumar Chamling">Pawan Kumar Chamling</a> became the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Minister">Chief Minister</a> of Sikkim. In 1999, 2004, 2009 and 2014 Chamling consolidated his position to sweep the polls. Sikkim voted for its one delegate to the All India Lok Sabha on 3 January 1980. The voters strongly favoured a local listing party, rejecting the candidates from the Janata and Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Indian relations">Sino-Indian relations</a> were somewhat bruised in 2000 by an event in Sikkim that challenged China's longstanding claim of Sikkim as an independent country. The unusual event was the escape of <a href="/wiki/Ogyen_Trinley_Dorje" title="Ogyen Trinley Dorje">Ogyen Trinley Dorje</a> from Tibet to <a href="/wiki/Dharamsala,_Himachal_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh">Dharamsala</a>, India. Ogyen Trinley Dorje is one of the two rival claimants who seek recognition as the 17th <a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a>, the head of the <a href="/wiki/Karma_Kagyu" title="Karma Kagyu">Black Hat</a> branch of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Karmapa_controversy" title="Karmapa controversy">Karmapa controversy</a>). The two claimants did battle in the Indian court system for control of the considerable funds collected by the 16th Karmapa for the restoration and maintenance of <a href="/wiki/Rumtek_Monastery" title="Rumtek Monastery">Rumtek Monastery</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Gangtok" title="Gangtok">Gangtok</a>, Sikkim. The Chinese, who recognise <a href="/wiki/Ogyen_Trinley_Dorje" title="Ogyen Trinley Dorje">Ogyen Trinley Dorje</a> as the true Karmapa, were unhappy about the court outcome which awarded the monastery funds to the other rival. However, the Chinese government was in a quandary as to what to do about it, as any protest to India would mean an explicit endorsement that the high court of India holds jurisdiction over Sikkim. </p><p>In 2003, with the thawing of relations between the two nations, Indian sovereignty over Sikkim was finally recognised by China. The two governments also proposed to open the Nathula and <a href="/wiki/Jelepla_Pass" class="mw-redirect" title="Jelepla Pass">Jelepla Passes</a> in 2005. </p><p>On 18 September 2011, <a href="/wiki/2011_Sikkim_earthquake" title="2011 Sikkim earthquake">a magnitude 6.9M<sub>w</sub> earthquake</a> struck Sikkim, killing at least 116 people in the state and Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Tibet, China.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 60 people died in Sikkim alone, and the city of Gangtok suffered significant damage.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sikkim&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Sikkim" title="Indigenous peoples of Sikkim">Indigenous peoples of Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chogyal" title="Chogyal">Chogyal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sikkim&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJigme_Wangchuk_Bhutia" class="citation web cs1">Jigme Wangchuk Bhutia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/30464639">"Locating society, economy and polity in Pre monarchical Sikkim"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Locating+society%2C+economy+and+polity+in+Pre+monarchical+Sikkim&rft.au=Jigme+Wangchuk+Bhutia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F30464639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sikkim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSubba2008" class="citation book cs1">Subba, J. R. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iY4bVR9--XAC&dq=blood+brotherhood+halfdan+sieger&pg=PA6"><i>History, Culture and Customs of Sikkim</i></a>. Gyan Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788121209649" title="Special:BookSources/9788121209649"><bdi>9788121209649</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History%2C+Culture+and+Customs+of+Sikkim&rft.pub=Gyan+Publishing+House&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9788121209649&rft.aulast=Subba&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiY4bVR9--XAC%26dq%3Dblood%2Bbrotherhood%2Bhalfdan%2Bsieger%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sikkim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-documents/lsi/lsi_sikkim/2Sikkim%20pg-i-xvii%20pg-1-23.pdf">https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-documents/lsi/lsi_sikkim/2Sikkim%20pg-i-xvii%20pg-1-23.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/id/637247//">"Bulletin of Tibetology seminar Volume 1995"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bulletin+of+Tibetology+seminar+Volume+1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.repository.cam.ac.uk%2Fbitstream%2Fid%2F637247%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sikkim" class="Z3988"></span>Sikkim Research Institute of Tibetology Gangtok, Sikkim India</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://14.139.206.50:8080/jspui/bitstream/1/4203/1/Population%20of%20sikkim%20a%20geographical%20analysis.pdf">"Population of Sikkim: A Geographical Analysis"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+of+Sikkim%3A+A+Geographical+Analysis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F14.139.206.50%3A8080%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F1%2F4203%2F1%2FPopulation%2520of%2520sikkim%2520a%2520geographical%2520analysis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sikkim" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChemjong2014chapter_1,_The_term_'Kirat'_and_its_origin-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChemjong2014chapter_1,_The_term_'Kirat'_and_its_origin_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChemjong2014">Chemjong 2014</a>, chapter 1, The term 'Kirat' and its origin.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KRUK-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KRUK_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Kirat Yoyakhha <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160130004734/http://kryuk.org/history.html">"History of Kirat"</a>. 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Indian Army Intelligence Branch.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frontier+and+overseas+expeditions+from+India&rft.pub=Indian+Army+Intelligence+Branch&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Paget&rft.aufirst=William+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffrontieroverseas04indi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sikkim" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRisely1894" class="citation cs2">Risely, H. H., ed. (1894), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gazetteerofsikhi00beng"><i>The Gazetteer of Sikhim</i></a>, Calcutta: Bengal Secretariat Press – via archive.org</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gazetteer+of+Sikhim&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pub=Bengal+Secretariat+Press&rft.date=1894&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgazetteerofsikhi00beng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sikkim" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinha" class="citation cs2">Sinha, A. C., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ide.go.jp/library/English/Publish/Reports/Jrp/pdf/133_10.pdf">"Sikkim"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, in Mayumi Murayama; Kyoko Inoue; Sanjoy Hazarika (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Reports/Jrp/133.html"><i>Sub-Regional Relations in Eastern South Asia: With Special Focus on India's North Eastern Region</i></a>, Institute of Developing Economies</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sikkim&rft.btitle=Sub-Regional+Relations+in+Eastern+South+Asia%3A+With+Special+Focus+on+India%27s+North+Eastern+Region&rft.pub=Institute+of+Developing+Economies&rft.aulast=Sinha&rft.aufirst=A.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ide.go.jp%2Flibrary%2FEnglish%2FPublish%2FReports%2FJrp%2Fpdf%2F133_10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sikkim" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sikkim&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDatta-Ray1980" class="citation book cs1">Datta-Ray, Sunanda K. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RCMuAAAAMAAJ"><i>Smash and Grab: The Annexation of Sikkim</i></a>. Vikas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7069-2509-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7069-2509-2"><bdi>0-7069-2509-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smash+and+Grab%3A+The+Annexation+of+Sikkim&rft.pub=Vikas&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-7069-2509-2&rft.aulast=Datta-Ray&rft.aufirst=Sunanda+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRCMuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Sikkim" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Duff, Andrew. "A Himalayan Chess Game" <i>History Today</i> (2016) 66#1.</li> <li>Forbes, Andrew and David Henley. <i>China's Ancient Tea Horse Road</i>. (Chiang Mai: Cognoscenti Books, 2011) . ASIN: B005DQV7Q2</li> <li>Phadnis, Urmila. "Ethnic Dimensions of Sikkimese Politics: The 1979 Elections." <i>Asian Survey</i> 20.12 (1980): 1236–1252. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2643629">online</a></li> <li>Tiwari, Chitra K. "India's Northern Security and the Himalayan States" <i>Asian Profile</i> 14.5 (1986): 442–49.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sikkim&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/1791324#map=9/27.5988/88.7622&layers=C">Sikkim</a>, OpenStreetMap, retrieved 3 December 2021.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katapahar" title="Katapahar">Katapahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalapahar" title="Jalapahar">Jalapahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Observatory_Hill,_Darjeeling" title="Observatory Hill, Darjeeling">Observatory Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivalik_Hills" title="Sivalik Hills">Sivalik Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_Hill,_Darjeeling" title="Tiger Hill, Darjeeling">Tiger Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Sadar_subdivision" title="Darjeeling Sadar subdivision">Darjeeling Sadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahananda_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary">Mahananda Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmaja_Naidu_Himalayan_Zoological_Park" title="Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park">Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manebhanjyang,_Darjeeling" title="Manebhanjyang, Darjeeling">Manebhanjyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalut" title="Phalut">Phalut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandakphu" title="Sandakphu">Sandakphu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Garden,_Darjeeling" title="Rock Garden, Darjeeling">Rock Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senchal_Wildlife_Sanctuary" title="Senchal Wildlife Sanctuary">Senchal Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singalila_National_Park" title="Singalila National Park">Singalila National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Darjeeling" title="Demographics of Darjeeling">Demographics of Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakal_Temple,_Darjeeling" title="Mahakal Temple, Darjeeling">Mahakal Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chowrasta_(Darjeeling)" title="Chowrasta (Darjeeling)">Chowrasta (Darjeeling)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Bengal" title="University of North Bengal">University of North Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hermon_School,_Darjeeling" title="Mount Hermon School, Darjeeling">Mount Hermon School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_School,_Darjeeling" title="St. Joseph's School, Darjeeling">St. Joseph's School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loreto_Convent,_Darjeeling" title="Loreto Convent, Darjeeling">Loreto Convent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Paul%27s_School,_Darjeeling" title="St. Paul's School, Darjeeling">St. Paul's School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goethals_Memorial_School" title="Goethals Memorial School">Goethals Memorial School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Boys%27_School_(Kurseong)" title="Victoria Boys' School (Kurseong)">Victoria Boys' School (Kurseong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southfield_College" title="Southfield College">Southfield (formerly Loreto) College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Government_College" title="Darjeeling Government College">Darjeeling Government College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Joseph%27s_College,_Darjeeling" title="St Joseph's College, Darjeeling">St. Joseph's College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himalayan_Mountaineering_Institute" title="Himalayan Mountaineering Institute">Himalayan Mountaineering Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bengal_Medical_College_and_Hospital" title="North Bengal Medical College and Hospital">North Bengal Medical College and Hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy and Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_tea" title="Darjeeling tea">Darjeeling tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terrace fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattabong_Tea_Garden" title="Pattabong Tea Garden">Pattabong Tea Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_Valley_Tea_Estate" title="Happy Valley Tea Estate">Happy Valley Tea Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_India" title="Tourism in India">Tourism in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal#Economy" title="West Bengal">Economy of West Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Darjeeling" title="Transport in Darjeeling">Transport in Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Himalayan_Railway" title="Darjeeling Himalayan Railway">Darjeeling Himalayan Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katihar%E2%80%93Siliguri_line" title="Katihar–Siliguri line">Katihar–Siliguri line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagdogra_Airport" title="Bagdogra Airport">Bagdogra Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Ropeway" title="Darjeeling Ropeway">Darjeeling Ropeway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamang_people" title="Tamang people">Tamang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherpa_people" title="Sherpa people">Sherpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rai_people" title="Rai people">Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_people" title="Lepcha people">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutia" title="Bhutia">Bhutia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yolmo_people" title="Yolmo people">Yolmo/Yamloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miji_people" title="Miji people">Miji/Damai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kami_(caste)" title="Kami (caste)">Kamai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_people" title="Newar people">Newar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_people" title="Limbu people">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gorkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wai-Wai_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wai-Wai (food)">Wai-wai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhurpi" title="Chhurpi">Chhurpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thukpa" title="Thukpa">Thukpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momo_(food)" title="Momo (food)">Momo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhaang" title="Chhaang">Chhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil_Dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Devil Dance">Devil Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tendong_Lho_Rumfaat" title="Tendong Lho Rumfaat">Tendong Lho Rumfaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghe_Sankranti" title="Maghe Sankranti">Maghe Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chotrul_Duchen" title="Chotrul Duchen">Chotrul Duchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Refugee_Self_Help_Centre" title="Tibetan Refugee Self Help Centre">Tibetan Refugee Self Help Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghum_Monastery" title="Ghum Monastery">Ghum Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutia_Busty_Monastery" title="Bhutia Busty Monastery">Bhutia Busty Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mag-Dhog_Yolmowa_Monastery" title="Mag-Dhog Yolmowa Monastery">Mag-Dhog Yolmowa Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Pagoda,_Darjeeling" title="Peace Pagoda, Darjeeling">Peace Pagoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakal_Temple,_Darjeeling" title="Mahakal Temple, Darjeeling">Mahakal Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chowrasta_(Darjeeling)" title="Chowrasta (Darjeeling)">Chowrasta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_development_blocks_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Community development blocks in India">Community development<br />blocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Sadar_subdivision" title="Darjeeling Sadar subdivision">Darjeeling Sadar subdivision</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_Pulbazar_(community_development_block)" title="Darjeeling Pulbazar (community development block)">Darjeeling Pulbazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorebunglow_Sukhiapokhri_(community_development_block)" title="Jorebunglow Sukhiapokhri (community development block)">Jorebunglow Sukhiapokhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangli_Rangliot_(community_development_block)" title="Rangli Rangliot (community development block)">Rangli Rangliot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kurseong_subdivision" title="Kurseong subdivision">Kurseong subdivision</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirik_(community_development_block)" title="Mirik (community development block)">Mirik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurseong_(community_development_block)" title="Kurseong (community development block)">Kurseong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Siliguri_subdivision" title="Siliguri subdivision">Siliguri subdivision</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matigara_(community_development_block)" title="Matigara (community development block)">Matigara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalbari_(community_development_block)" title="Naxalbari (community development block)">Naxalbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phansidewa" title="Phansidewa">Phansidewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharibari_(community_development_block)" title="Kharibari (community development block)">Kharibari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vidhan Sabha constituencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalimpong_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalimpong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)">Kalimpong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darjeeling_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Darjeeling (Vidhan Sabha constituency)">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurseong_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurseong (Vidhan Sabha constituency)">Kurseong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matigara-Naxalbari" class="mw-redirect" title="Matigara-Naxalbari">Matigara-Naxalbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliguri_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siliguri (Vidhan Sabha constituency)">Siliguri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phansidewa_(Vidhan_Sabha_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phansidewa (Vidhan Sabha constituency)">Phansidewa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Template</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Darjeeling_District" title="Template:Darjeeling District">Cities and towns in Darjeeling district</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Darjeeling" title="Category:Darjeeling">Darjeeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_and_towns_in_Darjeeling_district" title="Category:Cities and towns in Darjeeling district">Cities and towns in Darjeeling district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Himalayas" title="Category:Himalayas">Himalayas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hill_stations_in_India" title="Category:Hill stations in India">Hill stations in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Darjeeling_district" title="Category:People from Darjeeling district">People from Darjeeling district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Villages_in_Darjeeling_district" title="Category:Villages in Darjeeling district">Villages in Darjeeling district</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;link=Emblem_of_Sikkim_State_of_Sikkim402" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sikkim" title="Template:Sikkim"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sikkim" title="Template talk:Sikkim"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sikkim" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sikkim"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;link=Emblem_of_Sikkim_State_of_Sikkim402" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Sikkim" title="Emblem of Sikkim"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_the_Government_of_Sikkim.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_Government_of_Sikkim.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_the_Government_of_Sikkim.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_Government_of_Sikkim.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_the_Government_of_Sikkim.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Government_of_Sikkim.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3189" data-file-height="2126" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Gangtok" title="Gangtok">Gangtok</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_symbols" title="List of Indian state symbols">State symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flags" title="List of Indian state flags">Flag</a>: <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Sikkim" title="Flag of Sikkim">Flag of Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_emblems" title="List of Indian state emblems">Emblem</a>: <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Sikkim" title="Emblem of Sikkim">Emblem of Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_animals" title="List of Indian state animals">Animal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Red_panda" title="Red panda">Red panda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_birds" title="List of Indian state birds">Bird</a>: <a href="/wiki/Blood_pheasant" title="Blood pheasant">Blood pheasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_flowers" title="List of Indian state flowers">Flower</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dendrobium_nobile" title="Dendrobium nobile">Noble dendrobium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_state_trees" title="List of Indian state trees">Tree</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rhododendron_niveum" title="Rhododendron niveum">Rhododendron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikkim" title="Category:Sikkim">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chogyal" title="Chogyal">Chogyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_the_Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="List of heads of government of the Kingdom of Sikkim">Heads of government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_officers_in_the_Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="List of political officers in the Kingdom of Sikkim">Political officers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_(Sikkim)" title="State Council (Sikkim)">State Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim#Geography" title="Sikkim">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangchenjunga" title="Kangchenjunga">Highest point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_Bhutia_language" title="Sikkimese Bhutia language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sikkim" title="Music of Sikkim">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim#Government_and_politics" title="Sikkim">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_people" title="Sikkimese people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_cuisine" title="Sikkimese cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_Day" title="Sikkim Day">State Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Administration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sikkim" title="Government of Sikkim">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_Legislative_Assembly" title="Sikkim Legislative Assembly">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chief_ministers_of_Sikkim" title="List of chief ministers of Sikkim">Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Sikkim" title="List of governors of Sikkim">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_High_Court" title="Sikkim High Court">High Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_Police" title="Sikkim Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Sikkim" title="Emblem of Sikkim">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_State_Human_Rights_Commission" title="Sikkim State Human Rights Commission">Human Rights Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_Sikkim" title="Political parties in Sikkim">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Sikkim" title="List of districts of Sikkim">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gangtok_district" title="Gangtok district">Gangtok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyalshing_district" title="Gyalshing district">Gyalshing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangan_district" title="Mangan district">Mangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakyong_district" title="Pakyong district">Pakyong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namchi_district" title="Namchi district">Namchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soreng_district" title="Soreng district">Soreng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gangtok" title="Gangtok">Gangtok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singtam" title="Singtam">Singtam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpo" title="Rangpo">Rangpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namchi" title="Namchi">Namchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorethang" title="Jorethang">Jorethang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyalshing" title="Gyalshing">Geyzing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangan,_India" title="Mangan, India">Mangan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaldhaka_River" title="Jaldhaka River">Jaldhaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachen_River" title="Lachen River">Lachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachung_River" title="Lachung River">Lachung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhonak_River" title="Lhonak River">Lhonak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangeet_River" title="Rangeet River">Rangeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpo_Chu" title="Rangpo Chu">Rangpo Chu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpo_River" title="Rangpo River">Rangpo River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranikhola" title="Ranikhola">Ranikhola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratey_Chu" title="Ratey Chu">Ratey Chu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roro_Chu" title="Roro Chu">Roro Chu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teesta_River" title="Teesta River">Teesta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurudongmar_Lake" title="Gurudongmar Lake">Gurudongmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khecheopalri_Lake" title="Khecheopalri Lake">Khecheopalri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Menmecho" title="Lake Menmecho">Menmecho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tso_Lhamo_Lake" title="Tso Lhamo Lake">Tso Lhamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tsomgo" title="Lake Tsomgo">Tsomgo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Glaciers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lonak_Glacier" title="Lonak Glacier">Lonak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rathong_Glacier" title="Rathong Glacier">Rathong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemu_Glacier" title="Zemu Glacier">Zemu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jorethang" title="Jorethang">Jorethang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singtam" title="Singtam">Singtam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpo" title="Rangpo">Rangpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Tadong" title="Upper Tadong">Upper Tadong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sikkim&oldid=1281379938">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Sikkim&oldid=1281379938</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Sikkim" title="Category:History of Sikkim">History of Sikkim</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_princely_states" 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