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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ancient Israel and Near East</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ancient_Israel_and_Near_East-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ancient Israel and Near East subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Israel_and_Near_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hittite_suzerainty_treaty_form" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hittite_suzerainty_treaty_form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Hittite suzerainty treaty form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hittite_suzerainty_treaty_form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-India-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle India subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-British_paramountcy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_paramountcy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>British paramountcy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_paramountcy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikkim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikkim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Sikkim</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikkim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lakshadweep_(Laccadives)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lakshadweep_(Laccadives)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Lakshadweep (Laccadives)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lakshadweep_(Laccadives)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_African_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_African_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>South African Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_African_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-German_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>German Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Second World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_suzerainties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_suzerainties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Historical suzerainties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_suzerainties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical suzerainties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_suzerainties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Ottoman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Duchy_of_Prussia_/_Kingdom_of_Prussia_/_North_German_Confederation_/_German_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Duchy_of_Prussia_/_Kingdom_of_Prussia_/_North_German_Confederation_/_German_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Duchy of Prussia / Kingdom of Prussia / North German Confederation / German Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Duchy_of_Prussia_/_Kingdom_of_Prussia_/_North_German_Confederation_/_German_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qing_dynasty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qing_dynasty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Qing dynasty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qing_dynasty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Empire_of_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Empire_of_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Empire of Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Empire_of_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>In Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>In Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suzerainties_in_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suzerainties_in_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Suzerainties in fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suzerainties_in_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Inline_citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inline_citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Inline citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inline_citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Sources cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Suzerainty</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susereiniteit" title="Susereiniteit – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Susereiniteit" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzer%C3%A4nit%C3%A4t" title="Suzeränität – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Suzeränität" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A9)" title="ولاية (هيمنة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ولاية (هيمنة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Сюзерэн – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сюзерэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Сюзерен – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сюзерен" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sizerenstvo" title="Sizerenstvo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sizerenstvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzerania" title="Suzerania – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Suzerania" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzerenita" title="Suzerenita – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Suzerenita" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzer%C3%A6nitet" title="Suzerænitet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Suzerænitet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzer%C3%A4nit%C3%A4t" title="Suzeränität – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Suzeränität" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCser%C3%A4%C3%A4nsus" title="Süseräänsus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Süseräänsus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzeran%C3%ADa" title="Suzeranía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Suzeranía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="خراج‌گزاری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خراج‌گزاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzerainet%C3%A9" title="Suzeraineté – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Suzeraineté" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzeran%C3%ADa" title="Suzeranía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Suzeranía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A2%85%EC%A3%BC%EA%B6%8C" title="종주권 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="종주권" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Սյուզերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սյուզերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sizerenstvo" title="Sizerenstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sizerenstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzerenitas" title="Suzerenitas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suzerenitas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzerain" title="Suzerain – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Suzerain" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="סוזרניות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סוזרניות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superioritas" title="Superioritas – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Superioritas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzeranit%C3%A0" title="Suzeranità – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Suzeranità" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Сизеренство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сизеренство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A7%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="അധീശാധികാരം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അധീശാധികാരം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5" title="सार्वभौमत्व – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सार्वभौमत्व" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%87" title="ولايه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ولايه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pertuanan" title="Pertuanan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pertuanan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzereiniteit" title="Suzereiniteit – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Suzereiniteit" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E4%B8%BB%E5%9B%BD" title="宗主国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="宗主国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzerenitet" title="Suzerenitet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Suzerenitet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzeiranetat" title="Suzeiranetat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Suzeiranetat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzeren" title="Suzeren – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Suzeren" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suserania" title="Suserania – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Suserania" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzeranitate" title="Suzeranitate – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Suzeranitate" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Сюзерен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сюзерен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Suzerainty" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzerenstvo" title="Suzerenstvo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Suzerenstvo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Сизеренство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сизеренство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sizerenstvo" title="Sizerenstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sizerenstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzer%C3%A4nitet" title="Suzeränitet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Suzeränitet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCzerenlik" title="Süzerenlik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Süzerenlik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Сюзеренітет – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сюзеренітет" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovrin_(tite_del_M%C3%AEtrinne_%C3%85dje)" title="Sovrin (tite del Mîtrinne Ådje) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Sovrin (tite del Mîtrinne Ådje)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E4%B8%BB%E6%9D%83" title="宗主权 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" 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state</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Suzerain" redirects here. For the video game, see <a href="/wiki/Suzerain_(video_game)" title="Suzerain (video game)">Suzerain (video game)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Sovereigntism" title="Sovereigntism">Sovereigntism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a>.</div> <p><b>Suzerainty</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span>-<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>) includes the rights and obligations of a person, state, or other <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polity</a> which controls the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign policy</a> and relations of a <a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">tributary state</a> but allows the tributary state internal <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where the subordinate party is called a <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal state</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">tributary state</a>, the dominant party is called a <b>suzerain</b>. The rights and obligations of a <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassal</a> are called vassalage, and the rights and obligations of a suzerain are called <b>suzerainty</b>. </p><p>Suzerainty differs from <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> in that the dominant power allows tributary states to be technically independent but enjoy only limited self-rule. Although the situation has existed in a number of historical empires, it is considered difficult to reconcile with 20th- or 21st-century concepts of <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>, in which sovereignty is a binary concept, which either exists or does not. While a sovereign state can agree by treaty to become a <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> of a stronger power, modern international law does not recognise any way of making this relationship compulsory on the weaker power. Suzerainty is a practical, <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> situation, rather than a legal, <i><a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a></i> one. </p><p>Current examples include <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. India is responsible for military training, arms supplies, and the air defense of <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tribute_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tribute-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Imperial_China">Imperial China</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suzerainty&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Imperial China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tributary_system_of_China" title="Tributary system of China">Tributary system of China</a>; <a href="/wiki/List_of_tributary_states_of_China" title="List of tributary states of China">List of tributary states of China</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Emperor_at_home,_king_abroad" title="Emperor at home, king abroad">Emperor at home, king abroad</a></div> <p>The tributary system of China or <i>Cefeng</i> system was a network of loose international relations focused on China which facilitated trade and foreign relations by acknowledging China's predominant role in East Asia. It involved multiple relationships of trade, military force, diplomacy and ritual. The other states had to send a tributary envoy to China on schedule, who would <a href="/wiki/Kowtow" title="Kowtow">kowtow</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Chinese emperor</a> as a form of tribute, and acknowledge his superiority and precedence. The other countries followed China's formal ritual in order to keep the peace with the more powerful neighbor and be eligible for diplomatic or military help under certain conditions. Political actors within the tributary system were largely autonomous and in almost all cases virtually independent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChu1994177_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChu1994177-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "tribute system" as applied to China is a Western invention. There was no equivalent term in the Chinese lexicon to describe what would be considered the "tribute system" today, nor was it envisioned as an institution or system. John King Fairbank and <a href="/wiki/Teng_Ssu-yu" class="mw-redirect" title="Teng Ssu-yu">Teng Ssu-yu</a> created the "tribute system" theory in a series of articles in the early 1940s to describe "a set of ideas and practices developed and perpetuated by the rulers of China over many centuries." The Fairbank model presents the tribute system as an extension of the hierarchic and nonegalitarian Confucian social order. The more Confucian the actors, the more likely they were to participate in the tributary system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee201728–29_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee201728–29-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In practice the behaviours which were collectively seen as a tributary system, involving tribute and gift exchange in return for symbolic subordination, were only formalized during the early years of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee201712_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee201712-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tributary members were virtually autonomous and carried out their own agendas despite paying tribute; this was the case with Japan, Korea, Ryukyu, and Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee201715-16_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee201715-16-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese influence on tributary states was almost always non-interventionist in nature and tributary states "normally could expect no military assistance from Chinese armies should they be invaded".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmits199935_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmits199935-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Klundert2013176_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klundert2013176-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Chinese tributary system was upended in the 19th and 20th centuries as a result of Western and Japanese <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a>. Japan took <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands" title="Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">France</a> took Vietnam, and Britain took <a href="/wiki/Upper_Myanmar" title="Upper Myanmar">Upper Burma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since colonial times, Britain had regarded <a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Tibet</a> as being under Chinese suzerainty, but in 2008 the British Foreign Secretary <a href="/wiki/David_Miliband" title="David Miliband">David Miliband</a> called that word an "anachronism" in a statement, and recognized Tibet as part of China.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancient_Israel_and_Near_East">Ancient Israel and Near East</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suzerainty&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ancient Israel and Near East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Suzerainty treaties and similar covenants and agreements between Middle Eastern states were quite prevalent during the pre-monarchic and <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a> periods in <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> had been suzerains to the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> and other tribal kingdoms of the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> from 1200 to 600 BC. The structure of Jewish covenant law was similar to the Hittite form of suzerain.<sup id="cite_ref-Michael_D._Coogan_2009_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michael_D._Coogan_2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each treaty would typically begin with an "Identification" of the Suzerain, followed by an historical prologue cataloguing the relationship between the two groups "with emphasis on the benevolent actions of the suzerain towards the vassal".<sup id="cite_ref-Michael_D._Coogan_2009_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michael_D._Coogan_2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the historical prologue came the stipulation. This included tributes, obligations and other forms of subordination that would be imposed on the Israelites.<sup id="cite_ref-Michael_D._Coogan_2009_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michael_D._Coogan_2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Hittite form, after the stipulations were offered to the vassal, it was necessary to include a request to have copies of the treaty that would be read throughout the kingdom periodically.<sup id="cite_ref-Michael_D._Coogan_2009_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michael_D._Coogan_2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty would have divine and earthly witnesses purporting the treaty's validity, trustworthiness, and efficacy. This also tied into the blessings that would come from following the treaty and the curses from breaching it. For disobedience, curses would be given to those who had not remained steadfast in carrying out the stipulations of the treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hittite_suzerainty_treaty_form">Hittite suzerainty treaty form</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suzerainty&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hittite suzerainty treaty form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below is a form of a Hittite suzerainty treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-Michael_D._Coogan_2009_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michael_D._Coogan_2009-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preamble" title="Preamble">Preamble</a>: Identifies the parties involved in the treaty, the author, the title of the sovereign party, and usually his genealogy. It usually emphasises the greatness of the king or dominant party.<sup id="cite_ref-Mendenhall,_G._1954_pp._49_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendenhall,_G._1954_pp._49-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prologue" title="Prologue">Prologue</a>: Lists the deeds already performed by the Suzerain on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassal</a>. This section would outline the previous relationship the two groups had up until that point with historical detail and facts that are very beneficial to scholars today, such as scholar George Mendenhall who focuses on this type of covenant as it pertained to the Israelite traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Mendenhall,_G._1954_pp._49_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendenhall,_G._1954_pp._49-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The suzerain would document previous events in which they did a favor that benefitted the vassal. The purpose of this would show that the more powerful group was merciful and giving, therefore, the vassal should obey the stipulations that are presented in the treaty. It discusses the relationship between them as a personal relationship instead of a solely political one. Most importantly in this section, the vassal is agreeing to future obedience for the benefits that he received in the past without deserving them.</li> <li>Stipulations: Terms to be upheld by the vassal for the life of the treaty; defines how the vassal is obligated and gives more of the legalities associated with the covenant.</li> <li>Provision for annual public reading: A copy of the treaty was to be read aloud annually in the vassal state for the purpose of renewal and to inform the public of the expectations involved and increase respect for the sovereign party, usually the king.<sup id="cite_ref-Mendenhall,_G._1954_pp._49_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mendenhall,_G._1954_pp._49-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Divine witness to the treaty: These usually include the deities of both the Suzerain and the vassal, but put special emphasis on the deities of the vassal.</li> <li>Blessings if the stipulations of the treaty were upheld and curses if the stipulations were not upheld. These blessings and curses were generally seen to come from the gods instead of punishment by the dominant party for example.</li> <li>Sacrificial meal: Both parties would share a meal to show their participation in the treaty.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="India">India</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suzerainty&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_paramountcy">British paramountcy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suzerainty&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: British paramountcy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">Princely state</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British East India Company</a> conquered <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal</a> in 1757, and gradually extended its <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">control over the whole of India</a>. It annexed many of the erstwhile Indian kingdoms ("states", in British terminology) but entered into alliances with others. Some states were created by the East India Company itself through the grant of <i><a href="/wiki/Jagir" title="Jagir">jagirs</a></i> to influential allies. The states varied enormously in size and influence, with <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Hyderabad</a> at the upper end with 16.5 million people and an annual revenue of 100 million rupees and states like Babri at the lower end with a population of 27 people and annual revenue of 80 rupees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta1958145–146_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta1958145–146-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The principle of paramountcy was explicitly stated in a letter by <a href="/wiki/Rufus_Isaacs,_1st_Marquess_of_Reading" title="Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading">Lord Reading</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Nizam_of_Hyderabad" title="Nizam of Hyderabad">Nizam of Hyderabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mir_Osman_Ali_Khan" title="Mir Osman Ali Khan">Mir Osman Ali Khan</a>, in 1926, "The sovereignty of the British Crown is supreme in India and therefore no ruler of an Indian State can justifiably claim to negotiate with the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British Government</a> on an equal footing." This meant that the Indian states were <a href="/wiki/Crown_dependencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown dependencies">crown dependencies</a> or <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorates</a> of the British Indian government. They could not make war or have any direct dealings with foreign states. Neither did they enjoy full internal autonomy. The British government could and did interfere in their internal affairs if the imperial interests were involved or if it proved necessary in the interest of so-stated "good governance". In some cases, the British government also deposed these Indian princes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta1958148_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta1958148-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to historians <a href="/wiki/Sugata_Bose" title="Sugata Bose">Sugata Bose</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ayesha_Jalal" title="Ayesha Jalal">Ayesha Jalal</a> the system of paramountcy was a system of limited sovereignty only in appearance. In reality, it was a system of recruitment of a reliable base of support for the imperial state. The support of the Imperial State obviated the need for the rulers to seek legitimacy through patronage and dialogue with their populations. Through their direct as well as indirect rule through the princes, the colonial state turned the population of India into 'subjects' rather than citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoseJalal200483_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoseJalal200483-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Government of India Act 1935</a> envisaged that India would be a federation of autonomous provinces balanced by Indian princely states. This plan never came to fruition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinArnold2010306_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinArnold2010306-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The political conditions were oppressive in several princely states giving rise to political movements. Under pressure from <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> resolved not to interfere directly but called on the princes to increase civil liberties and reduce their own privileges.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinArnold2010336–337_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinArnold2010336–337-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the impending <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">independence of India</a> in 1947, the Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Louis_Mountbatten,_1st_Earl_Mountbatten_of_Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma">Lord Mountbatten</a> announced that the British paramountcy over Indian states would come to an end. The states were advised to accede to one of the new dominions, <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. An <a href="/wiki/Instrument_of_Accession" title="Instrument of Accession">Instrument of Accession</a> was devised for this purpose. The <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Congress</a> leaders agreed to the plan on the condition that Mountbatten ensure that the majority of the states within the Indian territory accede to India. Under pressure from the governor-general, all the Indian states acceded to India save two, <a href="/wiki/Junagadh_State" title="Junagadh State">Junagadh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Hyderabad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinArnold2010357–358_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinArnold2010357–358-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMenon1956_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMenon1956-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikkim">Sikkim</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suzerainty&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sikkim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">independence of India</a> in 1947, a treaty signed between the <a href="/wiki/Chogyal" title="Chogyal">Chogyal of Sikkim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palden_Thondup_Namgyal" title="Palden Thondup Namgyal">Palden Thondup Namgyal</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_India" title="Prime Minister of India">Prime Minister of India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> gave <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> suzerainty over <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Kingdom of Sikkim</a> in exchange for it retaining its independence. This continued until 1975, when the <a href="/wiki/1975_Sikkimese_monarchy_referendum" title="1975 Sikkimese monarchy referendum">Sikkimese monarchy was abolished</a> in favour of a merger into India. <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a> is now one of the <a href="/wiki/States_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="States of India">states of India</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lakshadweep_(Laccadives)"><span id="Lakshadweep_.28Laccadives.29"></span>Lakshadweep (<a href="/wiki/Laccadives" class="mw-redirect" title="Laccadives">Laccadives</a>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suzerainty&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lakshadweep (Laccadives)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Located in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep">Lakshadweep</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">Union territory</a> of India off the coast of the southwestern state of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Aminidivi" title="Aminidivi">Aminidivi group of islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amini,_India" title="Amini, India">Amini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kadmat_Island" title="Kadmat Island">Kadmat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiltan" title="Kiltan">Kiltan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chetlat_Island" title="Chetlat Island">Chetlat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bitra" title="Bitra">Bitra</a>) came under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Tipu_Sultan" title="Tipu Sultan">Tipu Sultan</a> in 1787. They passed on to British control after the <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Third Anglo-Mysore War">Third Anglo-Mysore War</a> and were attached to the <a href="/wiki/South_Canara" title="South Canara">South Canara</a> district. The rest of the islands became a suzerainty of the <a href="/wiki/Arakkal_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Arakkal Kingdom">Arakkal Kingdom</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kannur" title="Kannur">Cannanore</a> in return for a payment of annual tribute.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After a while, the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British</a> took over the administration of those islands for non-payment of arrears. These islands were attached to the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Malabar district">Malabar district</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a>. In 1956, the <a href="/wiki/States_Reorganisation_Act,_1956" title="States Reorganisation Act, 1956">States Reorganisation Act</a> separated these islands from the mainland administrative units, forming a new union territory by combining all the islands.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suzerainty&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Princely_states_of_Pakistan" title="Princely states of Pakistan">Princely states of Pakistan</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">princely states</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> which acceded to <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> maintained their sovereignty with the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Pakistan" title="Government of Pakistan">Government of Pakistan</a> acting as the suzerain until 1956 for <a href="/wiki/Bahawalpur_(princely_state)" title="Bahawalpur (princely state)">Bahawalpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khairpur_(princely_state)" title="Khairpur (princely state)">Khairpur</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Balochistan_States_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Balochistan States Union">Balochistan States</a>, 1969 for <a href="/wiki/Chitral_(princely_state)" title="Chitral (princely state)">Chitral</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North-West_Frontier_States_Agency" title="North-West Frontier States Agency">Frontier States</a>, and 1974 for <a href="/wiki/Hunza_(princely_state)" title="Hunza (princely state)">Hunza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nagar_(princely_state)" title="Nagar (princely state)">Nagar</a>. All these territories have since been merged into Pakistan. These states were subject to the 'paramountcy' of the British Crown. The term was never precisely defined but it meant that the Indian states were subject to the suzerainty of the <a href="/wiki/British_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="British Crown">British Crown</a> exercised through the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of India">Viceroy of India</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="South_African_Republic">South African Republic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suzerainty&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: South African Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/First_Boer_War" title="First Boer War">First Boer War</a> (1880–81), the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Republic" title="South African Republic">South African Republic</a> was granted its independence, albeit under British suzerainty. During the <a href="/wiki/Second_Boer_War" title="Second Boer War">Second Boer War</a> (1899–1902), the South African Republic was annexed as the <a href="/wiki/Transvaal_Colony" title="Transvaal Colony">Transvaal Colony</a>, which existed until 1910, when it became the Province of Transvaal in the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="German_Empire">German Empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suzerainty&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: German Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk#Territorial_cessions_in_eastern_Europe" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> (1918), the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> received a very short-lived suzerainty over the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic countries</a> of <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>. New monarchies were created in Lithuania and the <a href="/wiki/United_Baltic_Duchy" title="United Baltic Duchy">United Baltic Duchy</a> (which comprised the modern countries of Latvia and Estonia). The German aristocrats <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Karl,_Duke_of_Urach" title="Wilhelm Karl, Duke of Urach">Wilhelm Karl, Duke of Urach</a> (in Lithuania), and <a href="/wiki/Duke_Adolf_Friedrich_of_Mecklenburg" title="Duke Adolf Friedrich of Mecklenburg">Adolf Friedrich, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a> (in the United Baltic Duchy), were appointed as rulers. This plan was detailed by German Colonel General <a href="/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff">Erich Ludendorff</a>, who wrote, "German prestige demands that we should hold a strong protecting hand, not only over German citizens, but over all Germans."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suzerainty&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite being occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>, several Western and Asian countries were allowed to exercise self-rule. Several states were created in order to facilitate their occupation, including <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a> in Croatia and the <a href="/wiki/Lokot_Autonomy" title="Lokot Autonomy">Lokot Autonomy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Russia" title="Central Russia">Central Russia</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Can anyone provide any evidence that the term "suzerainty" was actually used to refer to these territories? In other words, even if they fulfilled all of the conditions of the definition of the term, were they actually referred to by the term? (September 2017)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_suzerainties">Historical suzerainties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suzerainty&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Historical suzerainties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Suzerainty" title="Special:EditPage/Suzerainty">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_Empire"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suzerainty&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ottoman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vassal_and_tributary_states_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire">Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia">Principality of Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Samos" title="Principality of Samos">Principality of Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_State" title="Cretan State">Cretan State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septinsular_Republic" title="Septinsular Republic">Septinsular Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Bulgaria" title="Principality of Bulgaria">Principality of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Moldavia">Principality of Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Republic of Ragusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Romania">Principality of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Despotate" title="Serbian Despotate">Serbian Despotate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Principality of Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Upper_Hungary" title="Principality of Upper Hungary">Principality of Upper Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Wallachia">Principality of Wallachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Khedivate of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilayet_of_Tripolitania" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilayet of Tripolitania">Vilayet of Tripolitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyalet_of_Tunis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyalet of Tunis">Eyalet of Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers" title="Regency of Algiers">Regency of Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Emirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Lebanon Emirate">Emirate of Mount Lebanon</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duchy_of_Prussia_/_Kingdom_of_Prussia_/_North_German_Confederation_/_German_Empire"><span id="Duchy_of_Prussia_.2F_Kingdom_of_Prussia_.2F_North_German_Confederation_.2F_German_Empire"></span><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Kingdom of Prussia</a> / <a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a> / <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suzerainty&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Duchy of Prussia / Kingdom of Prussia / North German Confederation / German Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Electorate of Brandenburg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brandenburg-Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Brandenburg-Prussia">Brandenburg-Prussia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel#History" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Principality of Neuchâtel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stolberg-Wernigerode" title="Stolberg-Wernigerode">County of Stolberg-Wernigerode</a> <ul><li>County of Stolberg-Schwarza (after 1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_of_Gedern#Stolberg-Gedern" title="Lordship of Gedern">County of Stolberg-Gedern</a> (after 1804)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Posen" title="Grand Duchy of Posen">Grand Duchy of Posen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Lauenburg" title="Saxe-Lauenburg">Duchy of Saxe-Lauenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden" title="Grand Duchy of Baden">Grand Duchy of Baden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Kingdom of Bavaria</a> (Franco-Prussian War)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Kingdom of Württemberg</a> (Franco-Prussian War)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse">Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine</a> (Franco-Prussian War)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Finland_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Finland (1918)">Kingdom of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia_(1918)" title="Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1918)">Duchy of Courland and Semigallia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Baltic_Duchy" title="United Baltic Duchy">United Baltic Duchy</a> <ul><li>Duchy of Courland and Semigallia</li> <li>Duchy of Estonia and Livonia</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)">Kingdom of Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1917%E2%80%931918)" title="Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)">Kingdom of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Democratic_Republic" title="Belarusian Democratic Republic">Belarusian Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Republic" title="Ukrainian People's Republic">Ukrainian People's Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Ukraine%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Ukraine–Central Powers)">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_State" title="Ukrainian State">Ukrainian State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Regional_Government" title="Crimean Regional Government">Crimean Regional Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Republic" title="Don Republic">Don Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuban_People%27s_Republic" title="Kuban People's Republic">Kuban People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountainous_Republic_of_the_Northern_Caucasus" title="Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus">Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Democratic_Federative_Republic" title="Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic">Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Lossow" title="Otto von Lossow">Otto von Lossow</a> mission)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Georgia" title="Democratic Republic of Georgia">Democratic Republic of Georgia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Poti" title="Treaty of Poti">Treaty of Poti</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qing_dynasty"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suzerainty&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Qing dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Empire_of_Japan"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suzerainty&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Empire of Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom" title="Ryukyu Kingdom">Ryukyu Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Europe">In <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suzerainty&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a> control, as <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Emperor</a>, over <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> (1719–1918), previously <a href="/wiki/Schellenberg" title="Schellenberg">Schellenberg</a> (1499–1719) and <a href="/wiki/Vaduz" title="Vaduz">County of Vaduz</a> (1322–1719)</li> <li>Ireland, under the control of the <a href="/wiki/High_King_of_Ireland" title="High King of Ireland">High King of Ireland</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Piombino" title="Principality of Piombino">Piombino</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Indonesia">In <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suzerainty&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: In Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Larantuka" title="Kingdom of Larantuka">Kingdom of Larantuka</a></li></ul> <p><big><b>In <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></b></big> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State" title="Orange Free State">Orange Free State</a>, under British control (1854–1902).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Suzerainties_in_fiction">Suzerainties in fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suzerainty&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Suzerainties in fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In J.R.R. Tolkien's <i>The Return of the King</i>, the Mouth of Sauron proposes terms of surrender that would effectively give Mordor suzerainty over Gondor and Rohan: "The rabble of Gondor and its deluded allies shall withdraw at once beyond the Anduin, first taking oaths never again to assail Sauron the Great in arms, open or secret. ... West of the Anduin as far as the Misty Mountains and the Gap of Rohan shall be tributary to Mordor, and men there shall bear no weapons, but shall have leave to govern their own affairs."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Season 7 of <i>Supernatural</i>, Castiel briefly attains god-like powers and takes direct control of Heaven.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then meets with the King of Hell, Crowley, to propose an arrangement in which Crowley maintains control over Hell's internal affairs but pledges allegiance to Castiel. He also requires Crowley to give him control over the distribution of souls between Heaven and Hell, as souls are a source of supernatural power that Castiel needs to maintain his dominance. Reasoning that he has no choice, Crowley promptly agrees to this arrangement.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suzerainty&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finlandization" title="Finlandization">Finlandization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala_(Southeast_Asian_history)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandala (Southeast Asian history)">Mandala (Southeast Asian history)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overking" class="mw-redirect" title="Overking">Overking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">Puppet state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">Satellite state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">Satrap</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sadae" title="Sadae">Sadae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Administrative_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Administrative Region">Special Administrative Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">Tributary state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tributary_system_of_China" title="Tributary system of China">Tributary system of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westphalian_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian sovereignty">Westphalian sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suzerainty&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inline_citations">Inline citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suzerainty&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Inline citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/suzerain">"Suzerain"</a>. <i>Merriam Webster</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090422182823/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/suzerain">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-04-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam+Webster&rft.atitle=Suzerain&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fsuzerain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuzerainty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZhu2020" class="citation journal cs1">Zhu, Yuan Yi (2020). "Suzerainty, Semi-Sovereignty, and International Legal Hierarchies on China's Borderlands". <i><a href="/wiki/Asian_Journal_of_International_Law" title="Asian Journal of International Law">Asian Journal of International Law</a></i>. <b>10</b> (2). Cambridge University Press: <span class="nowrap">293–</span>320. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS204425132000020X">10.1017/S204425132000020X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:225302411">225302411</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Suzerainty%2C+Semi-Sovereignty%2C+and+International+Legal+Hierarchies+on+China%27s+Borderlands&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E293-%3C%2Fspan%3E320&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS204425132000020X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A225302411%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zhu&rft.aufirst=Yuan+Yi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuzerainty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWarikoo2009" class="citation book cs1">Warikoo, K (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MSrLXTgPFFgC"><i>Himalayan Frontiers of India: Historical, Geo-political and Strategic Perspectives</i></a>. Routledge contemporary South Asia series. Vol. 13. <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a> US. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-46839-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-46839-8"><bdi>978-0-415-46839-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Himalayan+Frontiers+of+India%3A+Historical%2C+Geo-political+and+Strategic+Perspectives&rft.series=Routledge+contemporary+South+Asia+series&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis+US&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-46839-8&rft.aulast=Warikoo&rft.aufirst=K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMSrLXTgPFFgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuzerainty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070411084728/http://www.carnegieendowment.org/newsletters/SAP/pdf/march07/india_bhutan_treaty.pdf">"Indo-Bhutan Friendship Treaty"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Endowment_for_International_Peace" title="Carnegie Endowment for International Peace">Carnegie Endowment for International Peace</a>. 1949-08-08. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carnegieendowment.org/newsletters/SAP/pdf/march07/india_bhutan_treaty.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on April 11, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-08-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indo-Bhutan+Friendship+Treaty&rft.pub=Carnegie+Endowment+for+International+Peace&rft.date=1949-08-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carnegieendowment.org%2Fnewsletters%2FSAP%2Fpdf%2Fmarch07%2Findia_bhutan_treaty.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuzerainty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDorji2007" class="citation news cs1">Dorji, Kinley (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061105030718/http://www.kuenselonline.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1576">"Eastern Air Command Chief Visits Bhutan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kuensel" title="Kuensel">Kuensel</a> online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kuenselonline.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=1576">the original</a> on 2006-11-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Eastern+Air+Command+Chief+Visits+Bhutan&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Dorji&rft.aufirst=Kinley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kuenselonline.com%2Fmodules.php%3Fname%3DNews%26file%3Darticle%26sid%3D1576&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuzerainty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tribute-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tribute_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610231908/http://www.kuenselonline.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=4394">"A Nation Pays Tribute"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kuensel" title="Kuensel">Kuensel</a> online. 2004-08-15. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kuenselonline.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=4394">the original</a> on 2011-06-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Nation+Pays+Tribute&rft.date=2004-08-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kuenselonline.com%2Fmodules.php%3Fname%3DNews%26file%3Darticle%26sid%3D4394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuzerainty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChu1994177-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChu1994177_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChu1994">Chu 1994</a>, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee201728–29-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee201728–29_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2017">Lee 2017</a>, pp. 28–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee201712-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee201712_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2017">Lee 2017</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELee201715-16-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELee201715-16_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLee2017">Lee 2017</a>, p. 15-16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmits199935-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmits199935_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmits1999">Smits 1999</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Klundert2013176-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Klundert2013176_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFde_Klundert2013">de Klundert 2013</a>, p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoung_Park2009" class="citation book cs1">Young Park (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2SVO2LI1RnkC&pg=PA49"><i>Korea and the Imperialists: In Search of a National Identity</i></a>. AuthorHouse. pp. <span class="nowrap">49–</span>50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781467061407" title="Special:BookSources/9781467061407"><bdi>9781467061407</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea+and+the+Imperialists%3A+In+Search+of+a+National+Identity&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.pub=AuthorHouse&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781467061407&rft.au=Young+Park&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2SVO2LI1RnkC%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuzerainty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_D._E._Philip1994" class="citation book cs1">George D. E. Philip (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vWOQAAAAMAAJ&pg=PR18"><i>British documents on foreign affairs—reports and papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: From the mid-nineteenth century to the First World War</i></a>. Great Britain. Foreign Office. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780890936061" title="Special:BookSources/9780890936061"><bdi>9780890936061</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+documents+on+foreign+affairs%E2%80%94reports+and+papers+from+the+Foreign+Office+Confidential+Print%3A+From+the+mid-nineteenth+century+to+the+First+World+War.&rft.pub=Great+Britain.+Foreign+Office&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780890936061&rft.au=George+D.+E.+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvWOQAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPR18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuzerainty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpencer2008" class="citation news cs1">Spencer, Richard (2008-11-05). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/tibet/3385803/UK-recognises-Chinas-direct-rule-over-Tibet.html">"UK recognises China's direct rule over Tibet"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/tibet/3385803/UK-recognises-Chinas-direct-rule-over-Tibet.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=UK+recognises+China%27s+direct+rule+over+Tibet&rft.date=2008-11-05&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fasia%2Ftibet%2F3385803%2FUK-recognises-Chinas-direct-rule-over-Tibet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuzerainty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michael_D._Coogan_2009-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Michael_D._Coogan_2009_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michael_D._Coogan_2009_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michael_D._Coogan_2009_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michael_D._Coogan_2009_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michael_D._Coogan_2009_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoogan2009" class="citation book cs1">Coogan, Michael D. (2009). <i>A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-983011-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-983011-4"><bdi>978-0-19-983011-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Introduction+to+the+Old+Testament&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-983011-4&rft.aulast=Coogan&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuzerainty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoogan2009" class="citation book cs1">Coogan, Michael D. (2009). <i>A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-983011-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-983011-4"><bdi>978-0-19-983011-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+Introduction+to+the+Old+Testament&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-983011-4&rft.aulast=Coogan&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuzerainty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHindsonYates2012" class="citation book cs1">Hindson, Ed; Yates, Gary, eds. (2012). <i>The Essence of the Old Testament: A Survey</i>. Nashville: B & H Publishing Group. p. 113.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essence+of+the+Old+Testament%3A+A+Survey&rft.place=Nashville&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=B+%26+H+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuzerainty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mendenhall,_G._1954_pp._49-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mendenhall,_G._1954_pp._49_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mendenhall,_G._1954_pp._49_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mendenhall,_G._1954_pp._49_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMendenhall1954" class="citation journal cs1">Mendenhall, G. (1954). "Covenant Forms in Israelite Tradition". <i>The Biblical Archaeologist</i>. <b>17</b> (3). The American Schools of Oriental Research: <span class="nowrap">49–</span>76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3209151">10.2307/3209151</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3209151">3209151</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:166165146">166165146</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Biblical+Archaeologist&rft.atitle=Covenant+Forms+in+Israelite+Tradition&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E76&rft.date=1954&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A166165146%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3209151%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3209151&rft.aulast=Mendenhall&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuzerainty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta1958145–146-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta1958145–146_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGupta1958">Gupta 1958</a>, pp. 145–146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta1958148-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta1958148_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGupta1958">Gupta 1958</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoseJalal200483-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoseJalal200483_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoseJalal2004">Bose & Jalal 2004</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinArnold2010306-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinArnold2010306_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteinArnold2010">Stein & Arnold 2010</a>, p. 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinArnold2010336–337-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinArnold2010336–337_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteinArnold2010">Stein & Arnold 2010</a>, pp. 336–337.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinArnold2010357–358-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinArnold2010357–358_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteinArnold2010">Stein & Arnold 2010</a>, pp. 357–358.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMenon1956-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMenon1956_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMenon1956">Menon 1956</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLudendorff1920" class="citation book cs1">Ludendorff, Erich von (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generalstaffitsp02ludeuoft/page/562/mode/2up"><i>The General Staff and its Problems</i></a>. Vol. 2. New York: <a href="/wiki/E._P._Dutton" title="E. P. Dutton">E. P. Dutton</a>. p. 562.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+General+Staff+and+its+Problems&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=562&rft.pub=E.+P.+Dutton&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Ludendorff&rft.aufirst=Erich+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeneralstaffitsp02ludeuoft%2Fpage%2F562%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuzerainty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dickinson, Edwin De Witt, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CYXBSnQVmGkC"><i>The Equality of States in International Law</i></a>, p239</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Return of the King, pages 173-74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=skR5VsP5SHI">"Supernatural - 7x01 - Castiel makes Crowley a deal"</a>. 23 September 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230504212914/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=skR5VsP5SHI">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-05-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-02-08</span></span> – via www.youtube.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Supernatural+-+7x01+-+Castiel+makes+Crowley+a+deal&rft.date=2011-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DskR5VsP5SHI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuzerainty" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources_cited">Sources cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suzerainty&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sources cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoseJalal2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sugata_Bose" title="Sugata Bose">Bose, Sugata</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ayesha_Jalal" title="Ayesha Jalal">Jalal, Ayesha</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PaKdsF8WzbcC"><i>Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy</i></a> (2nd ed.). Psychology Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30787-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30787-1"><bdi>978-0-415-30787-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+South+Asia%3A+History%2C+Culture%2C+Political+Economy&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-30787-1&rft.aulast=Bose&rft.aufirst=Sugata&rft.au=Jalal%2C+Ayesha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPaKdsF8WzbcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuzerainty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChu1994" class="citation cs2">Chu, Samuel C. (1994), <i>Liu Hung-Chang and China's Early Modernization</i>, Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Liu+Hung-Chang+and+China%27s+Early+Modernization&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Chu&rft.aufirst=Samuel+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuzerainty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGarver2001" class="citation book cs1">Garver, John W. (2001). <i>Protracted Contest: Sino-Indian Rivalry in the Twentieth Century</i>. Seattle: University of Washington Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Protracted+Contest%3A+Sino-Indian+Rivalry+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Garver&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuzerainty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGupta1958" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Manik Lal (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N1nGL4qH1ccC&pg=PA146"><i>Constitutional Development of India</i></a>. Atlantic Publishers. pp. 146–. GGKEY:FYQFERQJW2U.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutional+Development+of+India&rft.pages=146-&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Manik+Lal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN1nGL4qH1ccC%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuzerainty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFde_Klundert2013" class="citation cs2">de Klundert, Theo van (2013), <i>Capitalism and Democracy: A Fragile Alliance</i>, Edward Elgar Publishing</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capitalism+and+Democracy%3A+A+Fragile+Alliance&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=de+Klundert&rft.aufirst=Theo+van&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuzerainty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLee2017" class="citation cs2">Lee, Ji-Young (2017), <i>China's Hegemony: Four Hundred Years of East Asian Domination</i>, Columbia University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Hegemony%3A+Four+Hundred+Years+of+East+Asian+Domination&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Ji-Young&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuzerainty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMenon1956" class="citation book cs1">Menon, V.P. (1956). <i>The Story of the Integration of the Indian States</i>. New York: Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+the+Integration+of+the+Indian+States&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Menon&rft.aufirst=V.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuzerainty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmits1999" class="citation cs2">Smits, Gregory (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=37LxVhgIbJkC&q=chinese+tributary+system&pg=PA35"><i>Visions of Ryukyu: identity and ideology in early-modern thought and politics</i></a>, Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-2037-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-2037-1"><bdi>0-8248-2037-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 20,</span> 2011</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visions+of+Ryukyu%3A+identity+and+ideology+in+early-modern+thought+and+politics&rft.place=Honolulu%2C+Hawaii&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8248-2037-1&rft.aulast=Smits&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D37LxVhgIbJkC%26q%3Dchinese%2Btributary%2Bsystem%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASuzerainty" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSteinArnold2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Burton_Stein" title="Burton Stein">Stein, Burton</a>; Arnold, David (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC"><i>A History of India</i></a> (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9509-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-9509-6"><bdi>978-1-4051-9509-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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.navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Types_of_administrative_division" title="Template:Types of administrative division"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Types_of_administrative_division" title="Template talk:Types of administrative division"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Types_of_administrative_division" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Types of administrative division"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Designations_for_types_of_administrative_division519" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Designations for types of <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">administrative division</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="English_terms519" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_terms_for_administrative_divisions" title="List of terms for administrative divisions">English terms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Common_English_terms39" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Common English terms</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insular_area" title="Insular area">Insular area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_area" title="Local government area">Local government area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Areas_Board" title="Special Areas Board">Special area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unincorporated_area" title="Unincorporated area">Unincorporated area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unorganized_area" title="Unorganized area">Unorganized area</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Borough" title="Borough">Borough</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/County_borough" title="County borough">County borough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">Metropolitan borough</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Canton_(administrative_division)" title="Canton (administrative division)">Canton</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Half-canton" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-canton">Half-canton</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_capital" title="Federal capital">Federal capital</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capital_city#Origins" title="Capital city">Imperial capital</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/City" title="City">City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_city" title="Autonomous city">Autonomous city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Charter city">Charter city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_city" title="Independent city">Independent city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporated_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Incorporated city">Incorporated city</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imperial_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial city">Imperial city</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Free imperial city</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Royal_free_city" title="Royal free city">Royal free city</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_(administrative_division)" title="Community (administrative division)">Community</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain" title="Autonomous communities of Spain">Autonomous community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_community" title="Residential community">Residential community</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/County" title="County">County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_county" title="Administrative county">Administrative county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_county" title="Autonomous county">Autonomous county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_city-county" title="Consolidated city-county">Consolidated city-county</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_seat" title="County seat">County seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_town" title="County town">County town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_county" title="Metropolitan county">Metropolitan county</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_county" title="Non-metropolitan county">Non-metropolitan county</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_county_municipality" title="Regional county municipality">Regional county municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viscountcy" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscountcy">Viscounty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas country">Overseas country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Department_(administrative_division)" title="Department (administrative division)">Department</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_department" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas department">Overseas department</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/District" title="District">District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital district">Capital district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_district" title="City district">City district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_district" title="Congressional district">Congressional district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">Electoral district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_government_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian government district">Indian government district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_district" title="Land district">Land district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Manitoba#Local_government_districts" title="List of municipalities in Manitoba">Local government district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan district">Metropolitan district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-metropolitan_district" title="Non-metropolitan district">Non-metropolitan district</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_district" title="Military district">Military district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_district" title="Municipal district">Municipal district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_district" title="Police district">Police district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_district" title="Regional district">Regional district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_district" title="Rural district">Rural district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_district" title="Sanitary district">Sanitary district</a></li> <li>Service district <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Educational_service_district_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Educational service district (disambiguation)">Educational service district</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_service_district_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Local service district (disambiguation)">Local service district</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_district" title="School district">School district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_school_district" title="Intermediate school district">Intermediate school district</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">Special district</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_district_(United_States)" title="Special district (United States)">in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_district" title="Urban district">Urban district</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Division_(political_geography)" title="Division (political geography)">Division</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Census_division" title="Census division">Census division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_division" title="Police division">Police division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_division" class="mw-redirect" title="Revenue division">Subdivision of India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian reserve/reservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">Indian reservation</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">Indian reserve</a> (Canada)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">Municipality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="City municipality">City municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_municipality" title="County municipality">County municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct-controlled_municipality" title="Direct-controlled municipality">Direct-controlled municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_municipality" title="District municipality">District municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral municipality">Neutral municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_municipality" title="Regional municipality">Regional municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resort_municipality" title="Resort municipality">Resort municipality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_resort_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain resort municipality">Mountain resort municipality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_municipality" title="Rural municipality">Rural municipality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialized_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Specialized municipality">Specialized municipality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prefecture" title="Prefecture">Prefecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_prefecture" title="Autonomous prefecture">Autonomous prefecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subprefecture" title="Subprefecture">Subprefecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Super-prefecture">Super-prefecture</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">Praetorian prefecture</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Province" title="Province">Province</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_province" title="Autonomous province">Autonomous province</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Overseas_province" title="Overseas province">Overseas province</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Region" title="Region">Region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Administrative region <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_region" title="Special administrative region">Special administrative region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous region">Autonomous region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_region" title="Capital region">Capital region</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_capital_region" class="mw-redirect" title="National capital region">National capital region</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_region" title="Development region">Development region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoregion_(geography)" title="Mesoregion (geography)">Mesoregion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microregion" title="Microregion">Microregion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas region">Overseas region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subregion_(administrative_division)" title="Subregion (administrative division)">Subregion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-state" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-state">Proto-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal state">Federal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_state_(polity)" title="Free state (polity)">Free state</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">Territory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital territory">Capital territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_capital_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal capital territory">Federal capital territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_capital_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="National capital territory">National capital territory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_territory" title="Federal territory">Federal territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporated_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Incorporated territory">Incorporated territory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organized_incorporated_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Organized incorporated territory">Organized incorporated territory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas territory">Overseas territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_territory" title="Union territory">Union territory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">Town</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Census_town" title="Census town">Census town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_town" title="Market town">Market town</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Township" title="Township">Township</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_township" title="Charter township">Charter township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_township" title="Civil township">Civil township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_township" title="Paper township">Paper township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_township" title="Survey township">Survey township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_township" title="Urban township">Urban township</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional unit">Regional unit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Zone</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Economic zone <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">Exclusive economic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_economic_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Free economic zone">Free economic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zone" title="Special economic zone">Special economic zone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusion_zone" title="Exclusion zone">Exclusion zone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_exclusion_zone" title="Military exclusion zone">Military exclusion zone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_speech_zone" title="Free speech zone">Free speech zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_zone_(territorial_entity)" title="Neutral zone (territorial entity)">Neutral zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-administered_zone" title="Self-administered zone">Self-administered zone</a></li> <li>Trade zone <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free-trade_zone" title="Free-trade zone">Free-trade zone</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_English_terms39" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other English terms</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Victoria#Alpine_resorts" title="Local government in Victoria">Alpine resort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick" title="Bailiwick">Bailiwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banner_(administrative_division)" title="Banner (administrative division)">Banner</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banners_of_Inner_Mongolia" title="Banners of Inner Mongolia">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Block_(district_subdivision)" title="Block (district subdivision)">Block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadastre" title="Cadastre">Cadastre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circle_(administrative_division)" title="Circle (administrative division)">Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_(administrative_division)" title="Circuit (administrative division)">Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condominium_(international_law)" title="Condominium (international law)">Condominium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constituency_(administrative_division)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituency (administrative division)">Constituency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">Duchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/District_duchy" title="District duchy">District</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elderships_of_Lithuania" title="Elderships of Lithuania">Eldership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enclave_and_exclave" title="Enclave and exclave">Enclave and exclave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Dependencies_of_Venezuela" title="Federal Dependencies of Venezuela">Federal dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate" title="Governorate">Governorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(place)" title="Hamlet (place)">Hamlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">Manor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_manor" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal manor">Royal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muftiate" title="Muftiate">Muftiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neighbourhood" title="Neighbourhood">Neighbourhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_(administrative_division)" title="Parish (administrative division)">Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_precinct" title="Electoral precinct">Precinct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_(urban_subdivision)" title="Quarter (urban subdivision)">Quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regencies_and_cities_of_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of regencies and cities of Indonesia">Regency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_republic" title="Autonomous republic">Autonomous republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riding_(division)" title="Riding (division)">Riding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sector_(administrative_division)" title="Sector (administrative division)">Sector</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous sector">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shire" title="Shire">Shire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate">Sultanate</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Suzerainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townland" title="Townland">Townland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Village" title="Village">Village</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_summer_villages_in_Alberta" title="List of summer villages in Alberta">Summer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_(electoral_subdivision)" title="Ward (electoral subdivision)">Ward</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agency_(administrative_division)" title="Agency (administrative division)">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barony_(county_division)" title="Barony (county division)">Barony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgh" title="Burgh">Burgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate" title="Exarchate">Exarchate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hide_(unit)" title="Hide (unit)">Hide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_(county_division)" title="Hundred (county division)">Hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Circle" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Circle">Imperial Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_(territorial_entity)" class="mw-redirect" title="March (territorial entity)">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monthon" title="Monthon">Monthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_(administrative_division)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency (administrative division)">Presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residency_(administrative_division)" title="Residency (administrative division)">Residency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_diocese" title="Roman diocese">Roman diocese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seat_(administrative_division)" title="Seat (administrative division)">Seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_(administrative_division)" title="Tenth (administrative division)">Tenth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithing" title="Tithing">Tithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty" title="Viceroyalty">Viceroyalty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Non-English_terms_or_loanwords519" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Non-English terms or loanwords</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amt" title="Amt">Amt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apskritis" class="mw-redirect" title="Apskritis">Apskritis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakhsh" title="Bakhsh">Bakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barangay" title="Barangay">Barangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashki" class="mw-redirect" title="Bashki">Bashki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bezirk" title="Bezirk">Bezirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regierungsbezirk" title="Regierungsbezirk">Regierungsbezirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comarca" title="Comarca">Comarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frazione" title="Frazione">Frazione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freguesia" title="Freguesia">Freguesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu_(administrative_division)" title="Fu (administrative division)">Fu</a></li> <li>Gemeinde <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinde_(Austria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeinde (Austria)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinde_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeinde (Germany)">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinde_(South_Tyrol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeinde (South Tyrol)">South Tyrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinde_(Switzerland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemeinde (Switzerland)">Switzerland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeente_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Gemeente (disambiguation)">Gemeente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gmina" title="Gmina">Gmina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hromada" title="Hromada">Hromada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude%C8%9B" title="Județ">Județ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampong" title="Kampong">Kampong</a></li> <li>Kommun/Kunta <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Finland" title="Municipalities of Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Sweden" title="Municipalities of Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4n" title="Län">Län (Sweden)</a></li> <li>Landskap <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Finland" title="Regions of Finland">Finland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localit%C3%A0" title="Località">Località</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Finland" title="Regions of Finland">Maakunta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Hungary" title="Counties of Hungary">Megye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muban" title="Muban">Muban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukim" title="Mukim">Mukim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%ABsi_administrative" class="mw-redirect" title="Njësi administrative">Njësi administrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obec" title="Obec">Obec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblast" title="Oblast">Oblast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_oblast" title="Autonomous oblast">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okrug" title="Okrug">Okrug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Iran" title="Provinces of Iran">Ostān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poblacion" title="Poblacion">Poblacion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purok" title="Purok">Purok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qark" class="mw-redirect" title="Qark">Qark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raion" title="Raion">Raion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savivaldyb%C4%97" class="mw-redirect" title="Savivaldybė">Savivaldybė</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selsoviet" title="Selsoviet">Selsoviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitio" title="Sitio">Sitio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seni%C5%ABnija" class="mw-redirect" title="Seniūnija">Seniūnija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Iran" title="Counties of Iran">Shahrestān</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sum_(administrative_division)" title="Sum (administrative division)">Sum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sums_of_Inner_Mongolia" title="Sums of Inner Mongolia">China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BDsla" title="Sýsla">Sýsla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehsil" title="Tehsil">Tehsil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban-type_settlement" title="Urban-type settlement">Townlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vingtaine" title="Vingtaine">Vingtaine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commote" title="Commote">Commote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_(territory)" title="Gau (territory)">Gau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heerlijkheid" title="Heerlijkheid">Heerlijkheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komun%C3%AB" title="Komunë">Komunë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ping" title="Köping">Köping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korale" title="Korale">Korale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Finland" title="Provinces of Finland">Län/Lääni</a></li> <li>Landskap <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Sweden" title="Provinces of Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maalaiskunta" title="Maalaiskunta">Landskommun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maalaiskunta" title="Maalaiskunta">Maalaiskunta</a></li> <li>Nome <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nome_(Egypt)" title="Nome (Egypt)">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefectures_of_Greece" title="Prefectures of Greece">Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagus" title="Pagus">Pagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pargana" title="Pargana">Pargana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plas%C4%83" title="Plasă">Plasă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rreth" class="mw-redirect" title="Rreth">Rreth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satrap" title="Satrap">Satrapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socken" title="Socken">Socken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subah" title="Subah">Subah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syssel" title="Syssel">Syssel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_(administrative_division)" title="Zhou (administrative division)">Zhou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Used by ten or more countries or having derived terms. Historical derivations in <i>italics</i>. <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Autonomous_types_of_first-tier_administration" title="Template:Autonomous types of first-tier administration">Autonomous administration</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Census_division" title="Census division">Census division</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Electoral_district" title="Electoral district">Electoral district</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrative_divisions_by_country" title="List of administrative divisions by country">List of administrative divisions by country</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Greek_terms_for_administrative_divisions" title="Template:Greek terms for administrative divisions">Greek administrative divisions</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Slavic-language_terms_for_administrative_divisions" title="Template:Slavic-language terms for administrative divisions">Slavic administrative divisions</a></dd></dl></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Autonomous_types_of_first-tier_subdivision_administration152" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Autonomous_types_of_first-tier_administration" title="Template:Autonomous types of first-tier administration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Autonomous_types_of_first-tier_administration" title="Template talk:Autonomous types of first-tier administration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Autonomous_types_of_first-tier_administration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Autonomous types of first-tier administration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Autonomous_types_of_first-tier_subdivision_administration152" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Autonomous types of first-tier <a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">subdivision</a> administration</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_federalism" title="Asymmetric federalism">Asymmetric federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_federalism" title="Cooperative federalism">Cooperative federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporative_federalism" title="Corporative federalism">Corporative federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_federalism" title="Dual federalism">Dual federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_federalism" title="Ethnic federalism">Ethnic federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federacy" title="Federacy">Federacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">Federated state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_federalism" title="Fiscal federalism">Fiscal federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetric_federalism" title="Symmetric federalism">Symmetric federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federal countries">List of federal countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_state" title="Regional state">Regional state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composite_monarchy" title="Composite monarchy">Composite monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_monarchy" title="Dual monarchy">Dual monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynastic_union" title="Dynastic union">Dynastic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">Colonial empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">Multinational state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_union" title="Political union">Political union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_union" title="Real union">Real union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstate" title="Superstate">Superstate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_union" title="Continental union">Continental union</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subordinacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">Colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_rule" title="Direct rule">Direct rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_rule" title="Indirect rule">Indirect rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_(international_law)" title="Mandate (international law)">Mandate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">Puppet state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">Satellite state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapter_XII_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter XII of the United Nations Charter">Trusteeship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">Tributary state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation" title="Annexation">Annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cession" title="Cession">Cession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detachment_(territory)" title="Detachment (territory)">Detachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">Military occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_(politics)" title="Partition (politics)">Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">Territorial dispute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Autonomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">Autonomous area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_rule" title="Home rule">Home rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_nation" title="Stateless nation">Stateless nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Suzerainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_sovereignty_in_the_United_States" title="Tribal sovereignty in the United States">Tribal sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_relations246" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_relations" title="Template:International relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_relations" title="Template talk:International relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:International_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:International relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_relations246" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International relations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_international_relations_terms" title="Glossary of international relations terms">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">Organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Court" title="International Criminal Court">International Criminal Court (ICC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations (UN)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_world" title="Political history of the world">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1648%E2%80%931814)" title="International relations (1648–1814)">1648–1814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">1814–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="International relations (1919–1939)">1919–1939</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomatic history of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_since_1989" title="International relations since 1989">International relations since 1989</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance" title="Alliance">Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entente_(alliance)" title="Entente (alliance)">Entente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition" title="Coalition">Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_alliance" title="Military alliance">Military</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">Appeasement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-belligerence" title="Co-belligerence">Co-belligerence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_security" title="Collective security">Collective security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis" title="Crisis">Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">Expansionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey-zone_(international_relations)" title="Grey-zone (international relations)">Grey-zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_in_international_relations" title="Idealism in international relations">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_community" title="International community">International community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internationality" title="Internationality">Internationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_institutionalism" title="Liberal institutionalism">Liberal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">Interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">Isolationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_interest" title="National interest">National interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_country" title="Neutral country">Neutral country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-belligerent" title="Non-belligerent">Non-belligerent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-state_actor" title="Non-state actor">Non-state actor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(international_relations)" title="Regionalism (international relations)">Regionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_conquest" title="Right of conquest">Right of conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Suzerainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">Treaty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilateral_treaty" title="Bilateral treaty">Bilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_friendship" title="Treaty of friendship">Friendship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateral_treaty" title="Multilateral treaty">Multilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-aggression_pact" title="Non-aggression pact">Non-aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_treaty" title="Peace treaty">Peace</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole-of-society" title="Whole-of-society">Whole-of-society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_relations_theory" title="International relations theory">Theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(international_relations)" title="Constructivism (international relations)">Constructivism</a></li> <li><a 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