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pudate="2024-06-07 09:29:47" datetime="2024-06-07 09:29:47">2024年6月7日</time></div><div class="share-btn"><i class="icon-forward"></i></div></div></div></div><figure class="article-span-photo"><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/06/multimedia/06spacex-starship-02/06xp-starship-qhfg-master1050.jpg" width="1050" height="700" alt="这张来自SpaceX直播的截屏显示，SpaceX星舰于2024年6月6日从美国得克萨斯州博卡奇卡的星际基地发射升空，进行了第四次试飞。"><figcaption><span>这张来自SpaceX直播的截屏显示，SpaceX星舰于2024年6月6日从美国得克萨斯州博卡奇卡的星际基地发射升空，进行了第四次试飞。</span> <cite>SpaceX, via Agence France-Presse — Getty Images</cite></figcaption></figure><div class="row"><div class="article-left"><section class="article-body"><div class="article-partial"><div class="article-body-item col-lg-5"><div class="article-paragraph">周四，SpaceX成功发射了重型火箭“星舰”，实现了公司首席执行官埃隆·马斯克在这次试飞前制定的一系列雄心勃勃的目标，这是该火箭的第四次试飞。</div><div class="article-paragraph">虽然这次试飞并不完美，但它表明，马斯克制造迄今最大运载火箭，并让其能重复使用的愿景可能会再次改变全球航天发射行业，他的公司已在该行业占主导地位。对美国国家航空航天局(NASA)的官员来说，这可能是最令人鼓舞的消息，NASA将在完成“阿尔忒弥斯3号”任务时使用某种类型的“星舰”将宇航员送到月球表面，登月时间目前定在2026年底。</div><div class="article-paragraph">NASA负责人比尔·尼尔森在社交媒体平台X上表达了祝贺，该平台也被马斯克拥有。</div><div class="article-paragraph">“我们向通过#阿尔忒弥斯让人类离重返月球又迈近了一步，然后向火星前进，”他写道。</div></div></div><div class="big_ad" id="medium-rectangle-ad-0" data-target="{"pos":"mid1","adv":""}"><small>广告</small></div><div class="article-partial"><div class="article-body-item col-lg-5"><div class="article-paragraph">“星舰”飞船位于火箭顶部，进入太空后，飞船绕地球飞行了半圈，经受住了重返大气层的高温烧灼，然后按计划溅落在印度洋。</div><div class="article-paragraph">在降落过程中，飞船上的摄像机捕捉到了下方的气体温度升高后发出的彩色光芒。在降到距海平面约5万米的高度时，飞船一个转向襟翼的一部分逐渐开始破损，但没有完全解体。接下来的视频拍摄因镜头被碎片击破受到了妨碍。</div><div class="article-paragraph">“问题是飞船还剩下多大部分，”SpaceX直播节目的主持人之一凯特·泰斯说。</div><div class="article-paragraph">尽管摄像机不再工作，但实时数据继续通过SpaceX的“星链”卫星互联网传回公司位于加利福尼亚州霍桑的总部，直到飞船报出了零海拔高度，也就是降到了印度洋面。</div><div class="article-paragraph">溅落之前，飞船收到了翻转为垂直状态的命令。</div><div class="article-paragraph">“尽管损失了许多陶瓷瓦片，襟翼也受到了损坏，但‘星舰’还是成功地在海上软溅落了！”马斯克在X上写道。</div><div class="article-paragraph">在任务控制中心外，一群观看直播的SpaceX员工极为兴奋地欢呼雀跃起来，他们将这次成功视为确认了公司用“先创再修”(break-it-then-fix-it)方法进行工程设计的有效性。</div><div class="article-paragraph">火箭的第一级，也就是带有33个发动机的超极重型助推器在飞行的早些时候也完成了一些操作，这些操作以后能让其重返发射场。在这次飞行中，它在墨西哥湾完成了模拟降落动作。</div></div></div><div class="big_ad" id="medium-rectangle-ad-1" data-target="{"pos":"mid2","adv":""}"><small>广告</small></div><div class="article-partial"><div class="article-body-item col-lg-5"><div class="article-paragraph"><b>什么是“星舰”，它为什么重要？</b></div><div class="article-paragraph">从各个方面来看，<b></b>它都可以说是有史以来最大、最强有力的火箭系统，底部是SpaceX称为超极重型助推器的第一级，顶部是“星舰”飞船。</div><div class="article-paragraph">该火箭系统也是有史以来最高的，122米的高度比包括基座在内的自由女神塑像还高出约30米。</div><div class="article-paragraph">该火箭系统的发动机数量也是历史上最多的：底部的超级重型助推器有33个SpaceX的大功率“猛禽”发动机。这些发动机开足马力将“星舰”飞船从发射台推向太空时，能产生7590吨推力。</div><div class="article-paragraph">对马斯克来说，“星舰”实际上是一艘火星飞船。他展望着组建一支将定居者运往这颗红色星球的“星舰”飞船舰队。</div><div class="article-paragraph">对NASA来说，“星舰”将被用于登月任务，自1972年以来首次把宇航员送到月球表面上去。</div></div></div><div class="big_ad" id="medium-rectangle-ad-2" data-target="{"pos":"mid3","adv":""}"><small>广告</small></div><div class="article-partial"><div class="article-body-item col-lg-5"><div class="article-paragraph">从短期内，SpaceX还计划使用“星舰”来部署下一代“星链”通信卫星互联网。</div><div class="article-paragraph">“星舰”的一个更具变革性的特征是，它是为完全可重复使用而设计的。这种能力有可能降低将有效载荷送入轨道的成本，这样的话，据马斯克估计，有朝一日可能用不到1000万美元的成本将100吨有效载荷送入太空。</div><div class="article-paragraph"><figure class="article-inline-photo large"><div class="img-box"><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/06/multimedia/06spacex-starship-01-zlbk-copy/06spacex-starship-01-zlbk-master1050.jpg" alt="" data-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/06/multimedia/06spacex-starship-01-zlbk-copy/06spacex-starship-01-zlbk-master1050.jpg"></div><figcaption><span></span> <cite>Eric Gay/Associated Press</cite></figcaption></figure></div><div class="article-paragraph"><b>SpaceX这次试飞的目标是什么？</b></div><div class="article-paragraph">在两周前的演练发射成功后，马斯克在X上写道，这次试飞的“主要目标是在重返时经受住最高温的烧灼。”</div><div class="article-paragraph">换句话说，他不想看到飞行器烧毁。</div><div class="article-paragraph">在发射过程中，“星舰”达到了超过每小时2.7万公里的轨道速度，飞行高度达到了232公里。随着航天器一头扎回大气层，它将经历超过1400摄氏度的高温。</div></div></div><div class="big_ad" id="medium-rectangle-ad-3" data-target="{"pos":"mid4","adv":""}"><small>广告</small></div><div class="article-partial"><div class="article-body-item col-lg-5"><div class="article-paragraph">周四，“星舰”经受住了这种高温的考验，然后溅落在印度洋的一个偏远水域。这次发射的另一个目标是让火箭的第一级，也就是超极重型助推器在墨西哥湾软溅落。</div><div class="article-paragraph">在未来的运营飞行中，两级火箭都将重返发射场，被发射塔完好无损地接住。这些尝试仍需要在未来进行。</div><div class="article-paragraph"><b>上次试飞发生了什么？</b></div><div class="article-paragraph"><figure class="article-inline-photo large"><div class="img-box"><img src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/06/science/06spacex-starship-02/06spacex-starship-02-master1050.jpg" alt="“星舰”曾在今年3月14日进行了第三次试飞。那次试飞与前两次一样，以飞船烧毁告终。" data-src="https://static01.nyt.com/images/2024/06/06/science/06spacex-starship-02/06spacex-starship-02-master1050.jpg"></div><figcaption><span>“星舰”曾在今年3月14日进行了第三次试飞。那次试飞与前两次一样，以飞船烧毁告终。</span> <cite>Eric Gay/Associated Press</cite></figcaption></figure></div><div class="article-paragraph">在今年3月的<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/14/science/spacex-starship-rocket-launch.html">上次发射</a>中，“星舰”首次达到了足以进入轨道的速度。那次的上升过程包括了一个成功的新尝试：热分离，也就是在火箭的第一级——超级重型助推器还没有全部脱落时，第二级发动机就点火了。</div><div class="article-paragraph">作为第二级的“星舰”飞船在那次太空飞行中完成了部分目标，包括打开和关闭飞船的有效载荷舱门，演示将推进剂从飞船内部的一个燃料箱运到另一个燃料箱。</div><div class="article-paragraph">但在达到飞行轨道最高点时，星舰开始失控。飞船上的摄像机捕捉到了飞船下方<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/03/14/science/spacex-starship-reentry-plasma.html">炽热等离子体发出的橙光</a>。飞船在发射后大约49分钟时解体，在海拔64公里的高度与地面失联。</div></div></div><div class="big_ad" id="medium-rectangle-ad-4" data-target="{"pos":"mid5","adv":""}"><small>广告</small></div><div class="article-partial"><div class="article-body-item col-lg-5"><div class="article-paragraph">在那次飞行的前期，超极重型助推器本该在墨西哥湾完成模拟降落。但进行该操作的13台发动机中有六台提前熄火。</div><div class="article-paragraph">SpaceX将“星舰”和超极重型助推器失败的最可能原因归于推进剂的流动受阻。公司称已为解决这些问题改进了设计。</div></div><div class="article-body-aside col-lg-3"></div></div></section><footer class="author-info"><div data-poster="" class="css-53u6y8"><p>Eric Lipton自得克萨斯州博卡奇卡对本文有报道贡献。</p><p>Kenneth Chang是《纽约时报》科学记者，报道NASA和太阳系，以及一些更近地球的研究。<a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/06/science/spacex-starship-fourth-test-flight.html">点击查看更多关于他的信息。</a></p><p>翻译：Cindy Hao</p><p><a rel="nofollow" target="_blank" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/06/science/spacex-starship-fourth-test-flight.html">点击查看本文英文版。</a></p><div data-poster="" class=""><br></div></div></footer></div></div></article><div class="container article-footer"><div class="row"><div class="col-lg-12 mobile-refer-cont" id="J_hideRefer"><div class="related-cont"><h4>相关报道</h4><ul 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