CINXE.COM

<!doctype html><html><head><title>‪Lian F Thomas‬ - ‪Google Scholar‬</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="referrer" content="always"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,minimum-scale=1,maximum-scale=2"><meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"><link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico"><link rel="canonical" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=8YPhfEUAAAAJ&hl=en"><meta name="description" content="‪University of Edinburgh‬ - ‪‪Cited by 2,034‬‬ - ‪Zoonotic Disease Epidemiology & Control‬"><meta property="og:description" content="‪University of Edinburgh‬ - ‪‪Cited by 2,034‬‬ - ‪Zoonotic Disease Epidemiology & Control‬"><meta property="og:title" content="Lian F Thomas"><meta property="og:image" content="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=8YPhfEUAAAAJ&citpid=1"><meta property="og:type" content="website"><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"><style>html,body,form,table,div,h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6,img,ol,ul,li,button{margin:0;padding:0;border:0;}table{border-collapse:collapse;border-width:0;empty-cells:show;}html,body{height:100%}#gs_top{position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;min-height:100%;min-width:964px;-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(0,0,0,0);}#gs_top>*:not(#x){-webkit-tap-highlight-color:rgba(204,204,204,.5);}.gs_el_ph #gs_top,.gs_el_ta #gs_top{min-width:320px;}#gs_top.gs_nscl{position:fixed;width:100%;}body,td,input,button{font-size:13px;font-family:Arial,sans-serif;line-height:1.24;}body{background:#fff;color:#222;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;-moz-text-size-adjust:none;}.gs_gray{color:#777777}.gs_red{color:#dd4b39}.gs_grn{color:#006621}.gs_lil{font-size:11px}.gs_med{font-size:16px}.gs_hlt{font-weight:bold;}a:link{color:#1a0dab;text-decoration:none}a:visited{color:#660099;text-decoration:none}a:hover,a:hover .gs_lbl{text-decoration:underline}a:active,a:active .gs_lbl,a .gs_lbl:active{color:#d14836}.gs_el_tc a:hover,.gs_el_tc a:hover .gs_lbl{text-decoration:none}.gs_pfcs a:focus,.gs_pfcs button:focus,.gs_pfcs input:focus,.gs_pfcs label:focus{outline:none}.gs_a,.gs_a a:link,.gs_a a:visited{color:#006621}.gs_a a:active{color:#d14836}a.gs_fl:link,.gs_fl a:link{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_fl:visited,.gs_fl a:visited{color:#660099}a.gs_fl:active,.gs_fl a:active{color:#d14836}.gs_fl{color:#777777}.gs_ctc,.gs_ctu{vertical-align:middle;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctc{color:#1a0dab}.gs_ctg,.gs_ctg2{font-size:13px;font-weight:bold}.gs_ctg{color:#1a0dab}a.gs_pda,.gs_pda a{padding:7px 0 5px 0}.gs_alrt{background:#f9edbe;border:1px solid #f0c36d;padding:0 16px;text-align:center;box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);border-radius:2px;}.gs_alrt:empty{display:none;}.gs_spc{display:inline-block;width:12px}.gs_br{width:0;font-size:0}.gs_ibl{display:inline-block;}.gs_scl:after{content:"";display:table;clear:both;}.gs_ind{padding-left:8px;text-indent:-8px}.gs_ico,.gs_icm{display:inline-block;background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/sprite_20161020.png);background-position:-23px -161px;background-size:169px;width:21px;height:21px;}@media(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:1.5),(min-resolution:144dpi){.gs_ico,.gs_icm{background-image:url(/intl/en/scholar/images/2x/sprite_20161020.png);}}.gs_el_ta .gs_nta,.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_nph,.gs_oph{display:none}.gs_el_ta .gs_ota,.gs_el_ph .gs_oph{display:inline}.gs_el_ta div.gs_ota,.gs_el_ph div.gs_oph{display:block}.gs_sth_g{visibility:hidden;max-height:0;}.gs_sth_vis .gs_sth_g{max-height:1000px;}.gs_sth_vis .gs_sth_b{position:fixed;top:0;}.gs_sth_trk .gs_sth_b{position:absolute;top:auto;}@keyframes gs_anm_spin{0%{transform:rotate(0deg);}100%{transform:rotate(360deg);}}.gs_invis{visibility:hidden;}.gs_rimg{display:block;background-color:#e5e5e5;border-radius:50%;overflow:hidden;position:relative;z-index:1;}.gs_rimg>img{position:absolute;margin:auto;left:0;top:0;bottom:0;right:0;}.gs_in_txtw{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}.gs_in_txtb{display:block;}.gs_in_txt{color:#000;background-color:#fff;font-size:16px;box-sizing:border-box;height:29px;line-height:23px;border:1px solid #d9d9d9;border-top-color:#c0c0c0;padding:3px 6px 1px 8px;border-radius:1px;outline:none;-webkit-appearance:none;-moz-appearance:none;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_txt{font-size:18px;}.gs_in_txtb .gs_in_txt{width:100%;}.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt{border-radius:14.5px;padding:3px 12px 1px 12px;}.gs_in_txt:hover{border-color:#b9b9b9;border-top-color:#a0a0a0;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}.gs_in_txte .gs_in_txt{border-color:#dd4b39;}.gs_in_txt:focus{border-color:#4d90fe;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0,0,0,.3);}.gs_in_txt:disabled{color:#b8b8b8;border-color:#f1f1f1;box-shadow:none;}.gs_in_txtm .gs_in_txt{font-size:13px;height:24px;line-height:16px;padding:3px 6px;}.gs_in_txtm.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt{border-radius:12px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_txtm .gs_in_txt{height:29px;line-height:21px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_txtm.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt{border-radius:14.5px;}.gs_in_txtl .gs_in_txt{height:41px;padding:9px 43px;}.gs_in_txtl.gs_in_rnd .gs_in_txt{border-radius:20.5px;}.gs_in_txts{font-size:13px;line-height:18px;color:#666;}.gs_in_txts:not(:empty){margin-top:2px;}.gs_in_txte .gs_in_txts{color:#dd4b39;}button{position:relative;z-index:1;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:13px;cursor:pointer;height:29px;line-height:normal;min-width:72px;padding:0 8px;color:#444;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.1);border-radius:3px;text-align:center;background-color:#f5f5f5;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}button.gs_btn_rnd{border-radius:14px;padding:0 12px;}button.gs_btn_rnd.gs_btn_rndci{padding-left:4px;}button.gs_btn_lrge{height:41px;min-width:82px;padding:0 9px;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lrge_asym{padding-left:5px;padding-right:8px;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_rnd{border-radius:20px;padding:0 16px;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_rnd.gs_btn_rndci{padding-left:10px;}button.gs_btn_cir{border-radius:14.5px;min-width:29px;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_cir{border-radius:20.5px;min-width:41px;}button.gs_btn_mini{padding:0;border:0;}.gs_el_ph button.gs_btn_mph,.gs_el_ta button.gs_btn_mta{height:41px;}button .gs_wr{position:relative;display:inline-block;width:100%;height:100%;}button .gs_wr:before{content:"";width:0;height:100%;}button .gs_wr:before,button .gs_ico,button .gs_rdt,button .gs_lbl,button .gs_icm{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;}button .gs_wr{font-size:13px;text-transform:none;}.gs_btn_lrge .gs_wr{font-size:15px;}.gs_btn_lsb .gs_wr{font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;}.gs_btn_lsu .gs_wr{font-size:11px;text-transform:uppercase;}.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lsb .gs_wr,.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lsu .gs_wr,.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_lrge_asym .gs_wr{font-size:13px;}.gs_btn_half,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_hta,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph{min-width:36px;}.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_half,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_hta,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_hph,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_mta,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_mph{min-width:41px;}.gs_btn_slt{border-radius:3px 0 0 3px;}.gs_btn_srt{margin-left:-1px;border-radius:0 3px 3px 0;}.gs_btn_smd{margin-left:-1px;border-radius:0;}button:hover{z-index:2;color:#222;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);background-color:#f8f8f8;}button.gs_sel{background-color:#dcdcdc;}button:active{z-index:2;background-color:#f1f1f1;}button:focus{z-index:2;}button::-moz-focus-inner{padding:0;border:0}button:-moz-focusring{outline:1px dotted ButtonText}.gs_pfcs button:-moz-focusring{outline:none}a.gs_in_ib{position:relative;display:inline-block;line-height:16px;padding:6px 0 7px 0;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}a.gs_btn_lrge{height:40px;padding:0;}a.gs_in_bgcw{min-width:41px;}a.gs_btn_lrge.gs_in_bgcw:before{position:absolute;content:"";height:29px;width:29px;top:6px;left:6px;background-color:#fff;box-shadow:0 1px 3px rgb(0,0,0,.4);border-radius:50%;}a.gs_in_bgcw:hover:before{background-color:#f5f5f5;}a.gs_in_bgcw:active:before{background-color:#e5e5e5;}a.gs_in_bgcw.gs_dis:before{background-color:#fff;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px;color:#222;}a.gs_in_ib.gs_in_gray .gs_lbl{color:#444;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl:not(:empty){padding-left:29px;}button.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl:not(:empty){padding-left:4px;}a.gs_in_ib:active .gs_lbl,a.gs_in_ib .gs_lbl:active,a.gs_in_ib :active~.gs_lbl{color:#d14836;}.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_hta .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_mta .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_mph .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_cta .gs_lbl,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_lbl{display:none;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{position:absolute;top:3px;left:0;}.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico{left:14px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_ico{top:11px;}.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li.gs_md_lix .gs_ico{top:10px;left:16px;}a.gs_btn_lrge .gs_ico{top:50%;left:50%;margin:-10.5px 0 0 -10.5px;}.gs_in_ib .gs_ico{opacity:.55;}.gs_in_ib:hover .gs_ico{opacity:.72;}.gs_in_ib:active .gs_ico,.gs_in_ib .gs_ico:active,.gs_in_ib :active~.gs_ico{opacity:1;}.gs_in_ib:disabled .gs_ico,.gs_in_ib.gs_dis .gs_ico{opacity:.28;}.gs_in_ib.gs_btn_act .gs_ico,.gs_in_ib.gs_btn_cre .gs_ico{opacity:1;}.gs_btn_act:disabled .gs_ico,.gs_btn_cre:disabled .gs_ico{opacity:.72;}.gs_rdt{position:relative;width:0;height:21px;}a.gs_in_ib .gs_rdt{left:21px;}.gs_rdt:before{content:"";position:absolute;top:1px;right:0;width:5px;height:5px;border:1px solid #fff;border-radius:50%;background-color:#dd4b39;}.gs_notf{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;margin-left:8px;width:16px;line-height:16px;background-color:#d14836;border-radius:50%;color:#fff;text-align:center;font-size:9px;font-weight:bold;}.gs_notf:empty{display:none;}.gs_ind .gs_notf{text-indent:0;}button.gs_btn_flat{border-color:transparent;background-color:transparent;}button.gs_btn_olact{color:#4d90fe;background-color:transparent;}button.gs_btn_flat:hover,button.gs_btn_olact:hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.05);}button.gs_btn_flat:active,button.gs_btn_olact:active{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_btn_flat.gs_btn_flact{color:#1a0dab;}button.gs_btn_act{color:#fff;background-color:#4d90fe;}button.gs_btn_act:hover{color:#fff;background-color:#3983fe;}button.gs_btn_act.gs_sel{background-color:#2f6bcc;}button.gs_btn_act:active{background-color:#357ae8;}button.gs_btn_cre{color:#fff;background-color:#d14836;}button.gs_btn_cre:hover{color:#fff;background-color:#c53727;}button.gs_btn_cre.gs_sel{background-color:#992b1e;}button.gs_btn_cre:active{background-color:#b0281a;}button.gs_btn_hov_nobg:hover,button.gs_btn_hov_nobg:active{border:none;background:transparent;}button:disabled,button:disabled:hover,button:disabled:active{cursor:default;color:#b8b8b8;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.05);background-color:transparent;z-index:0;}button.gs_btn_flat:disabled{color:#b8b8b8;border-color:transparent;}button.gs_btn_act:disabled{color:#fff;background-color:#a6c8ff;}button.gs_btn_cre:disabled{color:#fff;background-color:#e8a49b;}a.gs_in_ib.gs_dis{cursor:default;pointer-events:none}a.gs_in_ib.gs_dis .gs_lbl{color:#b8b8b8;text-decoration:none}.gs_ttp{position:absolute;top:100%;right:50%;z-index:10;pointer-events:none;visibility:hidden;opacity:0;transition:visibility 0s .13s,opacity .13s ease-out;}button:hover .gs_ttp,button:focus .gs_ttp,a:hover .gs_ttp,a:focus .gs_ttp{transition:visibility 0s .3s,opacity .13s ease-in .3s;visibility:visible;opacity:1;}.gs_md_tb.gs_sel .gs_ttp{transition:none;visibility:hidden;}button.gs_btn_lrge.gs_btn_cir .gs_ttp{top:75%;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro,.gs_ttp .gs_aru{position:absolute;top:-2px;right:-5px;width:0;height:0;line-height:0;font-size:0;border:5px solid transparent;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:#595959;z-index:1;}.gs_ttp .gs_aro{top:-3px;right:-6px;border-width:6px;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:white;}.gs_ttp .gs_txt{display:block;position:relative;top:2px;right:-50%;padding:4px 6px;background:#595959;color:white;font-size:11px;font-weight:bold;line-height:normal;white-space:nowrap;border:1px solid white;border-radius:3px;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);}.gs_press,.gs_in_se,.gs_tan{touch-action:none;}.gs_in_se .gs_lbl:not(:empty){padding-right:14px;}.gs_in_se .gs_icm{position:absolute;top:50%;margin-top:-5.5px;right:0;width:7px;height:11px;background-position:-21px -88px;opacity:.55;}.gs_in_se:hover .gs_icm{opacity:.72;}.gs_in_se:active .gs_icm{opacity:1;}.gs_in_se:disabled .gs_icm{opacity:.28;}.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_hta .gs_icm,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_hph .gs_icm,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_mta .gs_icm,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_mph .gs_icm,.gs_el_ta .gs_btn_cta .gs_icm,.gs_el_ph .gs_btn_cph .gs_icm{display:none;}.gs_btn_mnu .gs_icm{margin-top:-3.5px;height:7px;background-position:0 -110px;}.gs_in_se.gs_btn_act .gs_icm,.gs_in_se.gs_btn_cre .gs_icm{margin-top:-3.5px;height:7px;background-position:-42px -44px;opacity:1;}.gs_btn_act:disabled .gs_icm,.gs_btn_cre:disabled .gs_icm{opacity:.72;}button.gs_btnG .gs_ico{width:21px;height:21px;background-position:-92px -253px;}button .gs_bs{position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;margin-top:-10px;margin-left:-10px;box-sizing:border-box;width:20px;height:20px;border-radius:50%;border:2px solid #eee;border-top-color:#4d90fe;visibility:hidden;animation:gs_anm_spin .8s linear infinite;}button.gs_bsp .gs_bs{visibility:visible;transition:visibility 0s .4s;}.gs_md_d{text-transform:none;white-space:nowrap;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;border:1px solid #ccc;border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);background:#fff;box-shadow:0 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.2);z-index:1100;text-align:left;visibility:hidden;max-height:0;margin-top:-1000px;opacity:0;transition:opacity .13s,visibility 0s .13s,max-height 0s .13s,margin-top 0s .13s;}.gs_md_d.gs_vis{visibility:visible;max-height:10000px;margin-top:0;opacity:1;transition:all 0s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d{transform-origin:100% 0;transform:scale(1,0);transition:opacity .218s ease-out,transform 0s .218s,visibility 0s .218s,max-height 0s .218s,margin-top 0s .218s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d.gs_ttzi{transform-origin:50% 50%;transform:scale(0,0);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d.gs_ttzr{transform:scale(0,0);}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_d.gs_vis{transform:scale(1,1);transition:transform .218s ease-out;}.gs_md_r{position:relative;display:inline-block;}.gs_md_rmb>.gs_md_d{top:29px}.gs_md_rmbl>.gs_md_d{top:41px}.gs_md_ul{list-style-type:none;word-wrap:break-word;display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;}.gs_md_ul.gs_md_ul_tb{display:block;}.gs_md_li,.gs_in_cb.gs_md_li,.gs_md_li:link,.gs_md_li:visited{display:block;padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;color:#222;cursor:pointer;text-decoration:none;position:relative;z-index:0;}a.gs_md_li:hover .gs_lbl,a.gs_md_li:active .gs_lbl{text-decoration:none}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li{padding-top:14px;padding-bottom:10px;}.gs_md_li.gs_md_lix{font-size:16px;line-height:20px;padding:12px 16px 8px 16px;}.gs_md_li:before{content:"";background-color:#f1f1f1;position:absolute;left:0;right:0;top:0;bottom:0;opacity:0;transition:opacity .13s;z-index:-1;}.gs_md_li:hover:before,.gs_md_li:focus:before{opacity:1;transition:all 0s;}a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li .gs_lbl{color:#222}a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li.gs_in_gray .gs_lbl{color:#444}.gs_md_li:active:before{background-color:#ddd}.gs_md_li.gs_sel,a.gs_in_ib.gs_md_li.gs_sel .gs_lbl{color:#d14836}.gs_md_d:focus,.gs_md_li:focus{outline:none}a.gs_md_lix .gs_lbl,a.gs_md_lix .gs_lbl:not(:empty){padding:0 0 0 40px;}a.gs_in_cb:link,a.gs_in_cb:visited,a.gs_in_cb:active,a.gs_in_cb:hover{cursor:pointer;color:#222;text-decoration:none;}.gs_in_cb,.gs_in_ra{position:relative;line-height:16px;display:inline-block;-ms-user-select:none;user-select:none;}.gs_in_cb.gs_md_li{padding:6px 44px 6px 16px;}.gs_in_cb input,.gs_in_ra input{position:absolute;top:1px;left:1px;width:15px;height:15px;margin:0;padding:0;opacity:0;z-index:2;}.gs_in_ra input{top:0;left:0}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb input{top:9px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra input{top:8px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj input{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_in_cb label,.gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_in_ra label{display:inline-block;padding-left:21px;min-height:16px;}.gs_in_ra_lrge{font-size:15px;}.gs_in_cb label:empty:before,.gs_in_cb .gs_lbl:empty:before,.gs_in_ra label:empty:before{content:"\200b";}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb label,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_lbl,.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra label{padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:5px;}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj label,.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_lbl{padding:13px 0 12px 41px;}.gs_in_cbb,.gs_in_cbb label,.gs_in_cbb .gs_lbl{display:block;}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{position:absolute}.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:2px;left:2px;width:11px;height:11px;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;border-radius:1px;}.gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:8px;left:18px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_cbx{top:10px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_cbx{top:16px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_cbx{top:15px;left:15px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:8px}.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx{top:0;left:0;border:1px solid #c6c6c6;width:13px;height:13px;border-radius:7px;}.gs_in_cb:hover .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra:hover .gs_cbx{border-color:#666;box-shadow:inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.1);}button.gs_in_cb:hover .gs_cbx{border-color:#c6c6c6;}.gs_in_cb :focus~label,.gs_in_ra :focus~label{outline:1px dotted #222;}.gs_pfcs .gs_in_cb :focus~label,.gs_pfcs .gs_in_ra :focus~label{outline:none;}.gs_in_cb:active .gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra:active .gs_cbx,.gs_in_cb .gs_cbx:active,.gs_in_ra .gs_cbx:active,.gs_in_cb :active~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :active~.gs_cbx{border-color:#666;background-color:#ebebeb;}button.gs_in_cb:active .gs_cbx{border-color:#a6a6a6;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~.gs_cbx,.gs_in_ra :disabled~.gs_cbx,button.gs_in_cb:disabled .gs_cbx{border-color:#f1f1f1;box-shadow:none;}.gs_in_cb :disabled~label,.gs_in_ra :disabled~label{color:#b8b8b8;}.gs_in_cb.gs_err .gs_cbx{border-color:#eda29b;}.gs_in_cb .gs_chk,.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{position:absolute;z-index:1;top:-3px;left:-2px;width:21px;height:21px;}.gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:3px;left:14px}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_cb .gs_chk{top:5px}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_li .gs_chk{top:11px}.gs_in_cb.gs_in_cbj .gs_chk{top:10px;left:11px}.gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:4px;left:4px;width:7px;height:7px;border-radius:4px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_in_ra .gs_chk{top:12px}.gs_in_cb input:checked~.gs_chk,.gs_in_cb.gs_sel .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/sprite_20161020.png) -69px -67px;opacity:.62;}.gs_in_ra input:checked~.gs_chk{background-color:#666}.gs_in_cb.gs_par .gs_chk{background:no-repeat url(/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/sprite_20161020.png) -21px -44px;opacity:.55;}@media(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:1.5),(min-resolution:144dpi){.gs_in_cb input:checked~.gs_chk,.gs_in_cb.gs_sel .gs_chk,.gs_in_cb.gs_par .gs_chk{background-image:url(/intl/en/scholar/images/2x/sprite_20161020.png);background-size:169px;}}.gs_in_cb input:checked:disabled~.gs_chk{opacity:.22}.gs_in_ra input:checked:disabled~.gs_chk{background-color:#f1f1f1}.gs_ico_x{background-position:-113px -22px;opacity:.55;}.gs_ico_x:hover{opacity:.72;}.gs_ico_x:active{opacity:1;}.gs_ico_X{background-position:-71px 0;opacity:.55;}.gs_ico_X:hover{opacity:.72;}.gs_ico_X:active{opacity:1;}.gs_btnX .gs_ico{background-position:-71px 0;}.gs_el_tc .gs_ico_Xt{background-origin:content-box;background-clip:content-box;padding:10px 6px 10px 14px;}.gs_ico_P{background-position:0 0;opacity:.55;}.gs_ico_P:hover{opacity:.72;}.gs_ico_P:active{opacity:1;}.gs_btnP .gs_ico{background-position:-21px 0;}.gs_btnC .gs_ico{background-position:0 -66px;}.gs_btnL .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -44px;}.gs_ico_LB{background-position:-50px -44px;height:16px;}.gs_btnJ .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -22px;}.gs_btnM .gs_ico{background-position:-92px 0;}.gs_btnMW .gs_ico{background-position:-21px -22px;}.gs_btnSB .gs_ico{background-position:0 -44px;}.gs_btnTSB .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -253px;}.gs_btnPL .gs_ico{background-position:-148px -66px;}.gs_btnPR .gs_ico{background-position:-21px -66px;}.gs_btnPLW .gs_ico{background-position:-0 -230px;}.gs_btnPRW .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -230px;}.gs_btnZI .gs_ico{background-position:-148px -22px;}.gs_btnZO .gs_ico{background-position:-127px -44px;}.gs_btnDE .gs_ico{background-position:-134px 0;}.gs_btnFI .gs_ico{background-position:-50px -66px;}.gs_btnAD .gs_ico{background-position:-141px -88px;opacity:.55;}.gs_btnAD:hover .gs_ico{opacity:.72;}.gs_btnAD:active .gs_ico,.gs_btnAD .gs_ico:active,.gs_btnAD :active~.gs_ico{opacity:1;}.gs_btnBA .gs_ico{background-position:-50px -22px;}.gs_btnADD .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -66px;}.gs_btnMRG .gs_ico{background-position:-113px 0;}.gs_btnLBL .gs_ico{background-position:0 -161px;}.gs_btnCNCL .gs_ico{background-position:-71px 0;}.gs_btnDWL .gs_ico{background-position:-28px -88px;}.gs_btnMNU .gs_ico{background-position:0 -88px;}.gs_btnMNT .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -161px;}.gs_btnALT .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -161px;}.gs_btnART .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -161px;}.gs_btnGSL .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -161px;}.gs_btnCLS .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -161px;}.gs_btnXBLU .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -253px;}.gs_btnSSB .gs_ico{background-position:0 -276px;}.gs_btnSSW .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -276px;}.gs_btnFLT .gs_ico{background-position:0 -184px;}.gs_btnXT .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -184px;}.gs_btnPD .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -184px;}.gs_btnPU .gs_ico {background-position:-92px -276px;}.gs_btnCP .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -184px;}.gs_btnTP .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -184px;}.gs_btnML .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -276px;}.gs_btnCHK .gs_ico{background-position:-71px -66px;}.gs_btnDNB .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -230px;}.gs_btnDNW .gs_ico{background-position:0 -207px;}.gs_btnACA .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -207px;}.gs_btnAPT .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -207px;}.gs_btnAPTW .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -230px;}.gs_btnAFL .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -207px;}.gs_btnAN .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -276px;}.gs_btnAI .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -276px;}.gs_btnPBL .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -207px;}.gs_btnUCT .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -207px;}.gs_btnVRF .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -207px;}.gs_btnLSI .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -230px;}.gs_btnLSG .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -230px;}.gs_btnMOR .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -253px;}.gs_btnADV .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -253px;}.gs_btnPRO .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -253px;}.gs_ico_star{background-position:-71px -44px;width:13px;height:13px;}.gs_btnPLSW .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -230px;}.gs_btnPDF .gs_ico{background-position:0 -253px;}.gs_btnS .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -276px;}.gs_btnUNS .gs_ico{background-position:0 -299px;}.gs_btnMORR .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -299px;}.gs_btnTW .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -299px;}.gs_btnIN .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -299px;}.gs_btnFB .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -299px;}.gs_btnET .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -299px;}.gs_btnARC .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -299px;}.gs_btnOL .gs_ico{background-position:0px -322px;}.gs_btnFA .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -322px;}.gs_btnFAD .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -322px;}.gs_btnHP .gs_ico{background-position:-69px -322px;}.gs_btnPLM .gs_ico{background-position:-92px -322px;}.gs_btnPRM .gs_ico{background-position:-115px -322px;}.gs_btnRN .gs_ico{background-position:-138px -322px;}.gs_btnVF .gs_ico{background-position:0px -345px;}.gs_btnVP .gs_ico{background-position:-23px -345px;}.gs_btnSRT .gs_ico{background-position:-46px -345px;}#gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs{transition:opacity .15s,visibility 0s .15s;}#gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs.gs_vis{transition:opacity .15s,visibility 0s;}.gs_el_tc #gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs{transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s .218s;}.gs_el_tc #gs_md_s.gs_hdr_drs.gs_vis{transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s;}#gs_hdr_drw{position:fixed;top:0;left:0;height:100%;z-index:1200;visibility:hidden;overflow:auto;width:228px;background-color:#fff;box-shadow:2px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,.15);outline:none;transform:translate(-100%,0);transition:transform .15s ease-in-out,visibility 0s .15s;}#gs_hdr_drw.gs_vis{visibility:visible;transform:translate(0,0);transition:transform .15s ease-in-out,visibility 0s;}.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_drw{transition:transform .3s cubic-bezier(.4,0,.6,1),visibility 0s .3s;}.gs_el_tc #gs_hdr_drw.gs_vis{transition:transform .225s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1),visibility 0s;}#gs_top #gs_hdr_drw.gs_abt,#gs_top #gs_md_s.gs_abt{transition:none;}#gs_hdr_drw_in{position:relative;box-sizing:border-box;min-height:100%;padding:0 0 8px 0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_drw_in,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_drw_in{padding:0 0 65px 0;}#gs_hdr_drw_top{position:relative;height:63px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;margin-bottom:8px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_drw_top,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_drw_top{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_drw_mnu,#gs_hdr_drw_lgo{position:absolute;top:0;height:100%;}#gs_hdr_drw_mnu{left:0;width:55px;}#gs_hdr_drw_lgo{left:56px;}.gs_hdr_drw_sec:before{display:block;content:" ";height:0;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;margin:8px 0;}.gs_hdr_drw_sec:first-child:before{display:none;}#gs_hdr_drw_bot{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_drw_bot,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_drw_bot{display:block;position:absolute;left:0;bottom:0;width:100%;height:65px;}#gs_hdr_drw_bot .gs_md_li:before{opacity:0;}#gs_hdr_drw_bot .gs_hdr_pp{display:block;position:absolute;bottom:14px;left:15px;pointer-events:none;}#gs_hdr_drw_bot .gs_lbl{display:block;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;}#gs_hdr{position:relative;height:63px;background-color:#f5f5f5;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;display:flex;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr{height:57px;}#gs_hdr_mnu,#gs_hdr_bck,#gs_hdr_lgo,#gs_hdr_lgt,#gs_hdr_md,#gs_hdr_sre,#gs_hdr_act{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;position:relative;height:100%;flex:0 0 auto;}#gs_hdr_md{flex:1 1 auto;}#gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo,#gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_dso,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_dso{display:none;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr .gs_hdr_mbo{display:inline-block;}#gs_hdr_mnu,#gs_hdr_bck,#gs_hdr_sre{width:55px;margin-right:1px;}#gs_hdr_lgo,#gs_hdr_drw_lgo{width:149px;background:no-repeat url('/intl/en/scholar/images/1x/scholar_logo_24dp.png') 0% 50%;background-size:149px;}@media(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio:1.5),(min-resolution:144dpi){#gs_hdr_lgo,#gs_hdr_drw_lgo{background-image:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/2x/scholar_logo_24dp.png');}}#gs_hdr_lgo{margin-right:31px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_lgo{margin-right:0;}#gs_hdr_lgt{min-width:164px;margin-right:16px;}#gs_hdr_lgt:empty{display:none;}#gs_hdr_md{margin-right:16px;min-width:1px;}#gs_hdr_lgt,#gs_hdr_md h1{padding:19px 0 0 0;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;font-size:20px;line-height:25px;font-weight:normal;color:#666;max-width:100%;text-align:left;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_md h1,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_md h1{padding:16px 0 0 0;}#gs_hdr_srch{padding:14px 0 0 0;max-width:600px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_srch,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_srch{padding:10px 0 0 0;max-width:none;}#gs_hdr_frm{position:relative;padding-right:39px;}#gs_hdr_tsi{height:38px;border-radius:2px 0 0 2px;}#gs_hdr_tsi::-ms-clear{display:none;}#gs_hdr_tsc{display:none;position:absolute;top:3px;right:41px;width:21px;height:21px;padding:6px 10px 7px 10px;}.gs_in_acw[dir="rtl"]~#gs_hdr_tsc{right:auto;left:1px;}#gs_hdr_tsb{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;width:40px;height:38px;border-radius:0 2px 2px 0;}#gs_hdr_frm_ac{top:37px;right:40px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_frm_ac{right:0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_mnu,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_bck,.gs_hdr_src #gs_hdr_srch,.gs_hdr_src #gs_hdr_lgt,.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_sre,.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md h1,.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md h1.gs_hdr_mbo,.gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md h1.gs_hdr_dso,.gs_el_ta .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_lgo,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_lgo,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_mnu,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_bck{display:none;}.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_ifc #gs_hdr_md,.gs_el_ph .gs_hdr_srx #gs_hdr_md{margin-left:16px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_hdr_tsc #gs_hdr_tsi[dir="ltr"]{padding-right:41px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_hdr_tsc #gs_hdr_tsi[dir="rtl"]{padding-left:41px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_hdr_tsc .gs_in_acw~#gs_hdr_tsc{display:block;}#gs_hdr_act{min-width:64px;max-width:200px;text-align:right;float:right;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act{display:none;}#gs_hdr_act_i,#gs_hdr_act_s{display:inline-block;padding:23px 24px 23px 16px;max-width:100%;box-sizing:border-box;font-size:13px;line-height:17px;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;color:#444;}#gs_hdr_act_s{text-transform:uppercase;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_s{padding:23px 16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_s,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_s{padding:20px 16px;}#gs_hdr_act_i:active,#gs_hdr_act_s:active{color:#d14836;}#gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_i{padding-top:15px;padding-bottom:16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_i,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_i{padding-top:12px;padding-bottom:13px;}#gs_hdr_act_i .gs_hdr_pp{vertical-align:top;}#gs_hdr_act_d{top:63px;left:auto;right:24px;min-width:288px;max-width:400px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_hdr_act_d{right:16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_hdr_act_d{top:57px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_d{top:57px;min-width:280px;max-width:280px;max-width:90vw;}/* Account dialog body. */#gs_hdr_act_aw,#gs_hdr_act_ap,.gs_hdr_act_am,#gs_hdr_act_ab{display:block;padding:10px 20px;word-wrap:break-word;white-space:normal;}#gs_hdr_act_aw{background-color:#fef9db;font-size:11px;}#gs_hdr_act_ap,.gs_hdr_act_am{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;}#gs_hdr_act_ap{padding:20px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_ap{padding:10px;}#gs_hdr_act_apb{margin-top:12px;}#gs_hdr_act_aa:link,#gs_hdr_act_aa:visited{float:right;margin-left:8px;color:#1a0dab;}#gs_hdr_act_aa:active{color:#d14836}.gs_hdr_act_am:link,.gs_hdr_act_am:visited{color:#222;text-decoration:none;background:#fbfbfb;}.gs_hdr_act_am:hover,.gs_hdr_act_am:focus{background:#f1f1f1;}.gs_hdr_act_am:active{background:#eee;}#gs_hdr_act_ab{background:#fbfbfb;padding:10px 0;display:table;width:100%;white-space:nowrap;}#gs_hdr_act_aba,#gs_hdr_act_abs{display:table-cell;padding:0 20px;}#gs_hdr_act_abs{text-align:right;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_aba,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_abs{display:block;padding:10px;text-align:center;}.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_aba button,.gs_el_ph #gs_hdr_act_abs button{width:100%;}#gs_hdr_act_a1,#gs_hdr_act_a2{position:absolute;top:-9px;right:7.5px;width:0;height:0;z-index:1;border:8.5px solid transparent;border-top:none;border-bottom-color:#333;border-bottom-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);}#gs_hdr_act_a2{top:-8px;border-bottom-color:#fff;}.gs_hdr_act_mw #gs_hdr_act_a2{border-bottom-color:#fef9db;}.gs_hdr_pp{border-radius:50%;overflow:hidden;}#gs_hdr_act_ap .gs_hdr_pp,.gs_hdr_act_am .gs_hdr_pp{float:left;}#gs_hdr_act_ap .gs_hdr_pm{margin-left:116px;}.gs_hdr_act_am .gs_hdr_pm{margin:6px 0 0 58px;}#gs_ab{position:relative;height:41px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;display:flex;white-space:nowrap;background-color:#fff;z-index:1000;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab.gs_nta,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab.gs_nph{display:none;}.gs_sth_vis #gs_ab{position:fixed;}#gs_ab_ico,#gs_ab_ttl,#gs_ab_md,#gs_ab_btns{display:inline-block;vertical-align:top;position:relative;height:100%;flex:0 0 auto;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_md{display:block;}#gs_ab_ico{width:55px;margin-right:1px;}#gs_ab_ico .gs_ico{position:absolute;top:50%;left:50%;margin:-10.5px 0 0 -10.5px;}#gs_ab_ttl{min-width:172px;padding-right:8px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_ttl{min-width:68px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_ttl,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_ttl{min-width:0;}#gs_ab_ttl,#gs_ab_ttll{font-size:18px;color:#666;text-transform:none;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_ttl,.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_ttll{font-size:16px;}#gs_ab_ttll{overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;max-width:200px;}#gs_ab_md{flex:1 0 auto;}.gs_ab_st #gs_ab_md{flex:1 1 auto;font-size:13px;line-height:17px;padding:0 8px;color:#999;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;}.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_st #gs_ab_md{visibility:hidden;padding:0;}#gs_ab_btns{margin-right:8px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ab_btns{margin-right:0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_ab_btns,.gs_el_ph #gs_ab_btns{margin-right:4px;}#gs_ab_ttl:before,#gs_ab_md:before,#gs_ab_btns:before{content:"";display:inline-block;width:0;height:100%;vertical-align:middle;}#gs_ab_md>button,#gs_ab_btns>button,#gs_ab_md>.gs_in_ib,#gs_ab_btns>.gs_in_ib,#gs_ab_md>.gs_md_r,#gs_ab_btns>.gs_md_r,#gs_ab .gs_ab_mdw,#gs_ab .gs_ab_btw{margin:0 8px;vertical-align:middle;}#gs_ab .gs_ab_mdw,.gs_ab_btw{display:inline-block;margin:0;}#gs_ab_btns>.gs_in_ib{margin:0 16px 0 8px;}#gs_ab .gs_ab_btw{margin:0 12px 0 16px;}.gs_el_ta .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ico,.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ico,.gs_el_ta .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ttl,.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_ttl,.gs_el_ta .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_btns,.gs_el_ph .gs_ab_sel #gs_ab_btns{display:none;}#gs_bdy{display:table;table-layout:fixed;width:100%;}#gs_bdy_sb{vertical-align:top;width:228px;word-wrap:break-word;display:none;}.gs_el_sm #gs_bdy_sb{}.gs_el_ta #gs_bdy_sb,.gs_el_ph #gs_bdy_sb{}.gs_bdy_sb_sec{margin:0 40px 0 56px;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec:before{display:block;content:" ";height:0;margin:13px 0;border-top:1px solid #eee;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec:first-child:before{margin:21px 0 0 0;border:none;}#gs_bdy_sb ul{list-style-type:none;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec a:link,.gs_bdy_sb_sec a:visited{color:#222;}.gs_bdy_sb_sec a:active{color:#d14836;}.gs_bdy_sb_sel a:link,.gs_bdy_sb_sel a:visited{color:#d14836;text-decoration:none;}.gs_el_tc .gs_bdy_sb_sec li.gs_ind,.gs_el_tc .gs_bdy_sb_sec li.gs_ind a{padding-top:8px;padding-bottom:5px;}.gs_el_tc .gs_bdy_sb_sec:first-child li.gs_ind:first-child{margin-top:-8px;}#gs_bdy_sb .gs_ind,#gs_bdy_sb .gs_inw{margin-bottom:6px;}.gs_el_tc #gs_bdy_sb .gs_ind,.gs_el_tc #gs_bdy_sb .gs_inw{margin-bottom:0;}#gs_bdy_ccl{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top;padding:0 24px 0 16px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_bdy_ccl{padding:0 16px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_bdy_ccl,.gs_el_ph #gs_bdy_ccl{padding:0 16px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_bdy_ccl{padding:0;}#gs_ftr_sp{height:62px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_sp{height:57px;}#gs_ftr{position:absolute;bottom:0;left:0;width:100%;white-space:nowrap;border-top:1px solid #e4e4e4;background-color:#f2f2f2;display:flex;}#gs_ftr.gs_pfix{position:fixed;}#gs_ftr_rt{box-sizing:border-box;max-width:100%;overflow-x:auto;margin-left:auto;padding:0 12px;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_rt{padding:0 8px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_ftr_rt:after{content:" ";position:absolute;top:0;right:0;width:16px;height:100%;background-image:linear-gradient(to right,rgba(242,242,242,0),rgba(242,242,242,1) 80%);}#gs_ftr_rt>a{display:inline-block;line-height:16px;padding:12px;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_rt>a{padding:12px 8px;}#gs_ftr_rt>a:link,#gs_ftr_rt>a:visited{color:#666}#gs_ftr_rt>a:active{color:#d14836}#gs_ftr_mnu{top:auto;bottom:48px;left:auto;right:24px;padding:8px 0;}.gs_el_sm #gs_ftr_mnu{right:16px;}#gsc_a_t{width:100%;table-layout:fixed;}#gsc_a_tr0,#gsc_a_trh{box-sizing:border-box;}#gsc_a_tr0 th.gsc_a_x,#gsc_a_tr0 th.gsc_a_t,#gsc_a_tr0 th.gsc_a_c,#gsc_a_tr0 th.gsc_a_y{height:0;}#gsc_a_trh{z-index:700;background-color:#f5f5f5;height:42px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_a_trh,.gs_el_ph #gsc_a_trh,.gs_el_ta #gsc_a_t td,.gs_el_ph #gsc_a_t td{background-color:#fff;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;}#gsc_a_t th.gsc_a_x,#gsc_a_t th.gsc_a_t,#gsc_a_t th.gsc_a_c,#gsc_a_t th.gsc_a_y{box-sizing:border-box;text-transform:uppercase;vertical-align:middle;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;}#gsc_x_all{z-index:1;}.gsc_a_x,.gsc_a_t,.gsc_a_c,.gsc_a_y,.gsc_a_e{font-weight:normal;padding:16px 16px 0 16px;vertical-align:top;text-align:right;}.gsc_a_c{padding:16px 8px 0 8px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_a_x,.gs_el_sm .gsc_a_t,.gs_el_sm .gsc_a_c{padding:12px 8px 0 8px;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_a_x,.gs_el_ta .gsc_a_t,.gs_el_ta .gsc_a_c,.gs_el_ph .gsc_a_x,.gs_el_ph .gsc_a_t,.gs_el_ph .gsc_a_c{padding:12px 8px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_a_y{padding:12px 8px 0 8px;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_a_y{padding-bottom:12px;}.gsc_a_x{width:41px;padding:4px 0 0 0;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_a_x{padding:0;}.gsc_a_t{text-align:left;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_a_t{padding-left:16px;}#gsc_a_ta{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;margin-right:16px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_a_ta{display:none}.gs_el_ph .gsc_a_c{padding-right:16px;}th.gsc_a_c{width:64px;white-space:nowrap;}.gsc_art_sel #gsc_a_ta,.gsc_art_sel #gsc_a_ca,.gsc_art_sel .gsc_a_h{display:none;}.gsc_a_ac,.gsc_a_hc{margin-top:3px;}th.gsc_a_y{width:88px;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_el_sm th.gsc_a_y{width:58px;}.gs_el_ph th.gsc_a_y,.gs_el_ph td.gsc_a_y{width:0;padding:0;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_a_h{display:none}@media print{#gs_top th.gsc_a_y{width:58pt;}#gs_top #gsc_a_tr0{display:none}#gs_top #gsc_a_trh{position:static}}.gsc_a_e{padding:16px;text-align:center;}.gsc_a_a{padding:8px 0}.gsc_a_at{padding:8px 0;font-size:16px}a.gsc_a_acm{text-decoration:line-through;}a.gsc_a_acm:hover,a.gs_a_acm:active{text-decoration:underline;}.gsc_a_m{position:absolute;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_a_m{display:block;position:static;}.gsc_a_am{font-size:24px;position:absolute;top:-18px;left:-2px;padding:8px 12px 4px 8px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_a_am{display:inline-block;position:static;padding:6px 16px;margin-bottom:-6px;}#gsc_a_sp{visibility:hidden;}#gsc_a_sp.gs_vis{visibility:visible;padding:16px 0;height:25px;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;}#gsc_a_sp:after{display:block;height:100%;content:" ";background:url('/intl/en/scholar/images/spinner.gif') no-repeat 50% 50%;opacity:0;}#gsc_a_sp.gs_vis:after{opacity:1;transition:opacity 0s .4s;}#gsc_a_err{display:none;padding:28px 0;}#gsc_a_err.gs_vis{display:block;}#gsc_md_iad{width:800px;max-width:94%;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_md_iad{width:100%;max-width:100%;}#gsc_md_iad .gs_md_prg{min-height:400px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_iads_res .gs_md_prg{margin:0 16px;}#gsc_iad_tart,.gsc_iad_tsel.gsc_iad_tart #gsc_iad_tart,.gsc_iad_tart #gsc_iad_tgrp,.gsc_iad_tsel #gsc_iad_tgrp,#gsc_iad_tsel,#gsc_napb_hdr #gsc_iad_tart,#gsc_napb_hdr #gsc_iad_tgrp{display:none;}#gsc_iad_tgrp,.gsc_iad_tart #gsc_iad_tart,.gsc_iad_tsel #gsc_iad_tsel,#gsc_napb_hdr #gsc_iad_tsel{display:inline-block;}#gsc_iad_t:not(.gsc_iad_tsel) #gsc_iad_tsel{pointer-events:none;color:#b5b5b5;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_napb #gsc_iads_frm{margin:0 16px;}#gsc_iads_res{position:relative;margin:16px 0;min-height:80px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_md_iad #gsc_iads_res{margin:8px -16px 16px -16px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_napb #gsc_iads_pp{margin-right:16px;}#gsc_iads_btns{height:38px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;box-sizing:border-box;margin-top:20px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_iads_btns{margin-top:16px;}a.gsc_iads_btn{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;box-sizing:border-box;height:38px;padding:0 12px;color:#777;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_iads_btn{padding:0 16px;}a.gsc_iads_btn.gs_sel{border-bottom:2px solid #4d90fe;color:#222;}a.gsc_iads_btn.gs_dis{cursor:default;pointer-events:none;color:#b8b8b8;}.gsc_iads_btn:hover{text-decoration:none;color:#444;background-color:#f5f5f5;}.gsc_iads_btn:active{background-color:#e5e5e5;}a.gsc_iads_btn .gs_ico{opacity:.55;}a.gsc_iads_btn:hover .gs_ico{opacity:.72;}a.gsc_iads_btn.gs_sel .gs_ico,a.gsc_iads_btn:active .gs_ico{opacity:1;}a.gsc_iads_btn.gs_dis .gs_ico{opacity:.28;}.gsc_iads_btn_lbl{padding-left:10px;margin-bottom:-2px;}#gsc_iadb_hdr{display:table;table-layout:fixed;width:100%;}#gsc_iadb_hdr_cb,#gsc_iadb_hdr_instr{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle;height:41px;}#gsc_iadb_hdr_cb{width:41px;}#gsc_iadb_hdr_cb:empty{width:0;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_iadb_hdr_cb:empty{width:16px;}#gsc_iadb_hdr_instr{font-size:16px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_iadb_hdr_instr{padding-right:16px;}#gsc_iadb_hdr_cb:empty,.gs_el_ph #gsc_iadb_hdr_cb:empty,#gsc_iadb_hdr_instr:empty{height:0;}.gsc_oic{position:relative;}.gsc_oic_cb{font-weight:normal;border-top:1px solid #e5e5e5;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;background-color:#fcfcfc;padding-right:16px;}.gsc_oict{display:block;overflow:hidden;}.gsc_oict_name{display:block;font-size:16px;line-height:20px;word-wrap:break-word;}.gsc_oict_inf{display:block;float:right;margin-left:16px;white-space:nowrap;}.gsc_oict_all,.gsc_oict_prf{font-size:13px;text-transform:uppercase;line-height:20px;}.gsc_oict_all[data-a]{color:#1a0dab;cursor:pointer;}.gsc_oict_all[data-a]:hover{text-decoration:underline;}.gsc_oict_all[data-a]:active{color:#d14836;}.gsc_oict_prf{padding-left:8px;margin-left:8px;border-left:1px solid #e0e0e0;}.gsc_oict_prf:empty{display:none;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_oict_all,.gs_el_ph .gsc_oict_prf{float:right;clear:both;margin:0;padding:0;border:none;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_oict_prf{margin-top:2px;}.gsc_oic_res{margin:8px 0 12px 41px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_oic_res{margin-right:16px;}.gsc_oic_res h4{font-size:13px;font-weight:normal;}.gsc_oic_dis .gsc_oic_name,.gsc_oic_dis .gsc_oic_all,.gsc_oic_dis .gsc_oic_prf{color:#777;}.gsc_oic_dis .gsc_oict_all[data-a]{color:#1a0dab;opacity:.66;}.gsc_oic_dis .gsc_oic_res{opacity:.5;}.gsc_iadb_art{border-top:1px solid #e5e5e5;overflow:hidden;}.gsc_iadb_art_cb{float:left;}.gsc_iadb_art_added{float:right;margin:12px;font-size:11px;text-transform:uppercase;color:#777;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_iadb_art_added{display:block;float:none;text-align:right;margin:8px 16px;}.gsc_iadb_art_added:empty{display:none;}.gsc_iadb_art_body{margin:12px 0 12px 41px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_iadb_art_body{margin:12px 16px 12px 41px;}.gsc_iadb_art_body h3{font-size:13px;font-weight:normal;}.gsc_iadb_art_dis .gsc_iadb_art_body{opacity:.5;}#gsc_md_mopt,#gsc_md_cbyd,#gsc_md_cbym{width:600px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_md_mopt,.gs_el_ta #gsc_md_cbyd,.gs_el_ta #gsc_md_cbym{width:500px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_md_mopt,.gs_el_ph #gsc_md_cbyd,.gs_el_ph #gsc_md_cbym{width:100%;}.gsc_mob_art{vertical-align:top;padding:8px 0;}.gs_el_tc .gsc_mob_art>.gs_in_ra{margin-top:-8px;}.gsc_mob_cby{vertical-align:top;text-align:right;padding:8px 12px;position:relative;}.gsc_mob_ttl,.gsc_mob_pub{display:block;}.gsc_mob_pub{color:#666;}.gsc_mob_cbym{text-decoration:line-through}.gsc_mob_cbm{font-size:24px;position:absolute;padding:4px 0 0 4px;line-height:16px;}.gs_fsvg line{stroke:#222222}a:link .gs_fsvg{fill:#1a0dab;}a:link .gs_fsvg line{stroke:#1a0dab;}a:visited .gs_fsvg{fill:#660099;}a:visited .gs_fsvg line{stroke:#660099;}a:active .gs_fsvg{fill:#d14836;}a:active .gs_fsvg line{stroke:#d14836;}a .gs_fsvg{border-bottom:1px solid transparent;}a:hover .gs_fsvg,a:focus .gs_fsvg{border-bottom-color:inherit;}.gs_fsml{font-size:13px}.gs_fscp{font-variant:small-caps}.gsh_clim{display:table-row}.gsh_clil,.gsh_clic{display:table-cell;padding-bottom:8px}.gsh_clil{padding-right:8px;}.gsh_lla{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.gsh_lua{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.gsh_llr{list-style-type:lower-roman}.gsh_lur{list-style-type:upper-roman}.gsh_l>li{margin-left:32px;}.gs_fma .gsh_l>li{margin-left:16px;}.gsh_h3{font-size:inherit;font-weight:normal}.gsh_h3,.gsh_csp{margin:16px 0}.gsh_h3+.gsh_csp{margin-top:-8px}.gs_fma .gsh_h3{margin:12px 0 0 0;font-size:15px;font-weight:bold;}.gs_fma_abs .gsh_csp{margin:0 0 12px 0;}.gs_fma b,.gs_fma .gsh_h3{color:#444;}.gs_fma .gsh_h3+.gsh_csp{margin:4px 0 0 0;}.gs_fma .gsh_csp:last-child,.gs_fma .gsh_h3.gsh_flh{margin:0;}.gs_fma ul .gsh_clim:last-child .gsh_clic{padding-bottom:0;}.gs_fma ul,.gs_fma ol{margin:12px 0;}.gsh_ovln{text-decoration:overline}.gsh_small .gsh_l .gsh_csp{margin:8px 0}.gsh_small .gsh_csp:first-child,.gsh_small .gsh_h3.gsh_flh{margin-top:0}.gsh_small .gsh_csp:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.gsh_dspfr{text-align:center}.gsh_dspfr svg{margin:8px 0}.gs_pp_tn,.gs_el_ta .gs_pp_mo_tn,.gs_el_ph .gs_pp_mo_tn{width:32px;height:32px;}.gs_pp_sm,.gs_el_ta .gs_pp_mo_sm,.gs_el_ph .gs_pp_mo_sm{width:56px;height:56px;}.gs_pp_nm,.gs_el_ta .gs_pp_mo_nm,.gs_el_ph .gs_pp_mo_nm{width:128px;height:128px;}.gs_ai_pho{float:left;}.gs_ai_t{margin-left:72px;}.gs_ai_pho_pst+.gs_ai_t{margin-left:48px;}.gs_ai_t.gs_ai_pss{margin-left:64px;}.gs_ai_pho_pst+.gs_ai_t.gs_ai_pss{margin-left:40px;}.gs_ai_name{font-size:17px;font-weight:normal;margin-bottom:4px;}.gs_ai_name a{padding:6px 0 4px 0;}.gs_ai_name.gs_ai_name_nlsb{font-size:15px;}.gs_ai_name.gs_ai_name_nlsb a:link,.gs_ai_name.gs_ai_name_nlsb a:visited{padding:7px 0 5px 0; color:#222;}.gs_ai_name.gs_ai_name_nlsb a:active{color:#d14836;}.gs_ai_on{margin-bottom:4px;}.gs_ai_on_lbl{color:#777;}.gs_ai_int{margin-top:5px;}.gs_ai_eml:empty,.gs_ai_int:empty,.gs_ai_cby:empty{display:none;}.gs_ai_one_int{vertical-align:top;font-size:13px;margin-right:8px;white-space:nowrap;display:inline-block;max-width:200px;text-overflow:ellipsis;overflow:hidden;}.gs_el_tc a.gs_ai_one_int{padding:8px 0 5px 0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_ai_eml,.gs_el_ph .gs_ai_cby{margin-top:8px;}.gs_ai_ilnl .gs_ai_int,.gs_ai_ilnl .gs_ai_cby{margin-top:8px;color:#666;}.gs_ai.gs_ai_chpr{position:relative;}.gs_ai_chpr .gs_ai_t{margin-right:276px;}.gs_el_sm .gs_ai_chpr .gs_ai_t{margin-right:156px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_ai_chpr .gs_ai_t{margin-right:0;}.gs_ai_chpr .gs_ai_cby{position:absolute;top:4px;right:0;text-align:right;}.gs_el_sm .gs_ai_chpr .gs_ai_cby,.gs_el_ta .gs_ai_chpr .gs_ai_cby{width:132px;word-wrap:break-word;}.gs_el_ph .gs_ai_chpr .gs_ai_cby{text-align:left;position:static;width:auto;}#gsc_bdy{position:relative;max-width:1200px;margin:0 auto;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_bdy,.gs_el_ta #gsc_bdy{display:flex;flex-flow:column;}.gsc_lcl{position:relative;margin:0 350px 0 0;order:3;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_lcl{margin-right:334px;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_lcl,.gs_el_ph .gsc_lcl{margin:0;}#gsc_prf_t_wrp{position:relative;order:2;overflow:hidden;}.gs_el_tc #gsc_prf_t_wrp:after{display:block;content:"";position:absolute;z-index:100;top:0;right:0;width:12px;height:100%;background-image:linear-gradient(to right,rgba(247,247,247,0),rgba(247,247,247,1) 80%);}#gsc_prf_t{width:100%;background-color:#f5f5f5;display:none;white-space:nowrap;overflow-x:auto;padding:0 4px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_prf_t,.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_t{display:block;}#gsc_prf_t:after{content:"\00A0";padding:0 4px;}.gsc_prf_tab,.gsc_prf_tab:link{font-size:13px;text-transform:uppercase;padding:13px 12px;display:inline-block;color:#666;cursor:pointer;}.gsc_prf_tab:hover{color:#000;text-decoration:none}.gsc_prf_tab:active{color:#4d90fe;}.gsc_prf_tab[aria-selected="true"]{border-bottom:2px solid #4d90fe;color:#0461f9;cursor:default;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_art,.gs_el_ph #gsc_art,.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb_cit,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb_cit,.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb_mnd,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb_mnd,.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb_awd,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb_awd,.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb_co,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb_co{display:none;}#gsc_bdy[data-tab="gsc_prf_t-art"] #gsc_art,#gsc_bdy[data-tab="gsc_prf_t-cit"] #gsc_rsb_cit,#gsc_bdy[data-tab="gsc_prf_t-mnd"] #gsc_rsb_mnd,#gsc_bdy[data-tab="gsc_prf_t-awd"] #gsc_rsb_awd,#gsc_bdy[data-tab="gsc_prf_t-ath"] #gsc_rsb_co{display:block;}.gsc_rsb{float:right;width:317px;order:4;border-left:1px solid #eee;margin-top:32px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_rsb{margin-top:16px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb,.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb{float:none;width:auto;border:none;margin:0;}.gsc_rsb_s{margin:0 0 48px 16px;position:relative;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_rsb_s{margin:0 0 32px 16px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb_s,.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_s{margin:0;}.gsc_rsb_s:last-child{margin-bottom:0;}.gsc_rsb_header{padding:8px 8px 12px 8px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;font-weight:normal;font-size:15px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_rsb_header{padding:4px 8px 9px 8px;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb_header,.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_header{display:none;}.gsc_rsb_action{position:absolute;top:-3px;right:-2px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_rsb_action{top:-8px;}.gsc_rsb_tap{display:block;position:absolute;right:2px;top:12px;opacity:.5;z-index:1;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_tap,.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb_tap{top:24px;right:10px;}.gsc_rsb_hm{border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;padding:3px 6px;}#gsc_rsb_gpl{display:block;margin-top:3px;padding:6px 16px;line-height:15px;color:#0461f9;border:1px solid #4d90fe;border-radius:2px;text-align:center;text-transform:uppercase;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_rsb_gpl{margin-top:0;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb_gpl,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb_gpl{display:none;}#gsc_rsb_st{width:100%;}.gsc_rsb_std{text-align:right;padding-right:8px;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_std,.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb_std{padding-right:16px;}.gsc_rsb_sc1{text-align:left;padding:2px 8px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_rsb_sc1{padding:0 8px;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_sc1,.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb_sc1{padding:4px 16px;}.gsc_rsb_sth{font-weight:normal;padding:8px 8px 8px 0;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;text-align:right;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_rsb_sth{padding:4px 8px 4px 0;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_sth,.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb_sth{padding:16px 16px 16px 0;}#gsc_rsb_st tbody:before,#gsc_rsb_st tbody:after{content:'';display:block;height:8px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_rsb_st tbody:before,.gs_el_sm #gsc_rsb_st tbody:after{height:4px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_hist_opn,.gs_el_ta #gsc_hist_opn{display:none;}.gsc_rsb_f{max-width:118px;word-wrap:break-word;white-space:normal;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_f{max-width:none;}.gsc_rsb_f:link,.gsc_rsb_f:visited{color:#222;}.gsc_rsb_m_na{color:#dd4b39;}.gsc_rsb_m_a{color:#006621;float:right;position:relative;}.gsc_rsb_m_bar{width:100%;height:4px;margin:8px 0 8px 0;background:#006621;}.gsc_rsb_m_bar_na{background:#dd4b39;width:100%;height:100%;z-index:1;}.gsc_rsb_m{padding:8px;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_m,.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb_m{padding:8px 16px;}.gsc_rsb_m_desc{padding-top:16px;color:#777;}.gsc_rsb_m_s{font-size:24px;position:absolute;line-height:0.3;}#gsc_lwp_mndt_lnk{text-transform:uppercase;margin-left:16px;margin-right:-9px;text-align:right;font-size:13px;padding:12px 9px;border-radius:3px;}#gsc_lwp_mndt_lnk:hover,#gsc_lwp_mndt_lnk:active,#gsc_lwp_mndt_lnk:visited{text-decoration:none;color:#1a0dab;}#gsc_lwp_mndt_lnk:hover{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.05);}#gsc_lwp_mndt_lnk:active{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.1);}.gsc_rsb_m_title{padding-bottom:12px;}.gsc_rsb_m_header{display:flex;align-items:flex-end;justify-content:space-between;padding:0 8px;}.gs_el_sm .gsc_rsb_m_header{padding:0 8px;}.gsc_rsb_hmv{text-align:center;padding-top:16px;}.gsc_rsb_a{list-style:none;}.gsc_rsb_a>li{position:relative;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_a>li,.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb_a>li{border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;}.gsc_rsb_a>li:first-child{margin-top:8px;}.gsc_rsb_a_pht{float:left;width:32px;height:32px;}.gsc_rsb_a_desc{margin:0 33px 0 48px;min-height:32px;display:block;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb_a_desc,.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_a_desc{margin:0 33px 0 64px;min-height:56px;}.gsc_rsb_a_desc a{color:#222;}.gsc_rsb_a_ext{display:block;color:#777;font-size:13px;white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb_a_ext,.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_a_ext{white-space:normal;}.gsc_rsb_a_ext2{display:none;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb_a_ext2,.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_a_ext2{display:block;}.gsc_rsb_aa{display:block;padding:8px;line-height:normal;cursor:pointer;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_rsb_aa,.gs_el_ta .gsc_rsb_aa{font-size:17px;padding:12px 16px;}.gsc_rsb_aa:hover,.gsc_rsb_aa:active{text-decoration:none;background:#f1f1f1;}.gsc_rsb_aa a:hover{text-decoration:none;}#gsc_prf_w{order:1;padding:32px 0;overflow:hidden;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_prf_w{padding:16px 0;}#gsc_prf_pu{float:left;width:128px;height:128px;text-align:center;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_pu{float:none;width:100%;margin:0 0 12px 0;}#gsc_prf_pua{line-height:0;width:128px;height:128px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_pua{margin:0 16px;}#gsc_prf_pufi{width:0;height:0;overflow:hidden;}.gsc_prf_pufo #gsc_prf_pufi{width:auto;height:auto;overflow:visible;position:relative;z-index:10;}.gsc_prf_pufo #gsc_prf_pufi2{display:inline-block;background:#fcfcfc;padding:8px 8px 8px 0;}.gsc_prf_puic{position:absolute;bottom:0;width:100%;padding:8px 0;background-color:#000;opacity:.6;}.gsc_prf_pel{cursor:pointer;}#gsc_prf_i{margin:0 16px 0 160px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_prf_i{margin:0 16px 0 144px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_i{margin:0 16px;}a.gsc_prf_btn{position:relative;display:inline-flex;align-items:center;height:29px;line-height:normal;text-align:center;padding:0 8px;color:#444;font-weight:normal;font-size:11px;text-transform:uppercase;}a.gsc_prf_btn:before{position:absolute;top:0;bottom:0;left:0;right:0;z-index:-1;content:"";border-radius:3px;}.gsc_prf_btn .gs_ico{opacity:.55;}.gsc_prf_btn:hover .gs_ico{opacity:.72;}.gsc_prf_btn_act .gs_ico,.gsc_prf_btn_act:hover .gs_ico,.gsc_prf_btn:active .gs_ico{opacity:1;}.gsc_prf_btn_lbl{padding:0 4px;}a.gsc_prf_btn:hover{text-decoration:none;cursor:pointer;color:#222;}a.gsc_prf_btn:hover:before,.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_btne:hover:before{border-color:rgba(0,0,0,.2);background-color:#f8f8f8;}a.gsc_prf_btn:active:before,.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_btne:active:before{background-color:#f1f1f1;color:#222;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_prf_btn_lbl{display:none;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_prf_btn,#gsc_prf_btne{justify-content:center;height:41px;width:41px;padding:0;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_prf_btn,.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_btne{position:absolute;right:8px;margin:0;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_prf_btn:before{border-radius:50%;top:2px;bottom:2px;left:2px;right:2px;}#gsc_prf_btne{vertical-align:top;margin:-9px 4px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_btne{top:14px;}#gsc_prf_btne.gsc_prf_btn:before{background:transparent;border:transparent;}#gsc_prf_btne.gsc_prf_btn:hover:before{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.05);}#gsc_prf_btne.gsc_prf_btn:active:before{background-color:rgba(0,0,0,.1);}#gsc_prf_btnf{float:right;margin:3px 0 16px 16px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_prf_btnf{margin-top:0;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_btnf{float:none;top:62px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_btnf.gsc_prf_btn_top{top:14px;}.gsc_prf_btn:before,.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_btne:before{background-color:#f5f5f5;border:1px solid rgba(0,0,0,.1);}.gsc_prf_btn.gsc_prf_btn_act:before{background-color:#4d90fe;}.gsc_prf_btn_act .gsc_prf_btn_lbl{color:#fff;}.gsc_prf_btn.gsc_prf_btn_act:hover:before{background-color:#3983fe;}.gsc_prf_btn.gsc_prf_btn_act:active:before{background-color:#357ae8;}#gsc_prf_inw{margin-bottom:8px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_prf_inw{margin-bottom:4px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_inw{margin-bottom:2px;}#gsc_prf_in{font-size:24px;line-height:24px;padding:3px 0 4px 0;word-wrap:break-word;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_prf_in{font-size:22px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_in{font-size:20px;padding:0;}#gsc_prf_ion{line-height:19px;padding:1px 0;}#gsc_prf_ion{padding-bottom:4px;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_prf_ion{padding-bottom:8px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_prf_ion{padding:0;padding-bottom:10px;}#gsc_prf_ion_btn,#gs_prf_ion_txt{vertical-align:top;}#gsc_prf_ion_btn{padding:12px 0;}#gsc_prf_ion_lbl{color:#777;}.gs_prf_ion_svg{height:8px;width:4px;padding:0 4px;fill:#777;}#gsc_prf_ion_btn:hover #gsc_prf_ion_lbl{cursor:pointer;text-decoration:underline;}#gsc_prf_ion_btn:active #gsc_prf_ion_lbl{color:#222;}#gsc_prf_ion_btn:active .gs_prf_ion_svg{fill:#222;}#gs_prf_ion_txt{padding-left:4px;visibility:hidden;font-size:0;opacity:0;transition:visibility 0s .13s,font-size 0s .13s,opacity .13s}.gs_el_tc #gs_prf_ion_txt{transition:visibility 0s .218s,font-size 0s .218s,opacity .218s}.gs_prf_ion_show #gs_prf_ion_txt{visibility:visible;font-size:15px;opacity:1;transition:visibility 0s,font-size 0s,opacity .13s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_prf_ion_show #gs_prf_ion_txt{transition:visibility 0s,font-size 0s,opacity .218s;}.gs_prf_ion_svg{transition:transform .13s;transform:rotate(0);}.gs_el_tc .gs_prf_ion_svg{transition:transform .218s;}.gs_prf_ion_show .gs_prf_ion_svg{transform:rotate(180deg);}.gsc_prf_il{font-size:15px;line-height:18px;padding:1px 0;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_prf_il{font-size:13px;line-height:16px;}.gsc_prf_ila:link,.gsc_prf_ila:visited{text-decoration:underline;color:#222;}#gsc_prf_int{margin-top:5px;}#gsc_prf_int:empty{display:none;}.gsc_prf_inta{margin-right:16px;white-space:nowrap;max-width:200px;text-overflow:ellipsis;overflow:hidden;vertical-align:top;}.gsc_prf_inta:last-child{margin:0}.gs_el_tc .gsc_prf_ila,.gs_el_tc .gsc_prf_inta{padding:8px 0 5px 0;}.gsc_md_pro_tt,#gsc_md_pro_lgtm,#gsc_md_pro_rev_n,#gsc_md_pro_save,#gsc_md_pro_ep,.gsc_md_pro_el,.gsc_md_pro_ev{display:none;}#gsc_md_pro_ep{margin-top:4px;padding-top:16px;border-top:1px solid #e5e5e5;}#gsc_md_pro_ep .gsc_md_pro_el{margin-bottom:8px;}.gs_el_tc #gsc_md_pro_ep .gsc_md_pro_el{margin-bottom:2px;}.gsc_md_pro_ra .gs_md_btns{margin-top:8px;}.gsc_md_pro_rn #gs_aani_wrap{padding:0;border:none;}.gsc_md_pro_rn .gs_md_btns{margin:0;}.gsc_md_pro_ch .gsc_md_pro_el,.gsc_md_pro_ch .gsc_md_pro_ev,.gsc_md_pro_ch #gsc_md_pro_ep,.gsc_md_pro_ra .gsc_md_pro_ra_vis,.gsc_md_pro_rn .gsc_md_pro_rn_vis{display:block;}.gsc_md_pro_ed #gsc_md_pro_ted,.gsc_md_pro_aa #gsc_md_pro_taa,.gsc_md_pro_ra #gsc_md_pro_tra,.gsc_md_pro_an #gsc_md_pro_tan,.gsc_md_pro_ai #gsc_md_pro_tai,.gsc_md_pro_rn #gsc_md_pro_trn,.gsc_md_pro_ch #gsc_md_pro_save,.gsc_md_pro_ra #gsc_md_pro_lgtm,.gsc_md_pro_rn #gsc_md_pro_rev_n{display:inline-block;}.gsc_md_pro_el{font-size:15px;}.gsc_md_pro_ev{padding:4px 0 16px 0;}#gsc_dd_add-d,#gsc_dd_exp-d,#gsc_dd_sort-d,#gsc_dd_mor-d{top:42px;}#gsc_dd_add-d,#gsc_dd_mor-d,#gsc_dd_sort-d{white-space:normal;word-wrap:break-word;width:208px;width:max-content;min-width:100px;max-width:208px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_dd_add-d{left:-9px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_dd_exp-d{left:auto;right:12px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_dd_mor-d{left:-58px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_dd_sort-d{left:10px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_dd_sort-r{margin-left:-10px;}.gsc_dd_sec,#gsc_dd_exp-d{padding:8px 0;}.gs_el_tc .gsc_dd_sec,.gs_el_tc #gsc_dd_exp-d{padding:4px 0 8px 0;}.gsc_dd_sep{border-top:1px solid #ebebeb;}#gsc_dd_mor-s .gsc_dd_mor-sel,#gsc_dd_sort-s .gsc_dd_sort-sel{color:#dd4b39;}#gsc_dd_mor-p{padding:14px 44px 14px 16px;color:#777;}.gs_el_tc #gsc_dd_mor-p{padding:18px 44px 18px 16px;}.gsc_art_sel #gsc_dd_add-r,.gsc_art_sel #gsc_dd_mor-r,#gsc_btn_mer,#gsc_btn_del,#gsc_dd_exp-r{display:none;}#gsc_dd_mor-r,.gsc_art_sel #gsc_btn_mer,.gsc_art_sel #gsc_btn_del,.gsc_art_sel #gsc_dd_exp-r{display:inline-block;}html:not(.gs_el_ph) #gsc_dd_sort-r{display:none;}#gsc_lwp{margin:24px 0;text-align:center;}.gs_el_sm #gsc_lwp{margin:16px 0;}#gsc_bpf{display:inline-block;verticle-align:middle;}#gsc_a_nn{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;padding-right:16px;font-size:13px;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_a_nn{display:none;}@media print{#gs_top #gs_md_s,#gs_top #gs_md_w,#gs_top #gs_hdr,#gs_top #gs_hdr_drs,#gs_top #gs_hdr_drw,#gs_top #gs_ftr,#gs_top #gsc_nag,#gs_top #gsc_prf_nbar_btns,#gs_top #gsc_prf_btne,#gs_top #gsc_prf_btnf,#gs_top #gsc_prf_ivh,#gs_top #gsc_prf_puf,#gs_top #gsc_rsb_co,#gs_top #gsc_bdy #gsc_rsb_co,#gs_top .gsc_g_hist_wrp,#gs_top #gsc_prf_t_wrp,#gs_top .gsc_rsb_header,#gs_top .gsc_a_tb,#gs_top .gsc_a_x,#gs_top #gsc_lwp,#gs_top .gsc_prf_puic,#gs_top #gsc_dd_add-r,#gs_top #gsc_dd_mor-r,#gs_top #gsc_dd_sort-r{display:none;}#gs_top,#gs_top #gsc_bdy,#gs_top #gsc_prf_w,#gs_top #gsc_prf,#gs_top #gsc_prf_pu,#gs_top #gsc_prf_pua,#gs_top #gsc_prf_i,#gs_top .gsc_rsb_s,#gs_top .gsc_lcl,#gs_top .gsc_rsb,#gs_top #gsc_a_tw,#gs_top #gsc_a_t,#gs_top .gsc_prf_il,#gs_top .gsc_prf_ila,#gs_top .gsc_prf_inta,#gs_top #gsc_rsb_st{background:none;border:none;padding:0;margin:0;height:auto;width:auto;min-width:0;max-width:none;float:none;display:block;position:static;color:black;font-weight:normal;font-size:12pt;text-decoration:none;}#gs_top .gsc_a_ac,#gs_top .gsc_a_a,#gs_top #gsc_a_ca,#gs_top .gsc_a_at,#gs_top .gsc_rsb_sc1,#gs_top .gsc_rsb_sth,#gs_top .gsc_rsb_std,#gs_top #gsc_bdy .gsc_a_x,#gs_top #gsc_bdy .gsc_a_t,#gs_top #gsc_bdy .gsc_a_c,#gs_top #gsc_bdy .gsc_a_y,#gs_top #gsc_a_trh,#gs_top .gsc_a_m,#gs_top .gsc_a_am{color:black;font-weight:normal;font-size:12pt;padding:0;margin:0;background:none;border:none;}#gs_top #gsc_a_trh,#gs_top #gsc_a_trh th{height:0;}#gs_top #gsc_a_ta,#gs_top #gsc_a_ca,#gs_top #gsc_a_ha,#gs_top .gsc_a_a{font-size:11pt;}#gs_top .gsc_a_ac{font-size:10pt}#gs_top #gsc_prf_pu{width:80pt;height:auto;float:left;margin:0 7pt 7pt 0;}#gs_top #gsc_prf_pua{left:auto;transform:none;border-radius:0;}#gs_top #gsc_prf_pua>img{position:static;}#gs_top #gsc_prf_i{margin:0 7pt 7pt 87pt;text-align:left;}#gs_top #gsc_prf_in{font-size:18pt;line-height:18pt;padding:0 0 4pt 0;}#gs_top .gsc_prf_il{padding:2pt 0;}#gs_top #gsc_prf_w{float:left;width:64%;}#gs_top .gsc_rsb{float:right;width:35%;}#gs_top #gsc_art{clear:both;}#gs_top #gsc_rsb_st{display:table;width:100%;max-width:none;margin-top:3pt;}#gs_top .gsc_rsb_sc1,#gs_top .gsc_rsb_sth,#gs_top .gsc_rsb_std{font-size:10pt;}#gs_top th.gsc_rsb_sc1,#gs_top .gsc_rsb_sth{border-bottom:1pt solid #ccc;}#gs_top .gsc_rsb_f{max-width:60pt;}#gs_top .gsc_rsb_sth{padding-left:14pt;}#gs_top #gsc_bdy .gsc_a_x,#gs_top #gsc_bdy .gsc_a_t,#gs_top #gsc_bdy .gsc_a_c,#gs_top #gsc_bdy .gsc_a_y,#gs_top #gsc_a_trh{padding:6pt 0;}#gs_top #gsc_a_trh{border-bottom:1pt solid #ccc;}#gs_top #gsc_a_ca{display:block;width:auto;}#gs_top #gsc_a_ta{display:inline-block;vertical-align:middle;margin-right:12pt;}#gs_top .gsc_a_h{display:inline;font-size:10pt;}#gs_top .gsc_a_at{color:#008;}#gs_top .gsc_a_m,#gs_top .gsc_a_am{display:inline;position:absolute;}#gs_top .gsc_a_am{padding:11pt 0 0 8pt;}#gs_top .gsc_a_t .gs_gray{color:black;font-size:10pt;}}.gsc_lwpds_frm{position:relative;height:29px;}.gsc_lwpds_tsiw{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:38px;}.gsc_lwpds_tsiw input{border-radius:3px 0 0 3px;}.gsc_lwpds_tsbw{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;}.gsc_lwpds_tsbw button{border-radius:0 3px 3px 0;}.gsc_pgn{text-align:right;font-weight:bold;line-height:29px;}.gsc_pgn_ppn{margin:0 8px;}.gsc_ccb_ck{padding:11px 10px 9px 10px;}.gsc_ccb_svg{stroke:#666;stroke-width:2px;fill:#fff;width:21px;height:21px;vertical-align:top;}.gsc_ccb_lim,.gsc_ccb_dis{cursor:default;pointer-events:none;}.gsc_ccb_lim .gsc_ccb_svg,.gsc_ccb_dis .gsc_ccb_svg{fill:#e2e2e2;stroke:#fff;}.gsc_ccb_lim .gsc_ccb_svg>circle,.gsc_ccb_dis .gsc_ccb_svg>circle{stroke:#e2e2e2;}.gsc_ccb_on .gsc_ccb_svg{fill:#4d90fe;stroke:#fff;}.gsc_ccb_on .gsc_ccb_svg>circle{stroke:#4d90fe;}.gsc_ccb_del:active .gsc_ccb_svg>circle,.gsc_ccb_add:active .gsc_ccb_svg>circle{fill:#2f6de1;}#gsc_md_cod{width:800px;max-width:94%;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_md_cod{width:100%;max-width:100%;}#gsc_md_cod .gs_md_prg{min-height:400px;}.gsc_codb_instr{font-size:16px;margin:1em 0;}#gsc_cods_res{position:relative;margin-bottom:24px;min-height:80px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_cods_res{margin-bottom:16px;}.gsc_cods_hide,.gsc_cod_sugg #gsc_cod_tedit,.gsc_cod_sugg #gsc_cods_frm,.gsc_cod_sugg #gsc_cods_pp,.gsc_cod_lc #gsc_cod_tadd,.gsc_cod_changed #gsc_cod_tedit,.gsc_cod_changed #gsc_cod_tadd,.gsc_cod_lim #gsc_cod_tedit,.gsc_cod_lim #gsc_cod_tadd{display:none;}#gsc_cods_frm{margin:0 0 24px 0;}.gs_el_ph #gsc_cods_frm{margin:0 0 16px 0;}.gsc_ucoar{padding:24px 0;border-bottom:1px solid #eee;}.gs_el_ph .gsc_ucoar{padding:16px 0px;}.gsc_ucoar:first-child{padding-top:0;}.gsc_ucoar:last-child{border-bottom:none;}.gsc_ucoar_cb{float:right;margin-top:-8px;}#gsc_cod_trev{display:none;color:#666;pointer-events:none;}.gsc_cod_changed #gsc_cod_trev,.gsc_cod_lim #gsc_cod_trev{display:inline-block;}.gsc_cod_changed #gsc_cod_trev{color:#1a0dab;pointer-events:auto;}.gsc_fol_cr{margin:0 0 8px 0;}.gs_el_tc .gsc_fol_cr{margin:0;}.gs_el_tc .gsc_fol_cr:first-child{margin-top:-8px;}#gsc_fol_ml{display:block;color:#777;padding:12px 0 4px 0;}#gs_aani_wrap{padding-bottom:8px;border-bottom:1px solid #e5e5e5;}#gs_aani{display:none;}#gs_aani.gs_vis{display:block;padding-bottom:12px;}#gs_aani_lbl{display:none;}#gs_aani_lbl.gs_vis{display:block;padding-bottom:8px;}#gs_anni_add_ico{display:inline-block;text-decoration:none;}.gs_aani_in{position:relative;margin-top:12px;margin-bottom:4px;display:none;}.gs_aani_in.gs_vis{display:block;}.gs_aani_txt{margin-right:34px;}.gs_aani_del{position:absolute;padding:12px;top:-6px;right:-12px;}.gs_aani_del:active .gs_aani_svg{stroke:#d14836;}.gs_aani_svg{vertical-align:top;width:17px;height:17px;fill:none;stroke:#1155cc;}</style><script>!function(GSP){var ba=function(a){var b=0;return function(){return b<a.length?{done:!1,value:a[b++]}:{done:!0}}},ca=typeof Object.defineProperties=="function"?Object.defineProperty:function(a,b,c){if(a==Array.prototype||a==Object.prototype)return a;a[b]=c.value;return a},da=function(a){a=["object"==typeof globalThis&&globalThis,a,"object"==typeof window&&window,"object"==typeof self&&self,"object"==typeof global&&global];for(var b=0;b<a.length;++b){var c=a[b];if(c&&c.Math==Math)return c}throw Error("Cannot find global object"); },ea=da(this),g=function(a,b){if(b)a:{var c=ea;a=a.split(".");for(var d=0;d<a.length-1;d++){var e=a[d];if(!(e in c))break a;c=c[e]}a=a[a.length-1];d=c[a];b=b(d);b!=d&&b!=null&&ca(c,a,{configurable:!0,writable:!0,value:b})}}; g("Symbol",function(a){if(a)return a;var b=function(f,h){this.ga=f;ca(this,"description",{configurable:!0,writable:!0,value:h})};b.prototype.toString=function(){return this.ga};var c="jscomp_symbol_"+(Math.random()*1E9>>>0)+"_",d=0,e=function(f){if(this instanceof e)throw new TypeError("Symbol is not a constructor");return new b(c+(f||"")+"_"+d++,f)};return e});var fa=typeof Object.create=="function"?Object.create:function(a){var b=function(){};b.prototype=a;return new b},ha; if(typeof Object.setPrototypeOf=="function")ha=Object.setPrototypeOf;else{var ia;a:{var ja={a:!0},ka={};try{ka.__proto__=ja;ia=ka.a;break a}catch(a){}ia=!1}ha=ia?function(a,b){a.__proto__=b;if(a.__proto__!==b)throw new TypeError(a+" is not extensible");return a}:null} var la=ha,ma=function(a,b){a.prototype=fa(b.prototype);a.prototype.constructor=a;if(la)la(a,b);else for(var c in b)if(c!="prototype")if(Object.defineProperties){var d=Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(b,c);d&&Object.defineProperty(a,c,d)}else a[c]=b[c];a.xa=b.prototype};g("Symbol.dispose",function(a){return a?a:Symbol("Symbol.dispose")}); g("Math.trunc",function(a){return a?a:function(b){b=Number(b);if(isNaN(b)||b===Infinity||b===-Infinity||b===0)return b;var c=Math.floor(Math.abs(b));return b<0?-c:c}});var na=function(a){a=Math.trunc(a)||0;a<0&&(a+=this.length);if(!(a<0||a>=this.length))return this[a]};g("Array.prototype.at",function(a){return a?a:na});var n=function(a){return a?a:na};g("Int8Array.prototype.at",n);g("Uint8Array.prototype.at",n);g("Uint8ClampedArray.prototype.at",n);g("Int16Array.prototype.at",n); g("Uint16Array.prototype.at",n);g("Int32Array.prototype.at",n);g("Uint32Array.prototype.at",n);g("Float32Array.prototype.at",n);g("Float64Array.prototype.at",n);g("String.prototype.at",function(a){return a?a:na});/* Copyright The Closure Library Authors. SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 */ var oa=function(a,b){var c=Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments,1);return function(){var d=c.slice();d.push.apply(d,arguments);return a.apply(this,d)}};var p=function(){this.I=this.I;this.O=this.O};p.prototype.I=!1;p.prototype.isDisposed=function(){return this.I};p.prototype.dispose=function(){this.I||(this.I=!0,this.T())};p.prototype[Symbol.dispose]=function(){this.dispose()};p.prototype.T=function(){if(this.O)for(;this.O.length;)this.O.shift()()};var pa=function(){};function qa(a){var b=[],c=0,d;for(d in a)b[c++]=d;return b};function q(a,b){a.classList.add(b)}function r(a,b){a.classList.remove(b)}function u(a,b){return a.classList?a.classList.contains(b):!1}function v(a,b,c){c=c!==void 0?c:!u(a,b);(c?q:r)(a,b)};function w(a){return(navigator.userAgent||"").indexOf(a)>=0}var ra=w("iPhone")||w("iPad")||w("iPod"),sa=w("iPhone")||w("Android")&&w("Mobile");function ua(){if(b===void 0){var a=window.screen;a={width:window.innerWidth,height:window.innerHeight,wa:a.width,va:a.height}}else a=b;var b=a;a=b.width;var c=b.height,d=b.wa;b=b.va;var e=4;if(a<600||d*b<48E4||sa)e=1;else if(a<982)e=2;else if(a<1136||c<590)e=3;return e}var va,wa=/[?&]tc=([01])/.exec(location.search||""); va=wa?+wa[1]>0:w("Android")?!0:window.matchMedia&&window.matchMedia("(pointer)").matches?window.matchMedia("(pointer:coarse)").matches:!w("Firefox")||w("Mobile")||w("Tablet")?ra||"ontouchstart"in window||(navigator.msMaxTouchPoints||0)>0:!1;function xa(){if(ya==void 0){ya=!1;try{var a=Object.defineProperty({},"passive",{get:function(){ya=!0}});window.addEventListener("testPassive",pa,a);window.removeEventListener("testPassive",pa,a)}catch(b){}}return ya}var ya;var za=function(a){this.G=a},Aa=new za("DIV"),Ba=new za("INPUT"),Ca=new za("SCRIPT"),Da=new za("TABLE");function A(a){return document.getElementById(a)}function Ea(a){return a.id||(a.id="gs_id"+Fa++)}function Ga(a){a=(a===void 0?null:a)||document.body;return(a?window.getComputedStyle(a,null):null).direction=="rtl"} function Ha(a){var b=[];a=a.elements;for(var c=a.length,d=0;d<c;d++){var e=a[d],f=encodeURIComponent(e.name||""),h=e.type;!f||e.disabled||!(h!="checkbox"&&h!="radio"||e.checked)||b.push(f+"="+encodeURIComponent(e.value||""))}return b.join("&")}function Ia(a,b){var c=a.elements[b];c||(c=document.createElement(Ba.G),c.type="hidden",c.name=b,a.appendChild(c));return c}function Ja(a){A("gsc_md_cbyd_c").href=a&&a.match(Ka)?a:"javascript:void(0)"}function La(a){a.match(Ka)&&(window.location.href=a)} function Ma(a){if(!A("gs_hats")){var b=document.createElement(Ca.G);b.id="gs_hats";b.src="https://www.gstatic.com/feedback/js/help/prod/service/lazy.min.js";b.onload=a;document.body.appendChild(b)}}var Fa=100,Na=/\S+/g,Ka=/^(?:https?:|[^:/?#]*(?:[/?#]|$))/i,Oa=/^(?:#|\/[a-z0-9_-]*(?:[?].*)?$)/i;function Pa(a){return a.hasOwnProperty("gs_uid")?a.gs_uid:a.gs_uid=++Qa}var Qa=0;var B=function(){this.o=[];this.J={};this.X=this.R=0};B.prototype.add=function(a){var b=Pa(a);this.J[b]||(this.o.push(a),this.J[b]=this.o.length,++this.R)};B.prototype.remove=function(a){a=Pa(a);var b=this.J[a];b&&(this.o[b-1]=null,delete this.J[a],--this.R*2<this.o.length&&!this.X&&Ra(this))};B.prototype.notify=function(a){var b=this.o;try{++this.X;for(var c=0;c<b.length;c++){var d=b[c];d&&d.apply(null,arguments)}}finally{!--this.X&&this.R*2<b.length&&Ra(this)}};B.prototype.getSize=function(){return this.R}; var Ra=function(a){var b=a.o,c=b.length;a=a.J;for(var d=0,e=0;e<c;e++){var f=b[e];f&&(b[d]=f,a[Pa(f)]=++d)}b.length=d};function C(a,b,c,d,e){Sa(a,b,c,d===void 0?!1:d,e===void 0?!1:e,Ta)}function D(a,b,c,d){Sa(a,b,c,d===void 0?!1:d,!1,Ua)}function Va(a,b,c,d){function e(h){D(f,a,e,c);b(h)}var f=document;c=c===void 0?!1:c;C(f,a,e,c,d===void 0?!1:d)}function H(a){Xa?Xa.add(a):a()}function Ya(a){H(function(){return setTimeout(a,0)})} var Za=window.requestAnimationFrame?function(a){window.requestAnimationFrame(a)}:function(a){setTimeout(function(){return a(window.performance&&performance.now?performance.now():Date.now())},33)};function $a(a){a.stopPropagation();a.preventDefault()}function ab(a){return(a.ctrlKey?1:0)|(a.altKey?2:0)|(a.metaKey?4:0)|(a.shiftKey?8:0)}function Ta(a,b,c,d,e){var f=a.addEventListener;e=e&&xa();f.call(a,b,c,e?{passive:e,capture:d}:d)}function Ua(a,b,c,d){a.removeEventListener(b,c,d)} function Sa(a,b,c,d,e,f){if(typeof b==="string")f(a,b,c,d,e);else for(var h=b.length,k=0;k<h;k++)f(a,b[k],c,d,e)}function bb(){Xa.notify();Xa=null}function cb(){document.readyState=="complete"&&(D(document,"readystatechange",cb),bb())}var Xa,db=!!document.attachEvent,eb=document.readyState;if(db?eb!="complete":eb=="loading")Xa=new B,db?C(document,"readystatechange",cb):Va("DOMContentLoaded",bb); function fb(){Va(["mousedown","touchstart"],function(){v(document.documentElement,"gs_pfcs",!0);C(document,"keydown",gb,!0)},!0,!0)}function gb(a){a.keyCode==9&&(v(document.documentElement,"gs_pfcs",!1),D(document,"keydown",gb,!0),fb())}fb();function hb(a,b,c,d,e){var f=A(a);ib(f,function(){q(f,"gs_vis");b&&b()},function(){r(f,"gs_vis");c&&c()},d,e)}function jb(a){a=I[a]||[0];return a[a.length-1]} function ib(a,b,c,d,e,f){f=f===void 0?"":f;var h=Ea(a),k=jb(h);if(!k||k<jb(f)){var m=document.activeElement;f=A(f);kb(lb(f||a),!0);b&&b();J.push(function(l){I[h].pop();I[h].length||delete I[h];if(!l){(l=e)||m==document.body||(l=m);var t=document.activeElement;if(l)try{l.focus()}catch(E){}else t&&a.contains(t)&&t.blur()}c&&c()});I[h]||(I[h]=[]);I[h].push(J.length);m&&a.contains(m)||setTimeout(function(){var l=d,t=l&&l.type=="text";if(!l||t&&va)l=a;try{l.focus(),t&&(l.value=l.value)}catch(E){}},0)}} function mb(a){kb((jb(a)||1E6)-1,!1)}function nb(a){a=a===void 0?!1:a;J.pop()(a)}function kb(a,b){for(b=b===void 0?!1:b;J.length>a;)nb(b||J.length>a+1)}function lb(a){for(var b=0;a&&!(b=jb(a.id));)a=a.parentNode;return b}var J=[],I={};C(document,"click",function(a){var b=J.length;b&&!ab(a)&&b>lb(a.target)&&nb(!0)});C(document,"keydown",function(a){a.keyCode==27&&!ab(a)&&J.length&&nb()}); C(document,"focus",function(a){var b=J.length;if(b)for(var c=lb(a.target);c<b;){var d="",e;for(e in I)if(jb(e)==b){d=e;break}a:{d=(A(d).getAttribute("data-wfc")||"").match(Na)||[];for(var f=0;f<d.length;f++){var h=A(d[f]);if(h&&h.offsetWidth){d=h;break a}}d=void 0}if(d){$a(a);d.focus();break}else nb(!0),--b}},!0);var ob={},pb={},qb;try{qb=window.sessionStorage}catch(a){};function K(a){return typeof a=="object"?a:null}function rb(){var a=sb(),b=tb();b=ub(b);a=vb(a);a=wb(a)||"#";L=K(b);xb?window.history.replaceState(b,"",a):window.location.replace(a)}function wb(a){var b=[],c;for(c in a)b.push(encodeURIComponent(c)+"="+encodeURIComponent(a[c]));return(a=b.sort().join("&"))?"#"+a:""} function yb(a){var b={};a=a.split("&");for(var c=0;c<a.length;c++){var d=a[c],e=d.indexOf("=");if(e+1){var f=d.substr(0,e);d=d.substr(e+1)}else f=d,d="";f&&(b[decodeURIComponent(f)]=decodeURIComponent(d))}return b}function zb(a){var b=a.indexOf("#")+1;return yb(b?a.substr(b):"")}function Ab(a){var b=a.indexOf("?")+1;a=b?a.substr(b):"";b=a.indexOf("#");return yb(b+1?a.substr(0,b):a)}function Bb(a,b){for(var c in b){var d=b[c];d!==void 0?a[c]=d:delete a[c]}} function vb(a){var b=zb(window.location.hash);Bb(b,a);return b}function ub(a){var b=L||K(window.history.state),c={},d;for(d in b)c[d]=b[d];Bb(c,a);return c}function Cb(){setTimeout(function(){if(!Db){var a=window.history.state;Db=!0;L=K(a);Eb.notify()}Fb=!1},0)}var Eb=new B,L,Db=!1,Fb=!0,xb="pushState"in window.history,Gb; if(typeof GSP=="undefined")Gb=!1;else{var Hb=.001*Date.now(),Ib=GSP.eventId,Jb=!1,M,Kb=qb;if(!("nh"in ob)){var Lb=Kb&&Kb.getItem("nh"),Mb;if(Lb)try{Mb=JSON.parse(Lb)}catch(a){}pb.nh=Mb}M=pb.nh;M instanceof Array||(M=[]);for(var Nb=M.length,Ob=0,Pb=0;Pb<Nb;Pb++){var Qb=M[Pb];if(Qb instanceof Array&&Qb.length==2){var Rb=Qb[1]==Ib;Jb=Jb||Rb;Nb-Pb<=10&&+Qb[0]>Hb-86400&&!Rb&&(M[Ob++]=Qb)}}M.length=Ob;M.push([Hb,Ib]);var Sb=M,Tb=qb;pb.nh=Sb;try{Tb&&Tb.setItem("nh",JSON.stringify(Sb))}catch(a){}Gb=Jb} var Ub=Gb;"onpageshow"in window?C(window,"pageshow",Cb):H(Cb);C(window,xb?"popstate":"hashchange",function(a){document.readyState!="loading"&&(a=a.state,Db=!0,L=K(a),Eb.notify())});function Vb(){Wb&&(D(A("gs_alrt_l"),"click",Wb),Wb=void 0)}function Xb(){var a=Yb();q(a,"gs_anm");q(a,"gs_vis");C(document,"click",Zb);clearTimeout($b);$b=setTimeout(Zb,4E3);++ac;setTimeout(bc,0)}function Zb(){ac||(D(document,"click",Zb),clearTimeout($b),$b=void 0,Vb(),r(Yb(),"gs_vis"))}function Yb(){return A("gs_alrt")}function bc(){ac=0}var $b,ac=0,Wb;H(function(){var a=A("gs_alrt_m");a&&(a.innerHTML&&!Ub&&Xb(),C(window,"pagehide",function(){ac=0;Zb();r(Yb(),"gs_anm")}))});function cc(a,b,c){var d=new XMLHttpRequest;d.onreadystatechange=function(){if(d.readyState==4){var e=d.status,f=d.responseText,h=d.getResponseHeader("Content-Type"),k=d.responseURL,m=window.location,l=m.protocol;m="//"+m.host+"/";k&&k.indexOf(l+m)&&k.indexOf("https:"+m)&&(e=0,h=f="");c(e,f,h||"")}};d.open(b?"POST":"GET",a,!0);d.setRequestHeader("X-Requested-With","XHR");b&&d.setRequestHeader("Content-Type","application/x-www-form-urlencoded");b?d.send(b):d.send();return d} function dc(a){a&&(a.onreadystatechange=function(){},a.abort())};var ec=function(a,b,c){this.type=a;this.currentTarget=this.target=b;this.g=c===void 0?null:c;this.Z=!1};ec.prototype.stopPropagation=function(){this.g&&this.g.stopPropagation();this.Z=!0};var N=function(a){a.g&&$a(a.g);a.Z=!0};var O=function(a,b){this.aa=a;this.ua=b},fc=function(a,b,c){this.aa=a;this.types=b;this.listener=c};function P(a,b,c){Q(a,b,c)}function gc(a,b){var c=b.length;if(c){var d=Pa(a),e=hc[d];if(!e){e=hc[d]=[];d=ic(b[0].aa);for(var f in d){var h=jc[f];h||(h=jc[f]=Object.create(null));for(var k in d[f]){var m=h[k];m||(m=h[k]=[]);m.push(a)}}kc(a,e,b[0],lc);for(f=1;f<c;f++)kc(a,e,b[f],mc)}}}function R(a,b,c){nc(new ec(a,b,c===void 0?null:c))} function Q(a,b,c){var d=oc;typeof b==="string"&&(pc[0]=b,b=pc);var e=b.length;a=ic(a);for(var f in a)for(var h in a[f])for(var k=0;k<e;k++)d(f,h,b[k],c)}function ic(a){typeof a==="string"&&(qc[0]=a,a=qc);for(var b=a.length,c=Object.create(null),d=0;d<b;d++){var e=a[d],f=e.charAt(0),h=e.substr(1);if(f!="#"&&f!="."||!h)throw Error("bad selector: "+e);(e=c[f])||(e=c[f]=Object.create(null));e[h]=!0}return c} function oc(a,b,c,d){var e=rc[c];e||(c!="touchstart"&&c!="mouseover"&&c!="mouseout"&&C(document,c,sc,c=="focus"||c=="blur"),e=rc[c]=Object.create(null));(c=e[a])||(c=e[a]=Object.create(null));(a=c[b])||(a=c[b]=new B);a.add(d)}function sc(a){var b=a.target;b&&b.nodeType==3&&(b=b.parentNode);nc(new ec(a.type,b,a))} function nc(a){for(var b=a.target;b&&b!=document&&!b.disabled&&!u(b,"gs_dis");){a.currentTarget=b;var c=b.id;if(c&&!tc("#",c,a))break;c=b.classList||[];for(var d=c.length,e=0;e<d;e++)if(!tc(".",c[e],a))return;b=b.parentNode}}function tc(a,b,c){var d=rc[c.type];(b=(a=d&&d[a])&&a[b])&&b.notify(c);return!c.Z}function kc(a,b,c,d){var e=c.aa;c=c.ua;for(var f in c){var h=oa(d,a,c[f]);Q(e,f,h);b.push(new fc(e,f,h))}}function lc(a,b,c){var d=c.currentTarget;a=uc(a,d)||a;a=vc(a,d);b.call(a,c)} function mc(a,b,c){a:{for(var d=c.currentTarget;d&&d!=document;){var e=uc(a,d);if(e){a=vc(e,d);break a}d=d.parentNode}a=void 0}a&&b.call(a,c)}function vc(a,b){var c=wc(b),d=xc[c];d||(d=xc[c]=[]);for(var e=d.length,f=0;f<e;f++){var h=d[f];if(h instanceof a)return h}b=new a(b);d.push(b);a=Pa(a);(d=yc[a])||(d=yc[a]=[]);d.push(c);return b}function uc(a,b){var c,d=b.id;d&&(c=zc(a,c,"#",d));b=b.classList||[];d=b.length;for(var e=0;e<d;e++)c=zc(a,c,".",b[e]);return c} function zc(a,b,c,d){c=(d=(c=jc[c])&&c[d])?d.length:0;for(var e=0;e<c;e++){var f=d[e];!(f===a||f.prototype instanceof a)||b&&!(f===b||f.prototype instanceof b)||(b=f)}return b}function wc(a){var b=a.getAttribute("data-duid");b||a.setAttribute("data-duid",b=""+Ac++);return b}var rc=Object.create(null),qc=[""],pc=[""],jc=Object.create(null),hc=Object.create(null),yc=Object.create(null),xc=Object.create(null),Ac=100;window.gs_evt_dsp=sc;function Bc(){var a=".gs_md_li";if(typeof a==="string"){var b=a.charAt(0),c=a.slice(1);if(b=="#")a=function(d){return d.id==c&&d.offsetWidth>0};else if(b==".")a=function(d){return u(d,c)&&d.offsetWidth>0};else throw Error("bad selector: "+a);}return a}function Cc(a,b){return a&&((b===void 0?0:b)?a.lastElementChild:a.firstElementChild)}function Dc(a,b){return a&&((b===void 0?0:b)?a.previousElementSibling:a.nextElementSibling)}function Ec(a,b,c){c=c===void 0?!1:c;return Fc(a,b,Bc(),c,!1)} function Fc(a,b,c,d,e){for(var f;b&&a;){if(c(b)){if(e)return b}else for(f=Cc(b,d);f;f=Dc(f,d))if(e=Fc(f,f,c,d,!0))return e;for(e=!0;;){if(b==a)return null;f=b.parentNode;if(b=Dc(b,d))break;b=f}}return null};function Gc(a){return(u(a,"gs_sel")?1:0)+2*(u(a,"gs_par")?1:0)}function Hc(a){return+a.getAttribute("data-s")}function Ic(a,b,c){c=c===void 0?!1:c;v(a,"gs_sel",b==1);v(a,"gs_par",b==2);a.setAttribute("aria-checked",Jc[b]);c||a.setAttribute("data-s",""+b)}var Jc=["false","true","mixed"];var S=function(){this.v=Object.create(null);this.A=0};S.prototype.clear=function(){this.v=Object.create(null);this.A=0};S.prototype.has=function(a){return a in this.v};S.prototype.get=function(a){return this.v[a]};S.prototype.set=function(a,b){this.has(a)||this.A++;this.v[a]=b};S.prototype.delete=function(a){this.has(a)&&(delete this.v[a],this.A--)};var Kc=function(a){var b=window,c=this;this.o=new B;this.da=0;this.ba=[b,a,function(){c.da++||Za(d)},!1];var d=function(){c.da=0;c.o.notify()}};Kc.prototype.addListener=function(a){this.o.getSize()||C.apply(null,this.ba);this.o.add(a)};Kc.prototype.removeListener=function(a){this.o.remove(a);this.o.getSize()||D.apply(null,this.ba)};var Lc=new Kc("scroll"),Mc=new Kc("resize");var Nc=new B;function Oc(){var a=document.documentElement,b=ua();b={gs_el_ph:b==1,gs_el_ta:b==2,gs_el_sm:b!=4,gs_el_tc:va||b==1};var c;for(c in b){var d=b[c];if(u(a,c)!=d){var e=!0;v(a,c,d)}}e&&Nc.notify()}v(document.documentElement,"gs_el_ios",ra);Oc();Mc.addListener(Oc);C(window,["pageshow","load"],Oc);var Pc=function(a,b,c,d,e,f){this.i=a;this.F=b;this.D=c;this.H=d;this.Y=e;this.C=f;this.m=null},Qc=function(a,b){a.m=b},Rc=function(){this.l=[];this.j=-1};Rc.prototype.push=function(a){++this.j;this.j==this.l.length?this.l.push(a):(this.l[this.j]=a,this.l.splice(this.j+1,this.l.length-this.j))};Rc.prototype.pop=function(){--this.j}; var Sc=function(a){for(var b=T;b.j>a;)mb(b.top().i)},Tc=function(a,b){for(var c=0;c<a.l.length&&!(a.l[c].C>=b);++c);return c},Uc=function(a){for(var b=T,c=b.j;c>=0;c--)if(b.l[c].i==a)return c;return-1};Rc.prototype.top=function(){return this.at(this.j)};Rc.prototype.at=function(a){return this.l[a]||null};function Vc(a,b){var c=a==T.j;T.j=a;b&&!L&&!K(window.history.state)&&rb();c||Wc()} function V(a,b,c,d){b=b===void 0?"":b;c=c===void 0?"":c;d=d===void 0?"":d;var e=T.top();e&&a==e.i&&b==e.F&&c==e.D||(T.push(new Pc(a,b,c,d,e&&e.i==a?e.Y+1:1,Date.now())),b=sb(),a=tb(),a=ub(a),b=vb(b),b=wb(b)||"#",L=K(a),xb?window.history.pushState(a,"",b):window.location.assign(b),Wc())}function Xc(a){a=Yc(A(a));return!!a&&u(a,"gs_md_wmw")&&u(document.documentElement,"gs_el_ph")} function Zc(){var a=A("gs_top"),b=document.documentElement;a=a.scrollHeight>b.clientHeight;for(var c=!1,d=0;d<=T.j&&!c;++d)c=!Xc(T.at(d).i);v(A("gs_md_s"),"gs_vis",c);c=T.j;c>=1&&(c=T.at(c-1).i,d=Xc(c),v(A(c),"gs_md_ins_vis",!d));b.style.overflowY=a&&!Xc(T.top().i)?"scroll":""} function Wc(){function a(){var z=c.clientHeight,x=+F.getAttribute("data-h");x||(h.style.maxHeight="none",x=f.offsetHeight);var y=f.querySelector(".gs_md_ftr");x=Math.max((z-x)/2,10);z=Math.max(z-48-(y?y.offsetHeight:0)-2*x,10);y=Xc(e);f.style.top=y?"auto":x+"px";h.style.maxHeight=y?"none":z+"px";bd(h)}var b=T.top(),c=document.documentElement,d=A("gs_top"),e=b.i,f=A(e),h=A(e+"-bdy"),k=1200+T.j,m=A(f.getAttribute("data-cid")||f.id+"-bdy")||f,l=b.H,t=b.D,E=b.F,G=A("gs_md_s"),aa=A(e).getAttribute("data-shd")|| "",F=Yc(f),U=window.pageYOffset,$c=E&&E[0]!="#"&&!l,ad=T.j>0?T.at(T.j-1).i:"",ta=!!I[e];$c?(ta?v(m,"gs_md_ldg",!0):cd(f,m,'<div class="gs_md_prg">'+A("gs_md_ldg").innerHTML+"</div>",b),R("gs-md-ldin",m)):(l&&cd(f,m,l,b),R("gs-md-lded",m));ta&&e==ad||ib(f,function(){(F||f).style.zIndex=k;dd(aa);if(!ta){F&&q(F,"gs_vis");q(f,"gs_vis");v(f,"gs_abt",Fb);v(G,"gs_abt",Fb);ed(e);if(T.j==0){var z=Zc;Nc.add(z);z()}else Zc();F&&h&&(a(),Mc.addListener(a))}T.j==0&&(q(d,"gs_nscl"),d.style.top=-U+"px")},function(){ta|| (Mc.removeListener(a),F&&r(F,"gs_vis"),r(f,"gs_vis"),r(f,"gs_abt"));for(var z=T.top()?T.top().Y:0;T.top()&&T.top().i==e;){var x=T.top();dc(x.m);x.m=null;T.pop()}if(T.top()){if(x=T.top().i,dd(A(x).getAttribute("data-shd")||""),r(A(x),"gs_md_ins_vis"),ta){x=Uc(e);var y=T.at(x);(F||f).style.zIndex=1200+x;cd(f,m,y.H,y)}}else r(G,"gs_vis"),r(G,"gs_abt");T.j==-1?(Nc.remove(Zc),c.style.overflowY="",r(d,"gs_nscl"),d.style.top="auto",window.scrollTo(0,U)):Zc();fd||(z>0?window.history.go(-z):rb())},gd(f),hd(f), ad);$c&&(dc(b.m),b.m=null,Qc(b,cc(E,t,function(z,x,y){b.m=null;y=(z=z==200&&y.match(/^text\/html(;.*)?$/i))?x:id();cd(f,m,y,b);if(z)for(z=e,y=0;y<T.l.length;++y){var Wa=T.at(y);z==Wa.i&&E==Wa.F&&t==Wa.D&&(Wa.H=x,y==T.j&&rb())}R("gs-md-lded",m)})))}function Yc(a){a=a.parentNode;return u(a,"gs_md_wnw")?a:null}function gd(a){return(a=a.getAttribute("data-ifc"))?A(a):null}function hd(a){return(a=a.getAttribute("data-cfc"))?A(a):null} function cd(a,b,c,d){v(b,"gs_md_ldg",!1);for(var e=b.querySelectorAll("[data-duid]"),f=e.length,h={},k=0;k<f;k++){for(var m=wc(e[k]),l=xc[m],t=l?l.length:0,E=0;E<t;E++){var G=l[E],aa=Pa(G.constructor),F=h[aa];F||(F=h[aa]={});F[m]=!0;G&&typeof G.dispose=="function"&&G.dispose()}delete xc[m]}for(var U in h){U=+U;e=h[U];k=(f=yc[U])?f.length:0;for(l=m=0;l<k;l++)t=f[l],t in e||(f[m++]=t);m?f.length=m:delete yc[U]}b.innerHTML=c;d.H=c;ed(a.id);dc(d.m);d.m=null} function jd(a){return(a=T.at(Uc(a)))?a.F:""}function ed(a){if(a=document.querySelector("#"+a+">.gs_md_bdy"))a.scrollTop=a.scrollLeft=0,bd(a)}function bd(a){var b=a.style,c="padding"+(Ga(a)?"Left":"Right");b[c]="";var d=a.offsetWidth-a.clientWidth;d>2&&(a=parseInt(window.getComputedStyle(a,null)[c],10)||0,b[c]=Math.max(a-d,0)+"px")}function id(){return'<div class="gs_md_prg"><div class="gs_alrt">'+A("gs_md_err").innerHTML+"</div></div>"} function sb(){var a=T.top();return{d:a&&a.i||void 0,u:a&&a.F||void 0,p:a&&a.D?"1":void 0,t:a&&a.C||void 0}}function tb(){var a=T.top();return{n:a&&a.Y||0,p:a&&a.D||"",h:a&&a.H||""}}function dd(a){if(kd!=a){var b=A("gs_md_s");kd&&r(b,kd);(kd=a)&&q(b,a)}}var fd=0,kd="",T=new Rc; Eb.add(function(){var a=zb(window.location.hash),b=a.d||"",c=b?A(b):null;++fd;if(c){var d=a.u||"";c=+a.p>0;var e=+a.t||0,f=L||K(window.history.state)||{};a=+f.n||0;var h=""+(f.p||"");f=""+(f.h||"");d.match(Oa)||(d="");for(var k=Tc(T,e),m=k;m<T.l.length;++m){var l=T.at(m);if(e<l.C&&l.i!=b)break}for(l=k-1;l>=0;--l){var t=T.at(l);if(e>t.C&&t.i!=b)break}Sc(m-1);for(m=0;m<=l;++m)t=T.at(m).i,I[t]||Vc(l,!1);if(l=k<T.l.length)l=T.at(k),l=b==l.i&&d==l.F&&c==!!l.D&&e==l.C;l?Vc(k,!0):(a==0&&(Sc(-1),T=new Rc, e=Date.now()),c!=!!h&&(d=h="",f=id()),b=new Pc(b,d,h,f,a,e),c=T,e=b.C,a=Tc(c,e),e=a<c.l.length&&e==c.at(a).C,c.l.splice(a,e?1:0,b),T.j=a,rb(),Wc())}else Sc(-1);--fd});var ld=function(a){p.call(this);this.K=a;this.W=Object.create(null);this.m=null;a=a.querySelectorAll(".gs_in_txtw>input[type=text]");for(var b=a.length;b--;){var c=a[b],d=c.parentNode.querySelector(".gs_in_txts");c=c.name;d&&c&&(this.W[c]=d.innerHTML)}};ma(ld,p);ld.prototype.T=function(){dc(this.m);this.K=this.m=null;p.prototype.T.call(this)}; ld.prototype.pa=function(a){var b=this;N(a);if((a=this.K)&&!this.m){var c="json=&"+Ha(a);md(this,!0);this.m=cc(a.action,c,function(d,e){b.m=null;md(b,!1);var f=b.K,h=f.getAttribute("data-alrt");if(h=h?A(h):null)h.innerHTML="";try{var k=d==200&&JSON.parse(e)}catch(F){}d=!1;k&&typeof k=="object"||(nd(h,A("gs_md_err").innerHTML),k={},d=!0);f.setAttribute("data-p",""+(k.P||""));R("gs-ajax-form-done",f);if(e=k.L)La(""+e);else{if(e=k.M)nd(h,e),d=!0;e=1E6;if(h&&h.innerHTML){var m=h;e=h.getBoundingClientRect().top}h= f.elements;k=k.E;typeof k=="object"||(k=Object.create(null));for(var l in b.W){var t=h[l],E=void 0,G=""+(k[l]||""),aa=t.parentNode.querySelector(".gs_in_txts");v(t.parentNode,"gs_in_txte",!!G);aa&&(aa.innerHTML=G||b.W[l]||"");G&&(E=t.getBoundingClientRect().top)<e&&(m=t,e=E);d=d||!!G}(f=f.getAttribute("data-d"))&&!d&&mb(f);m&&m.scrollIntoView&&(e<0||e+20>window.innerHeight)&&m.scrollIntoView()}})}}; var md=function(a,b){a=a.K;var c=a.getAttribute("data-bsel");a=c?document.querySelectorAll(c):a.querySelectorAll("button");for(c=a.length;c--;){var d=a[c];d.disabled=b;v(d,"gs_bsp",b)}},nd=function(a,b){if(a)a.innerHTML=b;else{var c=c===void 0?"":c;var d=d===void 0?"":d;var e=e===void 0?[]:e;A("gs_alrt_m").innerHTML=b;Yb().action=d.match(Ka)?d:"";a=A("gs_alrt_l");a.textContent=c;c=A("gs_alrt_h");c.innerHTML="";for(var f in e)b=document.createElement(Ba.G),b.type="hidden",b.name=f,b.value=e[f],c.appendChild(b); Vb();v(a,"gs_fm_s",!0);Xb()}};gc(ld,[new O(".gs_ajax_frm",{submit:ld.prototype.pa})]);var od=[[1,0,1],[2,0,1]];Q(".gs_cb_gen","click",function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=Gc(b),d=+b.getAttribute("data-s")==2;Ic(b,od[+d][c],!0);R("gs-change",b,a.g)});Q(".gs_cb_gen",["keydown","keyup"],function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=a.g.keyCode;b.tagName!="BUTTON"||c!=13&&c!=32||(N(a),a.type=="keydown"&&b.click())});Q([".gs_cb_gen",".gs_md_li"],"keydown",function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=b.tagName,d=a.g.keyCode;c!="BUTTON"&&(d==32||d==13&&c!="A")&&(N(a),b.click())});var pd=["click","contextmenu","mouseup"].concat(navigator.sendBeacon?[]:["mousedown","touchstart"]),qd="",rd=null;function sd(){rd=null}function td(a){navigator.sendBeacon?navigator.sendBeacon(a):rd&&a==rd.src||((rd=new Image).src=a,setTimeout(sd,1E3))}function ud(){var a=Ab(document.location.href).hl||"";a="/scholar_bfnav?url="+encodeURIComponent(document.location.href)+"&hl="+encodeURIComponent(a)+"&ei="+GSP.eventId;td(a)}H(function(){qd=Ub?"&bn=1":"";Ub&&ud()}); C(window,"pageshow",function(a){a.persisted&&(qd="&bn=1",ud())}); C(document,pd,function(a){if(!(a.type=="click"&&a.button||a.type=="mouseup"&&a.button!=1)){var b,c;a:{for(a=a.target;a;){var d=a.nodeName;if(d=="A")break a;if(d=="SPAN"||d=="B"||d=="I"||d=="EM"||d=="IMG")a=a.parentNode;else break}a=null}a&&(b=a.getAttribute("href"))&&(c=a.getAttribute("data-clk"))&&(b="/scholar_url?url="+encodeURIComponent(b)+"&"+c+"&ws="+window.innerWidth+"x"+window.innerHeight+"&at=",c=encodeURIComponent,a=(a=a.getAttribute("data-clk-atid"))?A(a):null,b=b+c(a&&a.innerText||"")+ qd,td(b))}},!1,!0);Q(".gs_fm_s","click",function(a){a=a.currentTarget.getAttribute("data-fm")||"";(a=A(a))&&a.submit()});var W=function(a){this.i=Ea(a.querySelector(".gs_md_d"));this.S=Ea(a.querySelector(".gs_md_tb"))};W.prototype.U=function(a){var b=A(this.i);return a!==void 0?Ec(b,b,a):null};W.prototype.open=function(a){a=this.U(a);if(u(A(this.S),"gs_sel"))try{a&&a.focus()}catch(c){}else{var b=A(this.S);hb(this.i,function(){q(b,"gs_sel")},function(){r(b,"gs_sel")},a,b)}};W.prototype.close=function(){mb(this.i)};W.prototype.ha=function(a){N(a);u(A(this.S),"gs_sel")?this.close():this.open(a.g.type=="keydown"?!1:void 0)}; W.prototype.ca=function(a){var b=a.g.keyCode;if(b==38||b==40)N(a),this.open(b==38)};W.prototype.ja=function(a){a.target.id==this.i&&this.ca(a)};gc(W,[new O(".gs_md_rmb",{}),new O(".gs_md_tb",{"gs-press":W.prototype.ha,keydown:W.prototype.ca}),new O(".gs_md_d",{keydown:W.prototype.ja})]);var vd=function(a){W.call(this,a);this.ra=Ea(a.querySelector(".gs_md_in"));this.ta=Ea(a.querySelector(".gs_md_tb .gs_lbl"))};ma(vd,W);vd.prototype.U=function(){return A(this.i).querySelector(".gs_md_li[aria-selected]")};vd.prototype.ka=function(a){wd(this,a)};vd.prototype.V=function(a){var b=a.g.keyCode;b!=13&&b!=32||wd(this,a)}; var wd=function(a,b){var c=b.currentTarget,d=A(a.ra),e=a.U();c!=e&&(d.value=c.getAttribute("data-v"),A(a.ta).innerHTML=c.innerHTML,e&&xd(e,!1),xd(c,!0));N(b);a.close();R("gs-change",d,b.g)},xd=function(a,b){v(a,"gs_sel",b);b?a.setAttribute("aria-selected","true"):a.removeAttribute("aria-selected")};gc(vd,[new O(".gs_md_ris",{}),new O(".gs_md_li",{click:vd.prototype.ka,keydown:vd.prototype.V})]);Q("#gs_lp","click",function(a){N(a);V("gs_lp_d")});Q("#gs_lp_cur","click",function(a){N(a);mb("gs_lp_d")});var yd=function(a){this.ea=Ea(a)};yd.prototype.V=function(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=a.g.keyCode;if(c==38||c==40){var d=A(this.ea);d=Ec(d,b,c==38)||Ec(d,d,c==38)}else if(c==37||c==39)a:{c=c==37!=Ga(b.parentNode);d=b.parentNode;var e=d.children,f=e.length;if(d.id!=this.ea){for(;e[--f]!=b;);d=Dc(d,c)||Cc(d.parentNode,c);e=d.children;if(f=Math.min(f+1,e.length))if(d=e[f-1],u(d,"gs_md_li")&&d.offsetLeft!=b.offsetLeft)break a}d=void 0}d&&(N(a),d.focus())}; gc(yd,[new O(".gs_md_ulr",{}),new O(".gs_md_li",{keydown:yd.prototype.V})]);Q("#gs_hdr_mnu","click",function(a){N(a);V("gs_hdr_drw")});Q("#gs_hdr_drw_mnu","click",function(a){N(a);mb("gs_hdr_drw")});Q("#gs_hdr_act_i","click",function(a){N(a);ua()==1?La(document.querySelector("#gs_hdr_drw_bot>a").href):hb("gs_hdr_act_d")});Q("#gs_hdr_drw","keydown",function(a){var b=a.g.keyCode;if(b==38||b==40){var c=a.currentTarget;if(b=Ec(c,c,b==38))N(a),b.focus()}}); Q("#gs_hdr_tsi",["focus","blur"],function(a){function b(){var h=d.getBoundingClientRect().top-10;Math.abs(h)>10&&window.scrollBy(0,h);clearTimeout(e);c()}function c(){D(window,f,b)}var d=a.target;a=a.type=="focus";v(A("gs_hdr"),"gs_hdr_ifc",a);if(a&&va&&!(window.innerHeight>749)){var e=setTimeout(c,1E3),f=["scroll","resize"];C(window,f,b)}});Q("#gs_hdr_tsi",["input","gs-change"],function(a){v(A("gs_hdr_frm"),"gs_hdr_tsc",!!a.currentTarget.value)}); Q("#gs_hdr_tsc","mousedown",function(a){N(a);var b=A("gs_hdr_tsi");b.value="";b.focus();R("input",b,a.g)});Q("#gs_hdr_sre","click",function(a){N(a);var b=A("gs_hdr");hb("gs_hdr_frm",function(){r(b,"gs_hdr_src");q(b,"gs_hdr_srx")},function(){q(b,"gs_hdr_src");r(b,"gs_hdr_srx")},A("gs_hdr_tsi"))});Q(".gs_md_x","click",function(a){(a=a.currentTarget.getAttribute("data-mdx"))&&mb(a)});var X=function(){},zd,Ad;X.prototype.ia=function(a){a.g.button||(N(a),Bd(a))};X.prototype.la=function(a){Cd(a)&&(N(a),Bd(a))};X.prototype.ma=function(a){Cd(a)&&N(a)};X.prototype.na=function(a){if(!a.g.button){N(a);var b=a.g;b&&(Dd=b.clientX||0,Ed=b.clientY||0,C(document,Fd,Gd,!0),clearTimeout(zd),zd=setTimeout(Hd,2E3));Bd(a)}}; X.prototype.qa=function(a){N(a);if(Id){var b=a.g;b=b&&b.touches||[];if(b=b.length==1?b[0]:null)Jd=b.clientX,Kd=b.clientY,C(document,Ld,Md,!0),clearTimeout(Ad),Ad=setTimeout(Nd,2E3)}Bd(a)}; var Cd=function(a){a=a.g.keyCode;return a==32||a==13},Bd=function(a){R("gs-press",a.currentTarget,a.g)},Hd=function(){D(document,Fd,Gd,!0);clearTimeout(zd);zd=void 0},Gd=function(a){a.type!="mousedown"&&Math.abs(a.clientX-Dd)<10&&Math.abs(a.clientY-Ed)<10?($a(a),a.type=="click"&&Hd()):Hd()},Nd=function(){D(document,Ld,Md,!0);clearTimeout(Ad);Ad=void 0},Md=function(a){a.type!="touchstart"&&Math.abs(a.clientX-Jd)<10&&Math.abs(a.clientY-Kd)<10?($a(a),a.type=="click"&&Nd()):Nd()},Dd=0,Ed=0,Fd=["mousedown", "mouseup","click"],Id=w("Android")&&!w("Chrome"),Jd=0,Kd=0,Ld=["touchstart","mousedown","mouseup","click"];gc(X,[new O(".gs_press",{click:X.prototype.ia,keydown:X.prototype.la,keyup:X.prototype.ma,mousedown:X.prototype.na,touchstart:X.prototype.qa})]);function Od(a){Pd.style.left=Qd&&Rd===Sd?a.left+"px":"auto";Pd.style.width=Qd?a.width+"px":"auto";R("gs-sth-change",A("gs_sth"))}function Td(){var a=Ud.getBoundingClientRect(),b=a.top,c=Pd.offsetHeight,d=b<0,e;if(e=d&&ra)e=document.activeElement,e=!!e&&e.tagName=="INPUT"&&e.type=="text";b=e?-b-a.height:Sd;var f=Qd!=d||Rd!==Sd!=e;b!==Rd&&(Rd=b,Pd.style.transform=b===Sd?"none":"translate3d(0,"+b+"px,0)");f&&(Qd=d,v(Vd,"gs_sth_vis",d),v(Vd,"gs_sth_trk",e),Od(a),Ud.style.height=Qd?c+"px":"auto")} function Wd(){Qd&&Od(Ud.getBoundingClientRect())}var Sd,Vd,Ud,Pd,Qd=!1,Rd;H(function(){if(Vd=A("gs_sth"))Ud=Vd.querySelector(".gs_sth_g"),Pd=Vd.querySelector(".gs_sth_b"),Lc.addListener(Td),Mc.addListener(Wd),Td()});function Xd(a,b){var c=window.location.href,d=+Ab(c).authuser||0,e=help.service.Lazy.create(0,{apiKey:"AIzaSyBnsHNH76IH8vZplyq6wIQHlfHRq3blfB8",locale:"en-US"});e.requestSurvey({triggerId:a,authuser:d,enableTestingMode:b,callback:function(f){(f=f.surveyData)&&e.presentSurvey({surveyData:f,productData:{customData:{eventId:GSP.eventId,url:c}},colorScheme:1,authuser:d,customZIndex:1050,customLogoUrl:"https://scholar.google.com/scholar/images/scholar48.png"})}})} function Yd(a){var b=a();b.triggerId&&Ma(function(){return Xd(b.triggerId,b.sa)})}function Zd(a){window.location.hash||Ub||H(function(){return Yd(a)})};Ya(function(){var a=document.querySelectorAll(".gs_invis");var b=typeof Symbol!="undefined"&&Symbol.iterator&&a[Symbol.iterator];if(b)a=b.call(a);else if(typeof a.length=="number")a={next:ba(a)};else throw Error(String(a)+" is not an iterable or ArrayLike");for(b=a.next();!b.done;b=a.next())r(b.value,"gs_invis")});function $d(){var a=A("gsc_ecd_form");Ia(a,"continue").value=window.location.pathname+window.location.search;R("submit",a)}function ae(a){var b=A("gsc_ecd_form"),c=A("gsc_ecd_table");b=Ia(b,"articletype");a=a.currentTarget;b.value=a.getAttribute("data-type")||"";c.className=a.getAttribute("data-class")||"";c=document.querySelectorAll("#gsc_ecd_citation_type button");for(b=c.length;b--;)v(c[b],"gs_sel",c[b]==a)};function be(){var a=A("gsc_rsb_co");if(a){a=a.querySelectorAll("img.gs_pp_df");for(var b=0;b<a.length;b++){var c=a[b];c.getAttribute("data-srcset")&&(c.setAttribute("srcset",c.getAttribute("data-srcset")),c.removeAttribute("data-srcset"));c.getAttribute("data-src")&&(c.setAttribute("src",c.getAttribute("data-src")),c.removeAttribute("data-src"))}}};var ce=/\S+@\S+\.\S+/;function de(a){return u(a,"gsc_ccb_dis")||u(a,"gsc_ccb_lim")}function ee(){var a=A("gsc_cods_res"),b=fe()<=0;a=a.querySelectorAll(".gsc_ccb_add");for(var c=a.length;c--;){var d=a[c];u(d,"gsc_ccb_on")||v(d,"gsc_ccb_lim",b)}};function ge(){P(".gsc_lwpds_frm","submit",function(a){N(a);R("gsc-lwpds-submit",a.target)})};var he=function(a){this.fa=a};he.prototype.oa=function(a){N(a);a=a.currentTarget.getAttribute("data-a");this.fa.setAttribute("data-a",a||"");R("gsc-navigate",this.fa)};var ie=[new O(".gsc_pgn",{}),new O([".gsc_pgn_ppr",".gsc_pgn_pnx"],{click:he.prototype.oa})];function je(a,b){b=b===void 0?"":b;var c=A("gsc_md_cod");a+=wb({t:ke});V(c.id,a,"",b)}function le(a){if(ke!=a){var b=A("gsc_md_cod");r(b,ke);q(b,a);ke=a}}function me(){var a=jd("gsc_md_cod");a=zb(a).t;a!="gsc_cod_sugg"&&a!="gsc_cod_lc"||le(a)}function ne(){me();oe(!0)} function pe(){me();oe(!1);for(var a=A("gsc_cods_res").querySelectorAll(".gsc_ccb_ck"),b=a.length;b--;){var c=a[b];if(!de(c)){var d=c.getAttribute("data-authorid")||"";d=(u(c,"gsc_ccb_add")?Y:Z).has(d);v(c,"gsc_ccb_on",d)}}ee();qe();a=Ab(jd("gsc_md_cod"));(b=re())&&(b.value=a.mauthors||"")}function se(){var a=re();a=a?a.value:"";var b=(A("gsc_cods_urls").getAttribute("data-sa")||"").replace(te,"$1"+encodeURIComponent(a));a=a?b:A("gsc_cods_urls").getAttribute("data-lc")||"";je(a)} function ue(a){(a=a.currentTarget.getAttribute("data-a"))&&je(a)} function oe(a){var b=A("gsc_cods_frm");if(b){b=b.elements;var c=b[1];b[0].disabled=c.disabled=a;v(c,"gs_bsp",a)}a=a?null:A("gsc_codb_data");if(c=A("gsc_cods_pp")){var d=a&&a.getAttribute("data-prev");b=a&&a.getAttribute("data-next");var e=a&&a.getAttribute("data-start"),f=a&&a.getAttribute("data-end");c.querySelector(".gsc_pgn_ppn").textContent=e&&f?e+" - "+f:"";e=c.querySelector(".gsc_pgn_ppr");e.disabled=!d;e.setAttribute("data-a",d||"");c=c.querySelector(".gsc_pgn_pnx");c.disabled=!b;c.setAttribute("data-a", b||"")}a&&(ve=+a.getAttribute("data-max")||0,b=A("gsc_cods_save"),Ia(b,"xsrf").value=a.getAttribute("data-xsrf")||"")}function we(a){a=a.currentTarget;if(!de(a)){var b=!u(a,"gsc_ccb_on");v(a,"gsc_ccb_on",b);var c=u(a,"gsc_ccb_add")?".gsc_ccb_del":".gsc_ccb_add",d=a.parentNode;(c=d&&d.querySelector(c))&&r(c,"gsc_ccb_on");c=a.getAttribute("data-authorid")||"";Y.delete(c);Z.delete(c);b&&(u(a,"gsc_ccb_add")?Y:Z).set(c,A("gsc_ucoar-"+c).outerHTML);ee();qe()}} function qe(){var a=Y.A>0||Z.A>0,b=fe(),c=b<0;b=b<=0;A("gsc_cod_done").disabled=!a||c;v(A("gsc_cod_t"),"gsc_cod_changed",a);a=A("gsc_cod_trev");a.textContent=a.getAttribute(b?"data-lim":"data-txt")||"";v(A("gsc_cod_t"),"gsc_cod_lim",b)}function xe(){var a=A("gsc_cods_res").cloneNode(!0),b=a.querySelector("#gsc_codb_content");b||(b=document.createElement(Aa.G),b.id="gsc_codb_content",a.appendChild(b));var c=ye(Y)+ye(Z);b.innerHTML=c;(b=re())&&(b.value="");je("",a.innerHTML)} function ze(){var a=A("gsc_cods_save");Ia(a,"colleague_add").value=qa(Y.v).join(",");Ia(a,"colleague_del").value=qa(Z.v).join(",");a.submit()}function fe(){return ve-Y.A+(ke=="gsc_cod_sugg"?0:Z.A)}function re(){return A("gsc_cods_tsi")}function ye(a){for(var b="",c=qa(a.v),d=c.length;d--;)b+=a.get(c[d]);return b}var ke="gsc_cod_lc",ve=0,te=/([?&]mauthors=)([^&]*)/,Y=new S,Z=new S;function Ae(){var a=A("gsc_md_cbyd_merge");a&&(a.disabled=!0);Ja("")}function Be(){var a=A("gsc_md_cbyd_f"),b=A("gsc_md_cbyd_merge"),c=jd("gsc_md_cbyd"),d=Ab(c).s||"";c=zb(c).c||"";a.elements.s.value=d;Ja(c);b&&a.elements.choose&&(b.disabled=!1,b.getBoundingClientRect().bottom<window.innerHeight&&b.focus())};function Ce(){var a=jd("gsc_md_cbym");a=Ab(a).s||"";var b=A("gsc_md_cbym_e");b&&a&&a.indexOf("&")<0&&b.setAttribute("data-href",(b.getAttribute("data-href")||"").replace(/(&citation_for_view=)[^&]*/,"$1"+a))}function De(a){a=a.currentTarget.getAttribute("data-href")||"";V("gs_md_cita-d",a)};function Ee(a){v(A("gsc_a_sp"),"gs_vis",a==0);v(A("gsc_a_err"),"gs_vis",a==2)}function Fe(){return document.querySelectorAll("#gsc_a_t input[type=checkbox]")}function Ge(){R("gsc-works-change",A("gsc_a_t"))}function He(a){a=Gc(a.currentTarget);for(var b=a==2?Ie:Fe(),c=b.length;c--;)b[c].checked=a!=0;Ge()}function Je(){var a=A("gsc_x_all");if(a){var b=document.querySelectorAll("#gsc_a_t input[type=checkbox]:checked");var c=b.length;var d=Fe().length;c=c?c==d?1:2:0;Ic(a,c);c==2&&(Ie=b)}Ge()} var Ie=[];function Ke(a){N(a);var b=a.currentTarget;a=b.href;var c=b.getAttribute("data-eid")||"";b=(b.getAttribute("data-eud")||"")+","+c;a=A("gsc_md_cbyd_f").action+"&update_op=merge_options&s="+b+wb({c:a});V("gsc_md_cbyd",a)}function Le(a){a=a.currentTarget.getAttribute("data-eid")||"";a=(A("gsc_md_cbym_l").getAttribute("data-act")||"")+"&update_op=merge_options&s="+a;V("gsc_md_cbym",a)} function Me(a){var b=A("gsc_a_tr0"),c=A("gsc_a_trh");b=b.querySelector(".gsc_a_t");c.querySelector(".gsc_a_t").style.width=u(a.currentTarget,"gs_sth_vis")?b.offsetWidth+"px":"auto"};function Ne(a){var b=a.currentTarget,c=Oe,d=c<100?100-c:100;a=(Pe+"&cstart="+(Qe+c)+"&pagesize="+d).replace(/([?&])&+/g,"$1");Ee(0);b.disabled=!0;cc(a,"json=1",function(e,f){b.disabled=!1;try{var h=e==200&&JSON.parse(f)}catch(m){}if(h&&typeof h=="object"){Oe=c+=d;Ee(1);f=""+h.B;e=A("gsc_a_b");var k=document.createElement(Da.G);k.innerHTML=f;f=Array.prototype.slice.call(k.rows);for(k=0;k<f.length;k++)e.appendChild(f[k]);Je();if(e=A("gsc_a_nn"))f=e.innerHTML.replace(/[0-9]+$/,""+A("gsc_a_b").rows.length), e.innerHTML=f;b.disabled=!h.N}else Ee(2)})}var Pe="",Qe=0,Oe=0;function Re(){var a=window.location.href.split("#")[0];Pe=a.replace(/([?&])(cstart|pagesize)=[^&]*/g,"$1");Qe=Math.max(+a.replace(/.*[?&]cstart=([^&]*).*/,"$1")||0,0);Oe=+a.replace(/.*[?&]pagesize=([^&]*).*/,"$1")||0;Oe=Math.max(Math.min(Oe,100),20);Q("#gsc_bpf_more","click",Ne)};function Se(a){for(var b=[!1,!1,!1],c=0;c<b.length;c++){var d=A(Te[c]);d&&(b[c]=!!a(d))}return b}function Ue(){var a=A("gsc_fol_m");if(a){var b=A("gsc_fol_b");if(!(a=!ce.test(a.value))){a:{a=Se(Gc);for(var c=Se(Hc),d=0;d<a.length;d++)if(a[d]!=c[d]){a=!0;break a}a=!1}a=!a}b.disabled=a}} function Ve(a){a.g&&a.g.preventDefault();a=A("gsc_fol_f");var b=A("gsc_fol_inp");b.innerHTML="";for(var c=Se(Gc),d=Se(Hc),e=0;e<c.length;e++)if(c[e]!=d[e]){var f=We[e],h=document.createElement(Ba.G);h.type="hidden";h.name=c[e]?f:"un"+f;b.appendChild(h)}R("gsc-fol-submit",a)}var Te=["gsc_fol_a","gsc_fol_c","gsc_fol_r"],We=["follow_articles_btn","follow_citations_btn","follow_related_btn"];function Xe(a){if(a.type!="keydown"||a.g&&!ab(a.g)&&a.g.keyCode==13)a.g&&$a(a.g),(a=(a=a.currentTarget.querySelector("a"))?a.getAttribute("href"):"")&&La(a)}function Ye(){le("gsc_cod_lc");ve=0;Y.clear();Z.clear();var a=re();a&&(a.value="");se()}function Ze(){u(document.documentElement,"gs_el_ph")||u(document.documentElement,"gs_el_ta")||be()}function $e(){be()} function af(){P(["#gsc_coauth_opn",".gsc_rsb_btne",".gsc_rsb_btnv"],"click",Ye);P(".gsc_rsb_aa",["click","keydown"],Xe);Q("#gsc_prf_t-ath","click",$e);H(function(){Nc.add(Ze);Ze()})};function bf(){P(["#gsc_fol_a","#gsc_fol_c","#gsc_fol_r"],"gs-change",Ue);Q("#gsc_fol_m","input",Ue);Q("#gsc_fol_f","submit",Ve);P("#gsc_fol_f","gsc-fol-submit",function(a){a.currentTarget.submit()})};function cf(a){if(a){a.id&&a.removeAttribute("id");for(var b=0;b<a.children.length;b++)cf(a.children[b])}}function df(){var a=document.documentElement;!A("gsc_hist_opn")||u(a,"gs_el_ph")||u(a,"gs_el_ta")||V("gsc_md_hist")}function ef(){var a=A("gsc_md_hist_c");if(!a.innerHTML){var b=document.getElementsByClassName("gsc_g_hist_wrp");b.length==1&&(a.appendChild(b[0].cloneNode(!0)),cf(a.lastElementChild))}};function ff(){P("#gsc_lwp_mndt_lnk","click",function(a){var b=a.currentTarget.getAttribute("href")||"";b+="&tzom="+(new Date).getTimezoneOffset();La(b);a.g.preventDefault()})};function gf(){var a=A("gsc_md_pro_f");a.reset();a=a.querySelectorAll(".gs_in_txtw");for(var b=a.length;b--;){var c=a[b];r(c,"gs_in_txte");c.querySelector(".gs_in_txts").innerHTML=""}a=A("gsc_md_pro-d");a.setAttribute("data-ifc","");V(a.id,wb({t:"gsc_md_pro_ed"}))}function hf(){v(A("gsc_prf_w"),"gsc_prf_why")}function jf(){var a=A("gsc_prf_pufii");if(w("MSIE ")){var b=A("gsc_prf_puf");hb("gsc_prf_pufi",function(){q(b,"gsc_prf_pufo")},function(){r(b,"gsc_prf_pufo")},a)}else a.click()} function kf(a){(a.type!="keydown"||a.g.keyCode==13&&a.g&&!ab(a.g))&&jf()}function lf(){A("gsc_prf_puf").submit()}function mf(){v(A("gsc_prf_ion"),"gs_prf_ion_show")}function nf(){Q("#gsc_prf_btne","click",gf);P("#gsc_prf_btnf","click",function(){V("gsc_md_fol")});P("#gsc_md_fol_pub","click",function(){A("gsc_fol_mpf").submit()});Q("#gsc_prf_iv_tg","click",hf);P(".gsc_prf_pel",["click","keydown"],kf);Q("#gsc_prf_pufii","change",lf);Q("#gsc_prf_ion_btn","click",mf)};function of(a){var b=A("gsc_bdy");b.setAttribute("data-tab",a.currentTarget.id);b=b.querySelectorAll(".gsc_prf_tab");for(var c=0;c<b.length;c++){var d=b[c];d.setAttribute("aria-selected",""+(d==a.currentTarget))}}function pf(){var a=document.querySelectorAll(".gsc_prf_pnl"),b=document.documentElement;b=u(b,"gs_el_ph")||u(b,"gs_el_ta");for(var c=0;c<a.length;c++)a[c].setAttribute("role",b?"tabpanel":"region")}function qf(){Q(".gsc_prf_tab","click",of);H(function(){Nc.add(pf);pf()})};(function(){var a=zb(window.location.hash),b=a.u||"";a.d=="gs_md_cita-d"&&b.match(Oa)&&b.indexOf("view_citation")>=0&&La(b);Q("#gsc_md_cod","gs-md-ldin",ne);Q("#gsc_md_cod","gs-md-lded",pe);Q("#gsc_cods_frm","gsc-lwpds-submit",se);Q("#gsc_cods_pp","gsc-navigate",ue);P([".gsc_ccb_add",".gsc_ccb_del"],"click",we);Q("#gsc_cod_trev","click",xe);Q("#gsc_cod_done","click",ze);af();ge();Re();bf();Q("#gsc_md_hist","gs-md-lded",ef);P(["#gsc_hist_opn",".gsc_md_hist_b"],"click",df);ff();nf();qf();Q("#gsc_md_cbyd", "gs-md-ldin",Ae);Q("#gsc_md_cbyd","gs-md-lded",Be);P("#gsc_md_cbym",["gs-md-ldin","gs-md-lded"],Ce);Q("#gsc_md_cbym_e","click",De);gc(he,ie);Ya(Je);Q(".gsc_a_x","change",Je);Q("#gsc_x_all","gs-change",He);Q(".gsc_a_acm","click",Ke);Q(".gsc_a_am","click",Le);Q("#gs_sth","gs-sth-change",Me);Q("#gs_md_cita-b-save","click",$d);Q(".gsc_ecd_form_tsel","click",ae);Zd(function(){var c=A("gsc_bdy").getAttribute("data-usv")||"-";return{triggerId:c.substr(1),sa:c[0]=="+"}})})(); }({"customAC":0,"eventId":"-9JLZ5-eF-bOy9YPicOikA8"});</script></head><body><div id="gs_top" onclick=""><style>#gs_md_s,.gs_md_wnw{z-index:1200;position:fixed;top:0;left:0;width:100%;height:100%;visibility:hidden;}.gs_md_ds:before{content:'';position:absolute;background-color:#fff;z-index:100;opacity:0;visibility:hidden;top:0;bottom:0;right:0;left:0;}.gs_md_ds.gs_md_d:not(.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw):before{top:-1px;bottom:-1px;right:-1px;left:-1px;}#gs_md_s{background-color:#fff;opacity:0;}.gs_el_ta #gs_md_s,.gs_el_ph #gs_md_s,.gs_el_ta .gs_md_ds:before,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_ds:before{background-color:#666;}#gs_md_s.gs_vis,.gs_md_ds.gs_md_ins_vis:before{opacity:.5;visibility:visible;}.gs_md_wnw{transition:all 0s .218s;}.gs_md_wnw.gs_vis{visibility:visible;transition:all 0s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_ds:before{transition:opacity .15s,visibility 0s .15s;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_ds.gs_md_ins_vis:before{transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s;}.gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d{position:relative;margin:0 auto;width:464px;box-shadow:2px 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,.2);white-space:normal;}.gs_el_ta .gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d{box-shadow:2px 2px 8px rgba(0,0,0,.65);}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wnw>.gs_md_d{width:80%;max-width:440px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d{display:flex;flex-direction:column;width:100%;height:100%;max-width:none;border:none;box-shadow:none;transform:translate(0,100%);transform:translate(0,100vh);transition:transform .27s cubic-bezier(.4,0,.6,1),opacity 0s .27s,visibility 0s .27s,max-height 0s .27s;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d.gs_vis{transform:translate(0,0);transition:transform .3s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1);}.gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d.gs_abt,.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw>.gs_md_d.gs_abt{transition:none;}.gs_md_hdr{display:flex;align-items:center;height:47px;border-bottom:1px solid #e0e0e0;border-bottom-color:rgba(0,0,0,.12);background-color:#f5f5f5;}.gs_md_hdr>a,.gs_md_hdr>a.gs_btn_lrge{flex:0 0 auto;width:41px;height:47px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_hdr>a{margin:0 2px 0 0;}.gs_el_ph a.gs_md_hdr_c{margin:0 0 0 2px;}.gs_md_hdr_b{margin:0 41px 0 16px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_hdr_b{margin:0 16px;}.gs_md_hdr_t:empty~.gs_md_hdr_b{margin-left:0;}.gs_md_hdr_b:empty{width:41px;margin:0;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_hdr_b:empty{margin-right:2px;}.gs_md_hdr_b:empty:not(:last-child){display:none;}.gs_md_hdr_b>button{min-width:51px;height:33px;}.gs_md_hdr_t{flex:1 1 auto;font-size:18px;font-weight:normal;color:#666;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center;}.gs_md_bdy{position:relative;overflow-y:auto;box-sizing:border-box;padding:24px 41px 0 41px;}.gs_md_bdy:after{display:block;content:"";clear:both;padding-bottom:24px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_bdy{padding:16px 16px 0 16px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_bdy:after{padding-bottom:16px;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_wmw .gs_md_bdy{flex:1;}.gs_md_ftr{border-top:1px solid #e0e0e0;}.gs_md_lbl{display:block;font-size:16px;margin:0 0 16px 0;word-wrap:break-word;}.gs_md_btns{margin:24px 0 0 0;white-space:nowrap;}.gs_el_ph .gs_md_btns{margin:16px 0 0 0;}.gs_md_btns button{margin-right:16px;}.gs_md_btns button:last-child{margin-right:0;}.gs_md_prg{margin:24px 0;text-align:center;}.gs_md_prg .gs_alrt{padding:4px 16px;}.gs_md_ldg:before{content:"";position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;background-color:#fff;opacity:.5;z-index:100;}</style><div id="gs_md_ldg" style="display:none">Loading...</div><div id="gs_md_err" style="display:none">The system can't perform the operation now. Try again later.</div><div id="gs_md_s"></div><div data-h="0" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds"><div id="gsc_md_hist" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="gsc_md_hist-t" data-wfc="gsc_md_hist-x"><div class="gs_md_hdr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gsc_md_hist-x" role="button" aria-label="Cancel" data-mdx="gsc_md_hist" class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><h2 id="gsc_md_hist-t" class="gs_md_hdr_t">Citations per year</h2><div class="gs_md_hdr_b"></div></div><div id="gsc_md_hist-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy"><style>#gsc_md_hist{width:80%;max-width:386px;}#gsc_md_hist_c{position:relative;width:100%;}</style><div id="gsc_md_hist_c"></div></div></div></div><div data-h="600" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds gs_md_wmw"><div id="gsc_md_cbyd" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="gsc_md_cbyd-t" data-cid="gsc_md_cbyd_l" data-wfc="gsc_md_cbyd-x"><div class="gs_md_hdr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gsc_md_cbyd-x" role="button" aria-label="Cancel" data-mdx="gsc_md_cbyd" class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><h2 id="gsc_md_cbyd-t" class="gs_md_hdr_t">Duplicate citations</h2><div class="gs_md_hdr_b"></div></div><div id="gsc_md_cbyd-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy"><form id="gsc_md_cbyd_f" action="/citations?hl=en&user=8YPhfEUAAAAJ&sortby=pubdate&view_op=list_works" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="s" value=""><div class="gs_md_lbl">The following articles are merged in Scholar. Their <a id="gsc_md_cbyd_c" href="javascript:void(0)">combined citations</a> are counted only for the first article.</div><div id="gsc_md_cbyd_l"></div></form></div></div></div><div data-h="600" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds gs_md_wmw"><div id="gsc_md_cbym" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="gsc_md_cbym-t" data-cid="gsc_md_cbym_l" data-wfc="gsc_md_cbym-x"><div class="gs_md_hdr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gsc_md_cbym-x" role="button" aria-label="Cancel" data-mdx="gsc_md_cbym" class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><h2 id="gsc_md_cbym-t" class="gs_md_hdr_t">Merged citations</h2><div class="gs_md_hdr_b"></div></div><div id="gsc_md_cbym-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy"><div class="gs_md_lbl">This "Cited by" count includes citations to the following articles in Scholar. The ones marked <span id="gsc_md_cbym_s">*</span> may be different from the article in the profile.</div><div id="gsc_md_cbym_l" data-act="/citations?hl=en&user=8YPhfEUAAAAJ&sortby=pubdate&view_op=list_works"></div></div></div></div><div data-h="900" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds gs_md_wmw"><div id="gsc_md_cod" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi gsc_cod_lc" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="gsc_md_cod-t" data-cid="gsc_cods_res" data-wfc="gsc_md_cod-x"><div class="gs_md_hdr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gsc_md_cod-x" role="button" aria-label="Cancel" data-mdx="gsc_md_cod" class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><h2 id="gsc_md_cod-t" class="gs_md_hdr_t"><span id="gsc_cod_t"><span id="gsc_cod_tadd">Add co-authors</span><span id="gsc_cod_tedit">Co-authors</span><a id="gsc_cod_trev" href="javascript:void(0)" data-txt="Review" data-lim="Limit reached"></a></span></h2><div class="gs_md_hdr_b"><button type="button" id="gsc_cod_done" aria-label="Add co-authors" disabled class="gs_btnDNW gs_in_ib gs_btn_act gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></span></button></div></div><div id="gsc_md_cod-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy"><div id="gsc_cods_urls" class="gsc_cods_hide" data-ls="" data-lc="/citations?view_op=list_colleagues&hl=en&json=&user=8YPhfEUAAAAJ" data-sa=""></div><form id="gsc_cods_save" action="" method="POST"><input type="hidden" name="colleague_add"><input type="hidden" name="colleague_del"></form><div id="gsc_cods_res"></div></div></div></div><div data-h="800" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds gs_md_wmw"><div id="gs_md_cita-d" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="gs_md_cita-d-t" data-cid="gs_md_cita-l" data-wfc="gs_md_cita-d-x"><div class="gs_md_hdr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_md_cita-d-x" role="button" aria-label="Cancel" data-mdx="gs_md_cita-d" class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><h2 id="gs_md_cita-d-t" class="gs_md_hdr_t"></h2><div class="gs_md_hdr_b"><button type="button" id="gs_md_cita-b-save" aria-label="Save" class="gs_btnDNW gs_in_ib gs_btn_act gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></span></button></div></div><div id="gs_md_cita-d-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy"><style>#gs_md_cita-d{width:90%;max-width:1000px;}.gs_el_ph #gs_md_cita-d{width:100%;max-width:none;}#gs_md_cita-d .gs_md_prg{min-height:600px;}</style><div id="gs_md_cita-l" aria-live="assertive"></div></div></div></div><div data-h="0" class="gs_md_wnw gs_md_ds gs_md_wmw"><div id="gsc_md_fol" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" aria-labelledby="gsc_md_fol-t" data-wfc="gsc_md_fol-x"><div class="gs_md_hdr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gsc_md_fol-x" role="button" aria-label="Cancel" data-mdx="gsc_md_fol" class="gs_btnCLS gs_md_x gs_md_hdr_c gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><h2 id="gsc_md_fol-t" class="gs_md_hdr_t">Follow</h2><div class="gs_md_hdr_b"></div></div><div id="gsc_md_fol-bdy" class="gs_md_bdy"><form method="post" id="gsc_fol_f" action="/citations?hl=en&user=8YPhfEUAAAAJ&sortby=pubdate&view_op=list_works"><input type="hidden" name="xsrf" value="ADIE8skAAAAAZ00ke3uuWpdazhE9yvdHbKg29yw"><input type="hidden" name="user" value="8YPhfEUAAAAJ"><div id="gsc_fol_inp"></div><div id="gsc_fol_cb"><div class="gsc_fol_cr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gsc_fol_a" role="checkbox" aria-checked="false" data-s="0" class="gs_cb_gen gs_in_cb"><span class="gs_lbl">New articles by this author</span><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></a></div><div class="gsc_fol_cr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gsc_fol_c" role="checkbox" aria-checked="false" data-s="0" class="gs_cb_gen gs_in_cb"><span class="gs_lbl">New citations to this author</span><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></a></div><div class="gsc_fol_cr"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gsc_fol_r" role="checkbox" aria-checked="false" data-s="0" class="gs_cb_gen gs_in_cb"><span class="gs_lbl">New articles related to this author's research</span><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></a></div></div><div id="gsc_fol_email"><label id="gsc_fol_ml" for="gsc_fol_m">Email address for updates</label><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtb"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="email_for_op" value="" id="gsc_fol_m" maxlength="100" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div></div><div class="gs_md_btns"><button type="submit" id="gsc_fol_b" disabled class=" gs_btn_act gs_btn_lrge gs_btn_lsu"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl">Done</span></span></button></div></form></div></div></div><div id="gs_hdr_drw" class="gs_md_ulr gs_md_ds" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" data-shd="gs_hdr_drs" data-wfc="gs_hdr_drw_mnu" data-cfc="gs_hdr_mnu"><div id="gs_hdr_drw_in"><div id="gs_hdr_drw_top"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_hdr_drw_mnu" role="button" aria-controls="gs_hdr_drw" aria-label="Options" class="gs_btnMNT gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><a id="gs_hdr_drw_lgo" href="/schhp?hl=en" aria-label="Homepage"></a></div><div><div class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a href="/citations?hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnPRO gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">My profile</span></a><a href="/scholar?scilib=1&hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnL gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">My library</span></a><a href="/citations?view_op=metrics_intro&hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnJ gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Metrics</span></a><a href="/scholar_alerts?view_op=list_alerts&hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnM gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Alerts</span></a></div><div class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a href="/scholar_settings?hl=en" role="menuitem" class="gs_btnP gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Settings</span></a></div></div><div id="gs_hdr_drw_bot" class="gs_hdr_drw_sec"><a href="https://accounts.google.com/Login?hl=en&continue=https://scholar.google.com/schhp%3Fhl%3Den" class=" gs_in_ib gs_md_li gs_md_lix gs_in_gray"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Sign in</span></a></div></div></div><div id="gs_hdr" role="banner" class="gs_hdr_src"><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_hdr_mnu" role="button" aria-controls="gs_hdr_drw" class="gs_btnMNT gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><a id="gs_hdr_lgo" class="" href="/schhp?hl=en" aria-label="Homepage"></a><div id="gs_hdr_md"><div id="gs_hdr_srch"><form id="gs_hdr_frm" action="/citations"><input type=hidden name="view_op" value="search_authors"><input type=hidden name="hl" value="en"><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtb"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="mauthors" value="" id="gs_hdr_tsi" placeholder="Search profiles" size="50" maxlength="2048" autocapitalize="off" aria-label="Search"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div><span id="gs_hdr_tsc"><span class="gs_ico gs_ico_X"></span></span><button type="submit" id="gs_hdr_tsb" name="btnG" aria-label="Search" class="gs_btnG gs_in_ib gs_btn_act gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></span></button></form></div></div><a href="javascript:void(0)" id="gs_hdr_sre" role="button" aria-controls="gs_hdr_frm" aria-label="Search" class="gs_btnTSB gs_in_ib gs_btn_lrge"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_ia_notf"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></a><div id="gs_hdr_act"><a id="gs_hdr_act_s" href="https://accounts.google.com/Login?hl=en&continue=https://scholar.google.com/schhp%3Fhl%3Den">Sign in</a></div></div><style>#gs_alrt{position:fixed;bottom:48px;left:16px;max-width:384px;z-index:1250;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;color:#e2e2e2;background:#333;text-align:left;border-radius:3px;box-shadow:0 3px 5px -1px rgba(0,0,0,.2),0 6px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.14),0 1px 18px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.12);visibility:hidden;transform-origin:center;transform:scale(0.8,0.8) translate(0,100%);}.gs_el_ph #gs_alrt{bottom:0;left:0;width:100%;max-width:none;border-radius:0;box-shadow:none;transform:scale(1,1) translate(0,100%);}#gs_alrt.gs_vis{visibility:visible;transform:scale(1,1) translate(0,0);}#gs_alrt.gs_anm{transition:transform .067s cubic-bezier(.4,0,1,1),visibility 0s .067s;}#gs_alrt.gs_vis.gs_anm{transition:transform .067s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1);}.gs_el_ph #gs_alrt.gs_anm{transition:transform .084s cubic-bezier(.4,0,1,1),visibility 0s .084s;}.gs_el_ph #gs_alrt.gs_vis.gs_anm{transition:transform .1s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1);}#gs_alrt_m{display:block;padding:16px;}#gs_alrt_l{display:block;padding:8px;margin:0 8px 0 -8px;border-radius:3px;color:#fcc934;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none;}#gs_alrt_l:hover{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,.05)}#gs_alrt_l:active{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,.1)}#gs_alrt_l:empty{display:none}#gs_alrt_m a{padding:8px 0;color:#e2e2e2;text-decoration:underline;}#gs_alrt_m a:active{color:#f6aea9}</style><form action="" method="post" id="gs_alrt"><span id="gs_alrt_m"></span><span id="gs_alrt_h"></span><a id="gs_alrt_l" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_fm_s" data-fm="gs_alrt"></a></form><div id="gs_bdy"><div id="gs_bdy_sb" role="navigation"><div id="gs_bdy_sb_in"></div></div><div id="gs_bdy_ccl" role="main"><div id="gsc_bdy" class="gs_scl" data-tab="gsc_prf_t-art" data-usv=""><div class="gsc_rsb" role="navigation"><a id="gsc_rsb_gpl" class="gsc_rsb_s" href="/citations?hl=en">Get my own profile</a><div class="gsc_rsb_s gsc_prf_pnl" id="gsc_rsb_cit" role="region" aria-labelledby="gsc_prf_t-cit"><h3 class="gsc_rsb_header"><span class="gsc_rsb_title">Cited by</span><button type="button" id="gsc_hist_opn" class=" gs_btn_flat gs_btn_flact gs_btn_lrge gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsu gsc_rsb_action"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl">View all</span></span></button></h3><table id="gsc_rsb_st"><thead><tr><th class="gsc_rsb_sth"></th><th class="gsc_rsb_sth">All</th><th class="gsc_rsb_sth">Since 2019</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td class="gsc_rsb_sc1"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_rsb_f gs_ibl" title="This is the number of citations to all publications. The second column has the "recent" version of this metric which is the number of new citations in the last 5 years to all publications.">Citations</a></td><td class="gsc_rsb_std">2034</td><td class="gsc_rsb_std">1725</td></tr><tr><td class="gsc_rsb_sc1"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_rsb_f gs_ibl" title="h-index is the largest number h such that h publications have at least h citations. The second column has the "recent" version of this metric which is the largest number h such that h publications have at least h new citations in the last 5 years.">h-index</a></td><td class="gsc_rsb_std">25</td><td class="gsc_rsb_std">24</td></tr><tr><td class="gsc_rsb_sc1"><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_rsb_f gs_ibl" title="i10-index is the number of publications with at least 10 citations. The second column has the "recent" version of this metric which is the number of publications that have received at least 10 new citations in the last 5 years.">i10-index</a></td><td class="gsc_rsb_std">46</td><td class="gsc_rsb_std">45</td></tr></tbody></table><style>.gsc_g_t{position:absolute;bottom:0;color:#777;font-size:11px;}.gsc_g_a{position:absolute;bottom:13px;width:15px;background:#777;}.gsc_g_a:hover,.gsc_g_a:focus,.gsc_g_a:active{text-decoration:none;cursor:default;}.gsc_g_al{position:absolute;bottom:15px;left:7px;color:#222;background:white;font-size:11px;padding:1px;border:1px solid #777;border-radius:1px;visibility:hidden;opacity:0;transition:opacity .218s,visibility 0s .218s;}.gsc_g_a:hover .gsc_g_al,.gsc_g_a:focus .gsc_g_al,.gsc_g_a:active .gsc_g_al{visibility:visible;opacity:1;transition:all 0s;}#gsc_md_hist{max-width:418px;}.gsc_md_hist_w{position:relative;overflow:hidden;margin-right:43px;}.gs_md_bdy .gsc_md_hist_w,.gs_el_ph .gsc_md_hist_w,.gs_el_ta .gsc_md_hist_w{overflow-x:auto;padding-bottom:16px;}.gsc_md_hist_b{position:relative;height:174px;width:100%;}.gsc_md_hist_b .gsc_g_a{bottom:auto;}.gsc_md_hist_b .gsc_g_t{bottom:auto;top:161px;}.gsc_md_hist_b:after{position:absolute;right:376px;content:"\00A0";}.gsc_g_hist_x{position:relative;margin-right:45px;}.gsc_g_hist_xl{position:absolute;right:8px;width:35px;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_g_hist_xl,.gs_el_ph .gsc_g_hist_xl{right:16px;}.gsc_g_hist_wrp{padding-top:32px;position:relative;}.gs_el_ta .gsc_g_hist_wrp,.gs_el_ph .gsc_g_hist_wrp{padding-right:8px;}.gs_md_bdy .gsc_g_hist_wrp{border-top:0;}.gs_el_tc .gs_md_bdy .gsc_g_hist_wrp:after,.gs_el_tc.gs_el_ph .gsc_g_hist_wrp:after,.gs_el_tc.gs_el_ta .gsc_g_hist_wrp:after{display:block;content:"";position:absolute;z-index:100;top:0;left:0;width:20px;height:100%;background-image:linear-gradient(to left,rgba(255,255,255,0),rgba(255,255,255,1) 80%);}.gsc_g_x,.gsc_g_xt{position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:1px solid #eee;width:100%;text-align:right;}.gsc_g_x{border-bottom:1px solid #eee;}.gsc_g_xtl{position:absolute;color:#777;}.gsc_g_gtr{position:absolute;}.gsc_g_a:last-child .gsc_g_al{right:0;left:auto;}</style><div class="gsc_g_hist_wrp" dir="rtl"><div class="gsc_g_hist_x"><div class="gsc_g_x" style="top:160px;"></div><div class="gsc_g_xt" style="top:0px;"></div><div class="gsc_g_xt" style="top:80px;"></div><div class="gsc_g_xt" style="top:120px;"></div><div class="gsc_g_xt" style="top:40px;"></div></div><div class="gsc_g_hist_xl"><div class="gsc_g_xtl" style="top:153px;">0</div><div class="gsc_g_xtl" style="top:-7px;">380</div><div class="gsc_g_xtl" style="top:73px;">190</div><div class="gsc_g_xtl" style="top:113px;">95</div><div class="gsc_g_xtl" style="top:33px;">285</div></div><div class="gsc_md_hist_w"><div class="gsc_md_hist_b"><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:323px">2014</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:291px">2015</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:259px">2016</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:227px">2017</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:195px">2018</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:163px">2019</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:131px">2020</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:99px">2021</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:67px">2022</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:35px">2023</span><span class="gsc_g_t" style="right:3px">2024</span><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:328px;top:156px;height:4px;z-index:11"><span class="gsc_g_al">11</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:296px;top:149px;height:11px;z-index:10"><span class="gsc_g_al">27</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:264px;top:139px;height:21px;z-index:9"><span class="gsc_g_al">50</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:232px;top:128px;height:32px;z-index:8"><span class="gsc_g_al">76</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:200px;top:109px;height:51px;z-index:7"><span class="gsc_g_al">123</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:168px;top:79px;height:81px;z-index:6"><span class="gsc_g_al">193</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:136px;top:60px;height:100px;z-index:5"><span class="gsc_g_al">239</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:104px;top:30px;height:130px;z-index:4"><span class="gsc_g_al">311</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:72px;top:23px;height:137px;z-index:3"><span class="gsc_g_al">327</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:40px;top:6px;height:154px;z-index:2"><span class="gsc_g_al">368</span></a><a href="javascript:void(0)" class="gsc_g_a" style="right:8px;top:42px;height:118px;z-index:1"><span class="gsc_g_al">281</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="gsc_rsb_s gsc_prf_pnl" id="gsc_rsb_mnd" role="region" aria-labelledby="gsc_prf_t-mnd"><div class="gsc_rsb_header gsc_rsb_m_header"><div class="gsc_rsb_m_title">Public access</div><a href="/citations?view_op=list_mandates&hl=en&user=8YPhfEUAAAAJ" id="gsc_lwp_mndt_lnk">View all</a></div><div class="gsc_rsb_hm gs_ota gs_oph"><button type="button" onclick="window.location='/citations?view_op\x3dlist_mandates\x26hl\x3den\x26user\x3d8YPhfEUAAAAJ'" class=" gs_btn_flat gs_btn_flact gs_btn_lrge gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsu"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl">View all</span></span></button></div><div class="gsc_rsb_m"><div class="gsc_rsb_m_a"><span>64 articles</span></div><div class="gsc_rsb_m_na"><div class="gs_gray">0 articles</div></div><div class="gsc_rsb_m_bar"><div class="gsc_rsb_m_bar_na" style="width:0%"></div></div><div class="gsc_rsb_m_a"><span>available</span></div><div class="gsc_rsb_m_na"><span class="gs_gray">not available</span></div><div class="gsc_rsb_m_desc">Based on funding mandates</div></div></div><div class="gsc_rsb_s gsc_prf_pnl" id="gsc_rsb_co" role="region" aria-labelledby="gsc_prf_t-ath"><h3 class="gsc_rsb_header"><span class="gsc_rsb_title">Co-authors</span><button type="button" id="gsc_coauth_opn" class=" gs_btn_flat gs_btn_flact gs_btn_lrge gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsu gsc_rsb_action"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl">View all</span></span></button></h3><ul class="gsc_rsb_a"><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-hxjBYB0AAAAJ-img{width:24px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-hxjBYB0AAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-hxjBYB0AAAAJ-img{width:43px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-hxjBYB0AAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Eric M. Fevre" sizes="(max-width:981px) 43px,24px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-hxjBYB0AAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=hxjBYB0AAAAJ&citpid=2" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=hxjBYB0AAAAJ&citpid=2 24w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=hxjBYB0AAAAJ&citpid=2 43w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=hxjBYB0AAAAJ&citpid=2 97w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=hxjBYB0AAAAJ&hl=en">Eric M. Fevre</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Professor of Veterinary Infectious Diseases, Univ of Liverpool & Int'l Livestock Research Inst.</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at liverpool.ac.uk</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-5mJTqfcAAAAJ-img{width:22px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-5mJTqfcAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-5mJTqfcAAAAJ-img{width:39px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-5mJTqfcAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Elizabeth Anne Jessie Cook" sizes="(max-width:981px) 39px,22px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-5mJTqfcAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=5mJTqfcAAAAJ&citpid=1" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=5mJTqfcAAAAJ&citpid=1 22w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=5mJTqfcAAAAJ&citpid=1 39w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=5mJTqfcAAAAJ&citpid=1 89w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=5mJTqfcAAAAJ&hl=en">Elizabeth Anne Jessie Cook</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Senior Scientist, ILRI</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at cgiar.org</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-IkGjZisAAAAJ-img{width:26px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-IkGjZisAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-IkGjZisAAAAJ-img{width:46px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-IkGjZisAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Will de Glanville" sizes="(max-width:981px) 46px,26px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-IkGjZisAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=IkGjZisAAAAJ&citpid=4" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=IkGjZisAAAAJ&citpid=4 26w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=IkGjZisAAAAJ&citpid=4 46w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=IkGjZisAAAAJ&citpid=4 104w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=IkGjZisAAAAJ&hl=en">Will de Glanville</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">University of Glasgow</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at glasgow.ac.uk</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-lwWb73YAAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-lwWb73YAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-lwWb73YAAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-lwWb73YAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Barend Mark Bronsvoort" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-lwWb73YAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png" data-srcset="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_32.png 32w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png 56w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_128.png 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=lwWb73YAAAAJ&hl=en">Barend Mark Bronsvoort</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Edinburgh</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at roslin.ed.ac.uk</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-UDzrbuYAAAAJ-img{width:24px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-UDzrbuYAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-UDzrbuYAAAAJ-img{width:42px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-UDzrbuYAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Nicola Wardrop" sizes="(max-width:981px) 42px,24px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-UDzrbuYAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=UDzrbuYAAAAJ&citpid=2" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=UDzrbuYAAAAJ&citpid=2 24w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=UDzrbuYAAAAJ&citpid=2 42w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=UDzrbuYAAAAJ&citpid=2 96w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=UDzrbuYAAAAJ&hl=en">Nicola Wardrop</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Department for International Development</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at dfid.gsx.gov.uk</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-3rLWbBYAAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:30px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-3rLWbBYAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-3rLWbBYAAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:53px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-3rLWbBYAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Uffe Christian Braae, PhD" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-3rLWbBYAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=3rLWbBYAAAAJ&citpid=6" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=3rLWbBYAAAAJ&citpid=6 32w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=3rLWbBYAAAAJ&citpid=6 56w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=3rLWbBYAAAAJ&citpid=6 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=3rLWbBYAAAAJ&hl=en">Uffe Christian Braae, PhD</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Epidemiology Specialist, Novo Nordisk A/S, Denmark</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at novonordisk.com</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-aqAoJ-QAAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-aqAoJ-QAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-aqAoJ-QAAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-aqAoJ-QAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Jonathan Rushton" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-aqAoJ-QAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png" data-srcset="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_32.png 32w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png 56w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_128.png 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=aqAoJ-QAAAAJ&hl=en">Jonathan Rushton</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">University of Liverpool</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at liverpool.ac.uk</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-ibSudpEAAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-ibSudpEAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-ibSudpEAAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-ibSudpEAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Anastasios Saratsis" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-ibSudpEAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=ibSudpEAAAAJ&citpid=4" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=ibSudpEAAAAJ&citpid=4 32w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=ibSudpEAAAAJ&citpid=4 56w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=ibSudpEAAAAJ&citpid=4 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=ibSudpEAAAAJ&hl=en">Anastasios Saratsis</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Researcher/Veterinary Research Institute/ELGO-DIMITRA</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at vri.gr</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-AFSxtd0AAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-AFSxtd0AAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-AFSxtd0AAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-AFSxtd0AAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Brecht Devleesschauwer" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-AFSxtd0AAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=AFSxtd0AAAAJ&citpid=10" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=AFSxtd0AAAAJ&citpid=10 32w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=AFSxtd0AAAAJ&citpid=10 56w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=AFSxtd0AAAAJ&citpid=10 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=AFSxtd0AAAAJ&hl=en">Brecht Devleesschauwer</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Sciensano & Ghent University</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at sciensano.be</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-Eih8I3EAAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-Eih8I3EAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-Eih8I3EAAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-Eih8I3EAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Lucy J Robertson" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-Eih8I3EAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png" data-srcset="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_32.png 32w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png 56w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_128.png 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=Eih8I3EAAAAJ&hl=en">Lucy J Robertson</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Norwegian University of Life Sciences</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at nmbu.no</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-TO9s3okAAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-TO9s3okAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-TO9s3okAAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-TO9s3okAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Veronique Dermauw" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-TO9s3okAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png" data-srcset="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_32.png 32w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png 56w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_128.png 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=TO9s3okAAAAJ&hl=en">Veronique Dermauw</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Institute of Tropical Medicine</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at itg.be</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-a3iJ4S0AAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-a3iJ4S0AAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-a3iJ4S0AAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-a3iJ4S0AAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Delia Grace" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-a3iJ4S0AAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png" data-srcset="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_32.png 32w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png 56w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_128.png 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=a3iJ4S0AAAAJ&hl=en">Delia Grace</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Professor of Food Safety Systems, NRI</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at cgiar.org</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-SK8kZ9cAAAAJ-img{width:26px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-SK8kZ9cAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-SK8kZ9cAAAAJ-img{width:45px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-SK8kZ9cAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Peter M Atkinson" sizes="(max-width:981px) 45px,26px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-SK8kZ9cAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=SK8kZ9cAAAAJ&citpid=5" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=SK8kZ9cAAAAJ&citpid=5 26w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=SK8kZ9cAAAAJ&citpid=5 45w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=SK8kZ9cAAAAJ&citpid=5 102w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=SK8kZ9cAAAAJ&hl=en">Peter M Atkinson</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Distinguished Professor and Executive Dean, Faculty of Science and Technology, Lancaster University</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at lancaster.ac.uk</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-op36RL4AAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-op36RL4AAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-op36RL4AAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-op36RL4AAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Florence Mutua" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-op36RL4AAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png" data-srcset="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_32.png 32w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png 56w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_128.png 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=op36RL4AAAAJ&hl=en">Florence Mutua</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Lecturer, Public Health / Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at uonbi.ac.ke</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-TDd2UqcAAAAJ-img{width:24px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-TDd2UqcAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-TDd2UqcAAAAJ-img{width:42px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-TDd2UqcAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Nicholas Ngwili, PhD." sizes="(max-width:981px) 42px,24px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-TDd2UqcAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=TDd2UqcAAAAJ&citpid=3" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=TDd2UqcAAAAJ&citpid=3 24w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=TDd2UqcAAAAJ&citpid=3 42w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=TDd2UqcAAAAJ&citpid=3 96w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=TDd2UqcAAAAJ&hl=en">Nicholas Ngwili, PhD.</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Post-Doctoral Scientist</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at cgiar.org</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-MlgYY_oAAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-MlgYY_oAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-MlgYY_oAAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-MlgYY_oAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Angelle Desiree LaBeaud" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-MlgYY_oAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png" data-srcset="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_32.png 32w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png 56w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_128.png 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=MlgYY_oAAAAJ&hl=en">Angelle Desiree LaBeaud</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Stanford University</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at stanford.edu</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-5bY30HEAAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-5bY30HEAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-5bY30HEAAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-5bY30HEAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Kristina Roesel" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-5bY30HEAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png" data-srcset="/citations/images/avatar_scholar_32.png 32w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_56.png 56w,/citations/images/avatar_scholar_128.png 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=5bY30HEAAAAJ&hl=en">Kristina Roesel</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">International Livestock Research Institute</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at cgiar.org</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-WRLcFRgAAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:28px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-WRLcFRgAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-WRLcFRgAAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:49px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-WRLcFRgAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Prof. Githigia, S.M." sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-WRLcFRgAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=WRLcFRgAAAAJ&citpid=2" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=WRLcFRgAAAAJ&citpid=2 32w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=WRLcFRgAAAAJ&citpid=2 56w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=WRLcFRgAAAAJ&citpid=2 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=WRLcFRgAAAAJ&hl=en">Prof. Githigia, S.M.</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Associate Professor - University of Nairobi</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at uonbi.ac.ke</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-qQbQwX0AAAAJ-img{width:32px;height:21px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-qQbQwX0AAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-qQbQwX0AAAAJ-img{width:56px;height:37px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-qQbQwX0AAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Paul Torgerson" sizes="(max-width:981px) 56px,32px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-qQbQwX0AAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=qQbQwX0AAAAJ&citpid=1" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=qQbQwX0AAAAJ&citpid=1 32w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=qQbQwX0AAAAJ&citpid=1 56w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=qQbQwX0AAAAJ&citpid=1 128w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=qQbQwX0AAAAJ&hl=en">Paul Torgerson</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at access.uzh.ch</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li><li><div class="gsc_rsb_aa" tabindex="0"><style>#gsc_rsb-D9Fk2tcAAAAJ-img{width:21px;height:32px;}.gs_el_ta #gsc_rsb-D9Fk2tcAAAAJ-img,.gs_el_ph #gsc_rsb-D9Fk2tcAAAAJ-img{width:37px;height:56px;}</style><span id="gsc_rsb-D9Fk2tcAAAAJ" class="gs_rimg gs_pp_tn gs_pp_mo_sm gsc_rsb_a_pht"><img alt="Nicholas Bor" sizes="(max-width:981px) 37px,21px" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" id="gsc_rsb-D9Fk2tcAAAAJ-img" class="gs_pp_df" data-src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=D9Fk2tcAAAAJ&citpid=1" data-srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=tiny_photo&user=D9Fk2tcAAAAJ&citpid=1 21w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=small_photo&user=D9Fk2tcAAAAJ&citpid=1 37w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=D9Fk2tcAAAAJ&citpid=1 85w"></span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_desc"><a tabindex="-1" href="/citations?user=D9Fk2tcAAAAJ&hl=en">Nicholas Bor</a><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext">International Livestock Research Institute</span><span class="gsc_rsb_a_ext gsc_rsb_a_ext2">Verified email at cgiar.org</span><span class="gsc_rsb_tap"><span class="gs_btnPR"><span class="gs_ico"></span></span></span></span></div></li></ul><div class="gsc_rsb_hmv gs_ota gs_oph"><button type="button" class=" gs_btn_flat gs_btn_flact gs_btn_lrge gs_btn_lsu gsc_rsb_btnv"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl">View all</span></span></button></div></div></div><div class="gsc_lcl" role="main" id="gsc_prf_w"><div id="gsc_prf"><a href="javascript:void(0)" role="button" id="gsc_prf_btnf" class="gsc_prf_btn gsc_prf_btn_top gs_btnFA gsc_prf_btn_act"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gsc_prf_btn_lbl">Follow</span></a><div id="gsc_prf_pu"><div id="gsc_prf_pua" class="gs_rimg"><style>#gsc_prf_pup-img{width:88px;height:128px;}@media print{#gs_top #gsc_prf_pup-img{width:55pt;height:80pt;}}</style><img alt="Lian F Thomas" sizes="print 55px,88px" src="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=8YPhfEUAAAAJ&citpid=1" id="gsc_prf_pup-img" srcset="https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=view_photo&user=8YPhfEUAAAAJ&citpid=1 88w,https://scholar.googleusercontent.com/citations?view_op=medium_photo&user=8YPhfEUAAAAJ&citpid=1 175w"></div></div><div id="gsc_prf_i"><div id="gsc_prf_inw"><div id="gsc_prf_in">Lian F Thomas</div></div><div class="gsc_prf_il">University of Edinburgh</div><div class="gsc_prf_il" id="gsc_prf_ivh">Verified email at liverpool.ac.uk - <a href="https://www.ilri.org/people/lian-thomas" rel="nofollow" class="gsc_prf_ila">Homepage</a></div><div class="gsc_prf_il" id="gsc_prf_int"><a href="/citations?view_op=search_authors&hl=en&mauthors=label:zoonotic_disease_epidemiology_%26_control" class="gsc_prf_inta gs_ibl">Zoonotic Disease Epidemiology & Control</a></div></div></div></div><div id="gsc_prf_t_wrp" role="navigation"><div id="gsc_prf_t" role="tablist"><a id="gsc_prf_t-art" class="gsc_prf_tab" href="javascript:void(0)" role=tab aria-controls="gsc_art" aria-selected="true">Articles</a><a id="gsc_prf_t-cit" class="gsc_prf_tab" href="javascript:void(0)" role="tab" aria-controls="gsc_rsb_cit">Cited by</a><a id="gsc_prf_t-mnd" class="gsc_prf_tab" href="javascript:void(0)" role="tab" aria-controls="gsc_rsb_mnd">Public access</a><a id="gsc_prf_t-ath" class="gsc_prf_tab" href="javascript:void(0)" role=tab aria-controls="gsc_rsb_co">Co-authors</a></div></div><div class="gsc_lcl gsc_prf_pnl" id="gsc_art" role="region" aria-labelledby="gsc_prf_t-art"><form method="post" action="/citations?hl=en&user=8YPhfEUAAAAJ&sortby=pubdate&view_op=list_works"><input type="hidden" name="xsrf" value="ADIE8skAAAAAZ00ke3uuWpdazhE9yvdHbKg29yw"><div id="gsc_a_tw"><table id="gsc_a_t"><thead><tr id="gsc_a_tr0" aria-hidden="true"><th class="gsc_a_t"></th><th class="gsc_a_c"></th><th class="gsc_a_y"></th></tr><tr id="gsc_a_trh"><th class="gsc_a_t" scope="col"><span id="gsc_a_ta"><a href="/citations?hl=en&user=8YPhfEUAAAAJ&view_op=list_works&sortby=title" class="gsc_a_a">Title</a></span><div id="gsc_dd_sort-r" class="gs_md_r gs_md_rmb gs_md_rmbl"><button type="button" id="gsc_dd_sort-b" aria-controls="gsc_dd_sort-d" aria-haspopup="true" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)" class=" gs_in_se gs_btn_mnu gs_btn_flat gs_btn_lrge gs_btn_half gs_btn_lsu gs_press gs_md_tb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl">Sort</span><span class="gs_icm"></span></span></button><div id="gsc_dd_sort-d" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_md_ulr" role="menu" tabindex="-1"><div id="gsc_dd_sort-s" class="gs_oph gsc_dd_sec gsc_dd_sep"><a role="menuitem" href="/citations?hl=en&user=8YPhfEUAAAAJ&view_op=list_works" tabindex="-1" class="gs_md_li">Sort by citations</a><a role="menuitem" href="/citations?hl=en&user=8YPhfEUAAAAJ&view_op=list_works&sortby=pubdate" tabindex="-1" class="gs_md_li gsc_dd_sort-sel">Sort by year</a><a role="menuitem" href="/citations?hl=en&user=8YPhfEUAAAAJ&view_op=list_works&sortby=title" tabindex="-1" class="gs_md_li">Sort by title</a></div></div></div></th><th class="gsc_a_c" scope="col" dir="rtl"><span id="gsc_a_ca"><div class="gs_nph"><a href="/citations?hl=en&user=8YPhfEUAAAAJ&view_op=list_works" class="gsc_a_a">Cited by</a></div><div class="gs_oph">Cited by</div></span></th><th class="gsc_a_y" scope="col"><span class="gsc_a_h" id="gsc_a_ha">Year</span></th></tr></thead><tbody id="gsc_a_b"><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=8YPhfEUAAAAJ&sortby=pubdate&citation_for_view=8YPhfEUAAAAJ:ALROH1vI_8AC" class="gsc_a_at">Eating wild animals: rewards, risks and recommendations</a><div class="gs_gray">BK Bett, EAJ Cook, S Lam, S Macmillan, P Masudi, M Mispiratceguy, ...</div><div class="gs_gray">International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)<span class="gs_oph">, 2024</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl"></a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2024</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=8YPhfEUAAAAJ&sortby=pubdate&citation_for_view=8YPhfEUAAAAJ:lgwcVrK6X84C" class="gsc_a_at">Eating wild animals: Rewards, risks and recommendations</a><div class="gs_gray">D Grace, BK Bett, EAJ Cook, S Lam, S MacMillan, P Masudi, ...</div><div class="gs_gray">International Livestock Research Institute<span class="gs_oph">, 2024</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=16788763187385307356" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">1</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2024</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=8YPhfEUAAAAJ&sortby=pubdate&citation_for_view=8YPhfEUAAAAJ:48xauSegjOkC" class="gsc_a_at">Foodborne helminthiasis</a><div class="gs_gray">JB Ortiz, M Uys, A Seguino, LF Thomas</div><div class="gs_gray">Current Clinical Microbiology Reports 11 (3), 153-165<span class="gs_oph">, 2024</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=6408978950422659529" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">1</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2024</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=8YPhfEUAAAAJ&sortby=pubdate&citation_for_view=8YPhfEUAAAAJ:ubry08Y2EpUC" class="gsc_a_at">How the Global Burden of Animal Diseases links to the Global Burden of Crop Loss: a food systems perspective</a><div class="gs_gray">AM Szyniszewska, KM Simpkins, L Thomas, T Beale, AE Milne, ME Brown, ...</div><div class="gs_gray">Scientific and Technical Review 43, 177-188<span class="gs_oph">, 2024</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=6591792792606655676" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">1</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2024</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=8YPhfEUAAAAJ&sortby=pubdate&citation_for_view=8YPhfEUAAAAJ:otzGkya1bYkC" class="gsc_a_at">Economic evidence for the control of meatborne parasites in Europe: A scoping review</a><div class="gs_gray">N Dadios, PH Imazaki, C Millins, LF Thomas</div><div class="gs_gray">Food Control, 110659<span class="gs_oph">, 2024</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl"></a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2024</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=8YPhfEUAAAAJ&sortby=pubdate&citation_for_view=8YPhfEUAAAAJ:buQ7SEKw-1sC" class="gsc_a_at">The evolution of Kenya’s animal health surveillance system and its potential for efficient detection of zoonoses</a><div class="gs_gray">S Kahariri, SM Thumbi, B Bett, MW Mureithi, N Nyaga, A Ogendo, ...</div><div class="gs_gray">Frontiers in Veterinary Science 11, 1379907<span class="gs_oph">, 2024</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=2657415875552349535" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">1</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2024</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=8YPhfEUAAAAJ&sortby=pubdate&citation_for_view=8YPhfEUAAAAJ:sJsF-0ZLhtgC" class="gsc_a_at">Evaluating methods to explore antibiotic use on smallholding pig farms in peri-urban Kenya</a><div class="gs_gray">CDA Scott, N Bor, KK Reyher, AJ Tasker, H Buller, M Korir, DM Muloi, ...</div><div class="gs_gray">Available at SSRN 4617692<span class="gs_oph">, 2024</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl"></a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2024</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=8YPhfEUAAAAJ&sortby=pubdate&citation_for_view=8YPhfEUAAAAJ:PVgj2kMGcgYC" class="gsc_a_at">Consumer preferences and willingness to pay for safe pork products in rural Kenya</a><div class="gs_gray">CM Gichuyia, N Mtimet, EM Fèvre, LF Thomas, PB Gathura, JO Onono, ...</div><div class="gs_gray">Meat Science 211, 109450<span class="gs_oph">, 2024</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=7826569306820523616" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">3</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2024</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=8YPhfEUAAAAJ&sortby=pubdate&citation_for_view=8YPhfEUAAAAJ:4xDN1ZYqzskC" class="gsc_a_at">Gender considerations in One Health: a framework for researchers</a><div class="gs_gray">A Galiè, A McLeod, ZA Campbell, N Ngwili, ZG Terfa, LF Thomas</div><div class="gs_gray">Frontiers in public health 12, 1345273<span class="gs_oph">, 2024</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=12933322905633505064" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">6</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2024</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=8YPhfEUAAAAJ&sortby=pubdate&citation_for_view=8YPhfEUAAAAJ:vDZJ-YLwNdEC" class="gsc_a_at">Non-typhoidal <i>salmonella</i> contamination along the pork value chain in a rural East African setting: a cross-sectional study</a><div class="gs_gray">CM Gichuyia, LF Thomas, C Makena, L Ochieng, PB Gathura, JO Onono, ...</div><div class="gs_gray">Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 117 (11 …<span class="gs_oph">, 2023</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=14954969278286367507" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">2</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2023</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=8YPhfEUAAAAJ&sortby=pubdate&citation_for_view=8YPhfEUAAAAJ:2tRrZ1ZAMYUC" class="gsc_a_at">Insights into the diagnosis, vaccines, and control of <i>Taenia solium</i>, a zoonotic, neglected parasite</a><div class="gs_gray">MS Hossain, S Shabir, P Toye, LF Thomas, FH Falcone</div><div class="gs_gray">Parasites & Vectors 16 (1), 380<span class="gs_oph">, 2023</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=11835015458905208426" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">9</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2023</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=8YPhfEUAAAAJ&sortby=pubdate&citation_for_view=8YPhfEUAAAAJ:AHdEip9mkN0C" class="gsc_a_at">Seroprevalence of <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> in Slaughtered Pigs in Kiambu, Kenya</a><div class="gs_gray">D Chepyatich, DN Sentamu, N Bor, J Onono, PB Gathura, JM Akoko, ...</div><div class="gs_gray">Zoonotic Diseases 3 (4), 301-306<span class="gs_oph">, 2023</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=12564523318365385178" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">1</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2023</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=8YPhfEUAAAAJ&sortby=pubdate&citation_for_view=8YPhfEUAAAAJ:Ak0FvsSvgGUC" class="gsc_a_at">Kenya's rabies battle: unmasking the silent scourge</a><div class="gs_gray">M Karani, D Muloi, G Njenga, LF Thomas, EM Fèvre</div><div class="gs_gray"></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl"></a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2023</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=8YPhfEUAAAAJ&sortby=pubdate&citation_for_view=8YPhfEUAAAAJ:Bg7qf7VwUHIC" class="gsc_a_at">Development of a fluorescent RBL reporter system for diagnosis of porcine cysticercosis</a><div class="gs_gray">MS Hossain, PG Toye, LF Thomas, FH Falcone</div><div class="gs_gray">Justus Liebig University Giessen<span class="gs_oph">, 2023</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl"></a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2023</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=8YPhfEUAAAAJ&sortby=pubdate&citation_for_view=8YPhfEUAAAAJ:BJbdYPG6LGMC" class="gsc_a_at">Prevention of human exposure to livestock faecal waste in the household: a scoping study of interventions conducted in sub-Saharan Africa</a><div class="gs_gray">DN Sentamu, J Kungu, M Dione, LF Thomas</div><div class="gs_gray">BMC Public Health 23 (1), 1613<span class="gs_oph">, 2023</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=2141264060082788493" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">4</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2023</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=8YPhfEUAAAAJ&sortby=pubdate&citation_for_view=8YPhfEUAAAAJ:artPoR2Yc-kC" class="gsc_a_at">Climatic determinants of COVID-19 cases and deaths in Uganda: 2020-2022</a><div class="gs_gray">J Okello, L Nyakarahuka, J Muleme, C Atuheire, G Seruwagi, FL Opiyo, ...</div><div class="gs_gray">EarthArXiv<span class="gs_oph">, 2023</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl"></a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2023</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=8YPhfEUAAAAJ&sortby=pubdate&citation_for_view=8YPhfEUAAAAJ:gVv57TyPmFsC" class="gsc_a_at">Structure of the pork value chain in Northern Uganda: implications for <i>Taenia solium</i> control interventions</a><div class="gs_gray">N Ngwili, S Ahimbisibwe, DN Sentamu, LF Thomas, E Ouma</div><div class="gs_gray">Frontiers in Veterinary Science 10, 1177526<span class="gs_oph">, 2023</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=1994099137092276186" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">1</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2023</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=8YPhfEUAAAAJ&sortby=pubdate&citation_for_view=8YPhfEUAAAAJ:tH6gc1N1XXoC" class="gsc_a_at">Salmonella contamination and food safety practices along the pork value chain in a rural East African setting</a><div class="gs_gray">F Unger, C Gichuyia, LF Thomas, C Makena, L Ochieng, P Gathura, ...</div><div class="gs_gray">International Livestock Research Institute<span class="gs_oph">, 2023</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl"></a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2023</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=8YPhfEUAAAAJ&sortby=pubdate&citation_for_view=8YPhfEUAAAAJ:5icHVeHT4IsC" class="gsc_a_at">Evidence of <i>Histoplasma capsulatum</i> seropositivity and exploration of risk factors for exposure in Busia county, western Kenya: Analysis of the PAZ dataset</a><div class="gs_gray">TR Cornell, LF Thomas, EAJ Cook, G Pinchbeck, J Bettridge, L Gordon, ...</div><div class="gs_gray">PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 17 (5), e0011295<span class="gs_oph">, 2023</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=4137566697384454492" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">2</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2023</span></td></tr><tr class="gsc_a_tr"><td class="gsc_a_t"><a href="/citations?view_op=view_citation&hl=en&user=8YPhfEUAAAAJ&sortby=pubdate&citation_for_view=8YPhfEUAAAAJ:OP4eGU-M3BUC" class="gsc_a_at">Food safety interventions in low‐and middle‐income countries in Asia: A systematic review</a><div class="gs_gray">E Kwoba, DO Oduori, E Lambertini, LF Thomas, D Grace, F Mutua</div><div class="gs_gray">Zoonoses and public health 70 (3), 187-200<span class="gs_oph">, 2023</span></div></td><td class="gsc_a_c"><a href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?oi=bibs&hl=en&cites=16422026627566103094" class="gsc_a_ac gs_ibl">6</a></td><td class="gsc_a_y"><span class="gsc_a_h gsc_a_hc gs_ibl">2023</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div id="gsc_a_sp"></div><div id="gsc_a_err" class="gs_alrt">The system can't perform the operation now. Try again later.</div></div><div id="gsc_lwp"><span id="gsc_a_nn">Articles 1–20</span><div id="gsc_bpf"><button type="button" id="gsc_bpf_more" class="gs_btnPD gs_in_ib gs_btn_flat gs_btn_lrge gs_btn_lsu"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_lbl">Show more</span></span></button></div></div></form></div></div></div></div><div id="gs_ftr_sp" role="presentation"></div><div id="gs_ftr" class="gs_md_rmb" role="contentinfo"><div id="gs_ftr_rt"><a href="//www.google.com/intl/en/policies/privacy/">Privacy</a><a href="//www.google.com/intl/en/policies/terms/">Terms</a><a href="javascript:void(0)" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)" role="button" aria-controls="gs_ftr_mnu" aria-haspopup="true" class="gs_press gs_md_tb">Help</a></div><div id="gs_ftr_mnu" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_ttzi gs_md_ulr" role="menu" tabindex="-1"><a role="menuitem" href="/intl/en/scholar/about.html" tabindex="-1" class="gs_md_li">About Scholar</a><a role="menuitem" href="//support.google.com/websearch?p=scholar_dsa&hl=en" tabindex="-1" class="gs_md_li">Search help</a></div></div></div></body></html>