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class="mw-indicators mw-body-content"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Bakken Formation</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-parser-output"><table class="infobox vcard" style="width:22em"> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="fn org" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold;background-color: rgb(146,195,160)">Bakken Formation<br/> <small><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">Stratigraphic range</a>: <span style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Devonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Devonian">Late Devonian</a> to <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Mississippian" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Mississippian">Early Mississippian</a></span></small> <div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:13px;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:208.07692307692px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,214,123); background-image: -moz-linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: -o-linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1)); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><small><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreЄ</a></small></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,170,114); left:36.892307692308px; width:18.818461538462px;"><small><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Є</a></small></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,169,138); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><small><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></small></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(166,223,197); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><small><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></small></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(221,150,81); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><small><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></small></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(63,174,173); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><small><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></small></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(247,88,60); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><small><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></small></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(153,78,150); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.126830769231px;"><small><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></small></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,187,231); left:151.86769230769px; width:19.055384615385px;"><small><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></small></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(111,200,107); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><small><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></small></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,161,99); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><small><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene"><small>Pg</small></a></small></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,221,45); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene"><small>N</small></a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div> <div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:90.470769230769px; width:12.184615384615px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:90.470769230769px; width:12.184615384615px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:91.470769230769px; width:10.184615384615px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div> </th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Type</th> <td><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geological_formation" title="Geological formation">Geological formation</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Unit of</th> <td><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Forks_Group" title="Three Forks Group">Three Forks Group</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Underlies</th> <td><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Limestone" class="mw-redirect" title="Madison Limestone">Madison Limestone</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Overlies</th> <td><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabamun_Formation" title="Wabamun Formation">Wabamun Formation</a>, <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Valley_Formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Valley Formation">Big Valley Formation</a>, <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torquay_Formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Torquay Formation">Torquay Formation</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Area</th> <td>200,000 square miles (520,000 km<sup>2</sup>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Thickness</th> <td>up to 40 metres (130 ft)<sup id="cite_ref-lexicon_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lexicon-1">[1]</a></sup></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: rgb(146,195,160)">Lithology</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Primary</th> <td><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">Shale</a>, <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolomite" title="Dolomite">Dolomite</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Other</th> <td><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">Sandstone</a>, <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siltstone" title="Siltstone">Siltstone</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: rgb(146,195,160)">Location</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Region</th> <td><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williston_Basin" title="Williston Basin">Williston Basin</a> of<br/> central <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Country</th> <td>United States, Canada</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background-color: rgb(146,195,160)">Type section</th> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Named for</th> <td>Henry Bakken</td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Named by</th> <td>J.W. Nordquist, 1953</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border: 1px solid rgb(146,195,160)"><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bakken_Reservoir_fields_in_Williston_Basin.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Bakken Reservoir fields in Williston Basin.jpg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180409104242im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/25/Bakken_Reservoir_fields_in_Williston_Basin.jpg/220px-Bakken_Reservoir_fields_in_Williston_Basin.jpg" width="220" height="262" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180409104242im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/25/Bakken_Reservoir_fields_in_Williston_Basin.jpg/330px-Bakken_Reservoir_fields_in_Williston_Basin.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180409104242im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/25/Bakken_Reservoir_fields_in_Williston_Basin.jpg/440px-Bakken_Reservoir_fields_in_Williston_Basin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="559"/></a><br/> Map of <b>Bakken Formation</b> reservoirs in the US portion of the Williston Basin (<a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> is north border). Prior to 2007, most oil came from the <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elm_Coulee_Oil_Field" title="Elm Coulee Oil Field">Elm Coulee Oil Field</a>.</td> </tr> </table> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:402px;"><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bakken_Stratigraphy.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180409104242im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bakken_Stratigraphy.png/400px-Bakken_Stratigraphy.png" width="400" height="223" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180409104242im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bakken_Stratigraphy.png/600px-Bakken_Stratigraphy.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180409104242im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Bakken_Stratigraphy.png/800px-Bakken_Stratigraphy.png 2x" data-file-width="1378" data-file-height="769"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bakken_Stratigraphy.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Schematic north-south cross section showing the Bakken and adjacent formations (USGS, 2013)</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bakken_Wells_2008.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180409104242im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bakken_Wells_2008.png/220px-Bakken_Wells_2008.png" width="220" height="162" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180409104242im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bakken_Wells_2008.png/330px-Bakken_Wells_2008.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180409104242im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bakken_Wells_2008.png/440px-Bakken_Wells_2008.png 2x" data-file-width="1095" data-file-height="807"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bakken_Wells_2008.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Map of Bakken wells in the US as of 2008, largely restricted to the southwest pinchout and the Nesson Anticline (USGS, 2013)</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bakken_Wells_2013.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180409104242im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Bakken_Wells_2013.png/220px-Bakken_Wells_2013.png" width="220" height="162" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180409104242im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Bakken_Wells_2013.png/330px-Bakken_Wells_2013.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180409104242im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Bakken_Wells_2013.png/440px-Bakken_Wells_2013.png 2x" data-file-width="1095" data-file-height="807"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bakken_Wells_2013.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> US Bakken and Three Forks wells as of 2013</div> </div> </div> <p>The <b>Bakken Formation</b> <span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt"><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</a></span></span> is a <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock unit">rock unit</a> from the <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Devonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Devonian">Late Devonian</a> to <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Mississippian" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Mississippian">Early Mississippian</a> age occupying about 200,000 square miles (520,000 km<sup>2</sup>) of the subsurface of the <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williston_Basin" title="Williston Basin">Williston Basin</a>, underlying parts of <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>, <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota" title="North Dakota">North Dakota</a>, <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> and <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>. The formation was initially described by <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologist" title="Geologist">geologist</a> J.W. Nordquist in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup> The formation is entirely in the subsurface, and has no surface outcrop. It is named after Henry Bakken, a farmer in <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tioga,_North_Dakota" title="Tioga, North Dakota">Tioga, North Dakota</a>, who owned the land where the formation was initially discovered, during drilling for oil.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup></p> <p>Besides the Bakken formation being a widespread prolific <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_rock" title="Source rock">source rock</a> for <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a> when thermally mature, significant producible oil reserves exist within the rock unit itself.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup> Oil was first discovered within the Bakken in 1951, but past efforts to produce it have faced technical difficulties.</p> <p>In April 2008, a USGS report estimated the amount of recoverable oil using technology readily available at the end of 2007 within the Bakken Formation at 3.0 to 4.3 billion barrels (680,000,000 m<sup>3</sup>), with a mean of 3.65 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-usgs.gov_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgs.gov-5">[5]</a></sup> Simultaneously the state of North Dakota released a report with a lower estimate of 2.1 billion barrels (330,000,000 m<sup>3</sup>) of technically recoverable oil in the Bakken.<sup id="cite_ref-money.netscape.cnn.com_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-money.netscape.cnn.com-6">[6]</a></sup> Various other estimates place the total reserves, recoverable and non-recoverable with today's technology, at up to 24 billion barrels. A recent estimate places the figure at 18 billion barrels.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></sup> In April 2013, the <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Geological_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Geological Survey">U.S. Geological Survey</a> released a new figure for expected ultimate recovery of 7.4 billion barrels of oil.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup></p> <p>The application of <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing" title="Hydraulic fracturing">hydraulic fracturing</a> and <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directional_drilling" title="Directional drilling">horizontal drilling</a> technologies has caused a boom in Bakken oil production since 2000. By the end of 2010, oil production rates had reached 458,000 barrels (72,800 m<sup>3</sup>) per day, thereby outstripping the pipeline capacity to ship oil out of the Bakken.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> There is some controversy over the safety of shipping this crude oil by rail due to its volatility.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup></p> <p>This was illustrated by the 2013 <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac-M%C3%A9gantic_rail_disaster" title="Lac-Mégantic rail disaster">Lac-Mégantic rail disaster</a>, in which a <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit_train" title="Unit train">unit train</a> carrying 77 tank cars full of highly volatile Bakken oil through <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> from North Dakota to the <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Oil_Refinery" title="Irving Oil Refinery">Irving Oil Refinery</a> in <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a> derailed and exploded in the town centre of Lac-Mégantic. It destroyed 30 buildings (half the downtown core) and killed 47 people.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></sup> The explosion was estimated to have a 1-kilometre (0.62 mi) blast radius.<sup id="cite_ref-npgraphic_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npgraphic-13">[13]</a></sup></p> <p>As of January 2015, estimates varied on the <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Break-even_(economics)" title="Break-even (economics)">break-even</a> oil price for drilling Bakken wells. The North Dakota Department of Natural Resources estimated overall break-even to be just below US$40 per barrel. An analyst for Wood McKenzie said that the overall break-even price was US$62/barrel, but in high-productivity areas such as Sanish Field and <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parshall_Oil_Field" title="Parshall Oil Field">Parshall Oil Field</a>, the break-even price was US$38-US$40 per barrel.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></sup></p> <p></p> <div id="toc" class="toc"> <div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr" xml:lang="en"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Geology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Geology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Oil_and_gas"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Oil and gas</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Drilling_and_completion"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Drilling and completion</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#History_of_Bakken_oil_resource_estimates"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">History of Bakken oil resource estimates</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Oil_in_place"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Oil in place</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Recoverable_oil"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Recoverable oil</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Proved_reserves"><span class="tocnumber">2.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Proved reserves</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#History_of_Bakken_oil"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">History of Bakken oil</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Southwest_pinch-out"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Southwest pinch-out</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#East_side_trap"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">East side trap</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Exploration_and_production"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Exploration and production</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Worker_safety_versus_productivity"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Worker safety versus productivity</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Oil_and_gas_infrastructure"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">Oil and gas infrastructure</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Effects_of_the_boom"><span class="tocnumber">3.6</span> <span class="toctext">Effects of the boom</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <p></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Geology">Geology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bakken_Formation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lower_Bakken-3_Forks_Transition.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180409104242im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Lower_Bakken-3_Forks_Transition.JPG/220px-Lower_Bakken-3_Forks_Transition.JPG" width="220" height="293" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180409104242im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Lower_Bakken-3_Forks_Transition.JPG/330px-Lower_Bakken-3_Forks_Transition.JPG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180409104242im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Lower_Bakken-3_Forks_Transition.JPG/440px-Lower_Bakken-3_Forks_Transition.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lower_Bakken-3_Forks_Transition.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Lower Bakken-3 Forks Transition</div> </div> </div> <p>The rock formation consists of three <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stratigraphic_unit#Member" title="Stratigraphic unit">members</a>: lower <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shale" title="Shale">shale</a>, middle <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolomite" title="Dolomite">dolomite</a>, and upper shale. The shales were deposited in relatively deep <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anoxic_waters" title="Anoxic waters">anoxic marine</a> conditions, and the dolomite was deposited as a coastal <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonate" title="Carbonate">carbonate</a> bank during a time of shallower, well-oxygenated water. The middle dolomite member is the principal oil reservoir, roughly 2 miles (3 km) below the surface. Both the upper and lower shale members are organic-rich marine shale.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Oil_and_gas">Oil and gas</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bakken_Formation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Oil and gas">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>The Bakken formation has emerged in recent years as one of the most important sources of new oil production in the United States. Most Bakken drilling and production has been in North Dakota, although the formation also extends into Montana and the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba. As of 2013, the Bakken was the source of more than ten percent of all US oil production. By April 2014, Bakken production in North Dakota and Montana exceeded 1 million barrels per day (160,000 m<sup>3</sup>/d). As a result of increased production from the Bakken, and long-term production declines in <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> and <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, North Dakota as of 2014 was the second-largest oil-producing state in the US, behind only <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> in volume of oil produced.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a></sup></p> <p>Bakken production has also increased in <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing_in_Canada" title="Hydraulic fracturing in Canada">Canada</a>, although to a lesser degree than in the US, since the 2004 discovery of the Viewfield Oil Field in Saskatchewan. The same techniques of horizontal drilling and multi-stage massive hydraulic fracturing are used. In December 2012, 2,357 Bakken wells in Saskatchewan produced a record high of 71,000 barrels per day (11,000 m<sup>3</sup>/d).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> The Bakken Formation also produces in Manitoba, but the yield is small, averaging less than 2,000 barrels per day (300 m<sup>3</sup>/d) in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a></sup></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Drilling_and_completion">Drilling and completion</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bakken_Formation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Drilling and completion">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Most Bakken wells are drilled and completed in the middle member. Many wells are now being drilled and completed in the basal Sanish/Pronghorn member and in the underlying Three Forks Formation, which the North Dakota Department of Mineral Resources treats as part of the Bakken for oil production statistical purposes.</p> <p><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porosity" title="Porosity">Porosities</a> in the Bakken averages about 5%, and <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permeability_(earth_sciences)" title="Permeability (earth sciences)">permeabilities</a> are very low, averaging 0.04 <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darcy_(unit)" title="Darcy (unit)">millidarcies</a>—much lower than typical oil reservoirs, in today's terms a light tight oil play.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a></sup> However, the presence of vertical to sub-vertical natural fractures makes the Bakken an excellent candidate for <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directional_drilling" title="Directional drilling">horizontal drilling</a> techniques in which a well is drilled horizontally along bedding planes, rather than vertically through them. In this way, a borehole can contact many thousands of feet of oil reservoir rock in a unit with a maximum thickness of only about 140 feet (40 m).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup></p> <p>Production is also enhanced by artificially fracturing the rock,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup> to allow oil to seep to the <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_well" title="Oil well">oil well</a>.</p> <p><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide</a> (H<sub>2</sub>S, also known as <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sour_gas" title="Sour gas">sour gas</a>) is found to varying degrees in <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crude_petroleum" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude petroleum">crude petroleum</a>. The gas is flammable, corrosive, poisonous, and explosive; thus, oil with higher levels of H<sub>2</sub>S presents challenges such as "health and environmental risks, corrosion of wellbore, added expense with regard to materials handling and pipeline equipment, and additional refinement requirements."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></sup> Bakken oil has historically been characterized as "sweet", meaning that it has little or no H<sub>2</sub>S. However, increased concentration of H<sub>2</sub>S over time has been observed in some Bakken wells, believed to be due to certain completion practices, such as hydraulic fracturing into neighboring formations, and may contain high levels of H<sub>2</sub>S.<sup id="cite_ref-Holubnyak_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holubnyak-22">[22]</a></sup> Some other formations in the Williston Basin have always produced "sour" (high H<sub>2</sub>S) crude oil, and because sweet oil brings a higher price, oil transporters suspect that some sour oil is being blended into sweet Bakken crude. H<sub>2</sub>S in crude oil is being investigated as a possible cause of the explosive nature of the Lac-Mégantic rail disaster.<sup id="cite_ref-npaug13_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npaug13-23">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bloomberg13aug_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloomberg13aug-24">[24]</a></sup> <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_transport" title="Pipeline transport">Pipeline</a> operators <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Tesoro">Tesoro</a> and <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enbridge" title="Enbridge">Enbridge</a> no longer accept crude with more than five parts per million H<sub>2</sub>S, citing safety concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-fp-frack_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fp-frack-25">[25]</a></sup></p> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing_in_the_United_States" title="Hydraulic fracturing in the United States">Hydraulic fracturing in the United States</a></div> <p>Increased US oil production from hydraulically fractured <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tight_oil" title="Tight oil">tight oil</a> wells in formations such as the Bakken was mostly responsible for the decrease in US oil imports since 2005. The US imported 52% of its oil in 2011, down from 65% in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> Hydraulically fractured wells in the Bakken, <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eagle_Ford_Group" title="Eagle Ford Group">Eagle Ford</a>, and other tight oil targets enabled US crude oil production to rise in September 2013 to the highest output since 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></sup></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="History_of_Bakken_oil_resource_estimates">History of Bakken oil resource estimates</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bakken_Formation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History of Bakken oil resource estimates">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Oil_in_place">Oil in place</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bakken_Formation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Oil in place">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>A research paper by <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USGS" class="mw-redirect" title="USGS">USGS</a> geochemist Leigh Price in 1999 estimated the total amount of oil contained in the Bakken shale ranged from 271 to 503 billion barrels (4.31<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>10</sup> to 8.00<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>10</sup> m<sup>3</sup>), with a mean of 413 billion barrels (6.57<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>10</sup> m<sup>3</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup> While others before him had begun to realize that the oil generated by the Bakken shales had remained within the Bakken, it was Price, who had spent much of his career studying the Bakken, who particularly stressed this point. If he was right, the large amounts of oil remaining in this formation would make it a prime <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil exploration">oil exploration</a> target. Price died in 2000 before his research could be peer-reviewed and published. The drilling and production successes in much of the Bakken beginning with the <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elm_Coulee_Oil_Field" title="Elm Coulee Oil Field">Elm Coulee Oil Field</a> discovery in 2000 have proven correct his claim that the oil generated by the Bakken shale was there.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup> In April 2008, a report issued by the state of North Dakota Department of Mineral Resources estimated that the North Dakota portion of the Bakken contained 167 billion barrels (2.66<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>10</sup> m<sup>3</sup>) of oil in place.<sup id="cite_ref-money.netscape.cnn.com_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-money.netscape.cnn.com-6">[6]</a></sup></p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Recoverable_oil">Recoverable oil</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bakken_Formation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Recoverable oil">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>Although the amount of oil in place is a very large oil resource, the percentage that can be extracted with current technology is another matter. Estimates of the Bakken's recovery factor have ranged from as low as 1%—because the Bakken shale has generally low porosity and low permeability, making the oil difficult to extract—to Leigh Price's estimate of 50% recoverable.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></sup> Reports issued by both the USGS and the state of North Dakota in April 2013 estimated up to 7.4 billion barrels of oil can be recovered from the Bakken and Three Forks formations in the Dakotas and Montana, using current technology.<sup id="cite_ref-valleynewslive.com_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-valleynewslive.com-31">[31]</a></sup> The flurry of drilling activity in the Bakken, coupled with the wide range of estimates of in-place and recoverable oil, led North Dakota senator <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byron_Dorgan" title="Byron Dorgan">Byron Dorgan</a> to ask the USGS to conduct a study of the Bakken's potentially recoverable oil. In April 2008 the USGS released this report, which estimated the amount of technically recoverable, undiscovered oil in the Bakken formation at 3.0 to 4.3 billion barrels (480,000,000 to 680,000,000 m<sup>3</sup>), with a mean of 3.65 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-usgs.gov_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgs.gov-5">[5]</a></sup> Later that month, the state of North Dakota's report<sup id="cite_ref-money.netscape.cnn.com_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-money.netscape.cnn.com-6">[6]</a></sup> estimated that of the 167 billion barrels (2.66<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>10</sup> m<sup>3</sup>) of oil in place in the North Dakota portion of the Bakken, 2.1 billion barrels (330,000,000 m<sup>3</sup>) were technically recoverable with current technology.</p> <p>In 2011, a senior manager at <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Resources" title="Continental Resources">Continental Resources</a> Inc. (CLR) declared that the "Bakken play in the Williston basin could become the world's largest discovery in the last 30–40 years," as ultimate recovery from the overall play is now estimated at 24 billion barrels (3.8<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>9</sup> m<sup>3</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></sup> (Note: the recent discoveries off the coast of <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> should be greater, with proven reserves of 30 billion,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></sup> and a potential for 50 to 80.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></sup>) This considerable increase has been made possible by the combined use of <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directional_drilling" title="Directional drilling">horizontal drilling</a>, <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing" title="Hydraulic fracturing">hydraulic fracturing</a>, and a large number of wells drilled. While these technologies have been consistently in use since the 1980s, the Bakken trend is the place where they are being most heavily used: 150 active rigs in the play and a rate of 1,800 added wells per year.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p> <p>An April 2013 estimate by the USGS projects that 7.4 billion barrels (1.18<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>9</sup> m<sup>3</sup>) of undiscovered oil can be recovered from the Bakken and <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Forks_Group" title="Three Forks Group">Three Forks formations</a> and 6.7 trillion cubic feet of natural gas and 530 million barrels of natural gas liquids using current technology.<sup id="cite_ref-valleynewslive.com_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-valleynewslive.com-31">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WP43013_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WP43013-35">[35]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USGS2013–3013_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS2013–3013-36">[36]</a></sup></p> <p>The <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Information_Administration" title="Energy Information Administration">Energy Information Administration</a> (EIA), the statistics service of the Department of Energy, estimated in 2013 that there were 1.6 billion barrels and 2.2 trillion cubic feet (tcf) of technically recoverable oil and natural gas in the Canadian portion of the Bakken formation.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></sup> Crescent Point Energy and other operators are implementing waterfloods in the Bakken Formation of the Viewfield Oil Field in Saskatchewan. Some believe that <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_injection_(oil_production)" title="Water injection (oil production)">waterflooding</a> can raise the recovery factor at Viewfield from 19 percent to more than 30 percent, adding 1.5 to two billion barrels of additional oil.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></sup></p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Proved_reserves">Proved reserves</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bakken_Formation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Proved reserves">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>The US EIA reported that proved reserves in the Bakken/Three Forks were 2.00 billion barrels of oil as of 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History_of_Bakken_oil">History of Bakken oil</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bakken_Formation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History of Bakken oil">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bakken_map.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180409104242im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Bakken_map.png/220px-Bakken_map.png" width="220" height="285" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180409104242im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Bakken_map.png/330px-Bakken_map.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180409104242im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Bakken_map.png/440px-Bakken_map.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="1100"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bakken_map.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Oil wells producing from the Bakken Formation, US and Canada in 2011</div> </div> </div> <p>The Bakken formation has produced oil since 1953, when a North Dakota well was completed in the Bakken.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Southwest_pinch-out">Southwest pinch-out</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bakken_Formation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Southwest pinch-out">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>A major advance in extracting oil from the Bakken came in 1995, when geologist Dick Findley realized that the dolomitic Middle member of the Bakken Formation was a better exploration target than the upper or lower members. Although the middle member held less oil in place than the organic shales both above and below, it was able to maintain open fractures more than the shales. Horizontal wells in the middle Bakken were used successfully to develop the Elm Coulee Field in Montana.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></sup></p> <p>The 2000 discovery of the <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elm_Coulee_Oil_Field" title="Elm Coulee Oil Field">Elm Coulee Oil Field</a>, <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richland_County,_Montana" title="Richland County, Montana">Richland County, Montana</a>, where production is expected to ultimately total 270 million barrels (43,000,000 m<sup>3</sup>), drew a great deal of attention to the trend where oil was trapped along the Bakken <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petroleum_reservoir" title="Petroleum reservoir">pinchout</a>. In 2007, production from Elm Coulee averaged 53,000 barrels per day (8,400 m<sup>3</sup>/d) — more than the entire state of Montana a few years earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></sup> The Mondak Field to the southeast of Elm Coulee extended the productive pinchout trend into North Dakota. Elm Coulee was key to later Bakken development because it combined horizontal wells and hydraulic fracturing, and targeted the dolomitic middle Bakken member rather than the shales of the upper or lower Bakken.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="East_side_trap">East side trap</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bakken_Formation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: East side trap">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>New interest developed in 2006 when <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EOG_Resources" title="EOG Resources">EOG Resources</a> reported that a single well it had drilled into an oil-rich layer of shale near <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parshall,_North_Dakota" title="Parshall, North Dakota">Parshall, North Dakota</a>, was anticipated to produce 700,000 barrels (110,000 m<sup>3</sup>) of oil.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup> At Parshall, the abrupt eastern limit of the field is formed by the extent of thermally mature Bakken shale; shale farther east is thermally immature, and unproductive.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></sup></p> <p>The <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parshall_Oil_Field" title="Parshall Oil Field">Parshall Oil Field</a> discovery, combined with other factors, including an oil-drilling <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_break" title="Tax break">tax break</a> enacted by the state of North Dakota in 2007,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></sup> shifted attention in the Bakken from Montana to the North Dakota side.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup> The number of wells drilled in the North Dakota Bakken jumped from 300 in 2006<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup> to 457 in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></sup></p> <p>The viability of the play in North Dakota west of the Nesson Anticline was uncertain until 2009, when Brigham Oil & Gas achieved success with larger hydraulic fracturing treatments, with 25 or more stages.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup></p> <p>According to the North Dakota Department of Mineral Resources, daily oil production per well reached a plateau at 145 barrels in June 2010. Although the number of wells tripled between June 2010 and December 2012, oil production per well remained essentially unchanged. However, as more wells were brought online, total oil produced continued to increase until it peaked in mid-2015 at 1.15 million barrels per day. The increase ended because of a slow decline in daily production per well that began in 2013, down to 115 barrels in mid-2015.<sup id="cite_ref-DMR2015_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DMR2015-49">[49]</a></sup> The peak production value reported by the EIA is about 9% larger. The EIA also reports that the Bakken rig count dropped about 60% over the year ending in October 2015 in response to the collapsing price of oil, while the new-well (initial) oil production per rig increased by 40%, both apparently plateauing at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-EIA2015_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIA2015-50">[50]</a></sup> (The production rate from <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing" title="Hydraulic fracturing">fracked</a> wells decreases more rapidly than from conventional wells drilled in more permeable rock.)</p> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pulling_the_Bakken_Core_out_of_the_core_barrell.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180409104242im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Pulling_the_Bakken_Core_out_of_the_core_barrell.JPG/170px-Pulling_the_Bakken_Core_out_of_the_core_barrell.JPG" width="170" height="227" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180409104242im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Pulling_the_Bakken_Core_out_of_the_core_barrell.JPG/255px-Pulling_the_Bakken_Core_out_of_the_core_barrell.JPG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180409104242im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Pulling_the_Bakken_Core_out_of_the_core_barrell.JPG/340px-Pulling_the_Bakken_Core_out_of_the_core_barrell.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pulling_the_Bakken_Core_out_of_the_core_barrell.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Pulling the Bakken Core out of the core barrel</div> </div> </div> <div class="floatnone"><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EIA_Oct2015_BakkenNewWellProdnPerRig.png" class="image" title="Bakken Region: New-well oil and gas production per rig, and number of rigs"><img alt="Bakken Region: New-well oil and gas production per rig, and number of rigs" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180409104242im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/EIA_Oct2015_BakkenNewWellProdnPerRig.png/960px-EIA_Oct2015_BakkenNewWellProdnPerRig.png" width="960" height="255" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180409104242im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/EIA_Oct2015_BakkenNewWellProdnPerRig.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1059" data-file-height="281"/></a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:172px;"><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bakken_Core.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180409104242im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Bakken_Core.JPG/170px-Bakken_Core.JPG" width="170" height="227" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180409104242im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Bakken_Core.JPG/255px-Bakken_Core.JPG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180409104242im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Bakken_Core.JPG/340px-Bakken_Core.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bakken_Core.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Bakken Core</div> </div> </div> <div class="floatnone"><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EIA_Oct2015_BakkenOilGasProduction.png" class="image" title="Bakken Region in North Dakota: Oil and gas production rates (US only)"><img alt="Bakken Region in North Dakota: Oil and gas production rates (US only)" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180409104242im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/EIA_Oct2015_BakkenOilGasProduction.png/960px-EIA_Oct2015_BakkenOilGasProduction.png" width="960" height="310" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180409104242im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/EIA_Oct2015_BakkenOilGasProduction.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1042" data-file-height="336"/></a></div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Exploration_and_production">Exploration and production</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bakken_Formation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Exploration and production">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>A number of publicly traded oil and gas companies have drilling rigs in the Bakken trend. These include <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EOG_Resources" title="EOG Resources">EOG Resources Inc.</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup> <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Resources" title="Continental Resources">Continental Resources Inc.</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup> <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Whiting_Petroleum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Whiting Petroleum (page does not exist)">Whiting Oil & Gas Inc.</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup> <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon_Oil_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Marathon Oil Corporation">Marathon Oil Corporation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup> <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Questar_Corporation_(gas_company)#E.26P_Business_Spin-Off" title="Questar Corporation (gas company)">QEP Resources</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup> <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hess_Corporation" title="Hess Corporation">Hess Corporation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup> and <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samson_Resources" title="Samson Resources">Samson Oil and Gas Ltd</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></sup> In Canada, operators include <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightstream_Resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightstream Resources">Lightstream Resources</a> (formerly <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PetroBakken_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="PetroBakken Energy">PetroBakken Energy</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup> <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crescent_Point_Energy" title="Crescent Point Energy">Crescent Point Energy</a>, and <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra_Oil_%26_Gas_Partnership" class="mw-redirect" title="Tundra Oil & Gas Partnership">Tundra Oil & Gas Partnership</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a></sup> LIG Assets, Inc. has also announced that the company recently elected to participate in a 10% industry position in a group of oil leases located in the Bakken formation in North Dakota. The leases comprise approximately 1,280 acres (520 ha) in <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McKenzie_County,_North_Dakota" title="McKenzie County, North Dakota">McKenzie County</a>, the most productive oil producing county in the state.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a></sup></p> <p>There are several companies whose Bakken holdings and tight oil expertise may have made them attractive takeover targets. <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XTO_Energy" title="XTO Energy">XTO Energy</a> was bought by <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ExxonMobil" title="ExxonMobil">ExxonMobil</a> in 2010. The Norwegian company <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statoil" title="Statoil">Statoil</a> bought <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigham_Exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigham Exploration">Brigham Exploration</a> in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></sup></p> <p>Analysts expected that $16 billion would be spent on further developing Bakken fields in 2015. The large increase in tight oil production is one of the reasons behind the price drop in late 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></sup> On the other hand, in late 2015 with weak oil prices persisting below US$50, some companies moved their operations to the <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian_Basin_(North_America)" title="Permian Basin (North America)">Permian Basin</a> in Texas, due in part to the higher cost of transport to major markets closer to tidewater with inexpensive access to foreign oil.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuters_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-64">[64]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OXYout_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OXYout-65">[65]</a></sup></p> <p>Oil extraction in Bakken field declined by around 20% from mid-2015 to mid-2016 and then remained rather stable until mid-2017 <sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></sup></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Worker_safety_versus_productivity">Worker safety versus productivity</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bakken_Formation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Worker safety versus productivity">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>With the persistently low price of oil in 2015, there was pressure on rigs to maximize drilling speed, with associated additional risks to the crews. It was reported that on average, an oil worker died in the Bakken every six weeks. One company offered workers daily bonuses of $150 for drilling quickly, while those who proceeded more slowly, exercising caution, were offered only $40 a day. The well owner may avoid liability for accidents if the blame can be assigned to the rig subcontractor. Statutes have been established to prevent this in four other oil-producing states: <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> and <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WSJ_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WSJ-67">[67]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PRI_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PRI-68">[68]</a></sup></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Oil_and_gas_infrastructure">Oil and gas infrastructure</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bakken_Formation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Oil and gas infrastructure">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The great increases in oil and gas production have exceeded the area's pipeline capacity to transport hydrocarbons to markets. There is only one <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">refinery</a> in the area. As a result, the oil and gas prices received have been much lower than the normal North American index prices of <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Texas_Intermediate" title="West Texas Intermediate">West Texas Intermediate</a> for oil and <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Hub" title="Henry Hub">Henry Hub</a> for gas.<sup id="cite_ref-EIA_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIA-69">[69]</a></sup></p> <p>The shortage of pipeline capacity has caused some producers to ship oil out of the area by more expensive methods of truck or railroad. It was Bakken crude oil carried by train that caught fire in the deadly 2013 <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac-M%C3%A9gantic_rail_disaster" title="Lac-Mégantic rail disaster">Lac-Mégantic rail disaster</a> in <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>. Part of the disaster at Lac-Mégantic has been blamed on the fact that much of the highly volatile Bakken oil was mislabeled as lower risk oil and was being shipped in substandard tank cars not designed to contain it.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></sup> Because of the shortage of pipeline capacity out of North Dakota, over half of its production is sent to market by rail. <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BNSF_Railway" title="BNSF Railway">BNSF Railway</a> and <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Pacific_Railway" title="Canadian Pacific Railway">Canadian Pacific Railway</a> reported to <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> officials that about 50 Bakken oil trains pass through the state each week, mostly through the Twin Cities of <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul" title="Minneapolis–Saint Paul">Minneapolis–Saint Paul</a>. At least 15 major accidents involving crude oil or <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> trains have occurred in the United States and Canada since 2006, and most small cities such as Lac-Megantic are not prepared for oil train explosions and fires.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></sup></p> <p>In March 2013, Canadian pipeline company <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enbridge" title="Enbridge">Enbridge</a> completed a pipeline to take North Dakota oil north into Canada, where it hooks up to Enbridge's main pipeline delivering western Canadian oil to refineries in the <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Midwest" class="mw-redirect" title="American Midwest">American Midwest</a>. Unlike the rejected cross-border <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keystone_XL_Pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Keystone XL Pipeline">Keystone XL Pipeline</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NoKeystone_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NoKeystone-72">[72]</a></sup> the pipeline project to carry American crude across the border was approved by the US government without controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></sup></p> <p>Absent the infrastructure to produce and export <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>, it is merely burned on the spot; a 2013 study estimated the cost at $100 million per month.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></sup></p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Effects_of_the_boom">Effects of the boom</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bakken_Formation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Effects of the boom">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota_oil_boom" title="North Dakota oil boom">North Dakota oil boom</a></div> <p>The oil boom has given those who own <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_rights" title="Mineral rights">mineral rights</a> large incomes from lease bonuses and royalties. The boom has reduced unemployment and given the state of North Dakota a billion-dollar budget surplus. North Dakota, which ranked 38th in per capita <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> (GDP) in 2001, rose steadily with the Bakken boom, and now has per capita GDP 29% above the national average.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></sup></p> <p>The industrialization and population boom has put a strain on water supplies, sewage systems, available housing and government services of the small towns and ranches in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></sup> Increasing economic prosperity has also brought increasing crime and social problems.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a></sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bakken_Formation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_H_Pipeline" title="Double H Pipeline">Double H Pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota_oil_boom" title="North Dakota oil boom">North Dakota oil boom</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parshall_Oil_Field" title="Parshall Oil Field">Parshall Oil Field</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pony_Express_Pipeline" title="Pony Express Pipeline">Pony Express Pipeline</a></li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bakken_Formation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-lexicon-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lexicon_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Lexicon of Canadian Geological Units. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/https://archive.is/20120707090413/http://cgkn1.cgkn.net/weblex/weblex_litho_detail_e.pl?00053:000705">"Bakken Formation"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/http://cgkn1.cgkn.net/weblex/weblex_litho_detail_e.pl?00053:000705">the original</a> on 2012-07-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/http://www.onepetro.org/mslib/servlet/onepetropreview?id=SPE-141434-MS">the original</a> on October 14, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OnePetro&rft.atitle=Understanding+the+Souring+at+Bakken+Oil+Reservoirs.+SPE+141434-MS&rft.au=Holubnyak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.onepetro.org%2Fmslib%2Fservlet%2Fonepetropreview%3Fid%3DSPE-141434-MS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABakken+Formation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-npaug13-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-npaug13_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Bloomberg News (August 13, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/http://business.financialpost.com/2013/08/13/fracking-chemicals-in-spotlight-as-regulators-investigate-rail-car-corrosion-and-flammability-of-north-dakota-crude/?__lsa=41aa-3b6e">"Fracking chemicals in spotlight as regulators investigate rail car corrosion and flammability of North Dakota crude"</a>. <i>Financial Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Post&rft.atitle=Fracking+chemicals+in+spotlight+as+regulators+investigate+rail+car+corrosion+and+flammability+of+North+Dakota+crude&rft.date=2013-08-13&rft.au=Bloomberg+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.financialpost.com%2F2013%2F08%2F13%2Ffracking-chemicals-in-spotlight-as-regulators-investigate-rail-car-corrosion-and-flammability-of-north-dakota-crude%2F%3F__lsa%3D41aa-3b6e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABakken+Formation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-bloomberg13aug-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bloomberg13aug_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Jim Efstathiou Jr. and Angela Greiling Keane (January 14, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-08-13/north-dakota-oil-boom-seen-adding-costs-for-rail-safety.html">"North Dakota Oil Boom Seen Adding Costs for Rail Safety"</a>. <i>Bloomberg</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=North+Dakota+Oil+Boom+Seen+Adding+Costs+for+Rail+Safety&rft.date=2014-01-14&rft.au=Jim+Efstathiou+Jr.+and+Angela+Greiling+Keane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2013-08-13%2Fnorth-dakota-oil-boom-seen-adding-costs-for-rail-safety.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABakken+Formation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-fp-frack-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fp-frack_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/http://business.financialpost.com/2013/08/13/fracking-chemicals-in-spotlight-as-regulators-investigate-rail-car-corrosion-and-flammability-of-north-dakota-crude/">"Fracking chemicals in spotlight as regulators investigate rail car corrosion and flammability of North Dakota crude"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-08-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fracking+chemicals+in+spotlight+as+regulators+investigate+rail+car+corrosion+and+flammability+of+North+Dakota+crude&rft.date=2013-08-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbusiness.financialpost.com%2F2013%2F08%2F13%2Ffracking-chemicals-in-spotlight-as-regulators-investigate-rail-car-corrosion-and-flammability-of-north-dakota-crude%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABakken+Formation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jad Mouwad, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/11/business/energy-environment/energy-boom-in-us-upends-expectations.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0">"Fuel to burn: now what?"</a>, <i>New York Times</i>, April 2012.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-09-11/fracking-pushes-u-s-crude-output-to-highest-level-since-1989.html">"Fracking pushes US crude output to highest level since 1989"</a>, Bloomberg, 11 Sept. 2013.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Price, Leigh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/http://www.undeerc.org/Price/">"Origins and Characteristics of the Basin-Centered Continuous Reservoir Unconventional Oil-Resource Base of the Bakken Source System, Williston Basin"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(unpublished paper)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-02-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Origins+and+Characteristics+of+the+Basin-Centered+Continuous+Reservoir+Unconventional+Oil-Resource+Base+of+the+Bakken+Source+System%2C+Williston+Basin&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Leigh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.undeerc.org%2FPrice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABakken+Formation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/http://www.nd.gov/ndic/ic-press/bakken-form-06.pdf">Bakken Formation Reserve Estimates</a>, which is a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/http://www.nd.gov/ndic/ic-new.html">July 2006 press release from the North Dakota Industrial Commission</a> which is <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/http://www.nd.gov/ndic/ic-about.htm">part of the North Dakota state government</a> thus in the public domain.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/https://www.dmr.nd.gov/ndgs/bakken/newpostings/07272006_BakkenReserveEstimates.pdf">State of North Dakota Bakken Formation Reserve Estimates</a> (<a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF" class="mw-redirect" title="PDF">PDF</a>).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-valleynewslive.com-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-valleynewslive.com_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-valleynewslive.com_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/https://web.archive.org/web/20131029190609/http://www.valleynewslive.com/story/22118577/north-dakota-oil-boom-getting-bigger">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/http://www.valleynewslive.com/story/22118577/north-dakota-oil-boom-getting-bigger">the original</a> on 2013-10-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-05-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.valleynewslive.com%2Fstory%2F22118577%2Fnorth-dakota-oil-boom-getting-bigger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABakken+Formation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/http://www.ogj.com/index/article-display/4715529408/articles/oil-gas-journal/drilling-production-2/20100/february-2011/continental_-bakken.html">"Continental statement: Bakken's giant scope underappreciated"</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/https://web.archive.org/web/20111114042233/http://www.txchnologist.com/2011/brazils-oil-frontier-sub-salt-drilling-could-net-billions-of-barrels-by-dom-philipps">"Brazil's Oil Frontier: Sub-salt drilling could net billions of barrels"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/http://www.txchnologist.com/2011/brazils-oil-frontier-sub-salt-drilling-could-net-billions-of-barrels-by-dom-philipps">the original</a> on November 14, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brazil%27s+Oil+Frontier%3A+Sub-salt+drilling+could+net+billions+of+barrels&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.txchnologist.com%2F2011%2Fbrazils-oil-frontier-sub-salt-drilling-could-net-billions-of-barrels-by-dom-philipps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABakken+Formation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/http://www.brasil.gov.br/sobre/economy/energy-matrix/subsalt/br_model1?set_language=en">"Subsalt"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Subsalt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brasil.gov.br%2Fsobre%2Feconomy%2Fenergy-matrix%2Fsubsalt%2Fbr_model1%3Fset_language%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABakken+Formation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link since January 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li> <li id="cite_note-WP43013-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WP43013_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Lenny Bernstein (April 30, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/northern-plains-site-has-twice-as-much-oil-as-previously-thought-interior-says/2013/04/30/16e0a436-b1cf-11e2-9a98-4be1688d7d84_story.html">"Northern plains site has twice as much oil as previously thought, Interior says"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 1,</span> 2013</span>. <q>The doubling of the estimate resulted largely because of the first look at the Three Forks Formation in North Dakota, which the Geological Survey said contains 3.73 billion barrels of oil. Its reassessment of the Bakken Formation, which lies above Three Forks, showed 3.65 billion barrels, only a little more than a 2008 USGS estimate. The agency's conclusion that the formations contain 6.7 trillion cubic feet of natural gas and 530 million barrels of natural gas liquids represented a tripling of previous estimates.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Northern+plains+site+has+twice+as+much+oil+as+previously+thought%2C+Interior+says&rft.date=2013-04-30&rft.au=Lenny+Bernstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnational%2Fhealth-science%2Fnorthern-plains-site-has-twice-as-much-oil-as-previously-thought-interior-says%2F2013%2F04%2F30%2F16e0a436-b1cf-11e2-9a98-4be1688d7d84_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABakken+Formation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-USGS2013–3013-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USGS2013–3013_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Stephanie B. Gaswirth; Kristen R. Marra; Troy A. Cook; Ronald R. Charpentier; Donald L. Gautier; Debra K. Higley; Timothy R. Klett; Michael D. Lewan; Paul G. Lillis; Christopher J. Schenk; Marilyn E. Tennyson; Katherine J. Whidden. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2013/3013/fs2013-3013.pdf">"National Assessment of Oil and Gas Fact Sheet Assessment of Undiscovered Oil Resources in the Bakken and Three Forks Formations, Williston Basin Province, Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota, 2013"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Fact Sheet 2013–3013</i>. United States Geological Survey<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 1,</span> 2013</span>. <q>Using a geology-based assessment methodology, the U.S. Geological Survey estimated mean undiscovered volumes of 7.4 billion barrels of oil, 6.7 trillion cubic feet of associated/dissolved natural gas, and 0.53 billion barrels of natural gas liquids in the Bakken and Three Forks Formations in the Williston Basin Province of Montana, North Dakota, and South Dakota.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fact+Sheet+2013%E2%80%933013&rft.atitle=National+Assessment+of+Oil+and+Gas+Fact+Sheet+Assessment+of+Undiscovered+Oil+Resources+in+the+Bakken+and+Three+Forks+Formations%2C+Williston+Basin+Province%2C+Montana%2C+North+Dakota%2C+and+South+Dakota%2C+2013&rft.au=Stephanie+B.+Gaswirth&rft.au=Kristen+R.+Marra&rft.au=Troy+A.+Cook&rft.au=Ronald+R.+Charpentier&rft.au=Donald+L.+Gautier&rft.au=Debra+K.+Higley&rft.au=Timothy+R.+Klett&rft.au=Michael+D.+Lewan&rft.au=Paul+G.+Lillis&rft.au=Christopher+J.+Schenk&rft.au=Marilyn+E.+Tennyson&rft.au=Katherine+J.+Whidden&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Ffs%2F2013%2F3013%2Ffs2013-3013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABakken+Formation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">US Energy Information Administration, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/http://www.eia.gov/analysis/studies/worldshalegas/pdf/chaptersi_iii.pdf?zscb=60384331">World shale gas</a>, 17 May 2013.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/http://www.oilandgasinquirer.com/index.php/news/regional/saskatchewan/474-secondary-recovery-will-drive-the-future-of-the-bakken">Secondary recovery will drive the future of the Bakken</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/https://web.archive.org/web/20130926033556/http://www.oilandgasinquirer.com/index.php/news/regional/saskatchewan/474-secondary-recovery-will-drive-the-future-of-the-bakken">Archived</a> September 26, 2013, at the <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., <i>Oil and Gas Inquirer</i>, 2013.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">US EIA, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/http://www.eia.gov/naturalgas/crudeoilreserves/index.cfm">Crude oil reserves</a>, Table 2, 2013.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/http://www.aapg.org/publications/news/explorer/emphasis/articleid/2345/new-usgs-bakken-assessment-on-its-way">"New USGS Bakken assessment on its way"</a>, <i>AAPG Explorer</i>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/http://www.searchanddiscovery.com/documents/2006/06131walker/index.htm">Elm Coulee Field</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/http://magnoliapetroleum.com/Documents/HardmanReport_Bakken.pdf">2009 Magnolia Petroleum Current activities</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/https://web.archive.org/web/20101116163050/http://magnoliapetroleum.com/Documents/HardmanReport_Bakken.pdf">Archived</a> November 16, 2010, at the <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (<a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF" class="mw-redirect" title="PDF">PDF</a>).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jarvie and others, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/http://www.wwgeochem.com/resources/Final+Jarvie+et+al+Bakken+paper+for+RMAG+-+opt.pdf">Geology and geochemistry of the Parshall area</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192412/http://www.wwgeochem.com/resources/Final%2BJarvie%2Bet%2Bal%2BBakken%2Bpaper%2Bfor%2BRMAG%2B-%2Bopt.pdf">Archived</a> October 29, 2013, at the <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., Rocky Mountain Association of Geologists, 2011.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/http://www.bismarcktribune.com/articles/2007/04/04/news/state/131390.txt">Measure offers oil tax rate cut</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link since October 2016">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Julie Lefever, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/https://www.dmr.nd.gov/ndgs/newsletter/NL0308/pdfs/Parshall.pdf">"What's happening at Parshall, North Dakota"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/https://web.archive.org/web/20100528112030/https://www.dmr.nd.gov/ndgs/newsletter/NL0308/pdfs/Parshall.pdf">Archived</a> May 28, 2010, at the <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., North Dakota Division of Mineral Resources, 2 Sept. 2007.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/https://www.dmr.nd.gov/oilgas/stats/2006Formation.pdf">2006 North Dakota Oil Production by Formation</a> (<a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF" class="mw-redirect" title="PDF">PDF</a>)</span></li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/https://www.dmr.nd.gov/oilgas/stats/2007Formation.pdf">2007 North Dakota Oil Production by Formation</a> (<a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF" class="mw-redirect" title="PDF">PDF</a>).</span></li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2013/03/bakken-shale-oil/dobb-text">"Bakken shale oil"</a>, <i>National Geographic Magazine</i>, Mar. 2013.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-DMR2015-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DMR2015_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation report"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/https://www.dmr.nd.gov/oilgas/stats/historicalbakkenoilstats.pdf">ND Monthly Bakken Oil Production Statistics</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> (Report). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=ND+Monthly+Bakken+Oil+Production+Statistics&rft.pub=North+Dakota+Department+of+Mineral+Resources&rft.date=2015-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dmr.nd.gov%2Foilgas%2Fstats%2Fhistoricalbakkenoilstats.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABakken+Formation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-EIA2015-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EIA2015_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation report"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/http://www.eia.gov/petroleum/drilling/pdf/dpr-full.pdf">Drilling Productivity Report for key tight oil and shale gas regions</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> (Report). <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Information_Administration" title="Energy Information Administration">Energy Information Administration</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EOG+Resources+Inc&rft.pub=Eogresources.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eogresources.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABakken+Formation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/http://www.contres.com/">"Continental Resources Inc"</a>. Contres.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/https://web.archive.org/web/20110223112501/http://contres.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Continental+Resources+Inc&rft.pub=Contres.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.contres.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABakken+Formation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/http://www.whiting.com/">"Whiting Oil & Gas Inc"</a>. Whiting.com. 2009-12-31. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/https://web.archive.org/web/20110208040013/http://www.whiting.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Whiting+Oil+%26+Gas+Inc&rft.pub=Whiting.com&rft.date=2009-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whiting.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABakken+Formation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/http://www.marathon.com/">"Marathon Oil Corporation"</a>. Marathon.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/https://web.archive.org/web/20110225091857/http://marathon.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marathon+Oil+Corporation&rft.pub=Marathon.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marathon.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABakken+Formation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/http://www.qepres.com/pdf_docs/Bakken.pdf">"QEP Resources Bakken.pdf"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. QEPres.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-10-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=QEP+Resources+Bakken.pdf&rft.pub=QEPres.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qepres.com%2Fpdf_docs%2FBakken.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABakken+Formation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/http://www.hess.com/">"Hess Corporation - A Leading Independent Energy Company - ..itefinityWebApp_IN_0"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hess+Corporation+-+A+Leading+Independent+Energy+Company+-+..itefinityWebApp_IN_0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hess.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABakken+Formation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/http://www.samsonoilandgas.com/">"Samson Oil and Gas Ltd"</a>. Samsonoilandgas.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-02-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Samson+Oil+and+Gas+Ltd&rft.pub=Samsonoilandgas.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.samsonoilandgas.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABakken+Formation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon Pitts, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/http://www.swiftcurrentonline.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=15626:oil-boom-lets-saskatchewan-plot-its-own-course&catid=39:oil-field-news&Itemid=185">Boom lets Saskatchewan plot its own course</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/https://web.archive.org/web/20130514054408/http://www.swiftcurrentonline.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=15626%3Aoil-boom-lets-saskatchewan-plot-its-own-course&catid=39%3Aoil-field-news&Itemid=185">Archived</a> May 14, 2013, at the <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., <i>Globe and Mail</i>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Financial Post</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/http://www.financialpost.com/story.html?id=48494677-8dea-406f-aeb4-883645eeb525">"Everyone into the Bakken Pool"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/https://web.archive.org/web/20150402153239/http://www.financialpost.com/story.html?id=48494677-8dea-406f-aeb4-883645eeb525">Archived</a> April 2, 2015, at the <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., accessed 18 Sept. 2013.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/http://www.pennenergy.com/marketwired-power/2015/03/4/lig-assets-inc-takes-position-in-north-dakota-oil-leases.html">"LIG Assets, Inc. Takes Position in North Dakota Oil Leases"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LIG+Assets%2C+Inc.+Takes+Position+in+North+Dakota+Oil+Leases&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pennenergy.com%2Fmarketwired-power%2F2015%2F03%2F4%2Flig-assets-inc-takes-position-in-north-dakota-oil-leases.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABakken+Formation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/http://www.bexp3d.com/">"Brigham Exploration"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-12-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Bakken+oil+booms+%E2%80%94+and+so+does+crime+on+the+Plains&rft.date=2012-04-23&rft.au=Associated+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fus%2F2012%2F04%2F23%2Fas-bakken-oil-booms-police-prepare-for-change%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABakken+Formation" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bakken_Formation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;color:#000"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20180409104242im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" class="noviewer" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20180409104242im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20180409104242im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bakken_formation" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bakken formation">Bakken formation</a></b></i>.</td> </tr> </table> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/http://geology.com/articles/bakken-formation.shtml">Geology.Com: <i>Bakken formation</i></a>, accessed 4 March 2009.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3021/pdf/FS08-3021_508.pdf">US Geological Survey: <i>Assessment of undiscovered oil resources in the Devonian-Mississippian Bakken Formation</i></a>, PDF file, retrieved 4 March 2009.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/http://watch.montanapbs.org/video/2236174487">Boom! Behind the Bakken</a> Documentary produced by <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana_PBS" title="Montana PBS">Montana PBS</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409104242/http://www.ogfj.com/articles/print/volume-10/issue-8/features/three-tiers-of-us-shale-plays.html?goback=%2Egde_156898_member_263512813#%21">Three tiers of US shale plays</a></li> </ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_Canadian_Sedimentary_Basin" style="padding:3px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Western_Canadian_Sedimentary_Basin" title="Template:Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin"><abbr title="View this template" 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title="History of the petroleum industry in Canada (frontier exploration and development)">Frontier exploration and development</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_Canada_(natural_gas_liquids)" title="History of the petroleum industry in Canada (natural gas liquids)">Natural gas liquids</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_petroleum_industry_in_Canada_(natural_gas)" title="History of the petroleum industry in Canada (natural gas)">Natural gas</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Depositional regions</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Alberta" title="Southern Alberta">Southern Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Alberta" title="Central Alberta">Central Alberta</a></li> <li>Northwestern Alberta Plains</li> <li>South-central <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Rockies" title="Canadian Rockies">Canadian Rockies</a> foothills</li> <li>North-east Plains</li> <li>North-central foothills</li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liard_River" title="Liard River">Liard River</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Nelson,_British_Columbia" title="Fort Nelson, British Columbia">Fort Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Rocky_Mountains" title="Northern Rocky Mountains">Northern Rocky Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_St._John,_British_Columbia" title="Fort St. John, British Columbia">Fort St. John</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li> <li>Western <a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cypress_Hills_Formation" title="Cypress Hills Formation">Cypress Hills FM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravenscrag_Formation" title="Ravenscrag Formation">Ravenscrag FM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frenchman_Formation" title="Frenchman Formation">Frenchman FM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitemud_Formation" title="Whitemud Formation">Whitemud FM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastend_Formation" title="Eastend Formation">Eastend FM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearpaw_Formation" title="Bearpaw Formation">Bearpaw FM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_River_Group" title="Judith River Group">Judith River GRP</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belly_River_Formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Belly River Formation">Belly River FM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldman_Formation" title="Oldman Formation">Oldman FM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foremost_Formation" title="Foremost Formation">Foremost FM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lea_Park_Formation" title="Lea Park Formation">Lea Park FM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakowki_Formation" title="Pakowki Formation">Pakowki FM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk_River_Formation" title="Milk River Formation">Milk River FM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_Group" title="Colorado Group">Colorado GRP</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Formation" title="Viking Formation">Viking FM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannville_Group" title="Mannville Group">Mannville GRP</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pense_Formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Pense Formation">Pense FM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantuar_Formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantuar Formation">Cantuar FM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Success_Formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Success Formation">Success FM</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguard_Formation" title="Vanguard Formation">Vanguard FM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellis_Group" title="Ellis Group">Ellis GRP</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swift_Formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Swift Formation">Swift FM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rierdon_Formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Rierdon Formation">Rierdon FM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sawtooth_Formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawtooth Formation">Sawtooth FM</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaunavon_Formation" title="Shaunavon Formation">Shaunavon FM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piper_Formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Piper Formation">Piper FM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravelbourg_Formation" title="Gravelbourg Formation">Gravelbourg FM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gypsum_Springs_Formation" title="Gypsum Springs Formation">Gypsum Springs FM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watrous_Formation" title="Watrous Formation">Watrous FM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Snowy_Group" title="Big Snowy Group">Big Snowy GRP</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Group" title="Madison Group">Madison GRP</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Formation">Charles FM</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poplar_Beds" class="mw-redirect" title="Poplar Beds">Poplar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratcliffe_Beds" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratcliffe Beds">Ratcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midale_Beds" class="mw-redirect" title="Midale Beds">Midale</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_Canyon_Formation" title="Mission Canyon Formation">Mission Canyon FM</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisbey_Sandstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Kisbey Sandstone">Kisbey SS</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_Group#Subdivisions" title="Madison Group">Alida</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilston_Beds" class="mw-redirect" title="Tilston Beds">Tilston</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodgepole_Formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lodgepole Formation">Lodgepole FM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souris_Valley_Beds" class="mw-redirect" title="Souris Valley Beds">Souris Valley</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Forks_Group" title="Three Forks Group">Three Forks GRP</a> <ul> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bakken FM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Valley_Formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Valley Formation">Big Valley FM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torquay_Formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Torquay Formation">Torquay FM</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan_Group" title="Saskatchewan Group">Saskatchewan GRP</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdbear_Formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Birdbear Formation">Birdbear FM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duperow_Formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Duperow Formation">Duperow FM</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Group" title="Manitoba Group">Manitoba GRP</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souris_River_Formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Souris River Formation">Souris River FM</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elk_Point_Group" title="Elk Point Group">Elk Point GRP</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawson_Bay_Formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawson Bay Formation">Davson Bay FM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie_Evaporite_Formation" title="Prairie Evaporite Formation">Prairie FM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipegosis_Formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Winnipegosis Formation">Winnipegosis FM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashern_Formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashern Formation">Ashern FM</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlake_Formation" title="Interlake Formation">Interlake FM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonewall_Formation" title="Stonewall Formation">Stonewall FM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stony_Mountain_Formation" title="Stony Mountain Formation">Stony Mountain FM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herald_Formation" title="Herald Formation">Herald FM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Yeoman_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yeoman Formation (page does not exist)">Yeoman FM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winnipeg_Formation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Winnipeg Formation (page does not exist)">Winnipeg FM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deadwood_Formation" title="Deadwood Formation">Deadwood FM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <p><span style="font-size: small;"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/web/20180409104242/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external 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