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His most enduring work is not a musical composition but his treatise on [[counterpoint]], ''[[Gradus ad Parnassum#Music and art|Gradus ad Parnassum]]'', which has become the single most influential book on the [[Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina|Palestrinian]] style of [[Renaissance music|Renaissance]] [[polyphony]].{{sfn|Fux|Mann|Edmunds|1965|page=i}} ==Life== Fux's exact date of birth is unknown.<ref name=Grove>{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Hochradner|first1=Thomas|last2=White|first2=Harry|title=Fux, Johann Joseph|doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.49235|encyclopedia=[[Grove Music Online]]|year=2001|isbn=9781561592630 }}</ref> He was born to a peasant family in [[Langegg bei Graz|Hirtenfeld]], [[Styria]], Austria. Relatively little is known about his early life, but likely he went to nearby [[Graz]] for music lessons. In 1680 he was accepted at the Jesuit Ferdinandeum University there, where his musical talent became apparent.<ref name=Baker /> From 1685 until 1688 he served as organist at St. Moritz in [[Ingolstadt]].<ref name=Grove /> Sometime during this period he must have made a trip to Italy, as evidenced by the strong influence of [[Arcangelo Corelli|Corelli]] and Bolognese composers on his work of the time. By the 1690s he was in Vienna, and attracted the attention of [[Emperor Leopold I]] with some masses he composed; the emperor was sufficiently impressed by them to assist him with his career after this point. In 1698, Leopold hired him as court composer.<ref>{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Fux, Johann Joseph}}</ref> Fux traveled again to Italy, studying in Rome in 1700; it may have been here that he acquired the veneration for Palestrina which was so consequential for music pedagogy. [[File:Wien - Hofburgkapelle.JPG|thumb|Modern image of Wien - Hofburgkapelle]] Fux became the Hofkapellmeister (head musician of the [[Wiener Hofmusikkapelle]]) in 1715, along with [[Antonio Caldara]] as his vice-Kapellmeister, and F.B. Conti as the court composer.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Huber |first1=Mathis |title=Who was Johann Joseph Fux? |url=https://styriarte.com/en/wer-war-johann-joseph-fux/ |website=Styriarte |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref> Fux served Leopold I until the latter's death, and two more Habsburg emperors after that: [[Emperor Joseph I|Joseph I]], and [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles VI]], both of whom continued to employ him in high positions in the court. Fux was famous as a composer throughout this period, and stood out among his contemporaries as the highest ranking composer in the Holy Roman Empire.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Rausch |first1=Alexander |title=J.J. Fux |url=https://fux-online.at/cms_seite.php?content=&menu=1&lang=E |website=FUX online |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref> However, this renown gradually became eclipsed later in the 18th century as the Baroque style died out. Although his music until recently never regained favor, his mastery of counterpoint influenced countless composers through his treatise ''Gradus ad Parnassum'' (1725). [[Joseph Haydn|Haydn]] largely taught himself counterpoint by reading it and recommended it to the young [[Ludwig van Beethoven|Beethoven]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Nottebohm|first=Gustav|author-link=Gustav Nottebohm|title=Beethoveniana|date=1872|publisher=J. Rieter-Biedermann|location=Leipzig}}</ref> [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|Mozart]] had a copy of it that he annotated.<ref name=EB>{{cite book|chapter=Johann Joseph Fux|title=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|chapter-url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Johann-Joseph-Fux}}</ref> ==''Gradus ad Parnassum''== [[File:Fux-Gradus-ad-Parnassum.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|''Gradus ad Parnassum'', title page]] The ''Gradus ad Parnassum'' (Steps or Ascent to Mount Parnassus) is a theoretical and pedagogical work written by Fux in Latin in 1725, and translated into German by [[Lorenz Christoph Mizler]] in 1742. Fux dedicated it to Emperor Charles VI. The work is divided into two major parts. In the first part, Fux presents a summary of the theory on ''Musica Speculativa,'' or the analysis of [[interval (music)|intervals]] as proportions between numbers. This section is in a simple lecture style, and looks at music from a purely mathematical angle, in a theoretical tradition that goes back, through the works of Renaissance theoreticians, to the Ancient Greeks. Fux explains that intervals in exact mathematical proportions result in [[Diatonic semitone|larger]] and [[Chromatic semitone|smaller]] [[Semitone|half tones]], and he also mentions that some organists added extra keys (split halves to use smaller and bigger half tones), but that adding extra keys on a keyboard was problematic and for this reason they divided every note in "{{lang|de|zwei gleiche Theile}}" (two equal parts), resulting in equal temperament. He continues: {{blockquote|Da man aber erfahren, daß solches in Zahlen nicht angeht, ist das Ohr zu hülfe genommen worden, indem man von dem einem Theil einem fast gar nicht mercklichen Theil weggenommen, und dem andern zugesetzet.<ref>{{cite book | last= Fux | first = Johann Joseph | title = Gradus ad Parnassum | url = {{Google books|W79IAAAAcAAJ|page=52|plainurl=yes}} | page = 52 |publisher=[[Lorenz Christoph Mizler|Mizler]]| place = Leipzig | date = 1742 }} Full title is ''Gradus ad Parnassum oder Anführung zur regelmäßigen musikalischen Composition: auf eine neue, gewisse, und bishero noch niemahls in so deutlicher Ordnung an das Licht gebrachte Art''.</ref><br />[Because experience told us that one cannot do this by means of figures, the ear was called in to help, by taking away an almost non-detectable amount from one note and adding it to the others.]}} The works of [[Mersenne]], [[Cicero]] and [[Aristotle]] are among the several references quoted by Fux in this section. The second part, on ''Musica Pratica,'' is the section of this treatise where the author presents his instruction on [[counterpoint]], [[fugue]], double counterpoint, a brief essay on musical taste, and his ideas on composing [[sacred music]], writing in the ''a cappella'' and in the ''recitativo'' style. This part is in the form of a dialog, between a master (Aloysius, Latin for Luigi, who is meant to represent Palestrina's ideas) and a student, Josephus, who represents Fux himself, a self-admitted admirer of Palestrina. At the outset, Fux states his purpose: "to invent a simple method by which a novice can progress, step by step, to attain mastery in this art."{{sfn|Fux|Mann|Edmunds|1965|p=17}} and gives his opinion of contemporary practice: "I shall not be deterred by the most ardent haters of school, nor by the corruptness of the times."{{sfn|Fux|Mann|Edmunds|1965|p=17}} He also states that theory without practice is useless,{{sfn|Fux|Mann|Edmunds|1965|p=18}} thus stressing practice over theory in his book. While ''Gradus ad Parnassum'' is famous as the origin of the term "[[species counterpoint]]", Fux was not the first one to invent the idea. In 1610, [[Girolamo Diruta]], a composer of the [[Venetian School (music)|Venetian school]], published ''Il Transilvano'', which presented the Renaissance polyphonic style as a series of types: one note against one note, two notes against one note, [[suspension (music)|suspensions]], and so forth. Fux's work repeated some of Diruta's, possibly coincidentally, since he is not known to have had a copy. In species counterpoint, as given in Fux, the student is to master writing counterpoint in each species before moving on to the next. The species are, in order, note against note; two notes against one; four notes against one; ligature or suspensions (one note against one, but offset by half of the note value); and florid counterpoint, in which the other species are combined freely. Once all the species are mastered in two voices, the species are gone through again in three voices, and then in four voices. (Occasionally, in modern counterpoint textbooks, the third and fourth species are reversed with suspensions being taught before four notes against one.) Fux expressed the intention of adding sections on how to write counterpoint for more than four parts, indicating that rules in this area were to be "less rigorously observed". However, citing his poor health as a result of gout and age, he chose to conclude the book as it stood.{{sfn|Fux|Mann|Edmunds|1965|p=128}} Modern counterpoint education is greatly indebted to ''Gradus ad Parnassum'', and Fux presented the ideas with such clarity and focus that both subsequent and modern counterpoint texts continue to cite his work, from the book by [[Johann Georg Albrechtsberger|Albrechtsberger]] (''Gründliche Anweisung zur Komposition'') to 20th century examples such as the book by [[Knud Jeppesen]] (''Counterpoint: The Polyphonic Vocal Style of the Sixteenth Century''). Furthermore, ''Gradus ad Parnassum'' is a noteworthy historical document in that it clearly delineates the stylistic distinction of the entire baroque era between an antique and sacred style and a more modern and largely secular style.<ref name=Baker /> The Latin edition of Fux's ''Gradus ad Parnassum'' from the year 1725, translated by [[Lorenz Christoph Mizler]], is the only surviving book of J.S. Bach's personal library of theoretical works.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Beisswenger |first1=Kirsten |title=Johann Sebastian Bachs Notenbibliothek |date=1992 |publisher=Kassel; New York : Bärenreiter}}</ref> As Mizler was a student of J.S. Bach, musicologist Christoph Wolff has suggested that Bach may have played some part in persuading Mizler to translate the treatise.<ref name=Lang>{{cite journal|last=Lang|first=Paul Henry|author-link=Paul Henry Lang|title=Editorial|journal=[[The Musical Quarterly]]|date=October 1969|volume=55|issue=4|pages=545–548|jstor=740857}}</ref> ==Works== In addition to writing ''Gradus ad Parnassum'', Fux also composed numerous sacred and secular works. Fux's compositions were catalogued by [[Ludwig Ritter von Köchel]] who also catalogued Mozart's works.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gy8rDwAAQBAJ&q=Fux%27s+compositions+were+catalogued+by+Ludwig+Ritter+von+K%C3%B6chel.&pg=PA141|title=Isolde Ahlgrimm, Vienna and the Early Music Revival |last=Watchorn|first=Peter|date=2017-07-05|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781351561976}}</ref> ==Sacred compositions== Fux's sacred works include masses (such as ''Missa canonica,'' ''Missa Corporis Christi,''), [[requiems]], [[oratorios]] (including ''Santa Dimpna, Infanta d'Irlanda, K 300a'' (1702), ''Il fonte della salute, K 293 ''(1716)), [[litanies]], [[Vespers]] settings, [[motets]], graduals, [[offertories]], Marian [[antiphons]] (consisting of 21 settings of ''Alma Redemptoris mater'', 22 settings of ''Ave Regina'', 9 of ''Regina coeli'', and 17 of ''Salve regina''), settings of the text "Sub Tuum Praesidium", hymns (many of which are lost), Sequences, Introits, Communion hymns, German sacred songs (all lost), and other sacred works.<ref name=Grove /> Some of Fux's masses (along with Caldara and others) utilized the canon (imitative counterpoint in its strictest form) as a compositional technique, one of the telltale signs of the [[stile antico]]. Other indications of the ''stile antico'' include large note values (whole, half, or quarter notes).<ref name=Lang /> However, while most associate Fux with composing in the ''stile antico'', referring to him as the "Austrian Palestrina", due to his treatise Gradus ad Parnassum, he also had the ability to compose in the ''stile moderno'' as well, evident in his oratorios, such as ''Santa Dimpna, Infanta d'Irlandia''. For instance, many of the movements in the second half of ''Santa Dimpna'' make use of [[da capo aria]] form, and the eight (surviving) arias demonstrate the baroque concept of the "affect", as demonstrated by the vocal ''coloratura'' and instrumental figures.<ref>{{cite journal|last=White|first=Harry M.|title=An Irish Saint in Eighteenth Century–Vienna: Johann Fux and the 'Oratorio volgare'|journal=The Maynooth Review|date=May 1985|volume=12|pages=51–57|jstor=20556992}}</ref> Fux, along with other composers, such as Hofer, Biber, and Caldara established a solid repertory of Catholic church music in southern Germany and Austria, despite the presence of the better-known Protestant church music in northern Germany.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Beckmann–Collier|first1=Aimee|title=Sacred Choral Music in the Classical Era|journal=The Choral Journal|date=April 1991|volume=31|issue=9|pages=5–8|jstor=23548117}}</ref> ==Secular compositions== Besides [[sacred]] works, Fux was a composer of vocal and instrumental music. His works include 19 [[operas]], 29 [[partitas]], 10 [[oratorios]], and about 80 masses.<ref name=EB /> Fux's instrumental compositions include 50 church sonatas, Concentus musico-instrumentalis (1710), and keyboard works.<ref name=Baker>{{cite encyclopedia|last1=Slonimsky|first1=Nicolas|author1-link=Nicolas Slonimsky|last2=Kuhn|first2=Laura|last3=McIntire|first3=Dennis|title=Fux, Johann Joseph|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/music-history-composers-and-performers-biographies/johann-joseph-fux|encyclopedia=Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians|via=Encyclopedia.com|access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref> Fux's compositions for Clavier include five Partitas, a 20-minute Capriccio, a Ciaccona, an Harpeggio Prelude and Fugue, an Aria Passaggiata, and a set of twelve Minuets.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Walker |first1=Wayne S. |title=Johann Joseph Fux and Musica Imperiale |url=https://walkerhomeschoolblog.wordpress.com/2019/11/19/johann-joseph-fux-and-musica-imperiale/ |website=WalkerHomeSchoolBlog |date=19 November 2019 |access-date=3 October 2020}}</ref> The Concentus musico-instrumentalis is a cycle of seven partitas scored for [[woodwind instrument|woodwind]], [[brass instrument|brass]], and [[string instrument]]s. This cycle, published in 1701, was to Joseph, King of Rome. Its cosmopolitan admixture of French, Italian, and German movements and its festive characteristics can be found in Fux's keyboard suites, which are heavily ornamented and treble-dominated.<ref name=Grove /> Most Italian operas of that period were concentrated on the solo aria. Whereas, Fux's operas employ an ensemble of solo singers and the large arias often use a concertizing solo instrument. Fux's emphasis on contrapuntal structures was conservative and represented the older manner of treating musical texture.<ref name=Baker /> Fux's early operas show characteristics of the late 17th century such as using [[arioso]] passages in [[recitatives]]. His style is primarily a combination of his preference for contrapuntal textures, a vivid mastery of vocal and instrumental rhetoric and Italianate ornamentation, and colorful use of obbligato scoring. Compared to his Italian contemporaries, it is Fux's manipulation of the [[da capo aria]] that represents his exceptional sense of [[dramma per musica]]: his scoring, texture, and motivic-thematic integration allow an individual style to arise while the idealized passions of the [[Affektenlehre]] attain dramatic life.<ref name=Grove /> Most of his dramatic operas were premiered at the Hoftheater, [[Vienna]]; otherwise given below. List of Fux's 19 operas:<ref name=Baker /> *''Il fato monarchico, festa teatrale'' (18 Feb. 1700; music not extant) *''Neo-exoriens phosphorus, id est neo-electus et infulatus praesul Mellicensis'', Latin school opera (1701; music not extant) *''L'offendere per amare ovvera La Telesilla'', dramma per musica (25 June 1702; music not extant) *''La clemenza d' Augusto'', poemetto drammatico (15 Nov. 1702; music not extant) *''Julo Ascanio re d'Alba'', poemetto drammatico (19 March 1708) *''Pulcheria'', poemetto drammatico (21 June 1708) *''Il mese di Marzo, consecrato a Marte'', componimento per musica (19 March 1709) *''Gli ossequi della note'', componimento per musica (15 July 1709) *''La decima fatica d'Ercolo, ovvero La Sconfitta di Gerione in Spagna'', componimento pastorale-eroico (1 Oct. 1710) *''[[Dafne in lauro]]'', componimento per camera (1 Oct. 1714) *''Orfeo ed Euridice'', componimento da camera per musica (1 Oct. 1715) *''Angelica vincitrice di Alcina'', festa teatrale (14 Sept. 1716) *''Diana placate'', componimento da camera (19 Nov. 1717) *''Elisa'', festa teatrale per musica (Laxenburg, 28 Aug. 1719) *''Psiche'', coponimento da camera per musica (19 Nov. 1720) *''Le nozze di Aurora'', festa teatrale per musica (6 Oct. 1722) *''Constanza e Fortezza'', festa teatrale (Prague, 28 Aug. 1723) – his notable opera *''Giunone placata'', festa teatrale per musica (19 Nov. 1725) *''La corona d'Arianna'', festa teatrale (28 Aug. 1731) The festive opera ''Constanza e Fortezza'' (Constancy and Strength), with a libretto by [[Pietro Pariati]] (1665–1733), was Fux's most notable opera. It was performed twice in a specially designed open-air theatre in [[Prague Castle]] on the occasion of the [[coronation]] of [[Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles VI]] as King of Bohemia in 1723. The set was designed by the court theatre architect [[Giuseppe Galli-Bibiena]] (1696–1756). This work is regarded as a festive coronation opera because both performances of this opera took place a few days before the coronation of Charles VI as King of Bohemia and of his consort [[Elisabeth Christine of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel|Elisabeth Christina]] as Queen. There was an issue of the double celebratory function of this opera – coronation of Charles VI and Elisabeth Christina's birthday.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Spáčilová |first1=Jana |last2=Vácha |first2=Stepán |title=New Insights into the Performance of Fux's Opera Constanza e Fortezza in Prague in 1723 |journal=Music in Art |date=2009 |volume=34| issue = 1/2 |pages=44–72 |jstor=41818581}}</ref> ==Selected discography== *The Dresden Album. [[Johannes Pramsohler]]. Ensemble Diderot. (Audax Records ADX 13701) *Concentus musico instrumentalis...1701. Concentus Musicus Wien, [[Nikolaus Harnoncourt]] (Teldec 8.42171 XH, 244 690 2)<ref>{{cite book |title = Concentus musico instrumentalis--: 1701 (Musical CD, 1989) | oclc=36141870 }}</ref> *Concentus musico instrumentalis...1701 K352 – 358. Neue Hofkapelle Graz, Lucia Froihofer and Michael Hell (CPO 777 980-2) *''Kaiserrequiem K51-53''. Clemencic Consort, [[René Clemencic]] (Arte Nova 74321 27777 2)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/release/johann-joseph-fux-requiem-mr0002671060|title = Johann Joseph Fux: Requiem - René Clemencic, Clemencic Consort &#124; Release Info| website=[[AllMusic]] }}</ref> *''Complete Music for Harpsichord''. Performed by Filippo Emanuele Ravizza. ([[Brilliant Classics]] 95189) *''Alla Turca''. Matthias Maute, Monika Mauch, and Ensemble Caprice. ([[ATMA Classique]] ACD2 2347)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2007/oct07/Alla_turca_acd22347.htm|title=Alla turca acd22347 &#91;MS&#93;: Classical CD Reviews - October 2007 MusicWeb-International}}</ref> ==Notes== {{reflist}} '''Sources''' *{{Cite book | first1 = Johann Joseph | last1 =Fux| author-link2=Alfred Mann (musicologist)| last2=Mann | first2=Alfred | last3=Edmunds| first3=John | year =1965| title = The Study of Counterpoint from Johann Joseph Fux's Gradus ad parnassum | publisher=W. W. Norton| location = New York |isbn=0-393-00277-2 |oclc=494781}} {{LCC|MT40 F83 1965}} ==Further reading== *{{cite book|last=Albrechtsberger|first=Johann Georg|author-link=Johann Georg Albrechtsberger|title=Gründliche Anweisung zur Composition|date=1790|publisher=Johann Gottlob Immanuel Breitkopf|location=Leipzig|ref=none}} *{{cite grove |last1=Antonicek |first1=Theophil|author2=Derek Beales|author3=[[Leon Botstein]]|author4=Rudolf Klein|author5=Harald Goertz |entry=Vienna (Ger. Wien) |year=2001 |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.29326 |ref=none}} *{{cite book | last = Fux | first = Johann Joseph | title = Gradus ad Parnassum | publisher = Broude Brothers | place = New York | year = 1966 | series = Monuments of Music and Music Literature|ref=none}} Facsimile of the 1725 Vienna edition. *{{cite book |last=Jeppesen |first=Knud |author-link=Knud Jeppesen |translator-last=Haydon|translator-first=Glen|translator-link=Glen Haydon|others=with a new foreword by [[Alfred Mann (musicologist)|Alfred Mann]] |title=Counterpoint: the polyphonic vocal style of the sixteenth century |url=https://archive.org/details/counterpointpoly0000jepp |url-access=registration |year=1992 |publisher=Dover |location=New York |isbn=0-486-27036-X |orig-date=1939|ref=none}} *{{cite web|last1=Kroesbergen|first1=Willem|author1-link=Willem Kroesbergen|last2=Cruickshank|first2=Andrew|title=18th century quotations relating to J. S. Bach's temperament|place=Cape Town|date=October 2015|edition=2nd|url=http://www.huygens-fokker.org/docs/Kroesbergen_Bach_Temperament.pdf|access-date=15 November 2015|ref=none}} (Chapter 'Johann Joseph Fux') *{{cite web | last = Lorenz | first = Michael | author-link = Michael Lorenz (musicologist) | title = Fux Documents | date = 8 September 2016 | place = Vienna | url = http://michaelorenz.blogspot.co.at/2016/09/fux-documents.html | access-date = 15 November 2017|ref=none}} ==External links== *{{Commons category-inline|Johann Joseph Fux}} *{{IMSLP|Fux, Johann Joseph|Johann Joseph Fux}} *{{ChoralWiki|Johann_Joseph_Fux}} {{Baroque music}} {{Portal bar|Biography|Classical music}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Fux, Johann Joseph}} [[Category:1660s births]] [[Category:1741 deaths]] [[Category:18th-century Austrian classical composers]] [[Category:18th-century Austrian male musicians]] [[Category:18th-century writers in Latin]] [[Category:18th-century male writers]] 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