CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Western Sahara - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"06f09336-4556-4147-a1de-b8b933bf6e5c","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Western_Sahara","wgTitle":"Western Sahara","wgCurRevisionId":1275453936,"wgRevisionId":1275453936,"wgArticleId":33220,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments","Articles containing Arabic-language text","Articles containing Spanish-language text","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from August 2018","Articles with permanently dead external links","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from May 2011","CS1 French-language sources (fr)", "Articles lacking reliable references from July 2007","CS1 errors: missing periodical","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","CS1 maint: others","Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages","Use dmy dates from March 2021","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2024","Articles lacking reliable references from October 2013","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010","Articles needing additional references from May 2024","All articles needing additional references","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2018","Articles needing additional references from June 2023", "Wikipedia articles in need of updating from June 2024","All Wikipedia articles in need of updating","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013","Wikipedia external links cleanup from June 2017","Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata","Pages using Sister project links with default search","Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2021","Coordinates on Wikidata","Western Sahara","Maghrebi countries","Saharan countries","Countries and territories where Arabic is an official language","Disputed territories in Africa","Territorial disputes of Morocco","Former Spanish colonies","Countries in Africa","Spanish-speaking countries and territories"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Western_Sahara","wgRelevantArticleId":33220,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"], "wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":24,"lon":-14},"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q6250","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false, "wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.16"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Westernsaharamap.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1168"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Westernsaharamap.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="779"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="623"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Western Sahara - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Western_Sahara rootpage-Western_Sahara skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Western+Sahara" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Western+Sahara" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Western+Sahara" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Western+Sahara" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_province" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_province"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Spanish province</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_province-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demands_for_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demands_for_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Demands for independence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demands_for_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stalling_of_the_referendum_and_Settlement_Plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stalling_of_the_referendum_and_Settlement_Plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Stalling of the referendum and Settlement Plan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stalling_of_the_referendum_and_Settlement_Plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baker_Plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baker_Plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Baker Plan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baker_Plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_2000s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_2000s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>End of the 2000s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_2000s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>2010s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>2020s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Human rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Administrative divisions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moroccan_regions_and_provinces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moroccan_regions_and_provinces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Moroccan regions and provinces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moroccan_regions_and_provinces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dispute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dispute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Dispute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dispute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exploitation_of_natural_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exploitation_of_natural_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Exploitation of natural resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exploitation_of_natural_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spanish_census_and_MINURSO" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_census_and_MINURSO"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Spanish census and MINURSO</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_census_and_MINURSO-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cross-cultural_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cross-cultural_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Cross-cultural influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cross-cultural_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Gender relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art_and_cultural_expression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art_and_cultural_expression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Art and cultural expression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art_and_cultural_expression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Western Sahara</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 168 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-168" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">168 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara_Barat" title="Sahara Barat – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Sahara Barat" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wes-Sahara" title="Wes-Sahara – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wes-Sahara" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westsahara" title="Westsahara – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Westsahara" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9D%E1%8B%95%E1%88%AB%E1%89%A3%E1%8B%8A_%E1%88%A3%E1%88%85%E1%88%AB" title="ምዕራባዊ ሣህራ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ምዕራባዊ ሣህራ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="पश्चिमी सहारा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पश्चिमी सहारा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الصحراء الغربية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الصحراء الغربية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara_Occidental" title="Sahara Occidental – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sahara Occidental" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara_occident%C3%A2l" title="Sahara occidentâl – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Sahara occidentâl" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="পশ্চিম চাহাৰা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পশ্চিম চাহাৰা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_S%C3%A1%E1%B8%A5ara_Occidental" title="El Sáḥara Occidental – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="El Sáḥara Occidental" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuarahyreike_Sa%C3%A1ra" title="Kuarahyreike Saára – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kuarahyreike Saára" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C9%99rbi_Sahara" title="Qərbi Sahara – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qərbi Sahara" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="غربی صحرا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="غربی صحرا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="পশ্চিম সাহারা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পশ্চিম সাহারা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sai_Sahara" title="Sai Sahara – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sai Sahara" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D1%88_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Көнбайыш Сахара – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Көнбайыш Сахара" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Заходняя Сахара – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Заходняя Сахара" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Заходняя Сахара – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Заходняя Сахара" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="पच्छिमी सहारा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पच्छिमी सहारा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulnupan_na_Sahara" title="Sulnupan na Sahara – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Sulnupan na Sahara" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Западна Сахара – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Западна Сахара" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westsahara" title="Westsahara – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Westsahara" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A7%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="ནུབ་ས་ཧ་ར། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ནུབ་ས་ཧ་ར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara_ar_C%27horn%C3%B4g" title="Sahara ar C'hornôg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sahara ar C'hornôg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A0hara_Occidental" title="Sàhara Occidental – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sàhara Occidental" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasadpang_Sahara" title="Kasadpang Sahara – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kasadpang Sahara" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1padn%C3%AD_Sahara" title="Západní Sahara – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Západní Sahara" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorllewin_Sahara" title="Gorllewin Sahara – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gorllewin Sahara" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestsahara" title="Vestsahara – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vestsahara" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الصحرا لمغريبية لغربية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="الصحرا لمغريبية لغربية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oarje-Sah%C3%A1ra" title="Oarje-Sahára – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Oarje-Sahára" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westsahara" title="Westsahara – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Westsahara" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%80%DE%AA%DE%85%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%8E%DE%AA_%DE%90%DE%A6%DE%80%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%A7" title="ހުޅަނގު ސަހަރާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ހުޅަނގު ސަހަރާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3dwjacorna_Sahara" title="Pódwjacorna Sahara – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Pódwjacorna Sahara" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="पश्चिमी सहारा – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="पश्चिमी सहारा" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4ne-Sahara" title="Lääne-Sahara – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lääne-Sahara" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%A3%CE%B1%CF%87%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Δυτική Σαχάρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δυτική Σαχάρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara_Occidental" title="Sahara Occidental – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sahara Occidental" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okcidenta_Saharo" title="Okcidenta Saharo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Okcidenta Saharo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1hara_Ociental" title="Sáhara Ociental – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Sáhara Ociental" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendebaldeko_Sahara" title="Mendebaldeko Sahara – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mendebaldeko Sahara" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yeto%C9%96o%C6%92e_Sahara" title="Yetoɖoƒe Sahara – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Yetoɖoƒe Sahara" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="صحرای غربی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صحرای غربی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Western Sahara" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara_occidental" title="Sahara occidental – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sahara occidental" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westlike_Sahara" title="Westlike Sahara – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Westlike Sahara" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnbat%C4%B1s%C4%B1_Sahara" title="Günbatısı Sahara – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Günbatısı Sahara" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sathara_an_Iar" title="Sathara an Iar – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Sathara an Iar" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1hara_Occidental" title="Sáhara Occidental – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sáhara Occidental" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AE_Sahara" title="Sî Sahara – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sî Sahara" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%9C%EC%82%AC%ED%95%98%EB%9D%BC" title="서사하라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="서사하라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yammacin_Sahara" title="Yammacin Sahara – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yammacin Sahara" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara_Komohana" title="Sahara Komohana – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Sahara Komohana" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D6%87%D5%B4%D5%BF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Արևմտյան Սահարա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արևմտյան Սահարա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="पश्चिमी सहारा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पश्चिमी सहारा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapadna_Sahara" title="Zapadna Sahara – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Zapadna Sahara" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapadna_Sahara" title="Zapadna Sahara – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zapadna Sahara" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westala_Sahara" title="Westala Sahara – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Westala Sahara" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akinlaud_a_Sahara" title="Akinlaud a Sahara – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Akinlaud a Sahara" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="ৱেস্টার্ন সাহারা – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ৱেস্টার্ন সাহারা" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara_Barat" title="Sahara Barat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sahara Barat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara_Occidental" title="Sahara Occidental – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sahara Occidental" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/West-Sahara" title="West-Sahara – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="West-Sahara" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISahara_lasentshonalanga" title="ISahara lasentshonalanga – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="ISahara lasentshonalanga" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestur-Sahara" title="Vestur-Sahara – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vestur-Sahara" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara_Occidentale" title="Sahara Occidentale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sahara Occidentale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%AA" title="סהרה המערבית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סהרה המערבית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara_Kulon" title="Sahara Kulon – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sahara Kulon" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara_W%C9%A9s%C9%A9_%C9%96%C9%A9%C9%96%CA%8Ay%C9%9B" title="Sahara Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Sahara Wɩsɩ ɖɩɖʊyɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0" title="ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಸಹಾರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಸಹಾರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara_Occidental" title="Sahara Occidental – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Sahara Occidental" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="დასავლეთი საჰარა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დასავლეთი საჰარა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Батыс Сахара – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Батыс Сахара" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara_West" title="Sahara West – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Sahara West" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara_ya_Magharibi" title="Sahara ya Magharibi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sahara ya Magharibi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repubilika_ya_Balabu_ya_Saharawi_ya_Dimokalasi" title="Repubilika ya Balabu ya Saharawi ya Dimokalasi – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Repubilika ya Balabu ya Saharawi ya Dimokalasi" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taltefa_Saxara" title="Taltefa Saxara – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Taltefa Saxara" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara_oksidantal" title="Sahara oksidantal – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sahara oksidantal" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahraya_Rojava" title="Sahraya Rojava – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sahraya Rojava" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Вадывел Сахара – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Вадывел Сахара" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara_Oksidental" title="Sahara Oksidental – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Sahara Oksidental" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara_Occidentalis" title="Sahara Occidentalis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sahara Occidentalis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rietumsah%C4%81ra" title="Rietumsahāra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rietumsahāra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakar%C5%B3_Sachara" title="Vakarų Sachara – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vakarų Sachara" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara_O%C3%A7%C3%A7ident%C3%A2" title="Sahara Oççidentâ – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Sahara Oççidentâ" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westeleke_Sahara" title="Westeleke Sahara – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Westeleke Sahara" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara_ya_Limb%C9%9B" title="Sahara ya Limbɛ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Sahara ya Limbɛ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyugat-Szahara" title="Nyugat-Szahara – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nyugat-Szahara" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Западна Сахара – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Западна Сахара" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara_Andrefana" title="Sahara Andrefana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sahara Andrefana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1" title="പശ്ചിമ സഹാറ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പശ്ചിമ സഹാറ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C4%A7ara_tal-Punent" title="Saħara tal-Punent – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Saħara tal-Punent" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hah%C4%81ra_ki_te_Hau%C4%81uru" title="Hahāra ki te Hauāuru – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Hahāra ki te Hauāuru" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="पश्चिम सहारा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पश्चिम सहारा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ბჟადალი საჰარა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბჟადალი საჰარა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الصحرا الغربيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الصحرا الغربيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7_(%D9%85%D9%85%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%AA)" title="صحرا (مملکت) – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="صحرا (مملکت)" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara_Barat" title="Sahara Barat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sahara Barat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%83%CC%A4_Sahara" title="Să̤ Sahara – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Să̤ Sahara" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Баруун Сахар – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Баруун Сахар" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westelijke_Sahara" title="Westelijke Sahara – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Westelijke Sahara" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="पश्चिमी सहारा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पश्चिमी सहारा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E3%82%B5%E3%83%8F%E3%83%A9" title="西サハラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="西サハラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara – Pitcairn-Norfolk" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Western Sahara" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Pitcairn-Norfolk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vest-Sahara" title="Vest-Sahara – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vest-Sahara" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vest-Sahara" title="Vest-Sahara – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vest-Sahara" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westi_Sahara" title="Westi Sahara – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Westi Sahara" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara_Occidental" title="Sahara Occidental – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sahara Occidental" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahaaraa_Dhihaa" title="Sahaaraa Dhihaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Sahaaraa Dhihaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%CA%BBarbiy_Sahroi_Kabir" title="Gʻarbiy Sahroi Kabir – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gʻarbiy Sahroi Kabir" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%9B%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE" title="ਪੱਛਮੀ ਸਹਾਰਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੱਛਮੀ ਸਹਾਰਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_sahara" title="West sahara – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="West sahara" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%81%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="لہندا صحرا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لہندا صحرا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westan_Sa%27aara" title="Westan Sa'aara – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Westan Sa'aara" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara_Zachodnia" title="Sahara Zachodnia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sahara Zachodnia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saara_Ocidental" title="Saara Ocidental – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Saara Ocidental" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat%C4%B1s_Saxara" title="Batıs Saxara – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Batıs Saxara" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%9Earbiy_Sahra" title="Ğarbiy Sahra – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Ğarbiy Sahra" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara_Occidental%C4%83" title="Sahara Occidentală – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sahara Occidentală" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunti_Sahara" title="Kunti Sahara – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kunti Sahara" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Западная Сахара – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Западная Сахара" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D2%95%D0%B0%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Арҕаа Сахаара – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Арҕаа Сахаара" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Sahara" title="West Sahara – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="West Sahara" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%AE_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱟᱪᱮ ᱥᱟᱦᱟᱨᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara_Otzidentale" title="Sahara Otzidentale – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Sahara Otzidentale" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastren_Sahara" title="Wastren Sahara – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Wastren Sahara" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Western Sahara" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Western Sahara" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Western Sahara" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara_Per%C3%ABndimore" title="Sahara Perëndimore – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sahara Perëndimore" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara_Uccidintali" title="Sahara Uccidintali – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sahara Uccidintali" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Western Sahara" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A_%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="مغربي صحارا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مغربي صحارا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A1padn%C3%A1_Sahara_(%C3%BAzemie)" title="Západná Sahara (územie) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Západná Sahara (územie)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zahodna_Sahara" title="Zahodna Sahara – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zahodna Sahara" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%95%DB%86%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7" title="سەحرای ڕۆژاوا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەحرای ڕۆژاوا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Западна Сахара – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Западна Сахара" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapadna_Sahara" title="Zapadna Sahara – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zapadna Sahara" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara_Kulon" title="Sahara Kulon – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sahara Kulon" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4nsi-Sahara" title="Länsi-Sahara – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Länsi-Sahara" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4stsahara" title="Västsahara – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Västsahara" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanluraning_Sahara" title="Kanluraning Sahara – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kanluraning Sahara" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE" title="மேற்கு சகாரா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மேற்கு சகாரா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ane%E1%BA%93ruf_Utrim" title="Aneẓruf Utrim – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aneẓruf Utrim" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%82%81%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%9B%E1%82%83%E1%82%87_%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9D%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="သႃႇႁႃႇရႃႇ ပွတ်းဝၼ်းတူၵ်း – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="သႃႇႁႃႇရႃႇ ပွတ်းဝၼ်းတူၵ်း" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_sahara" title="West sahara – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="West sahara" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AE_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE" title="పశ్చిమ సహారా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పశ్చిమ సహారా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2" title="เวสเทิร์นสะฮารา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เวสเทิร์นสะฮารา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D2%B3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D2%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D3%A3" title="Саҳрои Ғарбӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Саҳрои Ғарбӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat%C4%B1_Sahra" title="Batı Sahra – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Batı Sahra" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%CC%B1hara_Jenshyung" title="Sa̱hara Jenshyung – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Sa̱hara Jenshyung" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Західна Сахара – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Західна Сахара" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="مغربی صحارا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مغربی صحارا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%89%D9%8A_%D8%B3%DB%95%DA%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="غەربىي سەھرا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="غەربىي سەھرا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2y_Sahara" title="Tây Sahara – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tây Sahara" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ves%C3%BCda-Sahar%C3%A4n" title="Vesüda-Saharän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Vesüda-Saharän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sara_co%C3%BBtchantrece" title="Sara coûtchantrece – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Sara coûtchantrece" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katundan_Sahara" title="Katundan Sahara – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Katundan Sahara" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahara_gu_Sowwu" title="Sahara gu Sowwu – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Sahara gu Sowwu" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%92%92%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89" title="西撒哈拉 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="西撒哈拉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Western Sahara" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%C3%A1%C3%ACw%E1%BB%8D%CC%80or%C3%B9n_S%C3%A0h%C3%A1r%C3%A0" title="Apáìwọ̀orùn Sàhárà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Apáìwọ̀orùn Sàhárà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%92%92%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89" title="西撒哈拉 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="西撒哈拉" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sehraya_Rocawani" title="Sehraya Rocawani – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Sehraya Rocawani" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westelijke_Sahara" title="Westelijke Sahara – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Westelijke Sahara" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%92%92%E5%93%88%E6%8B%89" title="西撒哈拉 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西撒哈拉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Western Sahara" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ghanaian Pidgin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%A3%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%BC%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵏⵣⵔⵓⴼⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵔⵉⵎⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6250#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Western_Sahara" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Sahara&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Sahara&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Sahara&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Sahara&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Western_Sahara" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Western_Sahara" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Sahara&oldid=1275453936" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Sahara&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Western_Sahara&id=1275453936&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWestern_Sahara"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWestern_Sahara"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Western_Sahara&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_Sahara&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_-_Sahara_Occidental" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Western_Sahara" hreflang="en"><span>Wikinews</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Western_Sahara" hreflang="en"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6250" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Western_Sahara&params=24_N_14_W_type:country"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">24°N</span> <span class="longitude">14°W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">24°N 14°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">24; -14</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Disputed territory in North-western Africa</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the geographical area. For the partially-recognised state that controls the Free Zone and claims sovereignty over Western Sahara, see <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Disputed territory in See political status of Western Sahara</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Western Sahara</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl" style="font-style: normal;">الصحراء الغربية</span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</span><br /><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Sáhara Occidental</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">Disputed territory</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Westernsaharamap.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Western Sahara"><img alt="Map of Western Sahara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Westernsaharamap.png/250px-Westernsaharamap.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Westernsaharamap.png/375px-Westernsaharamap.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Westernsaharamap.png/500px-Westernsaharamap.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="584" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Map of Western Sahara</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Western_Sahara&params=25_N_13_W_type:country"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°N</span> <span class="longitude">13°W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25°N 13°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">25; -13</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>See <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Western_Sahara" title="Political status of Western Sahara">political status of Western Sahara</a></i></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Countries</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> (as its "<a href="/wiki/Southern_Provinces" title="Southern Provinces">Southern Provinces</a>")</li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> (in the "<a href="/wiki/Free_Zone_(region)" title="Free Zone (region)">Free Zone</a>")</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Laayoune" title="Laayoune">Laayoune</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">272,000 km<sup>2</sup> (105,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> </th><td class="infobox-data"><sup id="cite_ref-Area_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Area-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">565,581<sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">2.03/km<sup>2</sup> (5.3/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> </th><td class="infobox-data">(2021)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B01:00" title="UTC+01:00">UTC+01:00</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:EH" title="ISO 3166-2:EH">EH</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Western Sahara</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">disputed territory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">North-western Africa</a>. It has a surface area of 272,000 square kilometres (105,000 sq mi).<sup id="cite_ref-Area_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Area-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 30% of the territory (82,500 km<sup>2</sup> (31,900 sq mi)) is controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> (SADR); the remaining 70% is <a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">occupied</a><sup id="cite_ref-United_Nations_Documents_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-United_Nations_Documents-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WalterUngern-Sternberg2014_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WalterUngern-Sternberg2014-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and administered by neighboring <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RASD_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RASD-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the most sparsely populated territory in Africa and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">second most sparsely populated territory in the world</a>, mainly consisting of desert flatlands. The population is estimated at 618,600. Nearly 40% of that population lives in Morocco-controlled <a href="/wiki/Laayoune" title="Laayoune">Laayoune</a>, the largest city of Western Sahara.<sup id="cite_ref-RASD_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RASD-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-unpop_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unpop-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Previously occupied by Spain as the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Spanish Sahara</a> until 1975, Western Sahara has been on the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_list_of_non-self-governing_territories" title="United Nations list of non-self-governing territories">United Nations list of non-self-governing territories</a> since 1963 after a Moroccan demand.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1965, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> adopted a resolution on Western Sahara, asking Spain to <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonize</a> the territory.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year later, resolution 2229 (XXI) was passed by the UN General Assembly requesting that a referendum be held by Spain on self-determination.<sup id="cite_ref-MINURSO_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MINURSO-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1975, Spain relinquished administrative control of the territory to a joint administration by Morocco<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MINURSO_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MINURSO-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">A war erupted</a> between those countries and a <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi</a> nationalist movement, the <a href="/wiki/Polisario_Front" title="Polisario Front">Polisario Front</a>, which proclaimed itself the rightful leadership of the SADR with a <a href="/wiki/Government-in-exile" title="Government-in-exile">government-in-exile</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tindouf" title="Tindouf">Tindouf</a>, Algeria. Mauritania withdrew its claims in 1979, and Morocco secured <i>de facto</i> control of most of the territory, including all major cities and most natural resources. The UN considers the Polisario Front the legitimate representative of the <a href="/wiki/Sahrawis" title="Sahrawis">Sahrawi people</a>, and maintains the Sahrawis have a right to <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-GänzleLeruth2019_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GänzleLeruth2019-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Western Sahara is the last African colonial state yet to achieve independence and has been dubbed "Africa's last colony".<sup id="cite_ref-dn_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dn-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Connett_2016_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Connett_2016-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since a UN-sponsored ceasefire agreement in 1991, most of the territory has been administered by the <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Morocco" title="Politics of Morocco">Moroccan government</a>, with tacit support from France and the United States. The remainder is administered by the SADR, backed by <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only part of the coast in SADR territory is the extreme south. Internationally, countries such as <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> have taken an ambiguous and neutral position on each side's claims and pressed parties to agree on a peaceful resolution. Morocco and Polisario have sought to boost their claims by accumulating formal recognition, especially from African, Asian, and Latin American states in the developing world. The Polisario Front has won formal recognition for the SADR from <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Western_Sahara#States_supporting_Polisario_and_the_SADR_on_Western_Sahara" title="Political status of Western Sahara">46 UN member states</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>, and was extended membership of the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>. Morocco has won support from several African governments and most of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (October 2013)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> In most instances, recognitions are extended or withdrawn due to a change in relations with Morocco. Until 2020, no other member state of the UN had ever recognized Moroccan <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> over parts of Western Sahara.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, the US recognized Moroccan sovereignty over Western Sahara in exchange for Moroccan <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Morocco_normalization_agreement" title="Israel–Morocco normalization agreement">normalization</a> of relations with <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Israel1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Israel1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, Israel recognized Moroccan sovereignty.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1984, the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>'s predecessor, the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a>, recognized the SADR as one of its full members, with the same status as Morocco, and Morocco protested by suspending its membership of the OAU. Morocco was readmitted to the Union in 2017, after promising conflicting claims would be resolved peacefully and it would stop building walls to extend its military control. Meanwhile, the African Union has not issued any formal statement about the border separating the sovereign territories of Morocco and the SADR. Instead, the African Union works with the UN mission to maintain the ceasefire and reach a peace agreement. The African Union provides a peacekeeping contingent to the UN mission which is used to control a buffer zone near the <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> border walls built by Morocco. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Western_Sahara" title="Geography of Western Sahara">Geography of Western Sahara</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dait_Um_Saad_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Dait_Um_Saad_2.jpg/220px-Dait_Um_Saad_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Dait_Um_Saad_2.jpg/330px-Dait_Um_Saad_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Dait_Um_Saad_2.jpg/440px-Dait_Um_Saad_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Intermittent lake Dait Um Saad</figcaption></figure> <p>Western Sahara is located on the north-west coast in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> and on the cusp of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, bordering the North <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> to the northwest, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco proper</a> to <a href="/wiki/Morocco%E2%80%93Western_Sahara_border" title="Morocco–Western Sahara border">the north-northeast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> to <a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93Western_Sahara_border" title="Algeria–Western Sahara border">the east-northeast</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mauritania%E2%80%93Western_Sahara_border" title="Mauritania–Western Sahara border">the east and south</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the most arid and inhospitable on the planet, the land along the coast is low flat desert and rises, especially in the north, to small mountains reaching up to 600 metres (2,000 ft) on the eastern side. </p><p>While the area can experience flash flooding in the spring, there are no permanent streams. At times, a cool off-shore current can produce fog and heavy dew. </p><p>The interior experiences extreme summer heat, with average highs reaching 43–45 °C (109–113 °F) in July and in August; during winter, days are still hot to very hot, with average highs from 25 to 30 °C (77 to 86 °F); however, in the northern part of the territory, the thermometer may drop below 0 °C (32 °F) at night and it can be freezing in December and in January, although this is rare. </p><p>Western Sahara contains four terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">ecoregions</a>: <a href="/wiki/Saharan_halophytics" title="Saharan halophytics">Saharan halophytics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_acacia-argania_dry_woodlands_and_succulent_thickets" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean acacia-argania dry woodlands and succulent thickets">Mediterranean acacia-argania dry woodlands and succulent thickets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_coastal_desert" title="Atlantic coastal desert">Atlantic coastal desert</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Saharan_steppe_and_woodlands" title="North Saharan steppe and woodlands">North Saharan steppe and woodlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DinersteinOlson2017_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional left"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Sahara_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Western Sahara in Africa"><img alt="Western Sahara in Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Western_Sahara_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/120px-Western_Sahara_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Western_Sahara_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/180px-Western_Sahara_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Western_Sahara_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/240px-Western_Sahara_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Western Sahara in Africa</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Sahara_Topography.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Topography of Western Sahara"><img alt="Topography of Western Sahara" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Western_Sahara_Topography.png/120px-Western_Sahara_Topography.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Western_Sahara_Topography.png/180px-Western_Sahara_Topography.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Western_Sahara_Topography.png/240px-Western_Sahara_Topography.png 2x" data-file-width="1318" data-file-height="1183" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Topography of Western Sahara</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_Sahara" title="History of Western Sahara">History of Western Sahara</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Serer_history" title="Timeline of Serer history">Timeline of Serer history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serer_history" title="Serer history">Serer history</a></div> <p>The earliest known inhabitants of Western Sahara were the <a href="/wiki/Gaetuli" title="Gaetuli">Gaetuli</a>. Depending on the century, Roman-era sources describe the area as inhabited by Gaetulian Autololes or the Gaetulian Daradae tribes. Berber heritage is still evident from regional and place-name <a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">toponymy</a>, as well as from tribal names. </p><p>Other early inhabitants of Western Sahara may be the <a href="/wiki/Bafour" title="Bafour">Bafour</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later the <a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serer</a>. The Bafour were later replaced or absorbed by <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber-speaking</a> populations, which eventually merged in turn with the migrating <a href="/wiki/Beni_%E1%B8%A4ass%C4%81n" title="Beni Ḥassān">Beni Ḥassān</a> Arab tribes. </p><p>The arrival of Islam in the 8th century played a major role in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> region. Trade developed further, and the territory may have been one of the routes for <a href="/wiki/Camel_train" title="Camel train">caravans</a>, especially between <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tombouctou_Region" title="Tombouctou Region">Tombouctou</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>. </p><p>In the 11th century, the <a href="/wiki/Maqil" title="Maqil">Maqil</a> Arabs (fewer than 200 individuals) settled in <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> (mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Draa_River" title="Draa River">Draa River</a> valley, between the <a href="/wiki/Moulouya_River" title="Moulouya River">Moulouya River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tafilalt" title="Tafilalt">Tafilalt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taourirt,_Morocco" title="Taourirt, Morocco">Taourirt</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-khaldun_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khaldun-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Towards the end of the <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad Caliphate</a>, the Beni Hassan, a sub-tribe of the Maqil, were called by the local ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Sous" title="Sous">Sous</a> to quell a rebellion; they settled in the Sous <a href="/wiki/Ksar" title="Ksar">Ksours</a> and controlled such cities as <a href="/wiki/Taroudant" title="Taroudant">Taroudant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-khaldun_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khaldun-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During <a href="/wiki/Marinid_dynasty" title="Marinid dynasty">Marinid dynasty</a> rule, the Beni Hassan rebelled but were defeated by the Sultan and escaped beyond the Saguia el-Hamra dry river.<sup id="cite_ref-khaldun_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-khaldun-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Beni Hassan then were at constant war with the <a href="/wiki/Lamtuna" title="Lamtuna">Lamtuna</a> nomadic Berbers of the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>. Over roughly five centuries, through a complex process of acculturation and mixing seen elsewhere in the Maghreb and North Africa, some of the indigenous Berber tribes mixed with the Maqil Arab tribes and formed a culture unique to Morocco and <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_province">Spanish province</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Spanish Sahara</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Sahara_1876.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Western_Sahara_1876.png/400px-Western_Sahara_1876.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Western_Sahara_1876.png/600px-Western_Sahara_1876.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Western_Sahara_1876.png 2x" data-file-width="746" data-file-height="641" /></a><figcaption>Western Sahara 1876</figcaption></figure><p> The Spanish presence in the region of modern-day Western Sahara lasted from 1884 to 1975. While initial Spanish interest in the Sahara was focused on using it as a port for the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Spain" title="Slavery in Spain">slave trade</a>, by the 1700s <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> had transitioned economic activity on the Saharan coast towards commercial fishing.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 19th century, Spain had claimed the southern coastal region and penetration of the hinterland gradually followed; later in 1904 the northern region was acquired. After an agreement among the <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">European colonial powers</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Conference" title="Berlin Conference">Berlin Conference</a> in 1884 on the division of <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">spheres of influence in Africa</a>, the same year Spain seized control of Western Sahara and established it as a Spanish colony.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite establishing their first colony in the region at Río de Oro Bay in 1884, the Spanish were unable to pacify the interior of the region until the 1930s. Raids and rebellions by the indigenous Saharan population kept the Spanish forces out of much of the territory for a long time. The territory was eventually subdued by joint Spanish and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> forces in 1934, the same year the Spaniards divided their Saharan territories into two regions named after the rivers: <a href="/wiki/Saguia_el-Hamra" title="Saguia el-Hamra">Saguía el-Hamra</a> and <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_Oro" title="Río de Oro">Río de Oro</a>. After 1939 and the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, this area was administered by <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a>. In 1958, Spain joined the district of <a href="/wiki/Saguia_el-Hamra" title="Saguia el-Hamra">Saguia el-Hamra</a> (the "Red River") in the north with the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_Oro" title="Río de Oro">Río de Oro</a> (in the south) to form the province of Spanish Sahara, following Morocco's claiming these regions in 1957. As a consequence, <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Belbachir_Haskouri" title="Ahmed Belbachir Haskouri">Ahmed Belbachir Haskouri</a>, the Chief of Cabinet, General Secretary of the Government of Spanish Morocco, cooperated with the Spanish to select governors in that area. The Saharan lords who were already in prominent positions, such as the members of <a href="/wiki/Ma_al-%27Aynayn" title="Ma al-'Aynayn">Maa El Ainain</a> family, provided a recommended list of candidates for new governors. Together with the Spanish High Commissioner, Belbachir selected from this list.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> During the annual celebration of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>'s birthday, these lords paid their respects to the caliph to show loyalty to the Moroccan monarchy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morocco_Protectorate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Morocco_Protectorate.svg/220px-Morocco_Protectorate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Morocco_Protectorate.svg/330px-Morocco_Protectorate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Morocco_Protectorate.svg/440px-Morocco_Protectorate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="388" /></a><figcaption>Spanish and French protectorates in Morocco and Spanish Sahara, 1912</figcaption></figure><p>As time went by, Spanish colonial rule began to unravel with the general wave of decolonization after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>; former North African and sub-Saharan African possessions and protectorates gained independence from European powers. Spanish decolonization proceeded more slowly, but internal political and social pressures for it in mainland Spain built up towards the end of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>'s rule. There was a global trend towards complete <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonization</a>. Spain abandoned most territories within neighboring Morocco in 1956, but resisted encroachment by the <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Liberation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan Liberation Army">Moroccan Liberation Army</a> within <a href="/wiki/Ifni" title="Ifni">Ifni</a> and Spanish Sahara from 1956 to 1958. In 1971, Sahrawi (an <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> term for those from <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>) students in Moroccan universities began organizing what came to be known as The Embryonic Movement for the Liberation of Saguía el Hamra and Río de Oro. The movement tried without success to gain backing from several Arab governments, including Algeria and Morocco. Spain began rapidly to divest itself of most of its remaining colonial possessions. By 1974–75 the government issued promises of a referendum on independence in Western Sahara. </p><p>At the same time, Morocco and <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>, which had historical and competing claims of sovereignty over the territory, argued that it had been artificially separated from their territories by the European colonial powers. <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, which also bordered the territory, viewed their demands with suspicion, as Morocco also claimed the Algerian provinces of <a href="/wiki/Tindouf_Province" title="Tindouf Province">Tindouf</a> and <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9char_Province" title="Béchar Province">Béchar</a>. After arguing for a process of decolonization to be guided by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the Algerian government under <a href="/wiki/Houari_Boum%C3%A9di%C3%A8nne" class="mw-redirect" title="Houari Boumédiènne">Houari Boumédiènne</a> in 1975 committed to assisting the Polisario Front, which opposed both Moroccan and Mauritanian claims and demanded full independence of Western Sahara. </p><p>The UN attempted to settle these disputes through a <a href="/wiki/UN_visiting_mission_to_Spanish_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="UN visiting mission to Spanish Sahara">visiting mission</a> in late 1975, as well as a <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice_Advisory_Opinion_on_Western_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="International Court of Justice Advisory Opinion on Western Sahara">verdict</a> from the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> (ICJ). It acknowledged that Western Sahara had historical links with Morocco and Mauritania, but not sufficient to prove the sovereignty of either State over the territory at the time of the Spanish colonization. The population of the territory thus possessed the right of <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>. On 6 November 1975 Morocco initiated the <a href="/wiki/Green_March" title="Green March">Green March</a> into Western Sahara; 350,000 unarmed Moroccans converged on the city of <a href="/wiki/Tarfaya" title="Tarfaya">Tarfaya</a> in southern Morocco and waited for a signal from King <a href="/wiki/Hassan_II_of_Morocco" title="Hassan II of Morocco">Hassan II of Morocco</a> to cross the border in a peaceful march. A few days before, on 31 October, Moroccan troops invaded Western Sahara from the north.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demands_for_independence">Demands for independence</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_sahara_walls_moroccan_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Western_sahara_walls_moroccan_map-en.svg/350px-Western_sahara_walls_moroccan_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Western_sahara_walls_moroccan_map-en.svg/525px-Western_sahara_walls_moroccan_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Western_sahara_walls_moroccan_map-en.svg/700px-Western_sahara_walls_moroccan_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1676" data-file-height="1302" /></a><figcaption>System of the <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan Wall">Moroccan Walls</a> in Western Sahara set up in the 1980s</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RASD_-_Commemoration_of_the_30th_independence_day_in_the_Liberated_Territories_(2006).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/RASD_-_Commemoration_of_the_30th_independence_day_in_the_Liberated_Territories_%282006%29.jpg/220px-RASD_-_Commemoration_of_the_30th_independence_day_in_the_Liberated_Territories_%282006%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/RASD_-_Commemoration_of_the_30th_independence_day_in_the_Liberated_Territories_%282006%29.jpg/330px-RASD_-_Commemoration_of_the_30th_independence_day_in_the_Liberated_Territories_%282006%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/RASD_-_Commemoration_of_the_30th_independence_day_in_the_Liberated_Territories_%282006%29.jpg/440px-RASD_-_Commemoration_of_the_30th_independence_day_in_the_Liberated_Territories_%282006%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Commemoration of the 30th independence day from <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Free_Zone_(Western_Sahara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Zone (Western Sahara)">Liberated Territories</a> (2005)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the waning days of General <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a>'s rule, and after the <a href="/wiki/Green_March" title="Green March">Green March</a>, the Spanish government signed a <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Accords" title="Madrid Accords">tripartite agreement</a> with Morocco and Mauritania as it moved to transfer the territory on 14 November 1975. The accords were based on a bipartite administration, and Morocco and Mauritania each moved to annex the territories, with Morocco taking control of the northern two-thirds of Western Sahara as its <a href="/wiki/Southern_Provinces" title="Southern Provinces">Southern Provinces</a>, and Mauritania taking control of the southern third as <a href="/wiki/Tiris_al-Gharbiyya" title="Tiris al-Gharbiyya">Tiris al-Gharbiyya</a>. Spain terminated its presence in Spanish Sahara within three months, repatriating Spanish remains from its cemeteries.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Moroccan and Mauritanian annexations were resisted by the <a href="/wiki/Polisario_Front" title="Polisario Front">Polisario Front</a>, which had gained backing from <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It initiated guerrilla warfare and, in 1979, Mauritania withdrew due to pressure from Polisario, including a bombardment of its capital and other economic targets. Morocco extended its control to the rest of the territory. It gradually contained the guerrillas by setting up <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Western_Sahara_Wall" title="Moroccan Western Sahara Wall">the extensive sand-berm in the desert</a> (known as the Border Wall or Moroccan Wall) to exclude guerrilla fighters.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hostilities ceased in a 1991 cease-fire, overseen by the peacekeeping mission <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_for_the_Referendum_in_Western_Sahara" title="United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara">MINURSO</a>, under the terms of a UN <a href="/wiki/Settlement_Plan" title="Settlement Plan">Settlement Plan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stalling_of_the_referendum_and_Settlement_Plan">Stalling of the referendum and Settlement Plan</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Western_Sahara" title="Special:EditPage/Western Sahara">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Western+Sahara%22">"Western Sahara"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Western+Sahara%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Western+Sahara%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Western+Sahara%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Western+Sahara%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Western+Sahara%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The referendum, originally scheduled for 1992, foresaw giving the local population the option between independence or affirming integration with Morocco, but it quickly stalled. In 1997, the <a href="/wiki/Houston_Agreement" title="Houston Agreement">Houston Agreement</a> attempted to revive the proposal for a referendum but likewise has hitherto not had success. As of 2010<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_Sahara&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, negotiations over terms have not resulted in any substantive action. At the heart of the dispute lies the question of who qualifies to be registered to participate in the referendum, and, since about the year 2000, Morocco considers that since there is no agreement on persons entitled to vote, a referendum is not possible. Meanwhile, Polisario still insisted on a referendum with independence as a clear option, without offering a solution to the problem of who is qualified to be registered to participate in it. </p><p>Both sides blame each other for the stalling of the referendum. The Polisario has insisted on only allowing those found on the 1974 Spanish Census lists (see below) to vote, while Morocco has insisted that the census was flawed by evasion and sought the inclusion of members of Sahrawi tribes that escaped from Spanish invasion to the north of Morocco by the 19th century. </p><p>Efforts by the UN special envoys to find a common ground for both parties did not succeed. By 1999 the UN had identified about 85,000 voters, with nearly half of them in the Moroccan-controlled parts of Western Sahara or Southern Morocco, and the others scattered between the <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_refugee_camps_in_Tindouf_Province,_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahrawi refugee camps in Tindouf Province, Algeria">Tindouf refugee camps</a>, Mauritania and other places of exile. Polisario accepted this voter list, as it had done with the previous list presented by the UN (both of them originally based on the Spanish census of 1974), but Morocco refused and, as rejected voter candidates began a mass-appeals procedure, insisted that each application be scrutinized individually. This again brought the process to a halt. </p><p>According to a NATO delegation, MINURSO election observers stated in 1999, as the deadlock continued, that "if the number of voters does not rise significantly the odds were slightly on the <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">SADR</a> side".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2001, the process had effectively stalemated and the UN Secretary-General asked the parties for the first time to explore other, third-way solutions. Indeed, shortly after the Houston Agreement (1997), Morocco officially declared that it was "no longer necessary" to include an option of independence on the ballot, offering instead autonomy. Erik Jensen, who played an administrative role in MINURSO, wrote that neither side would agree to a voter registration in which they were destined to lose (see <i><a href="#Bibliography">Western Sahara: Anatomy of a Stalemate</a></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baker_Plan">Baker Plan</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Baker_Plan" title="Baker Plan">Baker Plan</a></div> <p>As personal envoy of the Secretary-General, <a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">James Baker</a> visited all sides and produced the document known as the "Baker Plan".<sup id="cite_ref-UN_S2000461_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_S2000461-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was discussed by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> in 2000, and envisioned an autonomous <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Sahara Authority">Western Sahara Authority</a> (WSA), which would be followed after five years by the referendum. Every person present in the territory would be allowed to vote, regardless of birthplace and with no regard to the Spanish census. It was rejected by both sides, although it was initially derived from a Moroccan proposal. According to Baker's draft, tens of thousands of post-annexation immigrants from Morocco proper (viewed by Polisario as settlers but by Morocco as legitimate inhabitants of the area) would be granted the vote in the Sahrawi independence referendum, and the ballot would be split three ways by the inclusion of an unspecified "<a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">autonomy</a>", further undermining the independence camp. Morocco was also allowed to keep its army in the area and retain control over all security issues during both the autonomy years and the election. In 2002, the Moroccan king stated that the referendum idea was "out of date" since it "cannot be implemented";<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polisario retorted that that was only because of the King's refusal to allow it to take place. </p><p>In 2003, a new version of the plan was made official, with some additions spelling out the powers of the WSA, making it less reliant on Moroccan <a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">devolution</a>. It also provided further detail on the referendum process in order to make it harder to stall or subvert. This second draft, commonly known as Baker II, was accepted by the Polisario as a "basis of negotiations" to the surprise of many.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This appeared to abandon Polisario's previous position of only negotiating based on the standards of voter identification from 1991 (i.e. the Spanish census). After that, the draft quickly garnered widespread international support, culminating in the UN Security Council's unanimous endorsement of the plan in the summer of 2003. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_the_2000s">End of the 2000s</h3></div> <p>Baker resigned his post at the United Nations in 2004; his term did not see the crisis resolved.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His resignation followed several months of failed attempts to get Morocco to enter into formal negotiations on the plan, but he was met with rejection. </p><p>King <a href="/wiki/Hassan_II_of_Morocco" title="Hassan II of Morocco">Hassan II of Morocco</a> initially supported the referendum idea in principle in 1982, and signed contracts with Polisario and the UN in 1991 and 1997. No major powers have expressed interest in forcing the issue, however, and Morocco has shown little interest in a real referendum. Hassan II's son and successor, <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_VI_of_Morocco" title="Mohammed VI of Morocco">Mohammed VI</a>, has opposed any referendum on independence, and has said Morocco will never agree to one: "We shall not give up one inch of our beloved Sahara, not a grain of its sand."<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, he created an appointed advisory body <a href="/wiki/Royal_Advisory_Council_for_Saharan_Affairs" title="Royal Advisory Council for Saharan Affairs">Royal Advisory Council for Saharan Affairs</a> (CORCAS), which proposes a self-governing Western Sahara as an autonomous community within Morocco. </p><p>The UN has put forth no replacement strategy after the breakdown of Baker II, and renewed fighting has been raised as a possibility. In 2005, former United Nations Secretary-General <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a> reported increased military activity on both sides of the front and breaches of several cease-fire provisions against strengthening military fortifications. </p><p>Morocco has repeatedly tried to engage Algeria in bilateral negotiations, based on its view of Polisario as the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cat%27s-paw" class="extiw" title="wikt:cat's-paw">cat's paw</a> of the Algerian military. It has received vocal support from France and occasionally (and currently) from the United States. These negotiations would define the exact limits of a Western Sahara autonomy under Moroccan rule but only after Morocco's "inalienable right" to the territory was recognized as a precondition to the talks. The Algerian government has consistently refused, claiming it has neither the will nor the right to negotiate on the behalf of the Polisario Front. </p><p>In May 2005, demonstrations and riots by supporters of independence or a referendum broke out in the Moroccan-controlled parts of Western Sahara and in parts of southern Morocco (notably the town of <a href="/wiki/Assa,_Morocco" title="Assa, Morocco">Assa</a>). They were met by police. Several international human rights organizations expressed concern at what they termed abuse by Moroccan security forces, and a number of Sahrawi activists have been jailed. Pro-independence Sahrawi sources, including the Polisario, have given these demonstrations the name "<a href="/wiki/Second_Sahrawi_Intifada" title="Second Sahrawi Intifada">Independence Intifada</a>", while most sources have tended to see the events as being of limited importance. International press and other media coverage have been sparse, and reporting is complicated by the Moroccan government's policy of strictly controlling independent media coverage within the territory. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manifestation_in_Madrid_for_the_independence_of_the_Western_Sahara_(11).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Manifestation_in_Madrid_for_the_independence_of_the_Western_Sahara_%2811%29.jpg/220px-Manifestation_in_Madrid_for_the_independence_of_the_Western_Sahara_%2811%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Manifestation_in_Madrid_for_the_independence_of_the_Western_Sahara_%2811%29.jpg/330px-Manifestation_in_Madrid_for_the_independence_of_the_Western_Sahara_%2811%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Manifestation_in_Madrid_for_the_independence_of_the_Western_Sahara_%2811%29.jpg/440px-Manifestation_in_Madrid_for_the_independence_of_the_Western_Sahara_%2811%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>A demonstration in Madrid for the independence of Western Sahara</figcaption></figure> <p>Demonstrations and protests still occur, even after Morocco declared in February 2006 that it was contemplating a plan for devolving a limited variant of autonomy to the territory but still explicitly refused any referendum on independence. As of January 2007, the plan had not been made public, though the Moroccan government claimed that it was more or less complete.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Polisario has intermittently threatened to resume fighting, referring to the Moroccan refusal of a referendum as a breach of the <a href="/wiki/Settlement_Plan" title="Settlement Plan">cease-fire terms</a>, but most observers seem to consider armed conflict unlikely without the green light from <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, which houses the Sahrawis' refugee camps and has been the main military sponsor of the movement. </p><p>In April 2007, the government of Morocco suggested that a self-governing entity, through the CORCAS, should govern the territory with some degree of autonomy for Western Sahara. The project was presented to the UN Security Council in mid-April 2007. The stalemating of the Moroccan proposal options has led the UN in the recent "Report of the UN Secretary-General" to ask the parties to enter into direct and unconditional negotiations to reach a mutually accepted political solution.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010s">2010s</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Posten_der_Frente_Polisario_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Posten_der_Frente_Polisario_2.jpg/220px-Posten_der_Frente_Polisario_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Posten_der_Frente_Polisario_2.jpg/330px-Posten_der_Frente_Polisario_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Posten_der_Frente_Polisario_2.jpg/440px-Posten_der_Frente_Polisario_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4429" data-file-height="3320" /></a><figcaption>A MINURSO car (left), and a post of the Polisario Front (right) in 2017 in southern Western Sahara</figcaption></figure> <p>In October 2010, Gadaym Izik camp was set up near <a href="/wiki/Laayoune" title="Laayoune">Laayoune</a> as a protest by displaced <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahrawi people">Sahrawi people</a> about their living conditions. It was home to more than 12,000 people. In November 2010, Moroccan security forces entered Gadaym Izik camp in the early hours of the morning, using helicopters and water cannon to force people to leave. The Polisario Front said Moroccan security forces had killed a 26-year-old protester at the camp, a claim denied by Morocco. Protesters in Laayoune threw stones at police and set fire to tires and vehicles. Several buildings, including a TV station, were also set on fire. Moroccan officials said five security personnel had been killed in the unrest.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 November 2010, the Moroccan government accused the Algerian secret services of orchestrating and financing the Gadaym Izik camp with the intent to destabilize the region. The Spanish press was accused of mounting a campaign of disinformation to support the Sahrawi initiative, and all foreign reporters were either prevented from traveling or else expelled from the area.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The protest coincided with a fresh round of negotiations at the UN.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, the European Union (EU) declared that "Western Sahara is not part of Moroccan territory."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2016, Morocco "expelled more than 70 U.N. civilian staffers with MINURSO" due to strained relations after <a href="/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon" title="Ban Ki-moon">Ban Ki-moon</a> called Morocco's annexation of Western Sahara an "occupation".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020s">2020s</h3></div> <p>In November 2020, the ceasefire between the Polisario Front and Morocco broke down, leading to <a href="/wiki/2020_Western_Saharan_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2020 Western Saharan clashes">armed clashes</a> between both sides. </p><p>On 10 December 2020, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> announced that it would recognize full Moroccan sovereignty over Western Sahara in exchange for <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Morocco_normalization_agreement" title="Israel–Morocco normalization agreement">Morocco normalizing relations with Israel</a> with a view for subsequent establishment of diplomatic relations.<sup id="cite_ref-Israel1_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Israel1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbc.com_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2021, Morocco proposed to Spain the creation of an autonomy for Western Sahara under the sovereignty of the <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_VI_of_Morocco" title="Mohammed VI of Morocco">King of Morocco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Spain" title="Government of Spain">Spanish government</a> abandoned its traditional position of neutrality in the conflict, siding with the Moroccan government and recognising the autonomy proposal "as the most serious, realistic and credible basis for the resolution of the dispute".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This sudden turnaround was generally rejected by both the Opposition, the parties that make up the government coalition, the Polisario Front, as well as members of the governing party, who support a solution "that respects the democratic will of the Saharawi people".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2023, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> officially recognized Moroccan sovereignty over Western Sahara.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2024, in a speech to the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Morocco" title="Parliament of Morocco">Parliament of Morocco</a>, French President <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Emmanuel Macron</a> backed Morocco's autonomy proposal.<sup id="cite_ref-BootyBBC2024_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BootyBBC2024-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macron also unveiled a €25 million ($27 million) investment in <a href="/wiki/Guelmim-Oued_Noun" title="Guelmim-Oued Noun">Guelmim-Oued Noun</a>, which includes part of the Western Sahara.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Western_Sahara" title="Politics of Western Sahara">Politics of Western Sahara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Morocco" title="Foreign relations of Morocco">Foreign relations of Morocco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laayoune-miltary_checkpoint.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Laayoune-miltary_checkpoint.jpg/220px-Laayoune-miltary_checkpoint.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Laayoune-miltary_checkpoint.jpg/330px-Laayoune-miltary_checkpoint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Laayoune-miltary_checkpoint.jpg/440px-Laayoune-miltary_checkpoint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="523" /></a><figcaption>A Moroccan police checkpoint in the suburbs of <a href="/wiki/Laayoune" title="Laayoune">Laayoune</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a> over Western Sahara is contested between <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Polisario_Front" title="Polisario Front">Polisario Front</a> and its legal status remains unresolved. The United Nations considers it to be a "<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_list_of_non-self-governing_territories" title="United Nations list of non-self-governing territories">non-self-governing territory</a>". </p><p>Formally, Morocco is administered by a <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Morocco" title="Parliament of Morocco">parliament</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> wherein the <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Morocco" title="List of rulers of Morocco">monarch</a> retains significant powers, such as the capacity to appoint the government and to dissolve parliament. The last elections to <a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Morocco)" title="House of Representatives (Morocco)">the parliament's lower house</a> were deemed reasonably free and fair by international observers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Morocco-controlled parts of Western Sahara are divided into <a href="/wiki/Southern_Provinces" title="Southern Provinces">several provinces</a> that are treated as integral parts of the kingdom. The Moroccan government heavily subsidizes the Saharan provinces under its control with cut-rate fuel and related subsidies, to appease nationalist dissent and attract immigrants from Sahrawis and other communities in Morocco proper.<sup id="cite_ref-Thobhani_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thobhani-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Government in exile">exiled government</a> of the self-proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> (SADR) is a form of single-party parliamentary and presidential system, but according to its constitution, this will be changed into a multi-party system at the achievement of independence. It is presently based at the <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_refugee_camps_in_Tindouf_Province,_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahrawi refugee camps in Tindouf Province, Algeria">Tindouf refugee camps</a> in Algeria, which it controls. It also controls the part of Western Sahara to the east of the Moroccan Wall, known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Free_Zone_(region)" title="Free Zone (region)">liberated territories</a></i>. This area has a very small population, estimated to be approximately 30,000 nomads.<sup id="cite_ref-nrc.no_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrc.no-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Moroccan government views it as a no-man's land patrolled by UN troops. The SADR government whose troops also patrol the area have proclaimed a village in the area, <a href="/wiki/Bir_Lehlou" title="Bir Lehlou">Bir Lehlou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tifariti" title="Tifariti">Tifariti</a>, as SADR's former and actual temporary factual capitals. </p><p>On 18 December 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a> became the first nation to open a consulate in <a href="/wiki/Laayoune" title="Laayoune">Laayoune</a> in support of Moroccan claims to Western Sahara.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 2020, <a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> opened consulates in <a href="/wiki/Dakhla,_Western_Sahara" title="Dakhla, Western Sahara">Dakhla</a>; meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a> opened a consulate general in Laayoune.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of the Moroccan-Israeli normalisation deal, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> established a temporary consulate post in Dakhla in January 2021 as a transition to establishing a permanent consulate within the near future.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc.com_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc.com-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Western_Sahara" title="Human rights in Western Sahara">Human rights in Western Sahara</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sangar_western_sahara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Sangar_western_sahara.jpg/220px-Sangar_western_sahara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Sangar_western_sahara.jpg/330px-Sangar_western_sahara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Sangar_western_sahara.jpg/440px-Sangar_western_sahara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="414" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Sangar_(fortification)" title="Sangar (fortification)">sangar</a> (fortification) from the Western Sahara conflict. The fortification is built of rocks on top of a mesa overlooking the Grart Chwchia, Al Gada, Western Sahara. The Sangar is facing north and was probably built by the Sahrawis in the 1980s.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamekinprison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Tamekinprison.jpg/170px-Tamekinprison.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Tamekinprison.jpg/255px-Tamekinprison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Tamekinprison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="449" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahrawi people">Sahrawi</a> human rights defender <a href="/wiki/Ali_Salem_Tamek" title="Ali Salem Tamek">Ali Salem Tamek</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ait_Meloul_Prison" class="mw-redirect" title="Ait Meloul Prison">Ait Meloul Prison</a>, Morocco<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The Western Sahara conflict has resulted in severe human-rights abuses, constantly reported by external reporters and human rights activists,<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most notably the displacement of tens of thousands of Sahrawi civilians from the country, the expulsion of tens of thousands of Moroccan civilians by the Algerian government from Algeria,<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and numerous casualties of war and repression. </p><p>During the war years (1975–1991), both sides accused each other of targeting civilians. Moroccan claims of Polisario terrorism have generally had little to no support abroad, with the US, European Union, <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> and UN all refusing to include the group on their <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State_list_of_Foreign_Terrorist_Organizations" title="United States Department of State list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations">lists</a> of terrorist organizations. Polisario leaders maintain that they are ideologically opposed to terrorism, and insist that collective punishment and <a href="/wiki/Forced_disappearance" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced disappearance">forced disappearances</a> among Sahrawi civilians<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> should be considered <a href="/wiki/State_terrorism" title="State terrorism">state terrorism</a> on the part of Morocco.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Morocco and the Polisario additionally accuse each other of violating the human rights of the populations under their control, in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Provinces" title="Southern Provinces">Moroccan-controlled parts of Western Sahara</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_refugee_camps" title="Sahrawi refugee camps">Tindouf refugee camps</a> in Algeria, respectively. Morocco and organizations such as <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_Libert%C3%A9s_%E2%80%94_Fondation_Danielle-Mitterrand" class="extiw" title="fr:France Libertés — Fondation Danielle-Mitterrand">France Libertés</a> consider Algeria to be directly responsible for any crimes committed on its territory, and accuse the country of having been directly involved in such violations.<sup id="cite_ref-Tindouf1_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tindouf1-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (May 2011)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> has been repeatedly criticized for its actions in Western Sahara by international human rights organizations including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Organization_Against_Torture" class="mw-redirect" title="World Organization Against Torture">World Organization Against Torture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OHCHR" class="mw-redirect" title="OHCHR">UN High Commissioner for Human Rights</a><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Derechos Human Rights<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defend_International" title="Defend International">Defend International</a><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Line_(NGO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Front Line (NGO)">Front Line</a><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_for_Human_Rights" title="International Federation for Human Rights">International Federation for Human Rights</a><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Threatened_Peoples" title="Society for Threatened Peoples">Society for Threatened Peoples</a><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Refugee_Council" title="Norwegian Refugee Council">Norwegian Refugee Council</a><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_human_rights_organisations" title="List of human rights organisations">List of human rights organisations</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Polisario_Front" title="Polisario Front">POLISARIO</a> has received criticism from the French organisation France Libertes on its treatment of Moroccan prisoners of war,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on its general behaviour in the Tindouf refugee camps in reports by the <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgian</a> commercial counseling society <a href="/wiki/European_strategic_intelligence_and_security_center" class="mw-redirect" title="European strategic intelligence and security center">ESISC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Social anthropologist of the Sahara Desert, Konstantina Isidoros, said that in both 2005 and 2008, ESISC issued two near-identical reports proclaiming distorted truths that Polisario is evolving to new fears terrorism,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> radical Islamism or international crime. According Isidoros "lies appear to play some peculiar importance in this report".<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Jacob Mundi<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> considers this report as a part of the Moroccan propaganda designed to discredit the Polisario Front.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of <a href="/wiki/Polisario_defections" class="mw-redirect" title="Polisario defections">former Polisario officials</a> who have defected to Morocco accuse the organization of abuse of human rights and sequestration of the population in Tindouf.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions<span class="anchor" id="Regions"></span></h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Policia_Nacional_Saharaui.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Policia_Nacional_Saharaui.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="205" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="205" /></a><figcaption>Sahrawi national police</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</h3></div> <p>The SADR has two levels of notional administrative division: </p> <ul><li>4 provinces (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Wilayah" title="Wilayah"><i>wilayat</i></a></i></span>), named after the notional capitals: <a href="/wiki/Aousserd" title="Aousserd">Aousserd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dakhla,_Western_Sahara" title="Dakhla, Western Sahara">Dakhla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laayoune" title="Laayoune">Laayoune</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Smara" title="Smara">Smara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Western_Sahara" title="Districts of Western Sahara">25 districts</a> (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">daerah</i></span>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moroccan_regions_and_provinces">Moroccan regions and provinces</h3></div> <p>Three Moroccan regions are within or partly within Western Sahara: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guelmim-Oued_Noun" title="Guelmim-Oued Noun">Guelmim-Oued Noun Region</a> <dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Assa-Zag_Province" title="Assa-Zag Province">Assa-Zag Province</a></i></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%A2youne-Sakia_El_Hamra" title="Laâyoune-Sakia El Hamra">Laâyoune-Sakia El Hamra Region</a> <dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Boujdour_Province" title="Boujdour Province">Boujdour Province</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Es_Semara_Province" title="Es Semara Province">Es Semara Province</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/La%C3%A2youne_Province" title="Laâyoune Province">Laâyoune Province</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Tarfaya_Province" title="Tarfaya Province">Tarfaya Province</a></i></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakhla-Oued_Ed-Dahab" title="Dakhla-Oued Ed-Dahab">Dakhla-Oued Ed-Dahab Region</a> <dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Aousserd_Province" title="Aousserd Province">Aousserd Province</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Oued_Eddahab_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Oued Eddahab Province">Oued Eddahab Province</a></i></dd></dl></li></ul> <p>Morocco controls territory to the west of the berm (border wall) while the Sahrawi Republic controls territory to the east (see map on right). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dispute">Dispute</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Western_Sahara" title="Political status of Western Sahara">Political status of Western Sahara</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1979" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1979">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1979</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="width:18em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding:0.5em 0.5em 0;">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:150%;padding-top:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:1.0em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Sahara_conflict_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Western_Sahara_conflict_map.svg/200px-Western_Sahara_conflict_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Western_Sahara_conflict_map.svg/300px-Western_Sahara_conflict_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Western_Sahara_conflict_map.svg/400px-Western_Sahara_conflict_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1472" data-file-height="1304" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lightsteelblue;padding:0.2em;"> Background</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Spanish Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Morocco" title="Greater Morocco">Greater Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Mauritania" title="Greater Mauritania">Greater Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Army_of_Liberation" title="Moroccan Army of Liberation">Moroccan Army of Liberation</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Liberation_of_Saguia_el_Hamra_and_Wadi_el_Dhahab" title="Movement for the Liberation of Saguia el Hamra and Wadi el Dhahab">Movement for the Liberation of<br />Saguia el Hamra and Wadi el Dhahab</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polisario_Front" title="Polisario Front">Polisario Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_National_Union_Party" title="Sahrawi National Union Party">Sahrawi National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Accords" title="Madrid Accords">Madrid Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_partition_agreement" title="Western Sahara partition agreement">Partition agreement</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lightsteelblue;padding:0.2em;"> Regions</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saguia_el-Hamra" title="Saguia el-Hamra">Saguia el-Hamra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_Oro" title="Río de Oro">Río de Oro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Provinces" title="Southern Provinces">Southern Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiris_al-Gharbiyya" title="Tiris al-Gharbiyya">Tiris al-Gharbiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Zone_(region)" title="Free Zone (region)">Free Zone</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lightsteelblue;padding:0.2em;"> Politics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Western_Sahara" title="Annexation of Western Sahara">Annexation of Western Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Western_Sahara" title="Political status of Western Sahara">Political status of Western Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Morocco" title="Foreign relations of Morocco">Foreign relations of Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhzen" title="Makhzen">Makhzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Politics of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Politics of the SADR</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Royal_Advisory_Council_for_Saharan_Affairs" title="Royal Advisory Council for Saharan Affairs">Royal Advisory Council<br />for Saharan Affairs</a></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lightsteelblue;padding:0.2em;"> Clashes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemla_Intifada" title="Zemla Intifada">Zemla Intifada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sahrawi_Intifada" title="First Sahrawi Intifada">First Intifada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sahrawi_Intifada" title="Second Sahrawi Intifada">Independence Intifada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gdeim_Izik_protest_camp" title="Gdeim Izik protest camp">Gdeim Izik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Western_Saharan_protests" title="2011 Western Saharan protests">Arab Spring protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)" title="Western Saharan clashes (2020–present)">2020–present clashes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Western_Saharan_clashes_(2020%E2%80%93present)" title="Timeline of the Western Saharan clashes (2020–present)">Timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lightsteelblue;padding:0.2em;"> Issues</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_refugees" title="Sahrawi refugees">Refugees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_refugee_camps" title="Sahrawi refugee camps">camps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_nationality_law" title="Sahrawi nationality law">Sahrawi nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_March" title="Green March">Green March</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_settlers" title="Moroccan settlers">Moroccan settlers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Western_Sahara_Wall" title="Moroccan Western Sahara Wall">Moroccan Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Western_Sahara" title="Human rights in Western Sahara">Human rights</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:lightsteelblue;padding:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_peace_process" title="Western Sahara peace process">Peace process</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_resolutions_concerning_Western_Sahara" title="List of United Nations resolutions concerning Western Sahara">UN resolutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_United_Nations_visiting_mission_to_Spanish_Sahara" title="1975 United Nations visiting mission to Spanish Sahara">UN visiting mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_for_the_Referendum_in_Western_Sahara" title="United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara">UN referendum mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_opinion_on_Western_Sahara" title="Advisory opinion on Western Sahara">ICJ Advisory Opinion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_Plan" title="Settlement Plan">Settlement Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Agreement" title="Houston Agreement">Houston Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Plan" title="Baker Plan">Baker Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhasset_negotiations" title="Manhasset negotiations">Manhasset negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_Autonomy_Proposal" title="Western Sahara Autonomy Proposal">Autonomy Proposal</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Template:Western Sahara conflict"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Template talk:Western Sahara conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Western Sahara conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tifaritibombed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tifaritibombed.jpg/220px-Tifaritibombed.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tifaritibombed.jpg/330px-Tifaritibombed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tifaritibombed.jpg/440px-Tifaritibombed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Remains of the former Spanish barracks in <a href="/wiki/Tifariti" title="Tifariti">Tifariti</a> after the Moroccan airstrikes in 1991</figcaption></figure> <p>Western Sahara was partitioned between Morocco and Mauritania in April 1976, with Morocco acquiring the northern two-thirds of the territory.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Mauritania, under pressure from <a href="/wiki/Polisario" class="mw-redirect" title="Polisario">Polisario</a> guerrillas, abandoned all claims to its portion in August 1979, Morocco moved to occupy that sector shortly thereafter and has since asserted administrative control over the whole territory.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The official Moroccan government name for Western Sahara is the "Southern Provinces", consisting of the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_de_Oro" title="Río de Oro">Río de Oro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saguia_el-Hamra" title="Saguia el-Hamra">Saguia el-Hamra</a> regions. </p><p>The portion not under the control of the Moroccan government is the area that lies between the <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Western_Sahara_Wall" title="Moroccan Western Sahara Wall">border wall</a> and the actual border with Algeria. The Polisario Front claims to run this as the Free Zone on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/SADR" class="mw-redirect" title="SADR">SADR</a>. The area is patrolled by Polisario forces,<sup id="cite_ref-up_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-up-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and access is restricted, even among Sahrawis, due to the harsh climate of the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>, the military conflict and the abundance of <a href="/wiki/Land_mines" class="mw-redirect" title="Land mines">land mines</a>. Landmine Action UK undertook preliminary survey work by visiting the Polisario-controlled area of Western Sahara in October 2005 and February–March 2006. A field assessment in the vicinity of Bir Lahlou, Tifariti and the berms revealed that the densest concentrations of mines are in front of the berms. Mines were laid in zigzags up to one meter apart, and in some parts of the berms, there are three rows of mines. There are also berms in the Moroccan-controlled zone, around Dakhla and stretching from Boujdour, including <a href="/wiki/Smara" title="Smara">Smara</a> on the Moroccan border. Mine-laying was not restricted to the vicinity of the berms though, as occupied settlements throughout the Polisario-controlled areas, such as Bir Lahlou and Tifariti, are ringed by mines laid by Moroccan forces.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite this, the area is traveled and inhabited by many Sahrawi <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomads</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_refugee_camps_in_Tindouf_Province,_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahrawi refugee camps in Tindouf Province, Algeria">Tindouf refugee camps</a> of <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> and the Sahrawi communities in <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nrc.no_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrc.no-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> United Nations <a href="/wiki/MINURSO" class="mw-redirect" title="MINURSO">MINURSO</a> forces are also present in the area. The UN forces oversee the <a href="/wiki/Cease-fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Cease-fire">cease-fire</a> between Polisario and Morocco agreed upon in the 1991 <a href="/wiki/Settlement_Plan" title="Settlement Plan">Settlement Plan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Polisario forces (of the <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Sahrawi People's Liberation Army">Sahrawi People's Liberation Army</a> (SPLA)) in the area are divided into seven "military regions", each controlled by a top commander reporting to the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="President of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">President of the Polisario proclaimed Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-up_101-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-up-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bhatia_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhatia-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The total size of the Polisario's <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrilla</a> army present in this area is unknown, but it is believed to number a few thousand men, despite many combatants being demobilized due to the <a href="/wiki/Cease-fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Cease-fire">cease-fire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bhatia_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bhatia-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Major Sahrawi political events, such as <a href="/wiki/Polisario_Front#Structure" title="Polisario Front">Polisario congresses</a> and sessions of the <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_National_Council" title="Sahrawi National Council">Sahrawi National Council</a> (the SADR parliament in exile) are held in the Free Zone (especially in <a href="/wiki/Tifariti" title="Tifariti">Tifariti</a> and Bir Lehlou), since it is politically and symbolically important to conduct political affairs on Sahrawi territory. In 2005, MINURSO lodged a complaint to the Security Council of the United Nations for "military maneuvers with real fire which extends to restricted areas" by Morocco.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A concentration of forces for the commemoration of the Saharawi Republic's 30th anniversary<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were subject to condemnation by the United Nations,<sup id="cite_ref-UN_S2006249_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_S2006249-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as it was considered an example of a cease-fire violation to bring such a large force concentration into the area. In late 2009, Moroccan troops performed military maneuvers near <a href="/wiki/Umm_Dreiga" class="mw-redirect" title="Umm Dreiga">Umm Dreiga</a>, in the exclusion zone, violating the cease-fire. Both parties have been accused of such violations by the UN, but to date there has been no serious hostile action from either side since 1991. </p><p>UN sponsored peace talks, the first in six years between Morocco and Polisario, were held in Geneva on 5 December 2018, with both sides agreeing to meet again in a few months for further talks.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the joint Moroccan–Mauritanian control of the area, the Mauritanian-controlled part, roughly corresponding to Saquia el-Hamra, was known as <a href="/wiki/Tiris_al-Gharbiyya" title="Tiris al-Gharbiyya">Tiris al-Gharbiyya</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Western_Sahara" title="Economy of Western Sahara">Economy of Western Sahara</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Productos_naturales_en_la_farmacia_de_Dajla_-_Saharauiak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Productos_naturales_en_la_farmacia_de_Dajla_-_Saharauiak.jpg/250px-Productos_naturales_en_la_farmacia_de_Dajla_-_Saharauiak.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Productos_naturales_en_la_farmacia_de_Dajla_-_Saharauiak.jpg/375px-Productos_naturales_en_la_farmacia_de_Dajla_-_Saharauiak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Productos_naturales_en_la_farmacia_de_Dajla_-_Saharauiak.jpg/500px-Productos_naturales_en_la_farmacia_de_Dajla_-_Saharauiak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Natural products in a pharmacy</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Western_Sahara" title="Special:EditPage/Western Sahara">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Western+Sahara%22">"Western Sahara"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Western+Sahara%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Western+Sahara%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Western+Sahara%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Western+Sahara%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Western+Sahara%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Aside from its rich fishing waters and phosphate reserves, Western Sahara has few natural resources and lacks sufficient rainfall and freshwater resources for most agricultural activities. Western Sahara's much-touted phosphate reserves are relatively unimportant, representing less than two percent of proven phosphate reserves in Morocco. There is speculation that there may be off-shore oil and natural gas fields, but the debate persists as to whether these resources can be profitably exploited, and if this would be legally permitted due to the <a href="/wiki/Non-self-governing_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-self-governing territories">non-self-governing</a> status of Western Sahara (see below). </p><p>Western Sahara's economy is based almost entirely on fishing, which employs two-thirds of its workforce, with mining, agriculture and tourism providing modest additional income. Most food for the urban population comes from Morocco. All trade and other economic activities are controlled by the Moroccan government (as its de facto southern province). The government has encouraged citizens to relocate to the territory by giving subsidies and price controls on basic goods. These heavy subsidies have created a state-dominated economy in the Moroccan-controlled parts of Western Sahara. </p><p>Due to the disputed nature of Moroccan sovereignty over the territory, the application of international accords to Western Sahara is highly ambiguous. Political leadership of trade agreement signatories such as the United States (US-Morocco Free Trade Agreement) and Norway (European Free Trade Association trade accord) have made statements as to these agreements' non-applicability – although practical policy application is ambiguous.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exploitation_of_natural_resources">Exploitation of natural resources</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:El_Aai%C3%BAn_13.22342W_27.14668N.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/El_Aai%C3%BAn_13.22342W_27.14668N.png/220px-El_Aai%C3%BAn_13.22342W_27.14668N.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/El_Aai%C3%BAn_13.22342W_27.14668N.png/330px-El_Aai%C3%BAn_13.22342W_27.14668N.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/El_Aai%C3%BAn_13.22342W_27.14668N.png/440px-El_Aai%C3%BAn_13.22342W_27.14668N.png 2x" data-file-width="737" data-file-height="679" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image of <a href="/wiki/Laayoune" title="Laayoune">Laayoune</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After reasonably exploitable oil fields were located in Mauritania, speculation intensified on the possibility of major oil resources being located off the coast of Western Sahara. Despite the fact that findings remain inconclusive, both Morocco and the Polisario have signed deals with oil and gas exploration companies. US and French companies (notably TotalEnergies and <a href="/wiki/Kerr-McGee" title="Kerr-McGee">Kerr-McGee</a>) began prospecting on behalf of the Moroccan Office National de Recherches et d'Exploitations Petrolières (ONAREP).<sup id="cite_ref-UN_S2002161_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_S2002161-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2002, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Corell" title="Hans Corell">Hans Corell</a>, Under-Secretary General of the United Nations and head of its <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_of_Legal_Affairs" title="United Nations Office of Legal Affairs">Office of Legal Affairs</a>, issued a legal opinion on the matter.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_S2002161_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_S2002161-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opinion was rendered following an analysis of relevant provisions of the <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations" title="Charter of the United Nations">Charter of the United Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> resolutions, the case law of the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> and the practice of sovereign states.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_S2002161_113-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_S2002161-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It concluded that while the existing exploration contracts for the area were not illegal, "if further exploration and exploitation activities were to proceed in disregard of the interests and wishes of the people of Western Sahara, they would be in violation of the principles of international law."<sup id="cite_ref-UN_S2002161_113-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_S2002161-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After pressures from corporate ethics-groups, TotalEnergies pulled out in late 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2006, the remaining company, Kerr-McGee, also left, following sales of numerous shareholders like the National Norwegian Oil Fund, due to continued pressure from NGOs and corporate groups.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2014, it became known that <a href="/wiki/Seabird_Exploration" title="Seabird Exploration">Seabird Exploration</a> operated controversial seismic surveys offshore Western Sahara, in violation of the 2002 <a href="/wiki/Hans_Corell" title="Hans Corell">Hans Corell</a> legal opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> fishing agreements with Morocco include Western Sahara. </p><p>In a previously confidential legal opinion (published in February 2010, although it was forwarded in July 2009), the European Parliament's Legal Service opined that fishing by European vessels under a current EU–Morocco fishing agreement covering Western Sahara's waters is in violation of international law.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, the exploitation of <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> mines in <a href="/wiki/Bou_Craa" title="Bou Craa">Bou Craa</a> has led to charges of international law violations and divestment from several European states.<sup id="cite_ref-phosphateslaw_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phosphateslaw-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Western_Sahara" title="Demographics of Western Sahara">Demographics of Western Sahara</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Asia_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>. The reason given is: Most recent info date says 2008.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Empty_Town_Western_Sahara.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Empty_Town_Western_Sahara.JPG/220px-Empty_Town_Western_Sahara.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Empty_Town_Western_Sahara.JPG/330px-Empty_Town_Western_Sahara.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Empty_Town_Western_Sahara.JPG/440px-Empty_Town_Western_Sahara.JPG 2x" data-file-width="907" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Morocco built several empty towns in Western Sahara, ready for refugees returning from Tindouf.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The indigenous population of Western Sahara is usually known in Western media as <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahrawi people">Sahrawis</a>, but they are also referred to in Morocco as "Southerners" or "Southern Berbers". They are <a href="/wiki/Hassaniya_Arabic" title="Hassaniya Arabic">Hassaniya</a>-speaking or <a href="/wiki/Berber_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber language">Berber</a>-speaking tribes of <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berber</a> origin (<a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E-M215_(Y-DNA)#E-M183" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup E-M215 (Y-DNA)">97% of Y-DNA</a>). Many of them have mixed <a href="/wiki/Arab-Berber" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab-Berber">Berber-Arab</a> heritage, effectively continuations of the tribal groupings of Hassaniya-speaking and <a href="/wiki/Zenaga_language" title="Zenaga language">Zenaga</a>-Berber speaking <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moorish</a> tribes extending south into Mauritania and north into Morocco as well as east into Algeria. The Sahrawis are traditionally nomadic Bedouins with a lifestyle very similar to that of the <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg Berbers</a> from whom Sahrawis most likely have descended, and they can be found in all surrounding countries. War and conflict has led to major population displacement. </p><p>As of July 2004, an estimated 267,405 people (excluding about 160,000 Moroccan military personnel) lived in the Moroccan-controlled parts of Western Sahara. Many people from parts of Morocco have come to live in the territory, and these latest arrivals are today thought to outnumber the indigenous Western Sahara Sahrawis. The precise size and composition of the population is subject to political controversy. </p><p>The Polisario-controlled parts of Western Sahara are barren. This area has a sparse population, estimated to be approximately 30,000 in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-nrc.no_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrc.no-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population is primarily made up of nomads who engage in herding camels back and forth between the <a href="/wiki/Tindouf" title="Tindouf">Tindouf</a> area and Mauritania. The presence of land mines scattered throughout the territory by the Moroccan army makes this a dangerous way of life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_census_and_MINURSO">Spanish census and MINURSO</h3></div> <p>A 1974 Spanish census claimed there were some 74,000 Sahrawis in the area at the time (in addition to approximately 20,000 Spanish residents), but this number is likely to be on the low side, due to the difficulty in counting a nomad people, even if Sahrawis were by the mid-1970s mostly urbanized. Despite these possible inaccuracies, Morocco and the Polisario Front agreed on using the Spanish census as the basis for voter registration when striking a <a href="/wiki/Cease-fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Cease-fire">cease-fire</a> agreement in the late 1980s, contingent on the holding of a referendum on independence or integration into Morocco. </p><p>In December 1999, the United Nations' <a href="/wiki/MINURSO" class="mw-redirect" title="MINURSO">MINURSO</a> mission announced that it had identified 86,425 eligible voters for the referendum that was supposed to be held under the 1991 <a href="/wiki/Settlement_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Settlement plan">Settlement plan</a> and the 1997 <a href="/wiki/Houston_accords" class="mw-redirect" title="Houston accords">Houston accords</a>. By "eligible voter" the UN referred to any Sahrawi over 18 years of age that was part of the Spanish census or could prove their descent from someone who was. These 86,425 Sahrawis were dispersed between Moroccan-controlled Western Sahara and the refugee camps in Algeria, with smaller numbers in Mauritania and other places of exile. These numbers cover only Sahrawis 'indigenous' to Western Sahara during the Spanish colonial period, not the total number of "ethnic" Sahrawis (i.e., members of Sahrawi tribal groupings), who also extend into Mauritania, Morocco and Algeria. The number was highly politically significant due to the expected organization of a referendum on self-determination. </p><p>The Polisario has its home base in the <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_refugee_camps_in_Tindouf_Province,_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahrawi refugee camps in Tindouf Province, Algeria">Tindouf refugee camps</a> in Algeria, and declares the number of Sahrawi population in the camps to be approximately 155,000. Morocco disputes this number, saying it is exaggerated for political reasons and for attracting more foreign aid. The UN uses a number of 90,000 "most vulnerable" refugees as basis for its food aid program. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Western_Sahara" title="Culture of Western Sahara">Culture of Western Sahara</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Western_Saharan_cuisine" title="Western Saharan cuisine">Western Saharan cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Exhibicion_de_camellos_en_la_wilaya_de_Dajla_(campamentos_de_refugiados_saharauis_de_Tinduf,_abril_de_2007).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Exhibicion_de_camellos_en_la_wilaya_de_Dajla_%28campamentos_de_refugiados_saharauis_de_Tinduf%2C_abril_de_2007%29.jpg/220px-Exhibicion_de_camellos_en_la_wilaya_de_Dajla_%28campamentos_de_refugiados_saharauis_de_Tinduf%2C_abril_de_2007%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Exhibicion_de_camellos_en_la_wilaya_de_Dajla_%28campamentos_de_refugiados_saharauis_de_Tinduf%2C_abril_de_2007%29.jpg/330px-Exhibicion_de_camellos_en_la_wilaya_de_Dajla_%28campamentos_de_refugiados_saharauis_de_Tinduf%2C_abril_de_2007%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Exhibicion_de_camellos_en_la_wilaya_de_Dajla_%28campamentos_de_refugiados_saharauis_de_Tinduf%2C_abril_de_2007%29.jpg/440px-Exhibicion_de_camellos_en_la_wilaya_de_Dajla_%28campamentos_de_refugiados_saharauis_de_Tinduf%2C_abril_de_2007%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="2376" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahrawi people">Sahrawi people</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museo_de_la_Guerra_en_Rabuni,_sede_del_gobierno_de_la_RASD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Museo_de_la_Guerra_en_Rabuni%2C_sede_del_gobierno_de_la_RASD.jpg/250px-Museo_de_la_Guerra_en_Rabuni%2C_sede_del_gobierno_de_la_RASD.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Museo_de_la_Guerra_en_Rabuni%2C_sede_del_gobierno_de_la_RASD.jpg/375px-Museo_de_la_Guerra_en_Rabuni%2C_sede_del_gobierno_de_la_RASD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Museo_de_la_Guerra_en_Rabuni%2C_sede_del_gobierno_de_la_RASD.jpg/500px-Museo_de_la_Guerra_en_Rabuni%2C_sede_del_gobierno_de_la_RASD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Museum" title="People's Liberation Army Museum">Museum of the Sahrawi People's Liberation Army</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The major ethnic group of Western Sahara are the <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahrawi people">Sahrawis</a>, a nomadic or <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> ethnic group speaking the <a href="/wiki/Hassaniya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassaniya">Hassānīya</a> dialect of <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, also spoken in much of Mauritania. They are of mixed Arab-Berber descent, but claim descent from the <a href="/wiki/Beni_Hassan" class="mw-redirect" title="Beni Hassan">Beni Hassan</a>, an Arab tribe that migrated across the desert in the 11th century. </p><p>Like other Saharan Bedouin and Hassaniya groups, the Sahrawis are mostly Muslims of the <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> branch and the <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a>. Local religious custom (<a href="/wiki/Urf" title="Urf">Urf</a>) is, like other Saharan groups, heavily influenced by pre-Islamic Berber and African practices, and differs substantially from urban practices. For example, Sahrawi Islam has traditionally functioned without mosques, in an adaptation to nomadic life.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The original <a href="/wiki/Clan" title="Clan">clan</a>-/tribe-based society underwent a massive social upheaval in 1975 when the war forced part of the population to settle in the <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_refugee_camps_in_Tindouf_Province,_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahrawi refugee camps in Tindouf Province, Algeria">refugee camps of Tindouf</a>, Algeria, where they remain. Families were broken up by the dispute. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Museum" title="People's Liberation Army Museum">Museum of the Sahrawi People's Liberation Army</a> is located in this refugee camp. This museum is dedicated to the struggle for the independence of Western Saharan people. It presents weapons, vehicles and uniforms, as well as abundant documentation history. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cross-cultural_influence">Cross-cultural influence</h3></div> <p>The contemporary history of the territory has experienced long-term international presence and occupation that has deeply influenced the cultural practices of the people, such as languages spoken throughout the territory and its institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-San_Martin_2005_565–592_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-San_Martin_2005_565–592-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spanish colonization lasted roughly from 1884 to 1976, following the creation of the Madrid Accords where Spain absolved all responsibility over the territory and left it to Morocco and Mauritania.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the nine decades of Spanish colonial presence, one of the primary spoken languages in Western Sahara came to be Spanish. The reasons for its widespread usage was due to the necessity of communicating with Spanish leadership and administrators throughout the territory, who ultimately established institutions modeled after those of Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-San_Martin_2005_565–592_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-San_Martin_2005_565–592-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The importance and prevalence of Spanish has persisted to the present day, even after Spanish withdrawal from Western Sahara in 1976, due to various education exchanges and host programs for Sahrawi children to Spain and Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One such exchange program to Spain is Vacaciones en Paz (Vacations in Peace), which is an annual holiday program that was created in 1988 and is organized by the Union of Sahrawi Youth (UJSARIO) in collaboration with 300 other associations throughout Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-Fiddian_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fiddian-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The program itself allows 7,000 to 10,000 Sahrawi children between the ages of 8 and 12 the opportunity to live in Spain for the summer outside of the refugee camps. Sometimes children return to the same Spanish household year after year while they are still eligible, and forge strong relationships with their host families.<sup id="cite_ref-Fiddian_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fiddian-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These types of exchange programs that successfully create cross-border and cross-cultural relationships reinforce the usage of the Spanish language throughout subsequent generations of Sahrawi children. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_relations">Gender relations</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Urgencias_campamentos_refugiados_saharauis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Urgencias_campamentos_refugiados_saharauis.jpg/170px-Urgencias_campamentos_refugiados_saharauis.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Urgencias_campamentos_refugiados_saharauis.jpg/255px-Urgencias_campamentos_refugiados_saharauis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Urgencias_campamentos_refugiados_saharauis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="415" /></a><figcaption>Two women outside a hospital emergencies at a Sahrawi refugee camps</figcaption></figure> <p>Much Spanish literature and recent refugee studies scholarship has been dedicated to the exploration of the major role women play in Sahrawi society, and the degree of freedom they experience within the occupied territory and the refugee camps. There is a consensus among Sahrawi women that they have always enjoyed a large degree of freedom and influence within the Sahrawi community.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally, women have played pivotal roles in Sahrawi culture, as well as in efforts to resist colonialism and foreign interference in their territory.<sup id="cite_ref-Lippert_636–651_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lippert_636–651-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar to other nomadic traditions on the African continent, Sahrawi women traditionally exercised significant power and roles both in the camp and in their tents. </p><p>Sahrawi women could inherit property, and subsist independently from their fathers, brothers, husbands, and other male relatives.<sup id="cite_ref-Lippert_636–651_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lippert_636–651-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women were key for establishing alliances through marriage, being that the Sahrawi culture values monogamy, with their tribe and to others.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Sahrawi women were endowed with major responsibility for the camp during long periods of absence by the men of the camp due to war or trade. Among the responsibilities women had were setting up, repairing, and moving the tents of the camp, and participating in major tribal decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the contemporary history of Western Sahara, women have occupied central roles and been highly represented in the political sphere.<sup id="cite_ref-López_Belloso_159–76_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-López_Belloso_159–76-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Spanish colonial rule, Sahrawi women actively provided financial and physical support to the resistance movements during the 1930s, 1950s, and the late 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-Lippert_636–651_125-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lippert_636–651-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In more official ways, women were consistently part of the Polisario Front, which in 1994 created the National Union of Sahrawi Women (NUSW).<sup id="cite_ref-López_Belloso_159–76_128-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-López_Belloso_159–76-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NUSW was structured at the local, regional, and national levels and concentrated on four areas: the occupied territories and emigration, information and culture, political and professional development, and foreign affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-López_Belloso_159–76_128-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-López_Belloso_159–76-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_and_cultural_expression">Art and cultural expression</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sahara_International_Film_Festival" title="Sahara International Film Festival">FiSahara International Film Festival</a> is an annual film festival that takes place in one of the southwestern refugee camps in Algeria.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this event, actors, directors, and film industry insiders from around the world join the Sahrawi people for a week-long festival of screenings, parallel activities, and concerts. The festival provides entertainment and educational opportunities for Sahrawi refugees alongside cultural celebrations for visitors and spectators. It aims to raise awareness of the humanitarian crises in the refugee camps, and expose the Sahrawi people to this medium of art and expression.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spanish filmmakers and actors, such as <a href="/wiki/Javier_Bardem" title="Javier Bardem">Javier Bardem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pen%C3%A9lope_Cruz" title="Penélope Cruz">Penélope Cruz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Almod%C3%B3var" title="Pedro Almodóvar">Pedro Almodóvar</a> have supported and attended the festival. In 2013, the festival screened over 15 films from around the world including comedies, short films, animations, and documentaries. Some of the films were made by the refugees themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Art as embodied in film has been a strong and popular medium that Sahrawi youth have used to express themselves, and share their stories of conflict and exile. </p><p>ARTifariti, the International Art and Human Rights Meeting in Western Sahara, is an annual art workshop set up in the Liberated Zone and refugee camps, specifically in Tifariti, that brings artists from all over the world. This event led to the introduction of graffiti art to the camps, and popular graffiti artists have come to the workshop to work with refugees.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One such artist was Spanish street artist MESA, who travelled to the Sahrawi refugee camps in 2011 and displayed his own graffiti throughout the landscape.<sup id="cite_ref-Abba_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abba-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His canvases of choice were destroyed walls, which he brought back to life through his art. </p><p>MESA inspired other Sahrawis to express themselves and embody their national struggle through art and graffiti. One such artist is Mohamed Sayad, a Sahrawi artist that has been transforming the refugee camp landscape by creating works of art amongst the devastation in camps that have existed for four decades.<sup id="cite_ref-Abba_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abba-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His canvases, much like MESA, are walls that have been ruined by massive floods in the Sahrawi refugee camps in southwestern Algeria. Sayad's work tells a consistent story, one that draws on his experience of protracted conflict and a life under Moroccan occupation. Sayad's graffiti depicts aspects of Sahrawi culture and includes actual Sahrawi people as his subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-Abba_132-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abba-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Poetry is a popular artform in Sahrawi culture, and is composed by both men and women.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable poets include: <a href="/wiki/Al_Khadra_Mabrook" title="Al Khadra Mabrook">Al Khadra Mabrook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadjatu_Aliat_Swelm" title="Hadjatu Aliat Swelm">Hadjatu Aliat Swelm</a>, Beyibouh El Haj.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditionally, Sahrawi poetry was performed and passed on orally: younger poets would undergo 'apprenticeships to more experienced ones, today the internet is a key way in which Sahrawi poetry is transmitted between and within generations'.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However Sahrawi poets find it difficult to be published, especially by Arabic publishers, due to the political nature of much of their output.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Western_Sahara" title="Portal:Western Sahara">Western Sahara portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Western_Sahara" title="Bibliography of Western Sahara">Bibliography of Western Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Western_Sahara" title="List of cities in Western Sahara">List of cities in Western Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Western_Sahara" title="Music of Western Sahara">Music of Western Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Outline of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Outline of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Western_Sahara" title="Telecommunications in Western Sahara">Telecommunications in Western Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Western_Sahara" title="Transport in Western Sahara">Transport in Western Sahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1979" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1979">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">List of states with limited recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_border_changes_since_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national border changes since World War I">List of national border changes since World War I</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الصحراء الغربية</span>‎ <i><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">aṣ-Ṣaḥrā' al-Gharbiyyah</i></span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Sáhara Occidental</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-UN_WPP-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/">"World Population Prospects 2022"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, Population Division<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx">"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(XSLX)</span> ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, Population Division<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022%3A+Demographic+indicators+by+region%2C+subregion+and+country%2C+annually+for+1950-2100&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2FDownload%2FFiles%2F1_Indicators%2520%28Standard%29%2FEXCEL_FILES%2F1_General%2FWPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Area-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Area_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Area_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/summary/Western-Sahara">Encyclopædia Britannica: Western Sahara summary</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-United_Nations_Documents-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-United_Nations_Documents_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://undocs.org/en/A/RES/35/19">"A/RES/35/19 – E – A/RES/35/19"</a>. <i>Question of Western Sahara</i>. p. 214<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Question+of+Western+Sahara&rft.atitle=A%2FRES%2F35%2F19+%E2%80%93+E+%E2%80%93+A%2FRES%2F35%2F19&rft.pages=214&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fundocs.org%2Fen%2FA%2FRES%2F35%2F19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WalterUngern-Sternberg2014-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WalterUngern-Sternberg2014_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristian_WalterAntje_von_Ungern-SternbergKavus_Abushov2014" class="citation book cs1">Christian Walter; Antje von Ungern-Sternberg; Kavus Abushov (5 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tGQJBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT264"><i>Self-Determination and Secession in International Law</i></a>. OUP Oxford. p. 264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-100692-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-100692-0"><bdi>978-0-19-100692-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Self-Determination+and+Secession+in+International+Law&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2014-06-05&rft.isbn=978-0-19-100692-0&rft.au=Christian+Walter&rft.au=Antje+von+Ungern-Sternberg&rft.au=Kavus+Abushov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtGQJBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RASD-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RASD_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RASD_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citypopulation.de/en/westernsahara/">City Population: Western Sahara (disputed territory)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unpop-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-unpop_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs_Population_Division2009" class="citation web cs1">Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/wpp2008/wpp2008_text_tables.pdf">"World Population Prospects, Table A.1"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 2008 revision. United Nations<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects%2C+Table+A.1&rft.series=2008+revision&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fesa%2Fpopulation%2Fpublications%2Fwpp2008%2Fwpp2008_text_tables.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mariano Aguirre, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tni.org/archives/act/463"><i>Vers la fin du conflit au Sahara occidental, Espoirs de paix en Afrique du Nord Latine</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113134110/http://www.tni.org/archives/act/463">Archived</a> 13 November 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in: <i>Le Monde diplomatique, Novembre 1997</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_General_Assembly1965" class="citation web cs1">United Nations General Assembly (16 December 1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/20/ares20.htm">"Resolutions Adopted by the General Assembly During Its Twentieth Session – Resolution 2072 (XX) – Question of Ifni and Spanish Sahara"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resolutions+Adopted+by+the+General+Assembly+During+Its+Twentieth+Session+%E2%80%93+Resolution+2072+%28XX%29+%E2%80%93+Question+of+Ifni+and+Spanish+Sahara&rft.date=1965-12-16&rft.au=United+Nations+General+Assembly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fdocuments%2Fga%2Fres%2F20%2Fares20.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MINURSO-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MINURSO_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MINURSO_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120227033515/http://minurso.unmissions.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=JaHM1%2Fa%2FAww%3D&tabid=3959">"Milestones in the Western Sahara conflict"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minurso.unmissions.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=JaHM1%2Fa%2FAww%3D&tabid=3959">the original</a> on 27 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Milestones+in+the+Western+Sahara+conflict&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminurso.unmissions.org%2FLinkClick.aspx%3Ffileticket%3DJaHM1%252Fa%252FAww%253D%26tabid%3D3959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzález_Campo" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">González Campo, Julio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042159/http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/documentos/98/DT-15-2004-E.pdf">"Documento de Trabajo núm. 15 DT-2004. Las pretensiones de Marruecos sobre los territorios españoles en el norte de África (1956–2002)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish). <a href="/wiki/Elcano_Royal_Institute" title="Elcano Royal Institute">Real Instituto Elcano</a>. p. 6. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/documentos/98/DT-15-2004-E.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Documento+de+Trabajo+n%C3%BAm.+15+DT-2004.+Las+pretensiones+de+Marruecos+sobre+los+territorios+espa%C3%B1oles+en+el+norte+de+%C3%81frica+%281956%E2%80%932002%29&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Real+Instituto+Elcano&rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez+Campo&rft.aufirst=Julio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.realinstitutoelcano.org%2Fdocumentos%2F98%2FDT-15-2004-E.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GänzleLeruth2019-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GänzleLeruth2019_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefan_GänzleBenjamin_LeruthJarle_Trondal2019" class="citation book cs1">Stefan Gänzle; Benjamin Leruth; Jarle Trondal (15 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gaS-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT191"><i>Differentiated Integration and Disintegration in a Post-Brexit Era</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-64884-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-64884-7"><bdi>978-0-429-64884-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Differentiated+Integration+and+Disintegration+in+a+Post-Brexit+Era&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2019-11-15&rft.isbn=978-0-429-64884-7&rft.au=Stefan+G%C3%A4nzle&rft.au=Benjamin+Leruth&rft.au=Jarle+Trondal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgaS-DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://undocs.org/A/RES/34/37">"United Nations General Assembly Resolution 34/37, The Question of Western Sahara"</a>. <i>undocs.org</i>. United Nations. 21 November 1979. A/RES/34/37<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=undocs.org&rft.atitle=United+Nations+General+Assembly+Resolution+34%2F37%2C+The+Question+of+Western+Sahara&rft.date=1979-11-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fundocs.org%2FA%2FRES%2F34%2F37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dn-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dn_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.democracynow.org/2020/12/24/western_sahara_a_rare_look_inside">"Western Sahara: A Rare Look Inside Africa's Last Colony as U.S. Recognizes Moroccan Occupation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Now!" title="Democracy Now!">Democracy Now!</a></i>. 4 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Democracy+Now%21&rft.atitle=Western+Sahara%3A+A+Rare+Look+Inside+Africa%27s+Last+Colony+as+U.S.+Recognizes+Moroccan+Occupation&rft.date=2020-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.democracynow.org%2F2020%2F12%2F24%2Fwestern_sahara_a_rare_look_inside&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Connett_2016-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Connett_2016_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnett2016" class="citation web cs1">Connett, David (23 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/western-sahara-africa-s-last-colony-takes-struggle-for-selfdetermination-to-european-courts-a6830216.html">"Africa's last colony has taken its struggle for self-determination to European courts"</a>. <i>The Independent</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Africa%27s+last+colony+has+taken+its+struggle+for+self-determination+to+European+courts&rft.date=2016-01-23&rft.aulast=Connett&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fwestern-sahara-africa-s-last-colony-takes-struggle-for-selfdetermination-to-european-courts-a6830216.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baehr, Peter R. <i>The United Nations at the End of the 1990s</i>. 1999, page 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131022005942/http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/981217/1998121758.html">"Arab League Withdraws Inaccurate Moroccan maps"</a>. Arabic News, Regional-Morocco, Politics. 17 December 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/981217/1998121758.html">the original</a> on 22 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arab+League+Withdraws+Inaccurate+Moroccan+maps&rft.pub=Arabic+News%2C+Regional-Morocco%2C+Politics&rft.date=1998-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabicnews.com%2Fansub%2FDaily%2FDay%2F981217%2F1998121758.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/un-documents/document/minurso-s2006249.php">"Report of the Secretary-General on the situation concerning Western Sahara (paragraph 37, p. 10)"</a>. 2 March 1993<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Secretary-General+on+the+situation+concerning+Western+Sahara+%28paragraph+37%2C+p.+10%29&rft.date=1993-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.securitycouncilreport.org%2Fun-documents%2Fdocument%2Fminurso-s2006249.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatch" class="citation web cs1">Watch, Western Sahara Resource. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161228192731/http://www.wsrw.org/a105x1410">"Western Sahara not part of EFTA-Morocco free trade agreement – wsrw.org"</a>. <i>www.wsrw.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsrw.org/a105x1410">the original</a> on 28 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wsrw.org&rft.atitle=Western+Sahara+not+part+of+EFTA-Morocco+free+trade+agreement+%E2%80%93+wsrw.org&rft.aulast=Watch&rft.aufirst=Western+Sahara+Resource&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsrw.org%2Fa105x1410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scilj.se/news/international-law-allows-the-recognition-of-western-sahara/">"International law allows the recognition of Western Sahara – Stockholm Center for International Law and Justice"</a>. 7 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+law+allows+the+recognition+of+Western+Sahara+%E2%80%93+Stockholm+Center+for+International+Law+and+Justice&rft.date=2015-11-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scilj.se%2Fnews%2Finternational-law-allows-the-recognition-of-western-sahara%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Israel1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Israel1_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Israel1_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagid2020" class="citation web cs1">Magid, Jacob (10 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/israel-and-morocco-to-establish-full-official-relations-trump-announces/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Historic decision': Israel and Morocco agree on full ties 'as soon as possible'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Times of Israel</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=%27Historic+decision%27%3A+Israel+and+Morocco+agree+on+full+ties+%27as+soon+as+possible%27&rft.date=2020-12-10&rft.aulast=Magid&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fisrael-and-morocco-to-establish-full-official-relations-trump-announces%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Joint-Declaration-US-Morrocco-Israel.pdf">"Joint Declaration of the Kingdom of Morocco, The United States of America and the State of Israel"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joint+Declaration+of+the+Kingdom+of+Morocco%2C+The+United+States+of+America+and+the+State+of+Israel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F01%2FJoint-Declaration-US-Morrocco-Israel.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEljechtimi2023" class="citation news cs1">Eljechtimi, Ahmed (17 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/morocco-says-israel-recognises-its-sovereignty-over-western-sahara-2023-07-17/">"Israel recognises Moroccan sovereignty over Western Sahara"</a>. <i>Reuters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Israel+recognises+Moroccan+sovereignty+over+Western+Sahara&rft.date=2023-07-17&rft.aulast=Eljechtimi&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fmorocco-says-israel-recognises-its-sovereignty-over-western-sahara-2023-07-17%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Western-Sahara">"Western Sahara | Facts, History, & Map"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Western+Sahara+%7C+Facts%2C+History%2C+%26+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FWestern-Sahara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DinersteinOlson2017_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinersteinOlsonJoshiVynne2017" class="citation journal cs1">Dinerstein, Eric; et al. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287">"An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm"</a>. <i>BioScience</i>. <b>67</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">534–</span>545. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014">10.1093/biosci/bix014</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-3568">0006-3568</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287">5451287</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28608869">28608869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioScience&rft.atitle=An+Ecoregion-Based+Approach+to+Protecting+Half+the+Terrestrial+Realm&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E534-%3C%2Fspan%3E545&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5451287%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0006-3568&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28608869&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014&rft.aulast=Dinerstein&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Olson%2C+David&rft.au=Joshi%2C+Anup&rft.au=Vynne%2C+Carly&rft.au=Burgess%2C+Neil+D.&rft.au=Wikramanayake%2C+Eric&rft.au=Hahn%2C+Nathan&rft.au=Palminteri%2C+Suzanne&rft.au=Hedao%2C+Prashant&rft.au=Noss%2C+Reed&rft.au=Hansen%2C+Matt&rft.au=Locke%2C+Harvey&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Erle+C&rft.au=Jones%2C+Benjamin&rft.au=Barber%2C+Charles+Victor&rft.au=Hayes%2C+Randy&rft.au=Kormos%2C+Cyril&rft.au=Martin%2C+Vance&rft.au=Crist%2C+Eileen&rft.au=Sechrest%2C+Wes&rft.au=Price%2C+Lori&rft.au=Baillie%2C+Jonathan+E.+M.&rft.au=Weeden%2C+Don&rft.au=Suckling%2C+Kier%C3%A1n&rft.au=Davis%2C+Crystal&rft.au=Sizer%2C+Nigel&rft.au=Moore%2C+Rebecca&rft.au=Thau%2C+David&rft.au=Birch%2C+Tanya&rft.au=Potapov%2C+Peter&rft.au=Turubanova%2C+Svetlana&rft.au=Tyukavina%2C+Alexandra&rft.au=de+Souza%2C+Nadia&rft.au=Pintea%2C+Lilian&rft.au=Brito%2C+Jos%C3%A9+C.&rft.au=Llewellyn%2C+Othman+A.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Anthony+G.&rft.au=Patzelt%2C+Annette&rft.au=Ghazanfar%2C+Shahina+A.&rft.au=Timberlake%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Kl%C3%B6ser%2C+Heinz&rft.au=Shennan-Farp%C3%B3n%2C+Yara&rft.au=Kindt%2C+Roeland&rft.au=Lilles%C3%B8%2C+Jens-Peter+Barnekow&rft.au=van+Breugel%2C+Paulo&rft.au=Graudal%2C+Lars&rft.au=Voge%2C+Maianna&rft.au=Al-Shammari%2C+Khalaf+F.&rft.au=Saleem%2C+Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5451287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHandloff" class="citation web cs1">Handloff, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511101722/http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/WestSud.html">"The West Sudanic Empires"</a>. Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/WestSud.html">the original</a> on 11 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+West+Sudanic+Empires&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division+of+the+Library+of+Congress&rft.aulast=Handloff&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shsu.edu%2F~his_ncp%2FWestSud.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-khaldun-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-khaldun_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-khaldun_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-khaldun_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">History of Ibn Khaldun Volume 6, pp80-90 by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">ibn Khaldun</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Rawd_al-Qirtas" title="Rawd al-Qirtas">Rawd al-Qirtas</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Zar" title="Ibn Abi Zar">Ibn Abi Zar</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Besenyo, Janos. <i>Western Sahara</i>. Publikon, 2009, P. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120125165704/http://www1.american.edu/ted/ice/sahara.htm">"ICE Conflict Case ZSahara"</a>. .american.edu. 17 March 1997. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.american.edu/ted/ice/sahara.htm">the original</a> on 25 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ICE+Conflict+Case+ZSahara&rft.pub=.american.edu&rft.date=1997-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.american.edu%2Fted%2Fice%2Fsahara.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJános2009" class="citation book cs1">János, Besenyő (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kalasnyikov.hu/dokumentumok/besenyo_western_sahara.pdf"><i>Western Sahara</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Pécs: Publikon Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-88332-0-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-88332-0-4"><bdi>978-963-88332-0-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Sahara&rft.place=P%C3%A9cs&rft.pub=Publikon+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-963-88332-0-4&rft.aulast=J%C3%A1nos&rft.aufirst=Beseny%C5%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kalasnyikov.hu%2Fdokumentumok%2Fbesenyo_western_sahara.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tomás Bárbulo, "La historia prohibida del Sáhara Español",<i>Destino, Imago mundi,</i> Volume 21, 2002, Page 292</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/7091323//">"Algeria Claims Spanish Sahara Is Being Invaded"</a>. <i>The Monroe News-Star</i>. 1 January 1976<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2016</span> – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Monroe+News-Star&rft.atitle=Algeria+Claims+Spanish+Sahara+Is+Being+Invaded&rft.date=1976-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F7091323%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeish2015" class="citation news cs1">McNeish, Hannah (5 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2015/05/western-sahara-struggle-freedom-cut-wall-150528065625790.html">"Western Sahara's Struggle for Freedom Cut Off By a Wall"</a>. <i>Al Jazeera</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Western+Sahara%27s+Struggle+for+Freedom+Cut+Off+By+a+Wall&rft.date=2015-06-05&rft.aulast=McNeish&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Findepth%2Ffeatures%2F2015%2F05%2Fwestern-sahara-struggle-freedom-cut-wall-150528065625790.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolas_Niarchos2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Nicolas Niarchos (29 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/is-one-of-africas-oldest-conflicts-finally-nearing-its-end">"Is One of Africa's Oldest Conflicts Finally Nearing Its End?"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2018</span>. <q>For the past forty years, tens of thousands of Moroccan soldiers have manned a wall of sand that curls for one and a half thousand miles through the howling Sahara. The vast plain around it is empty and flat, interrupted only by occasional horseshoe dunes that traverse it. But the Berm, as the wall is known, is no natural phenomenon. It was built by the Kingdom of Morocco, in the nineteen-eighties, and it's the longest defensive fortification in use today—and the second-longest ever, after China's Great Wall</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Is+One+of+Africa%27s+Oldest+Conflicts+Finally+Nearing+Its+End%3F&rft.date=2018-12-29&rft.au=Nicolas+Niarchos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fnews%2Fnews-desk%2Fis-one-of-africas-oldest-conflicts-finally-nearing-its-end&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928052936/http://www.nato-pa.int/archivedpub/trip/as79gsm993-morocco.asp">"Visit to Morocco 28 April - 2 May 1999"</a>. NATO PA – Archives. May 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nato-pa.int/archivedpub/trip/as79gsm993-morocco.asp">the original</a> on 28 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Visit+to+Morocco+28+April+-+2+May+1999&rft.pub=NATO+PA+%E2%80%93+Archives&rft.date=1999-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nato-pa.int%2Farchivedpub%2Ftrip%2Fas79gsm993-morocco.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_S2000461-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UN_S2000461_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://undocs.org/Home/Mobile?FinalSymbol=S/2000/461">"Report of the Secretary-General on the situation concerning Western Sahara"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>. 22 May 2000. S-2000-461. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240923042559/https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n00/430/35/pdf/n0043035.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Secretary-General+on+the+situation+concerning+Western+Sahara&rft.pub=United+Nations+Security+Council&rft.date=2000-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fundocs.org%2FHome%2FMobile%3FFinalSymbol%3DS%2F2000%2F461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081005160618/http://www.countrywatch.com/facts/facts_default.aspx?type=text&topic=SEWSA">"CountryWatch – Interesting Facts of the World"</a>. Countrywatch.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.countrywatch.com/facts/facts_default.aspx?type=text&topic=SEWSA">the original</a> on 5 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CountryWatch+%E2%80%93+Interesting+Facts+of+the+World&rft.pub=Countrywatch.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.countrywatch.com%2Ffacts%2Ffacts_default.aspx%3Ftype%3Dtext%26topic%3DSEWSA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shelley, Toby. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merip.org/mero/mero080103.html">Behind the Baker Plan for Western Sahara</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061210082330/http://www.merip.org/mero/mero080103.html">Archived</a> 10 December 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, Middle East Report Online, 1 August 2003. Retrieved 24 August 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allafrica.com/stories/200406141270.html">"Western Sahara: Baker Resigns As UN Mediator After Seven Years"</a>. 14 June 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Western+Sahara%3A+Baker+Resigns+As+UN+Mediator+After+Seven+Years&rft.date=2004-06-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallafrica.com%2Fstories%2F200406141270.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130605000502/http://www.timesnews.co.ke/04apr06/insight/ins4.html">"Times News – Bold, Authoritative, and True"</a>. <i>Times News</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesnews.co.ke/04apr06/insight/ins4.html">the original</a> on 5 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+News&rft.atitle=Times+News+%E2%80%93+Bold%2C+Authoritative%2C+and+True&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesnews.co.ke%2F04apr06%2Finsight%2Fins4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afrol.com/articles/18964">"afrol News – No plans for a referendum in Western Sahara"</a>. Afrol.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=afrol+News+%E2%80%93+No+plans+for+a+referendum+in+Western+Sahara&rft.pub=Afrol.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afrol.com%2Farticles%2F18964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090711072545/http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N07/299/28/PDF/N0729928.pdf?OpenElement">Report of the Secretary-General on the situation concerning Western Sahara (13 April 2007)(ped). UN Security Council</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11710400">"Deadly Clashes as Morocco Breaks Up Western Sahara Camp"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 11 September 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Deadly+Clashes+as+Morocco+Breaks+Up+Western+Sahara+Camp&rft.date=2010-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-11710400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/elpais/2010/11/14/inenglish/1289715642_850210.html">"New expulsions of Spanish citizens from Western Sahara"</a>. <i>El País</i>. 14 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=New+expulsions+of+Spanish+citizens+from+Western+Sahara&rft.date=2010-11-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Felpais%2F2010%2F11%2F14%2Finenglish%2F1289715642_850210.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack,_Ian2010" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Black_(journalist)" title="Ian Black (journalist)">Black, Ian</a> (12 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/nov/12/western-sahara-peace-talks-stall">"Deadly Clashes Stall Western Sahara-Morocco Peace Talks"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Deadly+Clashes+Stall+Western+Sahara-Morocco+Peace+Talks&rft.date=2010-11-12&rft.au=Black%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2010%2Fnov%2F12%2Fwestern-sahara-peace-talks-stall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDudley2016" class="citation news cs1">Dudley, Dominic (14 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/dominicdudley/2016/09/14/morocco-setback-western-sahara/#582f3c726a3c">"Morocco Suffers Legal Setback As EU Official Declares Western Sahara 'Not Part of Morocco'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Forbes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Morocco+Suffers+Legal+Setback+As+EU+Official+Declares+Western+Sahara+%27Not+Part+of+Morocco%27&rft.date=2016-09-14&rft.aulast=Dudley&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fdominicdudley%2F2016%2F09%2F14%2Fmorocco-setback-western-sahara%2F%23582f3c726a3c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLederer2016" class="citation news cs1">Lederer, Edith M. (30 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/sns-bc-un--united-nations-western-sahara-20160829-story.html">"UN Document Says Morocco Violated Western Sahara Cease-Fire"</a>. <i>Chicago Tribune</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=UN+Document+Says+Morocco+Violated+Western+Sahara+Cease-Fire&rft.date=2016-08-30&rft.aulast=Lederer&rft.aufirst=Edith+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fsns-bc-un--united-nations-western-sahara-20160829-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc.com-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc.com_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc.com_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-55266089">"Morocco latest country to normalise ties with Israel in US-brokered deal"</a>. bbc.com. 10 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Morocco+latest+country+to+normalise+ties+with+Israel+in+US-brokered+deal&rft.pub=bbc.com&rft.date=2020-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-africa-55266089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrump2020" class="citation web cs1">Trump, Donald J. [@realdonaldtrump] (10 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/realdonaldtrump/status/1337067127455539201">"Morocco recognized the United States in 1777. It is thus fitting we recognize their sovereignty over the Western Sahara"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2020</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Morocco+recognized+the+United+States+in+1777.+It+is+thus+fitting+we+recognize+their+sovereignty+over+the+Western+Sahara.&rft.date=2020-12-10&rft.aulast=Trump&rft.aufirst=Donald+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2Frealdonaldtrump%2Fstatus%2F1337067127455539201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/espana/2021-02-05/marruecos-intenta-que-espana-cambie-su-posicion-sobre-el-sahara.html">"Marruecos intenta que España cambie su posición sobre el Sáhara"</a> [Morocco tries to get Spain to change its position on the Sahara]. <i><a href="/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El País</a></i> (in Spanish). 6 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=Marruecos+intenta+que+Espa%C3%B1a+cambie+su+posici%C3%B3n+sobre+el+S%C3%A1hara&rft.date=2021-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Fespana%2F2021-02-05%2Fmarruecos-intenta-que-espana-cambie-su-posicion-sobre-el-sahara.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elpais.com/espana/2022-03-18/sanchez-considera-la-autonomia-del-sahara-como-la-base-mas-seria-realista-y-creible-para-resolver-el-conflicto.html">"España toma partido por Marruecos en el conflicto del Sáhara"</a> [Spain sides with Morocco in the Sahara conflict]. <i><a href="/wiki/El_Pa%C3%ADs" title="El País">El País</a></i> (in Spanish). 18 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Pa%C3%ADs&rft.atitle=Espa%C3%B1a+toma+partido+por+Marruecos+en+el+conflicto+del+S%C3%A1hara&rft.date=2022-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felpais.com%2Fespana%2F2022-03-18%2Fsanchez-considera-la-autonomia-del-sahara-como-la-base-mas-seria-realista-y-creible-para-resolver-el-conflicto.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heraldo.es/noticias/nacional/2022/03/18/reacciones-politicas-postura-pedro-sanchez-plan-marroqui-sahara-1560962.html">"La oposición, Unidas Podemos y socios del Gobierno rechazan la postura de Sánchez con el plan marroquí para el Sáhara"</a> [The Opposition, Unidas Podemos and government partners reject Sánchez's stance on Morocco's Sahara plan]. <i><a href="/wiki/Heraldo_de_Arag%C3%B3n" title="Heraldo de Aragón">Heraldo de Aragón</a></i> (in Spanish). 18 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heraldo+de+Arag%C3%B3n&rft.atitle=La+oposici%C3%B3n%2C+Unidas+Podemos+y+socios+del+Gobierno+rechazan+la+postura+de+S%C3%A1nchez+con+el+plan+marroqu%C3%AD+para+el+S%C3%A1hara&rft.date=2022-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldo.es%2Fnoticias%2Fnacional%2F2022%2F03%2F18%2Freacciones-politicas-postura-pedro-sanchez-plan-marroqui-sahara-1560962.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/israel-morocco-western-sahara-benjamin-netanyahu-088340188bfec408f9def1493d6f6a08">"Israel recognizes Moroccan sovereignty over Western Sahara"</a>. <i>Associated Press News</i>. 17 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Associated+Press+News&rft.atitle=Israel+recognizes+Moroccan+sovereignty+over+Western+Sahara&rft.date=2023-07-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fisrael-morocco-western-sahara-benjamin-netanyahu-088340188bfec408f9def1493d6f6a08&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BootyBBC2024-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BootyBBC2024_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooty" class="citation news cs1">Booty, Natasha. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1vdl92zlzqo">"France backs Morocco in dispute over Western Sahara"</a>. <i>www.bbc.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.com&rft.atitle=France+backs+Morocco+in+dispute+over+Western+Sahara&rft.aulast=Booty&rft.aufirst=Natasha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fc1vdl92zlzqo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetz2024" class="citation news cs1">Metz, Sam (29 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/france-announces-new-investments-disputed-western-sahara-115284457">"France announces new investments in disputed Western Sahara"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. Associated Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=France+announces+new+investments+in+disputed+Western+Sahara&rft.date=2024-10-29&rft.aulast=Metz&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2FwireStory%2Ffrance-announces-new-investments-disputed-western-sahara-115284457&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thobhani-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thobhani_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThobhani2002" class="citation book cs1">Thobhani, Akbarali (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westernsaharasin0000thob"><i>Western Sahara Since 1975 Under Moroccan Administration: Social, Economic, and Political Transformation</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7734-7173-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7734-7173-1"><bdi>0-7734-7173-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Sahara+Since+1975+Under+Moroccan+Administration%3A+Social%2C+Economic%2C+and+Political+Transformation&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7734-7173-1&rft.aulast=Thobhani&rft.aufirst=Akbarali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwesternsaharasin0000thob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nrc.no-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nrc.no_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nrc.no_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nrc.no_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080528214406/https://www.nrc.no/arch/_img/9258989.pdf">"Norwegian Refugee Council Report: Western Sahara, Occupied country, displaced people, 2008"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrc.no/arch/_img/9258989.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norwegian+Refugee+Council+Report%3A+Western+Sahara%2C+Occupied+country%2C+displaced+people%2C+2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrc.no%2Farch%2F_img%2F9258989.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabnews.com/node/1600946/world">"First foreign diplomatic post opens in Western Sahara"</a>. <i>Arab News</i>. 18 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+News&rft.atitle=First+foreign+diplomatic+post+opens+in+Western+Sahara&rft.date=2019-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabnews.com%2Fnode%2F1600946%2Fworld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sahara-news.org/2259-sahara-gambia-opens-consulate-in-dakhla-dealing-another-hard-blow-to-polisario.html">"Sahara: Gambia Opens Consulate in Dakhla, Dealing another Hard Blow to Polisario"</a>. <i>Sahara News</i>. 7 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sahara+News&rft.atitle=Sahara%3A+Gambia+Opens+Consulate+in+Dakhla%2C+Dealing+another+Hard+Blow+to+Polisario&rft.date=2020-01-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsahara-news.org%2F2259-sahara-gambia-opens-consulate-in-dakhla-dealing-another-hard-blow-to-polisario.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sahara-news.org/2270-sahara-guinea-opens-consulate-in-dakhla-another-diplomatic-setback-for-polisario.html">"Sahara: Guinea Opens Consulate in Dakhla, Another Diplomatic Setback for Polisario"</a>. <i>Sahara News</i>. 17 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sahara+News&rft.atitle=Sahara%3A+Guinea+Opens+Consulate+in+Dakhla%2C+Another+Diplomatic+Setback+for+Polisario&rft.date=2020-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsahara-news.org%2F2270-sahara-guinea-opens-consulate-in-dakhla-another-diplomatic-setback-for-polisario.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sahara-news.org/2274-gabon-opens-consulate-general-in-laayoune.html">"Gabon Opens Consulate General in Laayoune"</a>. <i>Sahara News</i>. 17 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sahara+News&rft.atitle=Gabon+Opens+Consulate+General+in+Laayoune&rft.date=2020-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsahara-news.org%2F2274-gabon-opens-consulate-general-in-laayoune.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElshamy2021" class="citation web cs1">Elshamy, Mosa'ab (9 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/d5f1a1416e429b8a168a7eaaed3e702e">"US Consulate a turning point for disputed Western Sahara"</a>. Associated Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Consulate+a+turning+point+for+disputed+Western+Sahara&rft.pub=Associated+Press&rft.date=2021-01-09&rft.aulast=Elshamy&rft.aufirst=Mosa%27ab&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Fd5f1a1416e429b8a168a7eaaed3e702e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140708185632/http://www.spsrasd.info/en/content/violent-aggression-against-saharawi-political-prisoners-sal%C3%A9">"Violent aggression against the Saharawi political prisoners in Salé"</a>. SPS. 12 February 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spsrasd.info/en/content/violent-aggression-against-saharawi-political-prisoners-sal%C3%A9">the original</a> on 8 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Violent+aggression+against+the+Saharawi+political+prisoners+in+Sal%C3%A9&rft.pub=SPS&rft.date=2012-02-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spsrasd.info%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Fviolent-aggression-against-saharawi-political-prisoners-sal%25C3%25A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerry_Kennedy,_President_of_the_RFK2012" class="citation web cs1">Kerry Kennedy, President of the RFK (25 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/kerry-kennedy/morocco-secret-police-laayoune_b_1835223.html">"A Brush With Morocco's Secret Police in Laayoune, Moroccan-Occupied Western Sahara (PHOTOS)"</a>. Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brush+With+Morocco%27s+Secret+Police+in+Laayoune%2C+Moroccan-Occupied+Western+Sahara+%28PHOTOS%29&rft.pub=Robert+F.+Kennedy+Center+for+Justice+and+Human+Rights&rft.date=2012-08-25&rft.au=Kerry+Kennedy%2C+President+of+the+RFK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fkerry-kennedy%2Fmorocco-secret-police-laayoune_b_1835223.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telquel-online.com/189/couverture_189_1.shtml">Maroc/Algérie. Bluff et petites manœuvres</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160115012241/http://www.telquel-online.com/189/couverture_189_1.shtml">Archived</a> 15 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Telquel, not in English<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (May 2011)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.net/news/archive/archive?ArchiveId=316911">Aljazeera.net</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140322115134/http://www.aljazeera.net/news/pages/2c63a1c5-c249-45cd-b131-ff57a53ae894">Archived</a> 22 March 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, not in English</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012214448/http://www.lagazettedumaroc.com/articles.php?r=7&sr=959&n=409&%20%20id_artl=5975">"La "Répudiation massive" de l'Algérie des colonels!"</a>. <i>La Gazette Du Maroc</i> (in French). 28 February 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lagazettedumaroc.com/articles.php?r=7&sr=959&n=409&%20%20id_artl=5975">the original</a> on 12 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=La+Gazette+Du+Maroc&rft.atitle=La+%22R%C3%A9pudiation+massive%22+de+l%27Alg%C3%A9rie+des+colonels%21&rft.date=2005-02-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lagazettedumaroc.com%2Farticles.php%3Fr%3D7%26sr%3D959%26n%3D409%26%2520%2520id_artl%3D5975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maroc-hebdo.press.ma/MHinternet/Archives_435/html_435/jugement.html">Jugement Dernier</a>, Maroc Hebdo International, not in English <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060909032212/http://www.maroc-hebdo.press.ma/MHinternet/Archives_435/html_435/jugement.html">Archived</a> 9 September 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cinemanageria.ifrance.com/cine_maroc/films_marocains/82.htm#drame">Le Drame des 40.000</a>, cinemanageria.ifrance.com, not in English <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061016105500/http://cinemanageria.ifrance.com/cine_maroc/films_marocains/82.htm">Archived</a> 16 October 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usfp.ma/article.php?t=4&id=46">Mohamed Elyazghi au Matin du Sahara: Solution politique au Sahara et refondation de nos relations avec Alger</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060910000000/http://www.usfp.ma/article.php?t=4&id=46">Archived</a> 10 September 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, USFP, not in English<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (May 2011)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013180223/http://minorites.org/article.php?IDA=7531">"La mal-vie des Marocains d'Algérie"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minorites.org/article.php?IDA=7531">the original</a> on 13 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+mal-vie+des+Marocains+d%27Alg%C3%A9rie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminorites.org%2Farticle.php%3FIDA%3D7531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ambafrance-ma.org/presse/index.cfm?pjour=1&jr=20060728">Revue de Presse des Quotidiens</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090107232935/http://www.ambafrance-ma.org/presse/index.cfm?pjour=1&jr=20060728">Archived</a> 7 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071114174415/http://www.web.amnesty.org/web/ar2001.nsf/webmepcountries/MOROCCO%2BAND%2BWESTERN%2BSAHARA?OpenDocument">"Amnesty International | Working to Protect Human Rights"</a>. Web.amnesty.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.amnesty.org/web/ar2001.nsf/webmepcountries/MOROCCO+AND+WESTERN+SAHARA?OpenDocument">the original</a> on 14 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amnesty+International+%26%23124%3B+Working+to+Protect+Human+Rights&rft.pub=Web.amnesty.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.amnesty.org%2Fweb%2Far2001.nsf%2Fwebmepcountries%2FMOROCCO%2BAND%2BWESTERN%2BSAHARA%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arso.org/akhbar2.htm">"Western Sahara – Sahara Occidental – Akhbar Es-Sahra 2"</a>. Arso.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Western+Sahara+%E2%80%93+Sahara+Occidental+%E2%80%93+Akhbar+Es-Sahra+2&rft.pub=Arso.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arso.org%2Fakhbar2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tindouf1-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tindouf1_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/040929/2004092916.html">Morocco's Memorandum to UN unveils Algiers' responsibility in Sahara conflict, political parties</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131014213721/http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/040929/2004092916.html">Archived</a> 14 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Arabic News, Morocco-Algeria, Politics, 29 September 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/MDE29/001/2010/en">"Morocco/Western Sahara: Broken Promises: The Equity and Reconciliation Commission and its Follow-up"</a>. Amnesty.org. 6 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Morocco%2FWestern+Sahara%3A+Broken+Promises%3A+The+Equity+and+Reconciliation+Commission+and+its+Follow-up&rft.pub=Amnesty.org&rft.date=2010-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Flibrary%2Finfo%2FMDE29%2F001%2F2010%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/MDE29/005/2009/en">"Morocco/Western Sahara: No more half measures: Addressing enforced disappearances in Morocco and Western Sahara"</a>. Amnesty.org. 28 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Morocco%2FWestern+Sahara%3A+No+more+half+measures%3A+Addressing+enforced+disappearances+in+Morocco+and+Western+Sahara&rft.pub=Amnesty.org&rft.date=2009-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Flibrary%2Finfo%2FMDE29%2F005%2F2009%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/MDE29/004/2008/en">"Morocco/ Western Sahara: Further Information on UA 16/08 – Fear of unfair imprisonment/ Prisoners of conscience/ Health concern"</a>. Amnesty.org. 8 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Morocco%2F+Western+Sahara%3A+Further+Information+on+UA+16%2F08+%E2%80%93+Fear+of+unfair+imprisonment%2F+Prisoners+of+conscience%2F+Health+concern&rft.pub=Amnesty.org&rft.date=2008-02-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Flibrary%2Finfo%2FMDE29%2F004%2F2008%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/MDE29/005/2008/en">"Morocco/ Western Sahara: Three years' imprisonment for putting a profile of Prince Moulay Rachid on Facebook"</a>. Amnesty.org. 25 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Morocco%2F+Western+Sahara%3A+Three+years%27+imprisonment+for+putting+a+profile+of+Prince+Moulay+Rachid+on+Facebook&rft.pub=Amnesty.org&rft.date=2008-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Flibrary%2Finfo%2FMDE29%2F005%2F2008%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/MDE29/004/2005/en">"Morocco/Western Sahara: New arrests and allegations of torture of Sahrawi human rights defenders"</a>. Amnesty.org. 31 July 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Morocco%2FWestern+Sahara%3A+New+arrests+and+allegations+of+torture+of+Sahrawi+human+rights+defenders&rft.pub=Amnesty.org&rft.date=2005-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Flibrary%2Finfo%2FMDE29%2F004%2F2005%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/MDE29/003/2005/en">"Morocco/Western Sahara: Justice must begin with torture inquiries"</a>. Amnesty.org. 21 June 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Morocco%2FWestern+Sahara%3A+Justice+must+begin+with+torture+inquiries&rft.pub=Amnesty.org&rft.date=2005-06-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Flibrary%2Finfo%2FMDE29%2F003%2F2005%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/MDE29/008/2004/en">"Morocco/Western Sahara: Torture of detainees must end"</a>. Amnesty.org. 23 June 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Morocco%2FWestern+Sahara%3A+Torture+of+detainees+must+end&rft.pub=Amnesty.org&rft.date=2004-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Flibrary%2Finfo%2FMDE29%2F008%2F2004%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/MDE29/004/2004/en">"Morocco/Western Sahara: Torture in the "anti-terrorism" campaign – the case of Témara detention centre"</a>. Amnesty.org. 23 June 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Morocco%2FWestern+Sahara%3A+Torture+in+the+%22anti-terrorism%22+campaign+%E2%80%93+the+case+of+T%C3%A9mara+detention+centre&rft.pub=Amnesty.org&rft.date=2004-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Flibrary%2Finfo%2FMDE29%2F004%2F2004%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/MDE29/011/2003/en">"Morocco/Western Sahara: Briefing to the Committee against torture (November 2003)"</a>. Amnesty.org. 11 November 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Morocco%2FWestern+Sahara%3A+Briefing+to+the+Committee+against+torture+%28November+2003%29&rft.pub=Amnesty.org&rft.date=2003-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Flibrary%2Finfo%2FMDE29%2F011%2F2003%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/MDE29/001/2003/en">"Morocco/Western Sahara: reports of secret detention and torture on the rise"</a>. Amnesty.org. 21 February 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Morocco%2FWestern+Sahara%3A+reports+of+secret+detention+and+torture+on+the+rise&rft.pub=Amnesty.org&rft.date=2003-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Flibrary%2Finfo%2FMDE29%2F001%2F2003%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110503215530/http://www.amnestyusa.org/all-countries/morocco-and-western-sahara/page.do?id=1011203">"Morocco and Western Sahara Human Rights"</a>. Amnestyusa.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amnestyusa.org/all-countries/morocco-and-western-sahara/page.do?id=1011203">the original</a> on 3 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Morocco+and+Western+Sahara+Human+Rights&rft.pub=Amnestyusa.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnestyusa.org%2Fall-countries%2Fmorocco-and-western-sahara%2Fpage.do%3Fid%3D1011203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080723211820/http://hrw.org/english/docs/2005/12/10/morocc12183.htm">"Morocco/Western Sahara: Activists Need Fair Trial"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. 9 December 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrw.org/english/docs/2005/12/10/morocc12183.htm">the original</a> on 23 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Morocco%2FWestern+Sahara%3A+Activists+Need+Fair+Trial&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2005-12-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhrw.org%2Fenglish%2Fdocs%2F2005%2F12%2F10%2Fmorocc12183.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018112444/https://www.hrw.org/reports/1995/Wsahara.htm">"Western Sahara: Keeping It Secret – The United Nations Operation in the Western Sahara"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/1995/Wsahara.htm">the original</a> on 18 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Western+Sahara%3A+Keeping+It+Secret+%E2%80%93+The+United+Nations+Operation+in+the+Western+Sahara&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F1995%2FWsahara.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20091003035206/http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&country=7106&year=2006">"Western Sahara *"</a>. Freedomhouse.org. 10 May 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=22&year=2006&country=7106">the original</a> on 3 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Western+Sahara+%2A&rft.pub=Freedomhouse.org&rft.date=2004-05-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freedomhouse.org%2Ftemplate.cfm%3Fpage%3D22%26year%3D2006%26country%3D7106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018112321/https://rsf.org/en/news/swedish-photographer-expelled-western-sahara-day-after-his-arrest">"Swedish photographer expelled from Western Sahara a day after his arrest"</a>. <i>rsf.org</i>. 22 February 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsf.org/en/news/swedish-photographer-expelled-western-sahara-day-after-his-arrest">the original</a> on 18 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rsf.org&rft.atitle=Swedish+photographer+expelled+from+Western+Sahara+a+day+after+his+arrest&rft.date=2007-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fswedish-photographer-expelled-western-sahara-day-after-his-arrest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170415023733/https://rsf.org/en/news/journalist-assaulted-name-moroccan-control-western-sahara">"Journalist assaulted in the name of Moroccan control of Western Sahara"</a>. <i>rsf.org</i>. 26 May 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsf.org/en/news/journalist-assaulted-name-moroccan-control-western-sahara">the original</a> on 15 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rsf.org&rft.atitle=Journalist+assaulted+in+the+name+of+Moroccan+control+of+Western+Sahara&rft.date=2005-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fjournalist-assaulted-name-moroccan-control-western-sahara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170415023904/https://rsf.org/en/news/journalists-working-western-sahara-face-assaults-arrests-and-harassment">"Journalists working in Western Sahara face assaults, arrests and harassment"</a>. <i>rsf.org</i>. 16 June 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsf.org/en/news/journalists-working-western-sahara-face-assaults-arrests-and-harassment">the original</a> on 15 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rsf.org&rft.atitle=Journalists+working+in+Western+Sahara+face+assaults%2C+arrests+and+harassment&rft.date=2005-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fjournalists-working-western-sahara-face-assaults-arrests-and-harassment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170415023957/https://rsf.org/en/news/western-sahara-government-corruption-and-palace-life-are-all-limits-press">"Western Sahara, government corruption and palace life are all off-limits for the press"</a>. <i>rsf.org</i>. 13 April 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsf.org/en/news/western-sahara-government-corruption-and-palace-life-are-all-limits-press">the original</a> on 15 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rsf.org&rft.atitle=Western+Sahara%2C+government+corruption+and+palace+life+are+all+off-limits+for+the+press&rft.date=2005-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fwestern-sahara-government-corruption-and-palace-life-are-all-limits-press&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170415023312/https://rsf.org/en/news/two-norwegian-journalists-threatened-expulsion">"Two Norwegian journalists threatened with expulsion"</a>. <i>rsf.org</i>. 16 June 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsf.org/en/news/two-norwegian-journalists-threatened-expulsion">the original</a> on 15 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rsf.org&rft.atitle=Two+Norwegian+journalists+threatened+with+expulsion&rft.date=2004-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Ftwo-norwegian-journalists-threatened-expulsion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170415024414/https://rsf.org/en/news/morocco-puts-us-censorship-busting-site-anonymizercom-its-black-list">"Morocco puts US censorship busting site Anonymizer.com on its black list"</a>. <i>rsf.org</i>. 20 December 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsf.org/en/news/morocco-puts-us-censorship-busting-site-anonymizercom-its-black-list">the original</a> on 15 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rsf.org&rft.atitle=Morocco+puts+US+censorship+busting+site+Anonymizer.com+on+its+black+list&rft.date=2005-12-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fmorocco-puts-us-censorship-busting-site-anonymizercom-its-black-list&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsf.org/en/news/appeal-court-upholds-exorbitant-damages-award-against-journal-hebdomadaire">"Appeal court upholds exorbitant damages award against Journal Hebdomadaire"</a>. <i>rsf.org</i>. 18 April 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rsf.org&rft.atitle=Appeal+court+upholds+exorbitant+damages+award+against+Journal+Hebdomadaire&rft.date=2006-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fappeal-court-upholds-exorbitant-damages-award-against-journal-hebdomadaire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arso.org/OHCHRrep2006en.pdf">"Report of the OHCHR to Western Sahara & the refugee camps in Tindouf 2006"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+OHCHR+to+Western+Sahara+%26+the+refugee+camps+in+Tindouf+2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arso.org%2FOHCHRrep2006en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.derechos.org/human-rights/mena/moro/">"Human rights in Morocco & Western Sahara"</a>. Derechos.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+rights+in+Morocco+%26+Western+Sahara&rft.pub=Derechos.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.derechos.org%2Fhuman-rights%2Fmena%2Fmoro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130121182849/http://www.defendinternational.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=191&Itemid=126">"Wave of arrests in Western Sahara"</a>. Defendinternational.com. 31 August 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defendinternational.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=191&Itemid=126">the original</a> on 21 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wave+of+arrests+in+Western+Sahara&rft.pub=Defendinternational.com&rft.date=2007-08-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defendinternational.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D191%26Itemid%3D126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111202151033/http://www.defendinternational.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=153&Itemid=126">"Morocco: Protect And Preserve Mass Grave Sites"</a>. Defendinternational.com. 15 January 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defendinternational.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=153&Itemid=126">the original</a> on 2 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Morocco%3A+Protect+And+Preserve+Mass+Grave+Sites&rft.pub=Defendinternational.com&rft.date=2008-01-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defendinternational.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D153%26Itemid%3D126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/node/2436">"Western Sahara: UPDATE – Human rights defenders on hunger strike in protest at continued arbitrary detention"</a>. Frontlinedefenders.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Western+Sahara%3A+UPDATE+%E2%80%93+Human+rights+defenders+on+hunger+strike+in+protest+at+continued+arbitrary+detention&rft.pub=Frontlinedefenders.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frontlinedefenders.org%2Fnode%2F2436&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/node/2154">"Western Sahara: Severe beating of human rights defender, Mr Mohammed al-Tahleel by security forces"</a>. Frontlinedefenders.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Western+Sahara%3A+Severe+beating+of+human+rights+defender%2C+Mr+Mohammed+al-Tahleel+by+security+forces&rft.pub=Frontlinedefenders.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frontlinedefenders.org%2Fnode%2F2154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/node/1932">"Western Sahara: Torture and solitary confinement of human rights defender Mr Yahya Mohamed el Hafed Aaza"</a>. Frontlinedefenders.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Western+Sahara%3A+Torture+and+solitary+confinement+of+human+rights+defender+Mr+Yahya+Mohamed+el+Hafed+Aaza&rft.pub=Frontlinedefenders.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frontlinedefenders.org%2Fnode%2F1932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111205123703/http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/node/1585">"Western Sahara: Systematic repression of human rights defenders"</a>. Frontlinedefenders.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frontlinedefenders.org/node/1585">the original</a> on 5 December 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Western+Sahara%3A+Systematic+repression+of+human+rights+defenders&rft.pub=Frontlinedefenders.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frontlinedefenders.org%2Fnode%2F1585&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fidh.org/fr/regions/maghreb-moyen-orient/maroc/7588-sahara-occidental-arrestation-de-m-duihi-hassan-mar-001-0210-obs-024">"Sahara occidental : Arrestation de M. Duihi Hassan – MAR 001 / 0210 / OBS 024"</a>. <i>Fédération internationale pour les droits humains</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration+internationale+pour+les+droits+humains&rft.atitle=Sahara+occidental+%3A+Arrestation+de+M.+Duihi+Hassan+%E2%80%93+MAR+001+%2F+0210+%2F+OBS+024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fidh.org%2Ffr%2Fregions%2Fmaghreb-moyen-orient%2Fmaroc%2F7588-sahara-occidental-arrestation-de-m-duihi-hassan-mar-001-0210-obs-024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fidh.org/fr/regions/maghreb-moyen-orient/maroc/Harcelement-a-l-encontre-de-Mme,7215">"Harcèlement à l'encontre de Mme Elghalia Dijim et M. Duihi Hassan – MAR 003 / 1109 / OBS 166"</a>. <i>Fédération internationale pour les droits humains</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration+internationale+pour+les+droits+humains&rft.atitle=Harc%C3%A8lement+%C3%A0+l%27encontre+de+Mme+Elghalia+Dijim+et+M.+Duihi+Hassan+%E2%80%93+MAR+003+%2F+1109+%2F+OBS+166&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fidh.org%2Ffr%2Fregions%2Fmaghreb-moyen-orient%2Fmaroc%2FHarcelement-a-l-encontre-de-Mme%2C7215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fidh.org/Detentions-arbitraires-Poursuites-judiciaires,3433">"Détentions arbitraires – Poursuites judiciaires – Mauvais traitements"</a>. Fidh.org. 8 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=D%C3%A9tentions+arbitraires+%E2%80%93+Poursuites+judiciaires+%E2%80%93+Mauvais+traitements&rft.pub=Fidh.org&rft.date=2011-11-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fidh.org%2FDetentions-arbitraires-Poursuites-judiciaires%2C3433&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fidh.org/fr/regions/maghreb-moyen-orient/maroc/Nouvelle-condamnation-d-un">"Nouvelle condamnation d'un militant sahraoui"</a>. <i>Fédération internationale pour les droits humains</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration+internationale+pour+les+droits+humains&rft.atitle=Nouvelle+condamnation+d%27un+militant+sahraoui.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fidh.org%2Ffr%2Fregions%2Fmaghreb-moyen-orient%2Fmaroc%2FNouvelle-condamnation-d-un&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFIDH" class="citation web cs1">FIDH. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fidh.org/Apres-l-interdiction-de-trois-hebdomadaires-au">"Après l'interdiction de trois hebdomadaires au Maroc, RSF et la FIDH dénoncent une décision inique et inacceptable"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Apr%C3%A8s+l%27interdiction+de+trois+hebdomadaires+au+Maroc%2C+RSF+et+la+FIDH+d%C3%A9noncent+une+d%C3%A9cision+inique+et+inacceptable&rft.au=FIDH&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fidh.org%2FApres-l-interdiction-de-trois-hebdomadaires-au&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGesellschaft_fuer_bedrohte_Voelker_–_Society_for_Threatened_Peoples" class="citation web cs1">Gesellschaft fuer bedrohte Voelker – Society for Threatened Peoples. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120128141944/http://www.gfbv.de/pressemit.php?id=2204&stayInsideTree=1">"EU ignores violations of human rights in Morocco"</a>. Gfbv.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gfbv.de/pressemit.php?id=2204&stayInsideTree=1">the original</a> on 28 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EU+ignores+violations+of+human+rights+in+Morocco&rft.pub=Gfbv.de&rft.au=Gesellschaft+fuer+bedrohte+Voelker+%E2%80%93+Society+for+Threatened+Peoples&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gfbv.de%2Fpressemit.php%3Fid%3D2204%26stayInsideTree%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGesellschaft_fuer_bedrohte_Voelker_–_Society_for_Threatened_Peoples" class="citation web cs1">Gesellschaft fuer bedrohte Voelker – Society for Threatened Peoples. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120128142112/http://www.gfbv.de/pressemit.php?id=807&stayInsideTree=1">"Almost 700 arrested in the year 2006"</a>. Gfbv.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gfbv.de/pressemit.php?id=807&stayInsideTree=1">the original</a> on 28 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Almost+700+arrested+in+the+year+2006&rft.pub=Gfbv.de&rft.au=Gesellschaft+fuer+bedrohte+Voelker+%E2%80%93+Society+for+Threatened+Peoples&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gfbv.de%2Fpressemit.php%3Fid%3D807%26stayInsideTree%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorwegian_Refugee_Council2014" class="citation web cs1">Norwegian Refugee Council (15 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrc.no/resources/reports/occupied-country-displaced-people/">"Occupied Country, Displaced People [Updated]"</a>. <i>nrc.no</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nrc.no&rft.atitle=Occupied+Country%2C+Displaced+People+%5BUpdated%5D&rft.date=2014-02-15&rft.au=Norwegian+Refugee+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrc.no%2Fresources%2Freports%2Foccupied-country-displaced-people%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051211175842/http://www.freethemnow.org/FranceLiberte.pdf">"The Conditions of Detentions of the Moroccan POWs Detained in Tindouf (Algeria)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 11 December 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.freethemnow.org/FranceLiberte.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 December 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Conditions+of+Detentions+of+the+Moroccan+POWs+Detained+in+Tindouf+%28Algeria%29&rft.date=2005-12-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.freethemnow.org%2FFranceLiberte.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110918134233/http://www.esisc.net/en/p.asp?TYP=TEWN&LV=187&see=y&t=37&PG=TEWN%2FEN%2Fdetail_os&l=8&AI=1840">"The Polisario Front and the IRA – Two approaches to the process of negotiation"</a>. Esisc.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esisc.net/en/p.asp?TYP=TEWN&LV=187&see=y&t=37&PG=TEWN/EN/detail_os&l=8&AI=1840">the original</a> on 18 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Polisario+Front+and+the+IRA+%E2%80%93+Two+approaches+to+the+process+of+negotiation&rft.pub=Esisc.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esisc.net%2Fen%2Fp.asp%3FTYP%3DTEWN%26LV%3D187%26see%3Dy%26t%3D37%26PG%3DTEWN%2FEN%2Fdetail_os%26l%3D8%26AI%3D1840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ESISC is <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kbopub.economie.fgov.be/kbopub/toonondernemingps.html?ondernemingsnummer=878853652">a Brussels-based commercial firm in the domain of counselling</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018112445/http://kbopub.economie.fgov.be/kbopub/toonondernemingps.html?ondernemingsnummer=878853652">Archived</a> 18 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, including among its clients the Moroccan embassy in Belgium</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Konstantina Isidoros. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170827165230/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1951/9a64ad4b0e97872d03e42d752087ace599ce.pdf">Western Sahara and the United States' geographical imaginings</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170827165230/https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/1951/9a64ad4b0e97872d03e42d752087ace599ce.pdf#page=65">Archived</a> 27 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> // ACAS Concerned Africa Scholars, BULLETIN N°85 – SPRING 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacob Mundy – Assistant Professor of Peace and Conflict Studies at Colgate University</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacob Mundi. Failed States. Ungoverned Areas, and Safe Havens: The Terrorization of the Western Sahara Peace Process // Fonkem Achankeng. Nationalism and Intra-State Conflicts in the Postcolonial World. Lexington Books, 2015, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1498500269" title="Special:BookSources/1498500269">1498500269</a>, 9781498500265. Pp.139–140. "Decades later, substitute "'Al-Qaeda" for "Communism" and the discourse is essentially the same. One of the first major salvos in the Moroccan offensive to link Polisario to Al-Qaeda was a series of think tank reports paid for by the royal palace (Moniquet, 2005, 2008). When a Moroccan newsmagazine, Le Journal hebdomadaire (9 December 2005), dared expose the fact that the European Strategic Intelligence and Security Institute was being paid to tar and feather Polisario, thus began the regime's successful five-year campaign to drive one of the few independent media voices out of existence. Morocco even enlisted its academic voices to aid in the terrorization of the Western Sahara peace process by linking Al-Qaeda to Polisario. "</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180901215633/https://www.un.org/press/fr/1996/19961010.CPSD108.html">"Communiquées de presse CPSD/108. Quatrième Commission: Le Maroc reste attaché au plan de règlement et à la tenue d'un référendum transparent au Sahara Occidental"</a> [Press releases CPSD/108 Fourth Committee: Morocco remains committed to the settlement plan and the holding of a transparent referendum in Western Sahara] (in French). United Nations. 10 October 1996. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/News/fr-press/docs/1996/19961010.CPSD108.html">the original</a> on 1 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Communiqu%C3%A9es+de+presse+CPSD%2F108.+Quatri%C3%A8me+Commission%3A+Le+Maroc+reste+attach%C3%A9+au+plan+de+r%C3%A8glement+et+%C3%A0+la+tenue+d%27un+r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rendum+transparent+au+Sahara+Occidental&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=1996-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FNews%2Ffr-press%2Fdocs%2F1996%2F19961010.CPSD108.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131014201349/http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/991105/1999110536.html">"Report: Clan wars and unavoidable scission in Tindouf, defectors"</a>. Arabicnews.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/991105/1999110536.html">the original</a> on 14 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report%3A+Clan+wars+and+unavoidable+scission+in+Tindouf%2C+defectors&rft.pub=Arabicnews.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabicnews.com%2Fansub%2FDaily%2FDay%2F991105%2F1999110536.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070612210735/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wi.html">"CIA: The World Factbook: 2006. 'Western Sahara', 266"</a>. Cia.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wi.html">the original</a> on 12 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIA%3A+The+World+Factbook%3A+2006.+%27Western+Sahara%27%2C+266&rft.pub=Cia.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fgeos%2Fwi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-up-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-up_101-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-up_101-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_Brazier1998" class="citation web cs1">Chris Brazier (December 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20021218035935/http://www.newint.org/issue297/wall.html">"Up Against the Wall"</a>. <i>New Internationalist Magazine</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newint.org/issue297/wall.html">the original</a> on 18 December 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Internationalist+Magazine&rft.atitle=Up+Against+the+Wall&rft.date=1998-12&rft.au=Chris+Brazier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newint.org%2Fissue297%2Fwall.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.landmineaction.org/resources.asp?item=research">"Explosive Ordnance Disposal and technical survey in Polisario-controlled areas of Western Sahara,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120324000932/http://www.landmineaction.org/resources.asp?item=research">Archived</a> 24 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Project proposal, February 2006, pp. 2–4, quoted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icbl.org/lm/2006/western_sahara.html">Land Mine Report, Western Sahara</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090218170830/http://www.icbl.org/lm/2006/western_sahara.html">Archived</a> 18 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, footnote 15 and 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/missions/minurso/mandate.html">"MINURSO homepage – mandate"</a>. United Nations<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MINURSO+homepage+%E2%80%93+mandate&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FDepts%2Fdpko%2Fmissions%2Fminurso%2Fmandate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bhatia-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bhatia_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bhatia_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhatia2001" class="citation web cs1">Bhatia, Michael (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arso.org/bhatia2001.htm">"Western Sahara under Polisario Control: Summary Report of Field Mission to the Sahrawi Refugee Camps (near Tindouf, Algeria)"</a>. Arso.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Western+Sahara+under+Polisario+Control%3A+Summary+Report+of+Field+Mission+to+the+Sahrawi+Refugee+Camps+%28near+Tindouf%2C+Algeria%29&rft.pub=Arso.org&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Bhatia&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arso.org%2Fbhatia2001.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110919041948/http://www.canariasahora.com/documentos/8119b2af172030e86f14c5f746e9347d.pdf">"MINURSO complaint to the UN Security Council (Spanish)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canariasahora.com/documentos/8119b2af172030e86f14c5f746e9347d.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MINURSO+complaint+to+the+UN+Security+Council+%28Spanish%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canariasahora.com%2Fdocumentos%2F8119b2af172030e86f14c5f746e9347d.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.spsrasd.info/sps-e270206.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110526203328/http://www.spsrasd.info/sps-e270206.html">Archived</a> 26 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Commemoration of the Saharawi Republic's 30th anniversary in the liberated territories of Western Sahara Press Service, 27 February 2006 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (July 2007)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_S2006249-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UN_S2006249_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>  <i>Document</i>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://undocs.org/S/2006/249">S/2006/249</a>  19 April 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2018/12/01/a-new-push-to-resolve-the-conflict-over-western-sahara">"The sands time forgot"</a>. <i>The Economist</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=The+sands+time+forgot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F2018%2F12%2F01%2Fa-new-push-to-resolve-the-conflict-over-western-sahara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicolas_Niarchos2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Nicolas Niarchos (29 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/is-one-of-africas-oldest-conflicts-finally-nearing-its-end">"Is One of Africa's Oldest Conflicts Finally Nearing Its End?"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Is+One+of+Africa%27s+Oldest+Conflicts+Finally+Nearing+Its+End%3F&rft.date=2018-12-29&rft.au=Nicolas+Niarchos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fnews%2Fnews-desk%2Fis-one-of-africas-oldest-conflicts-finally-nearing-its-end&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110912001457/http://www.house.gov/pitts/press/releases/040722r-FTAwsahara.htm">"Rep. Pitts lauds protection of Sahrawis in Morocco trade pact"</a>. House.gov. 22 July 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.house.gov/pitts/press/releases/040722r-FTAwsahara.htm">the original</a> on 12 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rep.+Pitts+lauds+protection+of+Sahrawis+in+Morocco+trade+pact&rft.pub=House.gov&rft.date=2004-07-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.house.gov%2Fpitts%2Fpress%2Freleases%2F040722r-FTAwsahara.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110516150119/http://www.spsrasd.info/en/detail.php?id=11569">"Western Sahara excluded from EFTA-Morocco free trade agreement"</a>. SPS. 12 May 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spsrasd.info/en/detail.php?id=11569">the original</a> on 16 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Western+Sahara+excluded+from+EFTA-Morocco+free+trade+agreement&rft.date=2010-05-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spsrasd.info%2Fen%2Fdetail.php%3Fid%3D11569&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afrol.com/articles/36091">"Western Sahara "not part of EFTA-Morocco free trade"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Afrol news. 13 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Western+Sahara+%22not+part+of+EFTA-Morocco+free+trade%22&rft.date=2010-05-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afrol.com%2Farticles%2F36091&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_S2002161-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN_S2002161_113-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_S2002161_113-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_S2002161_113-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_S2002161_113-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>  <i>Document</i>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://undocs.org/S/2002/161">S/2002/161</a>  12 February 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsrw.org/index.php?cat=193&art=1500">"Upstream Online: Total turns its back on Dakhla block, 2004"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_Resource_Watch" title="Western Sahara Resource Watch">Western Sahara Resource Watch</a>. 3 December 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Upstream+Online%3A+Total+turns+its+back+on+Dakhla+block%2C+2004&rft.date=2004-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsrw.org%2Findex.php%3Fcat%3D193%26art%3D1500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afrol.com/articles/19029">"Last oil company withdraws from Western Sahara"</a>. Afrol News. 2 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Last+oil+company+withdraws+from+Western+Sahara&rft.date=2006-05-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afrol.com%2Farticles%2F19029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dagbladet.no/2014/12/09/nyheter/nobels_fredspris/samfunn/36639526/">"Korsvold og SeaBird-sjefen fikk protestbrev fra det okkuperte Vest-Sahara"</a>. Dagbladet.no. 9 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Korsvold+og+SeaBird-sjefen+fikk+protestbrev+fra+det+okkuperte+Vest-Sahara&rft.date=2014-12-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dagbladet.no%2F2014%2F12%2F09%2Fnyheter%2Fnobels_fredspris%2Fsamfunn%2F36639526%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsrw.org/index.php?parse_news=single&cat=105&art=1348">"European Parliament's lawyers declare EU fishing illegal"</a>. wsrw.org. 23 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=European+Parliament%27s+lawyers+declare+EU+fishing+illegal&rft.pub=wsrw.org&rft.date=2010-02-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsrw.org%2Findex.php%3Fparse_news%3Dsingle%26cat%3D105%26art%3D1348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-phosphateslaw-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-phosphateslaw_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChick2013" class="citation web cs1">Chick, Kristen (24 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/layout/set/print/World/Africa/2013/0124/In-remote-Western-Sahara-prized-phosphate-drives-controversial-investments">"In remote Western Sahara, prized phosphate drives controversial investments"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Christian_Science_Publishing_Society" title="Christian Science Publishing Society">Christian Science Publishing Society</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=In+remote+Western+Sahara%2C+prized+phosphate+drives+controversial+investments&rft.date=2013-01-24&rft.aulast=Chick&rft.aufirst=Kristen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2Flayout%2Fset%2Fprint%2FWorld%2FAfrica%2F2013%2F0124%2FIn-remote-Western-Sahara-prized-phosphate-drives-controversial-investments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006115208/http://www.wobook.com/WB6H8MF6zj5s-14/actuel/actuel43.html">"L'Actuel Maroc, no. 43 (April 2012), p.22"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wobook.com/WB6H8MF6zj5s-14/actuel/actuel43.html">the original</a> on 6 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%27Actuel+Maroc%2C+no.+43+%28April+2012%29%2C+p.22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wobook.com%2FWB6H8MF6zj5s-14%2Factuel%2Factuel43.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-San_Martin_2005_565–592-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-San_Martin_2005_565–592_120-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-San_Martin_2005_565–592_120-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSan_Martin2005" class="citation journal cs1">San Martin, Pablo (2005). "Nationalism, identity and citizenship in the Western Sahara". <i>The Journal of North African Studies</i>. <b>10</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4). Taylor & Francis: <span class="nowrap">565–</span>592. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13629380500336870">10.1080/13629380500336870</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144988314">144988314</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+North+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Nationalism%2C+identity+and+citizenship+in+the+Western+Sahara&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E565-%3C%2Fspan%3E592&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13629380500336870&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144988314%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=San+Martin&rft.aufirst=Pablo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZunesMundy2010" class="citation book cs1">Zunes, Stephen; Mundy, Jacob (2010). <i>Western Sahara: War, Nationalism, and Conflict Irresolution</i>. Syracuse UP.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Sahara%3A+War%2C+Nationalism%2C+and+Conflict+Irresolution&rft.pub=Syracuse+UP&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Zunes&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Mundy%2C+Jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiddian-Qasmiyeh2009" class="citation journal cs1">Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, Elena (14 July 2009). "Representing Sahrawi Refugees' 'Educational Displacement' to Cuba: Self-Sufficient Agents of Manipulated Victims of Conflict?". <i>Journal of Refugee Studies</i>. <b>22</b> (3). Oxford Journals: <span class="nowrap">323–</span>350. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjrs%2Ffep019">10.1093/jrs/fep019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Refugee+Studies&rft.atitle=Representing+Sahrawi+Refugees%27+%27Educational+Displacement%27+to+Cuba%3A+Self-Sufficient+Agents+of+Manipulated+Victims+of+Conflict%3F&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E323-%3C%2Fspan%3E350&rft.date=2009-07-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjrs%2Ffep019&rft.aulast=Fiddian-Qasmiyeh&rft.aufirst=Elena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fiddian-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fiddian_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fiddian_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiddianChattyCrivello2005" class="citation journal cs1">Fiddian, Elena; <a href="/wiki/Dawn_Chatty" title="Dawn Chatty">Chatty, Dawn</a>; Crivello, Gina (December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140318022402/http://www.forcedmigration.org/research-resources/expert-guides/sahrawi-refugee-children-in-a-spanish-host-program/alldocuments">"Sahrawi Refugee Children in a Spanish Host Program"</a>. <i>Forced Migration Online</i>. University of Oxford, Department of International Development. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forcedmigration.org/research-resources/expert-guides/sahrawi-refugee-children-in-a-spanish-host-program/alldocuments">the original</a> on 18 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forced+Migration+Online&rft.atitle=Sahrawi+Refugee+Children+in+a+Spanish+Host+Program&rft.date=2005-12&rft.aulast=Fiddian&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft.au=Chatty%2C+Dawn&rft.au=Crivello%2C+Gina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.forcedmigration.org%2Fresearch-resources%2Fexpert-guides%2Fsahrawi-refugee-children-in-a-spanish-host-program%2Falldocuments&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuliano1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Dolores_Juliano" title="María Dolores Juliano">Juliano, Dolores</a> (1998). <i>La causa Saharaui y las mujeres: "siempre hemos sido muy libres"</i>. Icaria Editorial.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+causa+Saharaui+y+las+mujeres%3A+%22siempre+hemos+sido+muy+libres%22&rft.pub=Icaria+Editorial&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Juliano&rft.aufirst=Dolores&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lippert_636–651-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lippert_636–651_125-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lippert_636–651_125-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lippert_636–651_125-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLippert1992" class="citation journal cs1">Lippert, Anne (Spring 1992). "Sahrawi Women in the Liberation Struggle of the Sahrawi People". <i>Journal of Women in Culture and Society</i>. <b>17</b> (3). The University of Chicago Press: <span class="nowrap">636–</span>651. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F494752">10.1086/494752</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3174626">3174626</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144819149">144819149</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Women+in+Culture+and+Society&rft.atitle=Sahrawi+Women+in+the+Liberation+Struggle+of+the+Sahrawi+People&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E636-%3C%2Fspan%3E651&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144819149%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3174626%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F494752&rft.aulast=Lippert&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohsen1967" class="citation journal cs1">Mohsen, Safia (Fall 1967). "Legal Status of Women among the Awad'Ali'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <b>40</b> (3). Institute for Ethnographic Research: <span class="nowrap">153–</span>66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Legal+Status+of+Women+among+the+Awad%27Ali%27&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E153-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Mohsen&rft.aufirst=Safia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Chassey1977" class="citation journal cs1">de Chassey, Francis (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/assr_0335-5985_1979_num_48_2_2199_t1_0267_0000_3">"L'etrier, la houe et le livre, societés traditionnelles au Sahara et au Sahel Occidental"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Archives_de_sciences_sociales_des_religions" title="Archives de sciences sociales des religions">Archives de sciences sociales des religions</a></i>. <b>48</b> (2). Editions Anthropos: <span class="nowrap">267–</span>268.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+de+sciences+sociales+des+religions&rft.atitle=L%27etrier%2C+la+houe+et+le+livre%2C+societ%C3%A9s+traditionnelles+au+Sahara+et+au+Sahel+Occidental&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E267-%3C%2Fspan%3E268&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=de+Chassey&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fweb%2Frevues%2Fhome%2Fprescript%2Farticle%2Fassr_0335-5985_1979_num_48_2_2199_t1_0267_0000_3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-López_Belloso_159–76-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-López_Belloso_159–76_128-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-López_Belloso_159–76_128-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-López_Belloso_159–76_128-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLópez_BellosoMendia_Azkue2009" class="citation journal cs1">López Belloso, María; Mendia Azkue, Irantzu (December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4102%2Fjamba.v2i3.24">"Local Human Development in contexts of permanent crisis: Women's experiences in Western Sahara"</a>. <i>Journal of Disaster Risk Studies</i>. <b>2</b> (3). JAMBA: <span class="nowrap">159–</span>76. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4102%2Fjamba.v2i3.24">10.4102/jamba.v2i3.24</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Disaster+Risk+Studies&rft.atitle=Local+Human+Development+in+contexts+of+permanent+crisis%3A+Women%27s+experiences+in+Western+Sahara&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E159-%3C%2Fspan%3E76&rft.date=2009-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4102%2Fjamba.v2i3.24&rft.aulast=L%C3%B3pez+Belloso&rft.aufirst=Mar%C3%ADa&rft.au=Mendia+Azkue%2C+Irantzu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4102%252Fjamba.v2i3.24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaacson2009" class="citation news cs1">Isaacson, Andy (28 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/02/movies/02isaa.html?_r=0">"A Desert Film Festival Complete with Camels"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. Dakhla Refugee Camp, Algeria<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Desert+Film+Festival+Complete+with+Camels&rft.date=2009-07-28&rft.aulast=Isaacson&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F08%2F02%2Fmovies%2F02isaa.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_130-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_130-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.festivalsahara.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=191&Itemid=186&lang=es/">"FiSahara Film Festival"</a>. <i>FiSahara International Film Festival</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FiSahara+International+Film+Festival&rft.atitle=FiSahara+Film+Festival&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.festivalsahara.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D191%26Itemid%3D186%26lang%3Des%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140318020841/http://www.artifariti.org/en/about-artifariti">"About ARTifariti"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artifariti.org/en/about-artifariti">the original</a> on 18 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+ARTifariti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artifariti.org%2Fen%2Fabout-artifariti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abba-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abba_132-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abba_132-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abba_132-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbba2014" class="citation news cs1">Abba, Agaila (17 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140224034348/http://www.yourmiddleeast.com/culture/these-artists-are-transforming-the-dreary-environment-of-the-saharawi-refugee-camps_21663">"These artists are transforming the dreary environment of the Saharawi refugee camps"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yourmiddleeast.com/culture/these-artists-are-transforming-the-dreary-environment-of-the-saharawi-refugee-camps_21663">the original</a> on 24 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=These+artists+are+transforming+the+dreary+environment+of+the+Saharawi+refugee+camps&rft.date=2014-02-17&rft.aulast=Abba&rft.aufirst=Agaila&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yourmiddleeast.com%2Fculture%2Fthese-artists-are-transforming-the-dreary-environment-of-the-saharawi-refugee-camps_21663&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_133-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_133-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.middleeasteye.net/discover/western-sahara-algeria-badi-poetry-exile">"Voices of a lost homeland: The poetry of Western Sahara"</a>. <i>Middle East Eye</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Eye&rft.atitle=Voices+of+a+lost+homeland%3A+The+poetry+of+Western+Sahara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.middleeasteye.net%2Fdiscover%2Fwestern-sahara-algeria-badi-poetry-exile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/910977882"><i>Settled wanderers</i></a>. Berkson, Sam,, Sulaymān, Muḥammad. London. 2015. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9927655-4-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9927655-4-5"><bdi>978-0-9927655-4-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/910977882">910977882</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Settled+wanderers&rft.place=London&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F910977882&rft.isbn=978-0-9927655-4-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F910977882&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeubel2012" class="citation journal cs1">Deubel, Tara Flynn (1 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/13629387.2011.610591">"Poetics of diaspora: Sahrawi poets and postcolonial transformations of a trans-Saharan genre in northwest Africa"</a>. <i>The Journal of North African Studies</i>. <b>17</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">295–</span>314. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13629387.2011.610591">10.1080/13629387.2011.610591</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1362-9387">1362-9387</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145103012">145103012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+North+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Poetics+of+diaspora%3A+Sahrawi+poets+and+postcolonial+transformations+of+a+trans-Saharan+genre+in+northwest+Africa&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E295-%3C%2Fspan%3E314&rft.date=2012-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145103012%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1362-9387&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13629387.2011.610591&rft.aulast=Deubel&rft.aufirst=Tara+Flynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F13629387.2011.610591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <dl><dt>Sources and further reading</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodges1983" class="citation book cs1">Hodges, Tony (1983). <i>Western Sahara: The Roots of a Desert War</i>. Lawrence Hill Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88208-152-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-88208-152-7"><bdi>0-88208-152-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Sahara%3A+The+Roots+of+a+Desert+War&rft.pub=Lawrence+Hill+Books&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-88208-152-7&rft.aulast=Hodges&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen2005" class="citation book cs1">Jensen, Erik (2005). <i>Western Sahara: Anatomy of a Stalemate</i>. International Peace Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58826-305-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-58826-305-3"><bdi>1-58826-305-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Sahara%3A+Anatomy+of+a+Stalemate&rft.pub=International+Peace+Studies&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-58826-305-3&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPazzanitaHodges1994" class="citation book cs1">Pazzanita, Anthony G.; Hodges, Tony (1994). <i>Historical Dictionary of Western Sahara</i>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-2661-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-2661-5"><bdi>0-8108-2661-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Western+Sahara&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8108-2661-5&rft.aulast=Pazzanita&rft.aufirst=Anthony+G.&rft.au=Hodges%2C+Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShelley2004" class="citation book cs1">Shelley, Toby (2004). <i>Endgame in the Western Sahara: What Future for Africa's Last Colony?</i>. Zed Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84277-341-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-84277-341-0"><bdi>1-84277-341-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Endgame+in+the+Western+Sahara%3A+What+Future+for+Africa%27s+Last+Colony%3F&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-84277-341-0&rft.aulast=Shelley&rft.aufirst=Toby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Irene Fernández-Molina and Matthew Porges. 2019. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781351131759-29/western-sahara-irene-fern%C3%A1ndez-molina-matthew-porges">Western Sahara</a>." in <i>Routledge Handbook of State Recognition</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-External_links plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-external_links" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b>use of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a> may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_Sahara&action=edit">improve this article</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_mirror_or_a_repository_of_links,_images,_or_media_files" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">inappropriate</a> external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">footnote references</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Western Sahara</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Western_Sahara" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Western Sahara">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_-_Sahara_Occidental" class="extiw" title="c:صحراء غربية - Sahara Occidental">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Western_Sahara" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Western Sahara">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Western_Sahara" class="extiw" title="voy:Western Sahara">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6250" class="extiw" title="d:Q6250">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <dl><dt>General information</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14115273">Country Profile</a> from <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070612210735/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/wi.html">Western Sahara</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Western_Sahara" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Western Sahara">Wikimedia Atlas of Western Sahara</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>United Nations</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160120102318/http://www.minurso.unlb.org/">The United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara (MINURSO)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/geospatial/content/minurso-deployment-january-2021">MINURSO Deployment map</a> As of January 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_Sahara&action=edit">[update]</a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/depts/dpko/missions/minurso/reports.html">Reports of the UN Secretary General</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090930023459/http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/missions/minurso/reports.html">Archived</a> 30 September 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Human rights</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/middle-east-and-north-africa/morocco/"><i>Human rights in Morocco and Western-Sahara</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170420155254/https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/middle-east-and-north-africa/morocco/">Archived</a> 20 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Amnesty International.</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/middle-east/north-africa/morocco/western-sahara">Human rights in Morocco and Western-Sahara</a></i>, Human Rights Watch.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131215070627/http://asvdh.net/english/">The Sahrawi Association of Victims of Grave Human Rights Violations Committed by the Moroccan State (ASVDH)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150624095940/http://www.afapredesa.org/index.php">Association for the Families of Sahrawi Prisoners and the Disappeared (AFAPREDESA)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Legal history</dt></dl> <p>Stephen Robert Allen and Jamie Trinidad, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.routledge.com/9781032658797/">The Western Sahara Question and International Law: Recognition Doctrine and Self-determination</a> (Routledge, 2024, open access) </p> <dl><dt>Other links</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allafrica.com/westernsahara/">News headline links</a> from <a href="/wiki/AllAfrica.com" class="mw-redirect" title="AllAfrica.com">AllAfrica.com</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.the-monitor.org/index.php/publications/display?url=lm/2008/countries/western_sahara.html">Western Sahara, Landmine Monitor Report 2008</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMundy2004" class="citation journal cs1">Mundy, Jacob (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/mediterranean_quarterly/v015/15.3mundy.pdf">"Jacob Mundy – "Seized of the Matter". The UN and the Western Sahara Dispute"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Mediterranean Quarterly</i>. <b>15</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">130–</span>148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F10474552-15-3-130">10.1215/10474552-15-3-130</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155043312">155043312</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mediterranean+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Jacob+Mundy+%E2%80%93+%22Seized+of+the+Matter%22.+The+UN+and+the+Western+Sahara+Dispute.&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E130-%3C%2Fspan%3E148&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F10474552-15-3-130&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155043312%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mundy&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fjournals%2Fmediterranean_quarterly%2Fv015%2F15.3mundy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestern+Sahara" class="Z3988"></span> (<a href="/wiki/Baker_Plan" title="Baker Plan">Baker Plan</a> debate).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091202021644/http://www.westernsaharaonline.net/">Western Sahara Online (pro-Morocco)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spsrasd.info/">Sahara Press Service (pro-Polisario)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chronicle.fanack.com/morocco/history-past-to-present/western-sahara-drilling-in-disputed-waters/">Fanack.com independent website that provides non-partisan facts and analysis of the MENA region</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402192422/https://chronicle.fanack.com/morocco/history-past-to-present/western-sahara-drilling-in-disputed-waters/">Archived</a> 2 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_North_Africa682" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_North_Africa" title="Template:Countries and territories of North Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_of_North_Africa" title="Template talk:Countries and territories of North Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_North_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and territories of North Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_North_Africa682" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries and territories of <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Sudan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sudan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">Partially recognized state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic"><img alt="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">SADR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Western Sahara</a><sup>1</sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alboran_Island" title="Alboran Island">Alboran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_Islands" title="Alhucemas Islands">Alhucemas</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chafarinas_Islands" title="Chafarinas Islands">Chafarinas</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_V%C3%A9lez_de_la_Gomera" title="Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera">Vélez de la Gomera</a><sup>2</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savage_Islands" title="Savage Islands">Savage Islands</a><sup>3</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halaib_Triangle" title="Halaib Triangle">Hala'ib Triangle</a><sup>4</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Halfa_Salient" title="Wadi Halfa Salient">Wadi Halfa Salient</a><sup>4</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bir_Tawil" title="Bir Tawil">Bir Tawil</a><sup>5</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>/<a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyei" title="Abyei">Abyei</a><sup>6</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafia_Kingi" title="Kafia Kingi">Kafia Kingi</a><sup>6</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aouzou_Strip" title="Aouzou Strip">Aouzou Strip</a><sup>7</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perejil_Island" title="Perejil Island">Perejil</a><sup>8</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><sup>1</sup>Entirely claimed by both Morocco and the <a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">SADR</a>.</i> <i><sup>2</sup>Spanish exclaves claimed by Morocco.</i> <i><sup>3</sup>Portuguese archipelago claimed by Spain.</i> <i><sup>4</sup>Disputed between Egypt and the Sudan.</i> <i><sup>5</sup><a href="/wiki/Terra_nullius" title="Terra nullius">Unclaimed territory</a> located between Egypt and the Sudan.</i> <i><sup>6</sup>Disputed between South Sudan and the Sudan.</i> <i><sup>7</sup>Part of Chad, formerly claimed by Libya.</i> <i><sup>8</sup>Disputed between Morocco and Spain</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa699" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Africa" title="Template talk:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_Africa699" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Africa" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa">Countries and territories</a> of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> (partly in Asia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited<br />recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">unclear sovereignty</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent<br />territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Îles Éparses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">African territories<br />fully part of<br />non-African states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savage_Islands" title="Savage Islands">Savage Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yemen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Africa" title="Category:Africa">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic_articles704" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic_topics" title="Template talk:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic_articles704" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_Sahara" title="History of Western Sahara">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Before 1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_colonial_wars_in_Morocco" title="List of Spanish colonial wars in Morocco">Colonial wars in Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Spanish Sahara <span style="font-size:85%;">(1884–1975)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish Morocco <span style="font-size:85%;">(1913–1956)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Army_of_Liberation" title="Moroccan Army of Liberation">Moroccan Army of Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War <span style="font-size:85%;">(1957–1958)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1975_United_Nations_visiting_mission_to_Spanish_Sahara" title="1975 United Nations visiting mission to Spanish Sahara">UN visiting mission <span style="font-size:85%;">(May)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice_Advisory_Opinion_on_Western_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="International Court of Justice Advisory Opinion on Western Sahara">ICJ Advisory Opinion <span style="font-size:85%;">(October)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_March" title="Green March">Green March <span style="font-size:85%;">(November)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Accords" title="Madrid Accords">Madrid Accords <span style="font-size:85%;">(November)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Since 1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War <span style="font-size:85%;">(1975–1991)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan Wall">Berm <span style="font-size:85%;">(built 1981–1987)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_peace_process" title="Western Sahara peace process">Western Sahara peace process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_Plan" title="Settlement Plan">Settlement Plan <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_for_the_Referendum_in_Western_Sahara" title="United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara">UN referendum mission <span style="font-size:85%;">(MINURSO, 1991–present)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Agreement" title="Houston Agreement">Houston Agreement <span style="font-size:85%;">(1997)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Plan" title="Baker Plan">Baker Plan <span style="font-size:85%;">(2000/2003)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1495" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1495">UN Security Council Resolution 1495 <span style="font-size:85%;">(2003)</span></a> / <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1754" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1754">1754 <span style="font-size:85%;">(2007)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhasset_negotiations" title="Manhasset negotiations">Manhasset negotiations <span style="font-size:85%;">(2007–2008)</span></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Flag of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/110px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/165px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Western_Sahara" title="Geography of Western Sahara">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Western_Sahara" title="Template:Borders of Western Sahara">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Western_Sahara" title="List of cities in Western Sahara">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Western_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Western Sahara">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Western_Sahara" title="List of ecoregions in Western Sahara">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Western_Sahara" title="Wildlife of Western Sahara">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Politics of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Constitution of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Diplomatic relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="International recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">International recognition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_National_Council" title="Sahrawi National Council">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polisario_Front" title="Polisario Front">Polisario Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Western_Sahara" title="Political status of Western Sahara">Political status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="President of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Prime Minister of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Western_Sahara" title="Economy of Western Sahara">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_peseta" title="Sahrawi peseta">Sahrawi peseta <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Western_Sahara" title="Telecommunications in Western Sahara">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Western_Sahara" title="Transport in Western Sahara">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Category:Society of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Western_Sahara" title="Demographics of Western Sahara">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Saharan_cuisine" title="Western Saharan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Western_Sahara" title="Human rights in Western Sahara">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Western_Sahara" title="Music of Western Sahara">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahrawi people">Sahrawi people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Outline of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Western_Sahara" title="Bibliography of Western Sahara">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Category:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Western_Sahara" title="Portal:Western Sahara">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_with_limited_recognition575" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_with_limited_recognition" title="Template:States with limited recognition"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_with_limited_recognition" title="Template talk:States with limited recognition"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_with_limited_recognition" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States with limited recognition"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_with_limited_recognition575" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Details concerning <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">international recognition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign relations</a> provided by the articles linked in parentheses</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">UN member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Partially_unrecognised22" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Partially unrecognised</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Republic of Armenia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Armenia" title="Foreign relations of Armenia">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_China" title="Foreign relations of China">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Republic of Cyprus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Cyprus" title="Foreign relations of Cyprus">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">State of Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Israel" title="International recognition of Israel">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Israel" title="Foreign relations of Israel">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">Democratic People's Republic of Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_North_Korea" title="Foreign relations of North Korea">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">Republic of Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Korea" title="Foreign relations of South Korea">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">UN specialized agency members<br /> or <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_observers" title="United Nations General Assembly observers">GA observer</a> state</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Partially_unrecognised22" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Partially unrecognised</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="International recognition of the State of Palestine">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign relations of the State of Palestine">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Republic of Kosovo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Kosovo" title="International recognition of Kosovo">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Kosovo" title="Foreign relations of Kosovo">relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membership_of_Kosovo_in_international_organizations" title="Membership of Kosovo in international organizations">membership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Cook_Islands" title="Foreign relations of the Cook Islands">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Niue" title="Foreign relations of Niue">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Non-UN member<br />states</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised by at least<br />one UN member</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Republic of Abkhazia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia" title="International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Abkhazia" title="Foreign relations of Abkhazia">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Taiwan" title="Foreign relations of Taiwan">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Foreign relations of Northern Cyprus">relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membership_of_Northern_Cyprus_in_international_organizations" title="Membership of Northern Cyprus in international organizations">membership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="International recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">Republic of South Ossetia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia" title="International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Ossetia" title="Foreign relations of South Ossetia">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised only by<br />non-UN members</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Transnistria" title="Foreign relations of Transnistria">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Republic of Somaliland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somaliland" title="Foreign relations of Somaliland">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_Sahara_articles990" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Western_Sahara_topics" title="Template:Western Sahara topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Western_Sahara_topics" title="Template talk:Western Sahara topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Western_Sahara_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Western Sahara topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_Sahara_articles990" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Western Sahara</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Western_Sahara" title="Political status of Western Sahara">Political status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Republic</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Provinces" title="Southern Provinces">Southern Provinces</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_Sahara" title="History of Western Sahara">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Before 1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Spanish Sahara <span style="font-size:85%;">(1884–1975)</span></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Spanish_Sahara" title="List of colonial governors of Spanish Sahara">Colonial governors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1975_United_Nations_visiting_mission_to_Spanish_Sahara" title="1975 United Nations visiting mission to Spanish Sahara">UN visiting mission <span style="font-size:85%;">(May)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice_Advisory_Opinion_on_Western_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="International Court of Justice Advisory Opinion on Western Sahara">ICJ Advisory Opinion <span style="font-size:85%;">(October)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_March" title="Green March">Green March <span style="font-size:85%;">(November)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Accords" title="Madrid Accords">Madrid Accords <span style="font-size:85%;">(November)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Since 1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_War" title="Western Sahara War">Western Sahara War <span style="font-size:85%;">(1975–1991)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic <span style="font-size:85%;">(SADR, 1976–present)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan Wall">Berm <span style="font-size:85%;">(built 1981–1987)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settlement_Plan" title="Settlement Plan">Settlement Plan <span style="font-size:85%;">(1991)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_for_the_Referendum_in_Western_Sahara" title="United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara">UN referendum mission <span style="font-size:85%;">(MINURSO, 1991–present)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Agreement" title="Houston Agreement">Houston Agreement <span style="font-size:85%;">(1997)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baker_Plan" title="Baker Plan">Baker Plan <span style="font-size:85%;">(2000/2003)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1495" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1495">UN Security Council Resolution 1495 <span style="font-size:85%;">(2003)</span></a> / <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1754" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1754">1754 <span style="font-size:85%;">(2007)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhasset_negotiations" title="Manhasset negotiations">Manhasset negotiations <span style="font-size:85%;">(2007–2008)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Western_Sahara" title="Geography of Western Sahara">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Western_Sahara" title="Template:Borders of Western Sahara">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Western_Sahara" title="List of cities in Western Sahara">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Western_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Western Sahara">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Western_Sahara" title="List of ecoregions in Western Sahara">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Western_Sahara" title="Wildlife of Western Sahara">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Western_Sahara" title="Politics of Western Sahara">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Western_Sahara" title="Human rights in Western Sahara">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="International recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">International recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_Western_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal status of Western Sahara">Legal status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Initiative_for_Western_Sahara" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan Initiative for Western Sahara">Moroccan Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Western_Sahara_Wall" title="Moroccan Western Sahara Wall">Moroccan Western Sahara Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polisario_Front" title="Polisario Front">Polisario Front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Former_members_of_the_Polisario_Front" title="Former members of the Polisario Front">former members</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Western_Sahara" title="Politics of Western Sahara">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Politics of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">SADR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Sahrawi People's Liberation Army">Sahrawi People's Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Advisory_Council_for_Saharan_Affairs" title="Royal Advisory Council for Saharan Affairs">Royal Advisory Council for Saharan Affairs (CORCAS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Western_Sahara" title="Economy of Western Sahara">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_peseta" title="Sahrawi peseta">Sahrawi peseta <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Western_Sahara" title="Telecommunications in Western Sahara">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Western_Sahara" title="Transport in Western Sahara">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Western_Sahara" title="Culture of Western Sahara">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Saharan_cuisine" title="Western Saharan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Western_Sahara" title="Demographics of Western Sahara">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Western_Sahara" title="Music of Western Sahara">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahrawi people">Sahrawi people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Outline of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Western_Sahara" title="Bibliography of Western Sahara">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Western_Sahara" title="Category:Western Sahara">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Western_Sahara" title="Portal:Western Sahara">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6250#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1861" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6250#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1861" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6250#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/127856076">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1216405/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvmJCRCvxyDP9V9tTTmBP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4289787-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81130239">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00576627">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Západní Sahara"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0124300&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/fcrtt0zz0tr5lv6">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007562016105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/c14bc23d-d5fe-3146-9ddf-2cd78ec62d8f">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/f4f6314f-6abe-45fd-b12b-ebfe0e15faec">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/KdE9y8PQ">UK Parliament</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035840">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=15883">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Western_Sahara&params=24_N_14_W_type:country"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">24°N</span> <span class="longitude">14°W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">24°N 14°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">24; -14</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_Sahara&oldid=1275453936">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_Sahara&oldid=1275453936</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Western_Sahara" title="Category:Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Maghrebi_countries" title="Category:Maghrebi countries">Maghrebi countries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Saharan_countries" title="Category:Saharan countries">Saharan countries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Countries_and_territories_where_Arabic_is_an_official_language" title="Category:Countries and territories where Arabic is an official language">Countries and territories where Arabic is an official language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Disputed_territories_in_Africa" title="Category:Disputed territories in Africa">Disputed territories in Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Territorial_disputes_of_Morocco" title="Category:Territorial disputes of Morocco">Territorial disputes of Morocco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_Spanish_colonies" title="Category:Former Spanish colonies">Former Spanish colonies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Countries_in_Africa" title="Category:Countries in Africa">Countries in Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish-speaking_countries_and_territories" title="Category:Spanish-speaking countries and territories">Spanish-speaking countries and territories</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_non-numeric_formatnum_arguments" title="Category:Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments">Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text">Articles containing Spanish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_August_2018" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from August 2018">Articles with dead external links from August 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_May_2011" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from May 2011">Articles lacking reliable references from May 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_July_2007" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from July 2007">Articles lacking reliable references from July 2007</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">CS1 maint: others</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_semi-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_March_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from March 2021">Use dmy dates from March 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_July_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2024">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_October_2013" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from October 2013">Articles lacking reliable references from October 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2011" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2010" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_May_2024" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from May 2024">Articles needing additional references from May 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2010" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_May_2011" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011">Articles with unsourced statements from May 2011</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_June_2018" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2018">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_June_2023" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from June 2023">Articles needing additional references from June 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating_from_June_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles in need of updating from June 2024">Wikipedia articles in need of updating from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_in_need_of_updating" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles in need of updating">All Wikipedia articles in need of updating</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2013" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_external_links_cleanup_from_June_2017" title="Category:Wikipedia external links cleanup from June 2017">Wikipedia external links cleanup from June 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_hidden_wikidata" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata">Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with default search">Pages using Sister project links with default search</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_January_2021" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2021">Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 February 2025, at 03:25<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_Sahara&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Western Sahara</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>168 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-ptjbj","wgBackendResponseTime":128,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.968","walltime":"2.414","ppvisitednodes":{"value":17617,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":517398,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":37306,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":27,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":76,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":574010,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2134.901 1 -total"," 33.28% 710.562 2 Template:Reflist"," 17.84% 380.775 96 Template:Cite_web"," 17.42% 371.898 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 14.98% 319.730 1 Template:Infobox"," 9.57% 204.360 11 Template:Navbox"," 7.26% 155.015 1 Template:Countries_and_territories_of_North_Africa"," 4.42% 94.275 1 Template:SADR_topics"," 4.23% 90.299 1 Template:Country_topics"," 4.15% 88.630 2 Template:Native_name"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.243","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23377241,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","14.7"],["?","200","13.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","160","10.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","120","8.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","5.3"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","60","4.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::expandTemplate","60","4.0"],["type","60","4.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","60","4.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","60","4.0"],["[others]","420","28.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-b766959bd-kjz5s","timestamp":"20250217045324","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Western Sahara","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Western_Sahara","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6250","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6250","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-05-31T01:45:08Z","dateModified":"2025-02-13T03:25:11Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/22\/Westernsaharamap.png","headline":"territory in North and West Africa"}</script> </body> </html>