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<div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Anglicisation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle-h%C3%B2a" title="Angle-hòa – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Angle-hòa" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seisnigo" title="Seisnigo – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Seisnigo" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglisierung" title="Anglisierung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anglisierung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanizaci%C3%B3n" title="Anglicanización – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anglicanización" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="انگلیسی‌سازی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انگلیسی‌سازی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anglicisation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="अंग्रेजीकरण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अंग्रेजीकरण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglikisasi" title="Anglikisasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Anglikisasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinginggris" title="Pinginggris – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pinginggris" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verengelsing" title="Verengelsing – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Verengelsing" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglisering" title="Anglisering – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Anglisering" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angliciza%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Anglicização – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Anglicização" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicizare" title="Anglicizare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anglicizare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Англизация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Англизация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D1%83_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Англицизми у српском језику – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Англицизми у српском језику" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9" title="การแผลงเป็นอังกฤษ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การแผลงเป็นอังกฤษ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Form of cultural assimilation</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Anglicism" title="Anglicism">Anglicism</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For linguistic anglicisation, see <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation_(linguistics)" title="Anglicisation (linguistics)">Anglicisation (linguistics)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anglicise" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:anglicise">anglicise</a></b></i> or <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anglicize" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:anglicize">anglicize</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Big_Ben_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4891071.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Big_Ben_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4891071.jpg/220px-Big_Ben_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4891071.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Big_Ben_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4891071.jpg/330px-Big_Ben_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4891071.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Big_Ben_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4891071.jpg/440px-Big_Ben_-_geograph.org.uk_-_4891071.jpg 2x" data-file-width="733" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption> Big Ben, a cultural symbol of Britain </figcaption></figure> <p><b>Anglicisation</b> or <b>Anglicization</b> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">cultural assimilation</a> whereby something non-English becomes assimilated into or influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_England" title="Culture of England">culture of England</a>. It can be sociocultural, in which a non-English or place adopts the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> or culture; institutional, in which institutions are influenced by those of <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> or the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>; or <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation_(linguistics)" title="Anglicisation (linguistics)">linguistic</a>, in which a non-English term or name is altered due to the cultural influence of the English language.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can also refer to the influence of English <a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">soft power</a>, which includes media, cuisine, popular culture, technology, business practices, laws and political systems.<sup id="cite_ref-Breen,_pp._467-499_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breen,_pp._467-499-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anglicisation first occurred in the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> under the sovereignty of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_English_monarchs" title="List of English monarchs">king of England</a> underwent a process of anglicisation.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Celtic_language_decline_in_England" title="Celtic language decline in England">Celtic language decline in England</a> was mostly complete by 1000 AD, but continued in <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> and other regions until the 18th century. In <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, the decline of <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> began during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland" title="Malcolm III of Scotland">Malcolm III of Scotland</a> to the point where by the mid-14th century the <a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots language</a> was the dominant national language among the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 139">: 139 </span></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, however, the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh language</a> has continued to be spoken by a large part of the country's population due to <a href="/wiki/Language_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Language revival">language revival</a> measures aimed at countering historical anglicisation measures such as the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_not" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh not">Welsh not</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_examples">History and examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicisation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Channel_Islands">Channel Islands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicisation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Channel Islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jersey#Anglicisation" title="History of Jersey">History of Jersey § Anglicisation</a></div> <p>In the early parts of the 19th century, mostly due to increased immigration from the rest of the British Isles, the town of <a href="/wiki/St_Helier" title="St Helier">St Helier</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a> became a predominantly English-speaking place, though bilingualism was still common. This created a divided linguistic geography, as the people of the countryside continued to use forms of <a href="/wiki/Norman_language" title="Norman language">Norman French</a>, and many did not even know English.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 38–9">: 38–9 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:23_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 268">: 268 </span></sup> English became seen in the Channel Islands as "the language of commercial success and moral and intellectual achievement".<sup id="cite_ref-:23_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 269">: 269 </span></sup> The growth of English and the decline of French brought about the adoption of more values and social structures from <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> England.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually, this led to the Channel Islands's culture becoming mostly anglicised, which supplanted the traditional Norman-based culture of the Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 270">: 270 </span></sup> </p><p>From 1912, the educational system of the Channel Islands was delivered solely in English, following the norms of the <a href="/wiki/Education_in_England" title="Education in England">English educational system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anglicisation was supported by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a>, and it was suggested that anglicisation would not only encourage loyalty and congeniality between the Channel Islands and Britain, but also provide economic prosperity and improved "general happiness". During the 19th century, there was concern over the practise of sending young Channel Islanders to France for education, as they might have brought back French culture and viewpoints back to the Islands. The <a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">upper class</a> in the Channel Islands supported anglicising the Islands, due to the social and economic benefits it would bring. <a href="/wiki/Anglophile" title="Anglophile">Anglophiles</a> such as John Le Couteur strove to introduce <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_England" title="Culture of England">English culture</a> to <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:23_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:23-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 268">: 268 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Isles">British Isles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicisation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: British Isles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anglicisation was an essential element in the development of British society and of the development of a unified British polity.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>, anglicisation can be defined as influence of English culture in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a>. Until the 19th century, most significant period for anglicisation in those regions was the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>. Between 1000 and 1300, the British Isles became increasingly anglicised. Firstly, the ruling classes of England, who were of Norman origin after the <a href="/wiki/Norman_Conquest" title="Norman Conquest">Norman Conquest</a> of 1066, became anglicised as their separate <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> identity, different from the identity of the native <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a>, became replaced with a single <a href="/wiki/English_national_identity" title="English national identity">English national identity</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Secondly, English communities in Wales and Ireland emphasised their English identities, which became established through the settlement of various parts of Wales and Ireland between the 11th and 17th centuries under the guidance of successive English kings. In Wales, this primarily occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Wales_by_Edward_I" title="Conquest of Wales by Edward I">conquest of Wales by Edward I</a>, which involved English and <a href="/wiki/Flemish_people" title="Flemish people">Flemish</a> settlers being <a href="/wiki/Plantation_(settlement_or_colony)" title="Plantation (settlement or colony)">"planted"</a> in various newly established settlements in Welsh territory. English settlers in Ireland mostly resided in <a href="/wiki/The_Pale" title="The Pale">the Pale</a>, a small area concentrated around <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>. However, much of the land the English settled was not intensively used or densely populated. The culture of settling English populations in Wales and Ireland remained heavy influenced by that of England. These communities were also socially and culturally segregated from the native Irish and Welsh, a distinction which was reinforced by government legislation such as the <a href="/wiki/Statutes_of_Kilkenny" title="Statutes of Kilkenny">Statutes of Kilkenny</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wales">Wales</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicisation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, Wales was gradually conquered by the English. The institutional anglicisation of Wales was finalised with the <a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535_and_1542" title="Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542">Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542</a>, which fully incorporated Wales into the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a>. This not only institutionally anglicised Wales, but brought about the anglicisation of the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh culture">Welsh culture</a> and language. Motives for anglicising Wales included securing <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> England against incursions from Catholic powers in <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Continental Europe</a> and promoting the power of the Welsh <a href="/wiki/House_of_Tudor" title="House of Tudor">Tudor dynasty</a> in the rest of England.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholars have argued that <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialisation</a> prevented Wales from being anglicised to the extent of Ireland and Scotland, as the majority of the Welsh people did not move abroad in search of employment during the early modern era, and thus did not have to learn to speak English. Furthermore, migration patterns created a cultural division of labour, with national migrants tending to work in coalfields or remain in rural villages, while non-national migrants were attracted to coastal towns and cities. This preserved monocultural Welsh communities, ensuring the continued prominence of the Welsh language and customs within them. However, other scholars argue that industrialisation and <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanisation</a> led to economic decline in rural Wales, and given that the country's large towns and cities were anglicised, this led to an overall anglicisation of the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Elementary_Education_Act_1870" title="Elementary Education Act 1870">Elementary Education Act 1870</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Intermediate_Education_Act_1889" title="Welsh Intermediate Education Act 1889">Welsh Intermediate Education Act 1889</a> introduced compulsory English-language education into the <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Wales" title="Education in Wales">Welsh educational system</a>. English "was perceived as the language of progress, equality, prosperity, mass entertainment and pleasure". This and other administrative reforms resulted in the institutional and cultural dominance of English and marginalisation of Welsh, especially in the more urban <a href="/wiki/South_Wales" title="South Wales">south</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_East_Wales" title="North East Wales">north-east</a> of Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, the Commission for Welsh-speaking Communities warned that the emigration of Anglophones to Welsh-speaking villages and towns was putting the Welsh language at risk.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicisation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 19th and 20th centuries, there was a nationwide effort in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> to anglicise all <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">immigrants to the US</a>. This was carried out through methods including (but not limited to) mandating the teaching of <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a> and having all immigrants change their first names to English-sounding names. This movement was known as <a href="/wiki/Americanization_(immigration)" title="Americanization (immigration)">Americanization</a> and is considered a subset of Anglicization due to English being the dominant language in the United States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Linguistic_anglicisation">Linguistic anglicisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicisation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Linguistic anglicisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation_(linguistics)" title="Anglicisation (linguistics)">Anglicisation (linguistics)</a></div> <p>Linguistic anglicisation is the practice of modifying foreign words, names, and phrases to make them easier to spell, pronounce or understand in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term commonly refers to the respelling of foreign words, often to a more drastic degree than that implied in, for example, <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanisation</a>. </p><p>Non-English words may be anglicised by changing their form and/or pronunciation to something more familiar to English speakers. Some foreign place names are commonly anglicised in English. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Danish</a> city København (<a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> city of Moskva (<a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Swedish</a> city of Göteborg (<a href="/wiki/Gothenburg" title="Gothenburg">Gothenburg</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> city of Den Haag (<a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> city of Sevilla (<a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a> city of Al-Qāhira (<a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> city of Firenze (<a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>). The <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Indian</a> city of Kolkata used to be anglicised as <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Calcutta</a>, until the city chose to change its official name back to Kolkata in 2001. Anglicisation of words and names from indigenous languages occurred across the <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a> in former parts of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. <a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">Toponyms</a> in particular have been affected by this process. </p><p>In the past, the names of people from other language areas were anglicised to a higher extent than today. This was the general rule for names of Latin or (classical) Greek origin. Today, the anglicised name forms are often retained for the more well-known persons, like <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> for Aristoteles, and <a href="/wiki/Adrian_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrian IV">Adrian</a> (or later <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>) for Hadrianus. During the time in which there were large influxes of immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> during the 19th and 20th centuries, the names of many immigrants were never changed by immigration officials but only by personal choice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglicisation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCouplandThomas1990" class="citation book cs1">Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tPwYt3gVbu4C&dq=Anglicisation&pg=PA19">"2. The Anglicisation of Wales"</a>. <i>English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change</i>. Multilingual Matters. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85359-031-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85359-031-3"><bdi>978-1-85359-031-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44961554">44961554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2.+The+Anglicisation+of+Wales&rft.btitle=English+in+Wales%3A+Diversity%2C+Conflict%2C+and+Change&rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44961554&rft.isbn=978-1-85359-031-3&rft.aulast=Coupland&rft.aufirst=Nikolas&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Alan+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtPwYt3gVbu4C%26dq%3DAnglicisation%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bridge, Carl, and Fedorowich, Kent. <i>The British World: Diaspora, Culture, and Identity</i>, 2003, p. 89. "Beyond gaps in our information about who or what was affected by anglicisation is the matter of understanding the process more fully in terms of agency, periodisation, and extent and limitations."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Breen,_pp._467-499-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Breen,_pp._467-499_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreen1986" class="citation journal cs1">Breen, T.H. (October 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-british-studies/article/abs/an-empire-of-goods-the-anglicization-of-colonial-america-16901776/0F37F013A68599667122B478D0CF1147">"An Empire of Goods: The Anglicization of Colonial America, 1690–1776"</a>. <i>Journal of British Studies</i>. <b>25</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 467–499. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F385874">10.1086/385874</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144798714">144798714</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+British+Studies&rft.atitle=An+Empire+of+Goods%3A+The+Anglicization+of+Colonial+America%2C+1690%E2%80%931776&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=467-499&rft.date=1986-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F385874&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144798714%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Breen&rft.aufirst=T.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-british-studies%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fan-empire-of-goods-the-anglicization-of-colonial-america-16901776%2F0F37F013A68599667122B478D0CF1147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies2000" class="citation book cs1">Davies, R.R. (2000). "The Anglicization of the British Isles". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/940657419"><i>First English Empire: Power and Identities in the British Isles 1093–1343 (Ford lectures; 1998)</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/940657419">940657419</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Anglicization+of+the+British+Isles&rft.btitle=First+English+Empire%3A+Power+and+Identities+in+the+British+Isles+1093%E2%80%931343+%28Ford+lectures%3B+1998%29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F940657419&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=R.R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F940657419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWithers1984" class="citation book cs1">Withers, Charles W.J. (1984). <i>Gaelic in Scotland, 1698-1981: the geographical history of a language</i>. Edinburgh: J. Donald. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85976-097-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85976-097-9"><bdi>0-85976-097-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12078924">12078924</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gaelic+in+Scotland%2C+1698-1981%3A+the+geographical+history+of+a+language&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=J.+Donald&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F12078924&rft.isbn=0-85976-097-9&rft.aulast=Withers&rft.aufirst=Charles+W.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmbletonWithers1985" class="citation journal cs1">Embleton, Sheila M.; Withers, Charles W.J. (September 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307/414416">"Gaelic in Scotland 1698-1981: The Geographical History of a Language"</a>. <i>Language</i>. <b>61</b> (3): 718. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F414416">10.2307/414416</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0097-8507">0097-8507</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/414416">414416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=Gaelic+in+Scotland+1698-1981%3A+The+Geographical+History+of+a+Language&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=718&rft.date=1985-09&rft.issn=0097-8507&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F414416%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F414416&rft.aulast=Embleton&rft.aufirst=Sheila+M.&rft.au=Withers%2C+Charles+W.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.2307%2F414416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLe_Feuvre1994" class="citation book cs1">Le Feuvre, David (1994). <i>Jersey: Not Quite British: The Rural History of a Singular People</i>. Jersey: Seaflower Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-948578-57-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-948578-57-2"><bdi>0-948578-57-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/29846615">29846615</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jersey%3A+Not+Quite+British%3A+The+Rural+History+of+a+Singular+People&rft.place=Jersey&rft.pub=Seaflower+Books&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F29846615&rft.isbn=0-948578-57-2&rft.aulast=Le+Feuvre&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:23_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelleher1991" class="citation thesis cs1">Kelleher, John D. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk/record=b1410448~S15"><i>The rural community in nineteenth century Jersey</i></a> (Thesis). S.l.: typescript.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+rural+community+in+nineteenth+century+Jersey&rft.inst=typescript&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Kelleher&rft.aufirst=John+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpugwash.lib.warwick.ac.uk%2Frecord%3Db1410448~S15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2022" class="citation web cs1">Morris, Steven (8 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/nov/08/second-homes-and-brexit-pushing-welsh-language-to-tipping-point">"Second homes and Brexit pushing Welsh language to 'tipping point'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230102201925/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/nov/08/second-homes-and-brexit-pushing-welsh-language-to-tipping-point">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Second+homes+and+Brexit+pushing+Welsh+language+to+%27tipping+point%27&rft.date=2022-11-08&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2022%2Fnov%2F08%2Fsecond-homes-and-brexit-pushing-welsh-language-to-tipping-point&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglicisation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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"}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cultural_assimilation" title="Template:Cultural assimilation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cultural_assimilation" title="Template talk:Cultural assimilation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cultural_assimilation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cultural assimilation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cultural_assimilation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanization" title="Africanization">Africanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanisation" title="Albanisation">Albanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanization" title="Americanization">Americanisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americanization_(immigration)" title="Americanization (immigration)">immigrants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation_of_Native_Americans" title="Cultural assimilation of Native Americans">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicisation_of_names" title="Anglicisation of names">names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anglicisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabized_Armenians" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabized Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabized_Berber" title="Arabized Berber">Berbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Arab">Blacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Jews" title="Arab Jews">Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araucanization_of_Patagonia" title="Araucanization of Patagonia">Araucanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusization" title="Belarusization">Belarusisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soft_Belarusization" title="Soft Belarusization">soft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_nationalism" title="Bengali nationalism">Bengalisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_renamed_places_in_Bangladesh" title="List of renamed places in Bangladesh">placenames</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniakisation" title="Bosniakisation">Bosniakisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarisation" title="Bulgarisation">Bulgarisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadianization_movement" title="Canadianization movement">Canadianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celticisation" title="Celticisation">Celticisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilenization_of_Tacna,_Arica_and_Tarapac%C3%A1" title="Chilenization of Tacna, Arica and Tarapacá">Chilenisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombianization_of_Leticia,_Putumayo_and_Caquet%C3%A1" title="Colombianization of Leticia, Putumayo and Caquetá">Colombianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creolization" title="Creolization">Creolisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatisation" title="Croatisation">Croatisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechization" title="Czechization">Czechisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutchification" title="Dutchification">Dutchification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonianization" title="Estonianization">Estonianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europeanisation" title="Europeanisation">Europeanisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnicization" title="Finnicization">Finnicisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francization" title="Francization">Francisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francization_of_Brussels" title="Francization of Brussels">Brussels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelicisation" title="Gaelicisation">Gaelicisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgification" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgification">Georgification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiianization" title="Hawaiianization">Hawaiianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanicization" title="Hispanicization">Hispanicisation</a> or Castilianisation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indianisation" title="Indianisation">Indianisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaming_of_cities_in_India" title="Renaming of cities in India">placenames</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenization" title="Indigenization">Indigenisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Awakening" title="Indonesian National Awakening">Indonesation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelization" title="Israelization">Israelisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_surnames" title="Hebraization of surnames">names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italianization" title="Italianization">Italianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanization" title="Japanization">Japanisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanification" title="Japanification">Japanification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanisation" title="Javanisation">Javanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kazakhization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kazakhization (page does not exist)">Kazakhisation</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" class="extiw" title="ru:Казахизация">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanization" title="Koreanization">Koreanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdification" title="Kurdification">Kurdification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvianization" title="Latvianization">Latvianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanization" title="Lithuanization">Lithuanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magyarization" title="Magyarization">Magyarisation</a> or Hungarisation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonianisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonianisation">Macedonianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayisation" title="Malayisation">Malayisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolization" title="Mongolization">Mongolisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_nationalism" title="Montenegrin nationalism">Montenegrinisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegianization" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegianization">Norwegianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanism" title="Pakistanism">Pakistanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunization" title="Pashtunization">Pashtunisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_colonization_of_northern_Afghanistan" title="Pashtun colonization of northern Afghanistan">Northern Afghanistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persianization" title="Persianization">Persianisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persianate_society" title="Persianate society">societies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polonization" title="Polonization">Polonisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanianization" title="Romanianization">Romanianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanisation</a> or Latinisation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latinisation_of_names" title="Latinisation of names">names</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russification" title="Russification">Russification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Finland" title="Russification of Finland">Finland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffronisation" title="Saffronisation">Saffronisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskritisation" title="Sanskritisation">Sanskritisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbianisation" title="Serbianisation">Serbianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalisation" title="Sinhalisation">Sinhalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">Sinicisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinicization_of_Tibet" title="Sinicization of Tibet">Tibet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavicisation" title="Slavicisation">Slavicisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakization" title="Slovakization">Slovakisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovietization" title="Sovietization">Sovietisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swahilization" title="Swahilization">Swahilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedification" title="Swedification">Swedification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talibanization" title="Talibanization">Talibanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalism" title="Taiwanese nationalism">Taiwanisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamilization" title="Tamilization">Tamilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaification" title="Thaification">Thaification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Surname_Law_(Turkey)" title="Surname Law (Turkey)">surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_name_changes_in_Turkey" title="Place name changes in Turkey">placenames</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenization" title="Turkmenization">Turkmenisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainization" title="Ukrainization">Ukrainisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekisation" title="Uzbekisation">Uzbekisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamization_(cultural_assimilation)" title="Vietnamization (cultural assimilation)">Vietnamisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westernisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Westernisation">Westernisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolofization" title="Wolofization">Wolofisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticit%C3%A9_(Zaire)" title="Authenticité (Zaire)">Zairianisation</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assimilation by religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduisation">Hinduisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaization" title="Judaization">Judaisation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Assimilation by writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization" title="Cyrillization">Cyrillisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanisation of the writings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latinisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Latinisation in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Opposite trends</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De-arabisation" class="mw-redirect" title="De-arabisation">De-arabisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decommunization" title="Decommunization">De-communisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">De-stalinisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">De-nazification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derussification" title="Derussification">De-russification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korenizatsiia" title="Korenizatsiia">Korenizatsiia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latinisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Latinisation in the Soviet Union">Latinisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derussification_in_Ukraine" title="Derussification in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Sinicization" title="De-Sinicization">De-sinicisation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vergangenheitsbew%C3%A4ltigung" title="Vergangenheitsbewältigung">Vergangenheitsbewältigung</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_globalization" title="Cultural globalization">Cultural globalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">Cultural imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_culture" title="Dominant culture">Dominant culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_assimilation" title="Forced assimilation">Forced assimilation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_religious_conversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Forced religious conversion">Forced religious conversion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_colonialism" title="Internal colonialism">Internal colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">Jewish assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">Language shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_pot" title="Melting pot">Melting pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Monoculturalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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