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id="toc-Khalji_dynasty_(1290–1320)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tughlaq_dynasty_(1320–1413)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tughlaq_dynasty_(1320–1413)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 Tughlaq dynasty (1320–1413) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tughlaq_dynasty_(1320–1413)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sayyid_dynasty_(1414–1450)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sayyid_dynasty_(1414–1450)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.4 Sayyid dynasty (1414–1450) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sayyid_dynasty_(1414–1450)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lodi_dynasty_(1451–1526)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lodi_dynasty_(1451–1526)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.5 Lodi dynasty (1451–1526) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lodi_dynasty_(1451–1526)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Political_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Political system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_policy_and_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_policy_and_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Economic policy and administration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_policy_and_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Social policies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Factors </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Factors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Factors subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Demographics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tughlaq_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tughlaq_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Tughlaq architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tughlaq_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_rulers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_rulers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 List of rulers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_rulers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Downfall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Downfall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Downfall </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Downfall-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Downfall subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Downfall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battles_and_massacres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battles_and_massacres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Battles and massacres </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battles_and_massacres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Desecration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Desecration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Desecration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Desecration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Delhi Sultanate</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" > 72 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%87%D9%8A" title="سلطنة دلهي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلطنة دلهي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanatu_de_Delhi" title="Sultanatu de Delhi – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sultanatu de Delhi" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehli_sultanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Dehli sultanlığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dehli sultanlığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%BA%DB%8C" title="دهلی سولطانلیغی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دهلی سولطانلیغی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4" title="দিল্লি সালতানাত – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দিল্লি সালতানাত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Дели солтанлығы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Дели солтанлығы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Дэлійскі султанат – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дэлійскі султанат" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4" title="दिल्ली सल्तनत – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="दिल्ली सल्तनत" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Делхийски султанат – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Делхийски султанат" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanat_de_Delhi" title="Sultanat de Delhi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sultanat de Delhi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dill%C3%ADsk%C3%BD_sultan%C3%A1t" title="Dillíský sultanát – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dillíský sultanát" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhisultanatet" title="Delhisultanatet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Delhisultanatet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanat_von_Delhi" title="Sultanat von Delhi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sultanat von Delhi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_sultanaat" title="Delhi sultanaat – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Delhi sultanaat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%94%CE%B5%CE%BB%CF%87%CE%AF" title="Σουλτανάτο του Δελχί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σουλτανάτο του Δελχί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanato_de_Delhi" title="Sultanato de Delhi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sultanato de Delhi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhia_Sultanlando" title="Delhia Sultanlando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Delhia Sultanlando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhiko_Sultanerria" title="Delhiko Sultanerria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Delhiko Sultanerria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%84%DB%8C" title="سلطان‌نشین دهلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سلطان‌نشین دهلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanat_de_Delhi" title="Sultanat de Delhi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sultanat de Delhi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%A4" title="દિલ્હી સલ્તનત – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="દિલ્હી સલ્તનત" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%B8%EB%A6%AC_%EC%88%A0%ED%83%84%EA%B5%AD" title="델리 술탄국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="델리 술탄국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%AB_%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Դելիի սուլթանություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դելիի սուլթանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4" title="दिल्ली सल्तनत – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दिल्ली सल्तनत" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhijski_sultanat" title="Delhijski sultanat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Delhijski sultanat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesultanan_Delhi" title="Kesultanan Delhi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kesultanan Delhi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanato_di_Delhi" title="Sultanato di Delhi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sultanato di Delhi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%93%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%99" title="סולטנות דלהי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סולטנות דלהי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81" title="ದೆಹಲಿ ಸುಲ್ತಾನರು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದೆಹಲಿ ಸುಲ್ತಾನರು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%97%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D" title="დელის სასულთნო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დელის სასულთნო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D1%81%D2%B1%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Дели сұлтандығы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дели сұлтандығы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanatus_Delhiensis" title="Sultanatus Delhiensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Sultanatus Delhiensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deli_sultan%C4%81ts" title="Deli sultanāts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Deli sultanāts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delio_sultonatas" title="Delio sultonatas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Delio sultonatas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Szultan%C3%A1tus" title="Delhi Szultanátus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Delhi Szultanátus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="ദില്ലി സൽത്തനത്ത് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദില്ലി സൽത്തനത്ത്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4" title="दिल्ली सल्तनत – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दिल्ली सल्तनत" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesultanan_Delhi" title="Kesultanan Delhi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kesultanan Delhi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanato_de_D%C3%A9lhi" title="Sultanato de Délhi – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Sultanato de Délhi" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanaat_van_Delhi" title="Sultanaat van Delhi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sultanaat van Delhi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4" title="दिल्ली सल्तनत – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="दिल्ली सल्तनत" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E6%9C%9D" title="デリー・スルターン朝 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="デリー・スルターン朝" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi-sultanatet" title="Delhi-sultanatet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Delhi-sultanatet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhisultanatet" title="Delhisultanatet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Delhisultanatet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanat_de_Delhi" title="Sultanat de Delhi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sultanat de Delhi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dehli_sultonligi" title="Dehli sultonligi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dehli sultonligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%A4" title="ਦਿੱਲੀ ਸਲਤਨਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦਿੱਲੀ ਸਲਤਨਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%AF%DB%81%D9%84%DB%8C" title="سلطنت دہلی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سلطنت دہلی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%89%D9%87%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="د ډهلي سلطنت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ډهلي سلطنت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C5%82tanat_Delhijski" title="Sułtanat Delhijski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sułtanat Delhijski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanato_de_D%C3%A9li" title="Sultanato de Déli – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sultanato de Déli" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanatul_din_Delhi" title="Sultanatul din Delhi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sultanatul din Delhi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Делийский султанат – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Делийский султанат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Delhi Sultanate" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Delhi Sultanate" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%84%D9%8A" title="سلطنت دهلي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سلطنت دهلي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhijski_sultanat" title="Delhijski sultanat – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Delhijski sultanat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%84%DA%BE%DB%8C" title="شانشینی دەلھی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شانشینی دەلھی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhijski_sultanat" title="Delhijski sultanat – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Delhijski sultanat" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhin_sulttaanikunta" title="Delhin sulttaanikunta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Delhin sulttaanikunta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhisultanatet" title="Delhisultanatet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Delhisultanatet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultanato_ng_Delhi" title="Sultanato ng Delhi – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sultanato ng Delhi" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தில்லி சுல்தானகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தில்லி சுல்தானகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D" title="ఢిల్లీ సుల్తానేట్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఢిల్లీ సుల్తానేట్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%94%D0%B5%D2%B3%D0%BB%D3%A3" title="Салтанати Деҳлӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Салтанати Деҳлӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_Sultanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Delhi Sultanlığı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Delhi Sultanlığı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Делійський султанат – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Делійський султанат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%AF%DB%81%D9%84%DB%8C" title="سلطنت دہلی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سلطنت دہلی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_H%E1%BB%93i_gi%C3%A1o_Delhi" title="Vương quốc Hồi giáo Delhi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vương quốc Hồi giáo Delhi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E8%8B%8F%E4%B8%B9%E5%9B%BD" title="德里苏丹国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="德里苏丹国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9%E5%9C%8B" title="德里蘇丹國 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="德里蘇丹國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E8%98%87%E4%B8%B9%E5%9C%8B" title="德里蘇丹國 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="德里蘇丹國" data-language-autonym="中文" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1206–1526 Indo-Turkic empire in the Indian subcontinent</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Deli" title="Sultanate of Deli">Sultanate of Deli</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Sultanate of Delhi</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">سلطنت دهلی (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>) Salṭanat-i-Dihlī</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1206–1526</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Delhi_Sultanate_Flag.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Delhi Sultanate"><img alt="Flag of Delhi Sultanate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Delhi_Sultanate_Flag.svg/125px-Delhi_Sultanate_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Delhi_Sultanate_Flag.svg/188px-Delhi_Sultanate_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Delhi_Sultanate_Flag.svg/250px-Delhi_Sultanate_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2687" data-file-height="1267" /></a></div> </div> <div>Flag of the Delhi Sultanate according to the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Atlas" title="Catalan Atlas">Catalan Atlas</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1375).<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Mamluk_Dynasty.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Map_of_the_Mamluk_Dynasty.png/250px-Map_of_the_Mamluk_Dynasty.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Map_of_the_Mamluk_Dynasty.png/375px-Map_of_the_Mamluk_Dynasty.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Map_of_the_Mamluk_Dynasty.png/500px-Map_of_the_Mamluk_Dynasty.png 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a>Territory of the Delhi Mamluk Dynasty circa 1250.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartzberg1978147,_map_XIV.3_(h)-4">[4]</a></div><div><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Khalji_Sultanate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Map_of_the_Khalji_Sultanate.png/250px-Map_of_the_Khalji_Sultanate.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Map_of_the_Khalji_Sultanate.png/375px-Map_of_the_Khalji_Sultanate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Map_of_the_Khalji_Sultanate.png/500px-Map_of_the_Khalji_Sultanate.png 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a>Territory controlled by the Khaljis circa 1320.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartzberg1978147,_map_XIV.3_(h)-4">[4]</a></div><div><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Tughlaqs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Map_of_the_Tughlaqs.png/250px-Map_of_the_Tughlaqs.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Map_of_the_Tughlaqs.png/375px-Map_of_the_Tughlaqs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Map_of_the_Tughlaqs.png/500px-Map_of_the_Tughlaqs.png 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a>Territory under the Tughlaq dynasty, 1330–1335. The empire shrank after 1335.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2003-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartzberg1978147,_map_XIV.3_(h)-4">[4]</a></div><div> <a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Sayyid_Dynasty.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Map_of_the_Sayyid_Dynasty.png/250px-Map_of_the_Sayyid_Dynasty.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Map_of_the_Sayyid_Dynasty.png/375px-Map_of_the_Sayyid_Dynasty.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Map_of_the_Sayyid_Dynasty.png/500px-Map_of_the_Sayyid_Dynasty.png 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a>Territories of the Sayyid Dynasty<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartzberg1978[httpsdsaluchicagoedureferenceschwartzbergpagerhtmlobject076_39,_148]-6">[6]</a></div><div><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Lodis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Map_of_the_Lodis.png/250px-Map_of_the_Lodis.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Map_of_the_Lodis.png/375px-Map_of_the_Lodis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Map_of_the_Lodis.png/500px-Map_of_the_Lodis.png 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a>Map showing the territory under the Lodi dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate">Sultanate</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a> (1206–1210)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badayun" class="mw-redirect" title="Badayun">Badayun</a> (1210–1214)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> (1214–1327)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daulatabad_Fort" title="Daulatabad Fort">Daulatabad</a> (1327–1334)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> (1334–1506)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a> (1506–1526)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hindi" title="Old Hindi">Hindavi</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a><a href="#cite_note-asi.nic.in-10">[10]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">State religion <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> Others <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (majority), <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_Delhi" title="List of sultans of Delhi">Sultan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1206–1210 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Qutb_ud-Din_Aibak" title="Qutb ud-Din Aibak">Qutb ud-Din Aibak</a> (first)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1517–1526 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Lodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim Lodi">Ibrahim Lodi</a> (last)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Forty" title="Corps of Forty">Corps of Forty</a> (1211–1266)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval India</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/History_of_Delhi#8th_century_to_16th_century" title="History of Delhi">Independence</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200328-11">[11]</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 June 1206</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Khalji_Revolution" title="Khalji Revolution">Khalji Revolution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 February–13 June 1290</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Delhi_(1398)" title="Sack of Delhi (1398)">Sack of Delhi</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">17–20 December 1398</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Panipat_(1526)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Panipat (1526)">Battle of Panipat</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">21 April 1526</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 1312</div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,200,000 km2 (1,200,000 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 1500 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">101,000,000<a href="#cite_note-ggdc.net-13">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_taka" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient taka">Taka</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> Preceded by</td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;">Succeeded by </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurid Empire">Ghurid Empire</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmani Sultanate">Bahmani Sultanate</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Sultanate" title="Gujarat Sultanate">Gujarat Sultanate</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Malwa_Sultanate" title="Malwa Sultanate">Malwa Sultanate</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Khandesh_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Khandesh Sultanate">Khandesh Sultanate</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Jaunpur_Sultanate" title="Jaunpur Sultanate">Jaunpur Sultanate</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Multan_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Multan Sultanate">Multan Sultanate</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Madurai_Sultanate" title="Madurai Sultanate">Madurai Sultanate</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Delhi Sultanate or the Sultanate of Delhi also known as the Empire of Hindustan was a <a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">late medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">empire</a> primarily based in <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> that stretched over large parts of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>, for more than three centuries.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-brt-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate">sultanate</a> was established around <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1206–1211 in the former <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurid Empire">Ghurid territories</a> in India. The sultanate's history is generally divided into five periods: <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk</a> (1206–1290), <a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji</a> (1290–1320), <a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq</a> (1320–1414), <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_dynasty" title="Sayyid dynasty">Sayyid</a> (1414–1451), and <a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi</a> (1451–1526). It covered large swaths of territory in modern-day <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, as well as some parts of southern <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The foundation of the Sultanate was established by the Ghurid conqueror <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_of_Ghor" title="Muhammad of Ghor">Muhammad Ghori</a>, who routed the <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput Confederacy</a>, led by Ajmer ruler <a href="/wiki/Prithviraj_Chauhan" title="Prithviraj Chauhan">Prithviraj Chauhan</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Tarain" title="Second Battle of Tarain">1192 near Tarain</a> in a reversal of an <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Tarain" title="First Battle of Tarain">earlier battle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> As a successor to the Ghurid dynasty, the Delhi Sultanate was originally one of several principalities ruled by the Turkic slave-generals of Muhammad Ghori, including <a href="/wiki/Taj_al-Din_Yildiz" title="Taj al-Din Yildiz">Taj al-Din Yildiz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qutb_ud-Din_Aibak" title="Qutb ud-Din Aibak">Qutb ud-Din Aibak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahauddin_Tughril" title="Bahauddin Tughril">Bahauddin Tughril</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nasir_ad-Din_Qabacha" title="Nasir ad-Din Qabacha">Nasir ad-Din Qabacha</a>, that had inherited and divided the Ghurid territories amongst themselves.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Khalji and Tughlaq rule ushered a new wave of rapid and continual <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent">Muslim conquests</a> deep into <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mahajan_121-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The sultanate finally reached the peak of its geographical reach during the Tughlaq dynasty, occupying most of the Indian subcontinent under <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Tughluq" title="Muhammad bin Tughluq">Muhammad bin Tughluq</a>. A major political transformation occurred across <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a>, triggered by the Central Asian king <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a>'s devastating raid on Delhi in 1398, followed soon afterwards by the re-emergence of rival Hindu powers such as <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mewar" title="Mewar">Mewar</a> asserting independence, and new Muslim sultanates such as the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmani Sultanate">Bahmani Sultanates</a> breaking off.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1920Ch._2,_p._218-24">[24]</a> In 1526, <a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Timurid</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a> invaded northern India and <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Panipat" title="First Battle of Panipat">conquered the Sultanate</a>, leading to its succession by the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>. The establishment of the Sultanate drew the Indian subcontinent more closely into international and multicultural Islamic social and economic networks,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200850–52-25">[25]</a> as seen concretely in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani language</a><a href="#cite_note-brown2008-26">[26]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic architecture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> It was also one of the few powers to repel attacks by the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongols</a> (from the <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a>)<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> and saw the enthronement of one of the few female rulers in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">Islamic history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Razia_Sultana" title="Razia Sultana">Razia Sultana</a>, who reigned from 1236 to 1240.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Their treatment of Hindus, Buddhists, and other <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">dharmic faiths</a> are generally perceived to be unfavourable, as mass forcible conversions were popular during the sultanate's rule and large-scale desecrations of <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> temples, including universities and libraries took place.<a href="#cite_note-gk-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-regbook-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-re2000-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Mongolian raids on <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> set the scene for centuries of migration of fleeing soldiers, intelligentsia, mystics, traders, artists, and artisans from those regions <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_India#Medieval_era" title="Immigration to India">into the subcontinent</a>, thereby establishing <a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Islamic culture</a> there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudden200267-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200850–51-37">[37]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Delhi_Sultanate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name">edit</a>]</div> Although conventionally named after its principal capital city, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, the terminology applied to domains under Delhi Sultanate was often unspecified. It was called as "Empire of Delhi" (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: Mamalik-i-Delhi) by <a href="/wiki/Minhaj-i_Siraj_Juzjani" title="Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani">Juzjani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ziauddin_Barani" title="Ziauddin Barani">Barani</a> while <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a> called the empire under <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Tughluq" title="Muhammad bin Tughluq">Muhammad bin Tughlaq</a> as "<a href="/wiki/Hindustan" title="Hindustan">Hind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sind</a>". The Delhi Sultanate was also known as the "Empire of <a href="/wiki/Hindustan" title="Hindustan">Hindustan</a>" (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: Mamalik-i-Hindustan), a name that gained currency during the period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200386-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Delhi_Sultanate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Delhi_Sultanate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">Turkic migration</a></div> The rise of the Delhi Sultanate in India was part of a wider trend affecting much of the <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asian</a> continent, including the whole of southern and western Asia: the influx of <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic peoples</a> from the Central Asian <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppes</a>. This can be traced back to the 9th century when the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphate</a> began <a href="/wiki/Anarchy_at_Samarra" title="Anarchy at Samarra">fragmenting</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, where Muslim rulers in rival states began enslaving non-Muslim nomadic Turks from the Central Asian steppes and raising many of them to become loyal army slaves called <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluks</a>. Soon, <a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">Turks were migrating</a> to <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim lands</a> and becoming <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">Islamicized</a>. Many of the Turkic Mamluk slaves eventually rose to become rulers and conquered large parts of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>, establishing Mamluk Sultanates from <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Egypt</a> to present-day <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Afghanistan</a>, before turning their attention to the Indian subcontinent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200819,_50–51-39">[39]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:292px;border-color:lightgrey"><div style="position:relative;width:290px;border:1px solid lightgray"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_non_political,_with_rivers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Delhi Sultanate is located in South Asia"><img alt="Delhi Sultanate is located in South Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/290px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/435px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg/580px-South_Asia_non_political%2C_with_rivers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:25.55%;left:20%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-18px;top:-18px"><img alt="Delhi Sultanate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Chess_drt45.svg/35px-Chess_drt45.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Chess_drt45.svg/53px-Chess_drt45.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Chess_drt45.svg/70px-Chess_drt45.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="45" data-file-height="45" /></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:43.88%;left:39.481%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-113px;top:-113px"><img alt="Delhi Sultanate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Ghurid_invasions_in_India_%28map_overlay%29.png/225px-Ghurid_invasions_in_India_%28map_overlay%29.png" decoding="async" width="225" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Ghurid_invasions_in_India_%28map_overlay%29.png/338px-Ghurid_invasions_in_India_%28map_overlay%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Ghurid_invasions_in_India_%28map_overlay%29.png/450px-Ghurid_invasions_in_India_%28map_overlay%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1460" data-file-height="834" /></div></div><div id="annotation_230x5" style="position:absolute; left:230px; top:5px; font-size:10px; font-weight:bold; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1175" title="1175">South Asia 1175 CE</a></div><div id="annotation_1x1" style="position:absolute; left:1px; top:1px; font-size:8px; font-weight:bold; font-size:8; line-height:10px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">KARAKHANID KHANATE</a></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:-2.651%;left:57.922%;font-size:60%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Qara_Khitai" title="Qara Khitai"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">QARA KHITAI</div></a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:14.27%;left:9.61%;font-size:70%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">GHURID EMPIRE</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:29.78%;left:53.766%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Kumaon_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumaon Kingdom">KUMAON</a></div></div></div><div id="annotation_73x130" style="position:absolute; left:73px; top:130px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chaulukya_dynasty" title="Chaulukya dynasty">CHAULUKYAS</a></div><div id="annotation_95x81" style="position:absolute; left:95px; top:81px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chahamanas_of_Shakambhari" title="Chahamanas of Shakambhari">CHAHAMANAS</a></div><div id="annotation_80x57" style="position:absolute; left:80px; top:57px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">LATE GHAZNAVIDS</a></div><div id="annotation_85x118" style="position:absolute; left:85px; top:118px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Paramara_dynasty" title="Paramara dynasty">PARAMARAS</a></div><div id="annotation_105x152" style="position:absolute; left:105px; top:152px; font-size:8px; font-weight:bold; font-size:8; line-height:10px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">WESTERN CHALUKYAS</a></div><div id="annotation_143x173" style="position:absolute; left:143px; top:173px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">KAKATIYAS</a></div><div id="annotation_85x145" style="position:absolute; left:85px; top:145px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Shilahara" title="Shilahara">SHILA- HARAS</a></div><div id="annotation_130x205" style="position:absolute; left:130px; top:205px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">CHOLAS</a></div><div id="annotation_120x215" style="position:absolute; left:120px; top:215px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">CHERAS</a></div><div id="annotation_120x230" style="position:absolute; left:120px; top:230px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan dynasty">PANDYAS</a></div><div id="annotation_105x182" style="position:absolute; left:105px; top:182px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kadambas_of_Hangal" title="Kadambas of Hangal">KADAMBAS</a></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:72.081%;left:43.377%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala Empire">HOYSALAS</a></div></div></div><div id="annotation_147x85" style="position:absolute; left:147px; top:85px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Gahadavala_dynasty" title="Gahadavala dynasty">GAHADAVALAS</a></div><div id="annotation_93x105" style="position:absolute; left:93px; top:105px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Guhila_dynasty" title="Guhila dynasty">GUHILAS</a></div><div id="annotation_122x95" style="position:absolute; left:122px; top:95px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kachchhapaghata_dynasty" title="Kachchhapaghata dynasty">KACHCHAPA- GHATAS</a></div><div id="annotation_150x105" style="position:absolute; left:150px; top:105px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chandelas_of_Jejakabhukti" title="Chandelas of Jejakabhukti">CHANDELAS</a></div><div id="annotation_147x117" style="position:absolute; left:147px; top:117px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Tripuri" title="Kalachuris of Tripuri">KALACHURIS (TRIPURI)</a></div><div id="annotation_132x133" style="position:absolute; left:132px; top:133px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kalachuris_of_Ratnapura" title="Kalachuris of Ratnapura">KALACHURIS (RATNAPURA)</a></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:45.431%;left:75.844%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Sena_dynasty" title="Sena dynasty">SENAS</a></div></div></div><div id="annotation_185x94" style="position:absolute; left:185px; top:94px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Karnats_of_Mithila" title="Karnats of Mithila">KARNATAS</a></div><div id="annotation_185x130" style="position:absolute; left:185px; top:130px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nagvanshis_of_Chotanagpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagvanshis of Chotanagpur">NAGVANSIS</a></div><div id="annotation_230x90" style="position:absolute; left:230px; top:90px; font-size:6.5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6.5; line-height:8.5px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kamarupa#Breakup_and_End_of_Kamarupa" title="Kamarupa">KAMARUPAS</a></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:56.571%;left:62.857%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ganga_dynasty" title="Eastern Ganga dynasty">EASTERN GANGAS</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:22.73%;left:51.169%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Guge" title="Guge">GUGE</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:17.09%;left:44.675%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:1px"><div><a href="/wiki/Maryul" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryul">MARYUL</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:19.91%;left:39.481%;font-size:50%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Lohara_dynasty" title="Lohara dynasty">LOHA- RAS</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:34.01%;left:23.117%;font-size:45%"><div class="id" title="N" style="left:-0px;top:-0px"></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:1px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Soomra_dynasty" title="Soomra dynasty">SOOMRA EMIRATE</a></div></div></div><div id="annotation_5x90" style="position:absolute; left:5px; top:90px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Kalmat" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Kalmat">MAKRAN SULTANATE</a></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Asia_non_political,_with_rivers.jpg" title="File:South Asia non political, with rivers.jpg">class=notpageimage| </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Main South Asian polities in 1175, on the eve of the <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurid Empire">Ghurid Empire</a> invasion of the subcontinent. Orange line: Ghurid territorial conquests from 1175 to 1205, which led to the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate in 1206.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartzberg197837,_147-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton202038-41">[41]</a></div></div></div></div> It is also part of a longer trend predating the <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Islam" title="Spread of Islam">spread of Islam</a>. Like other <a href="/wiki/Sedentary_lifestyle" title="Sedentary lifestyle">settled</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agrarian_society" title="Agrarian society">agrarian societies</a> in history, those in the Indian subcontinent have been attacked by nomadic tribes throughout its long history. In evaluating the impact of Islam on the subcontinent, one must note that the northwestern subcontinent was a frequent target of tribes raiding from Central Asia in the pre-Islamic era. In that sense, the Muslim intrusions and later Muslim invasions were not dissimilar to those of the earlier invasions during the 1st millennium.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> By 962 AD, Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms in South Asia faced a series of raids from Muslim armies from Central Asia.<a href="#cite_note-mrpislam-43">[43]</a> Among them was <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni" title="Mahmud of Ghazni">Mahmud of Ghazni</a>, the son of a Turkic Mamluk military slave,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200819-44">[44]</a> who raided and plundered kingdoms in northern India from east of the Indus river to west of the Yamuna river seventeen times between 997 and 1030.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson20033–30-45">[45]</a> Mahmud of Ghazni raided the treasuries but retreated each time, only extending Islamic rule into western Punjab.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The series of raids on northern and western Indian kingdoms by Muslim warlords continued after Mahmud of Ghazni.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The raids did not establish or extend the permanent boundaries of the Islamic kingdoms. In contrast, the <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid</a> Sultan <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_of_Ghor" title="Muhammad of Ghor">Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad Ghori</a> (commonly known as Muhammad of Ghor) began a systematic war of expansion into northern India in 1173.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> He sought to carve out a principality for himself and expand the Islamic world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson20033–30-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Muhammad of Ghor created a <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> Islamic kingdom of his own extending east of the Indus river, and he thus laid the foundation for the Muslim kingdom called the Delhi Sultanate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson20033–30-45">[45]</a> Some historians chronicle the Delhi Sultanate from 1192 due to the presence and geographical claims of Muhammad Ghori in South Asia by that time.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Muhammad Ghori was assassinated in 1206, by <a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Ismāʿīlī</a> Shia Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> After the assassination, one of Ghori's slaves (or Mamluks), the Turkic Qutb al-Din Aibak, assumed power, becoming the first Sultan of Delhi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson20033–30-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dynasties">Dynasties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Delhi_Sultanate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dynasties">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_Delhi" title="List of sultans of Delhi">List of sultans of Delhi</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_Delhi#Family_trees" title="List of sultans of Delhi">Sultans of Delhi Family trees</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mamluk_dynasty_(1206–1290)">Mamluk dynasty (1206–1290)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Delhi_Sultanate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mamluk dynasty (1206–1290)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Mamluk_Dynasty.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Map_of_the_Mamluk_Dynasty.png/220px-Map_of_the_Mamluk_Dynasty.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Map_of_the_Mamluk_Dynasty.png/330px-Map_of_the_Mamluk_Dynasty.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Map_of_the_Mamluk_Dynasty.png/440px-Map_of_the_Mamluk_Dynasty.png 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a><figcaption>Territory of the Delhi Mamluk Dynasty circa 1250.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartzberg1978147,_map_XIV.3_(h)-4">[4]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Qutb_ud-Din_Aibak" title="Qutb ud-Din Aibak">Qutb al-Din Aibak</a>, a former slave of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_of_Ghor" title="Muhammad of Ghor">Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad Ghori</a>, was the first ruler of the Delhi Sultanate. Aibak was of Turkic <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cuman</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchak</a> origin, and due to his lineage, his dynasty is known as the Mamluk dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Aibak reigned as the Sultan of Delhi for four years, from 1206 to 1210. Aibak was praised by the contemporary and later accounts for his generosity and due to this was called with the sobriquet of Lakhbaksh. (giver of lakhs)<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> After Aibak died, <a href="/wiki/Aram_Shah" title="Aram Shah">Aram Shah</a> assumed power in 1210, but he was assassinated in 1211 by Aibak's son-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Iltutmish" title="Iltutmish">Shams ud-Din Iltutmish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Iltutmish's power was precarious, and several Muslim amirs (nobles) challenged his authority as they had been supporters of Qutb al-Din Aibak. After a series of conquests and brutal executions of opposition, Iltutmish consolidated his power.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Altamash.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tomb_of_Altamash.jpg/220px-Tomb_of_Altamash.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tomb_of_Altamash.jpg/330px-Tomb_of_Altamash.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tomb_of_Altamash.jpg/440px-Tomb_of_Altamash.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Tomb of <a href="/wiki/Iltutmish" title="Iltutmish">Iltutmish</a> (r. 1211–1236) in the <a href="/wiki/Qutb_Minar" title="Qutb Minar">Qutb Minar</a> complex.</figcaption></figure> His rule was challenged several times, such as by Qubacha, and this led to a series of wars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200329–48-57">[57]</a> Iltutmish conquered <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> from contesting Muslim rulers, as well as <a href="/wiki/Ranthambore_Fort" title="Ranthambore Fort">Ranthambore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sivalik_Hills" title="Sivalik Hills">Sivalik</a> from the Hindu rulers. He also attacked, defeated, executed <a href="/wiki/Taj_al-Din_Yildiz" title="Taj al-Din Yildiz">Taj al-Din Yildiz</a>, who asserted his rights as heir to Mu'izz ad-Din Muhammad Ghori.<a href="#cite_note-cads-58">[58]</a> Iltutmish's rule lasted until 1236. Following his death, the Delhi Sultanate saw a succession of weak rulers, disputing Muslim nobility, assassinations, and short-lived tenures. Power shifted from <a href="/wiki/Ruknuddin_Firuz" title="Ruknuddin Firuz">Rukn ud-Din Firuz</a> to <a href="/wiki/Razia_Sultana" title="Razia Sultana">Razia Sultana</a> and others, until <a href="/wiki/Ghiyas_ud_din_Balban" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghiyas ud din Balban">Ghiyas ud-Din Balban</a> came to power and ruled from 1266 to 1287.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200329–48-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-cads-58">[58]</a> Ghiyasuddin Balban destroyed the power of the <a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Forty" title="Corps of Forty">Corps of Forty</a>, a council of 40 Turkic slaves who had played a role as kingmakers and had been independent of the Sultan. He was succeeded by 17-year-old <a href="/wiki/Muiz_ud_din_Qaiqabad" title="Muiz ud din Qaiqabad">Muiz ud-Din Qaiqabad</a>, who appointed <a href="/wiki/Jalal-ud-Din_Khalji" title="Jalal-ud-Din Khalji">Jalal ud-Din Firuz Khalji</a> as the commander of the army. Khalji assassinated Qaiqabad and assumed power in the <a href="/wiki/Khalji_Revolution" title="Khalji Revolution">Khalji Revolution</a>, thus ending the Mamluk dynasty and starting the Khalji dynasty. Qutb al-Din Aibak initiated the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Qutb_Minar" title="Qutb Minar">Qutb Minar</a> but died before it was completed. It was later completed by his son-in-law, Iltutmish.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Qutb_Minar_complex" title="Qutb Minar complex">Quwwat-ul-Islam</a> (Might of Islam) Mosque was built by Aibak, now a UNESCO world heritage site.<a href="#cite_note-unescoaqm-60">[60]</a> The Qutub Minar Complex was expanded by Iltutmish, and later by Ala ud-Din Khalji in the early 14th century.<a href="#cite_note-unescoaqm-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[note 1]</a> During the Mamluk dynasty, many nobles from Afghanistan and Persia migrated and settled in India, as West Asia came under <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> siege.<a href="#cite_note-awhc-63">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Khalji_dynasty_(1290–1320)">Khalji dynasty (1290–1320)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Delhi_Sultanate&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Khalji dynasty (1290–1320)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Khalji_Revolution" title="Khalji Revolution">Khalji Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji dynasty</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_India" title="Mongol invasions of India">Mongol invasions of India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Khalji_Sultanate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Map_of_the_Khalji_Sultanate.png/220px-Map_of_the_Khalji_Sultanate.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Map_of_the_Khalji_Sultanate.png/330px-Map_of_the_Khalji_Sultanate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Map_of_the_Khalji_Sultanate.png/440px-Map_of_the_Khalji_Sultanate.png 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a><figcaption>Territory controlled by <a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji dynasty</a> circa 1320.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartzberg1978147,_map_XIV.3_(i)-64">[63]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji dynasty</a> was of <a href="/wiki/Turco-Afghan" title="Turco-Afghan">Turko-Afghan</a> heritage.<a href="#cite_note-Khan-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Parmar-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Asim-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Singh-68">[67]</a> They were originally Turkic, but due to their long presence in Afghanistan, they were treated by others as <a href="/wiki/Afghans" title="Afghans">Afghan</a> as they <a href="/wiki/Pashtunization" title="Pashtunization">adopted</a> Afghan habits and customs.<a href="#cite_note-Chaurasia-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cavendish-70">[69]</a> The first ruler of the Khalji dynasty was <a href="/wiki/Jalal-ud-Din_Khalji" title="Jalal-ud-Din Khalji">Jalal ud-Din Firuz Khalji</a>. He was around 70 years old at the time of his ascension and was known as a mild-mannered, humble and kind monarch to the general public.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESrivastava1929141-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> Jalal ud-Din Firuz ruled for 6 years before he was murdered in 1296 by Muhammad Salim of Samana, on the orders of his nephew and son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji" title="Alauddin Khalji">Juna Muhammad Khalji</a>,<a href="#cite_note-holt913-73">[72]</a> who later came to be known as Ala ud-Din Khalji.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> Ala ud-Din began his military career as governor of <a href="/wiki/Kara,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Kara, Uttar Pradesh">Kara</a> province, from where he led two raids on the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Malwa" title="Kingdom of Malwa">Kingdom of Malwa</a> (1292) and <a href="/wiki/Daulatabad_Fort" title="Daulatabad Fort">Devagiri</a> (1294) for plunder and loot. After he acceded to the throne, expansions towards these kingdoms were renewed including <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> which was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Grand_vizier" title="Grand vizier">Grand Vizier</a> <a href="/wiki/Nusrat_Khan_Jalesari" title="Nusrat Khan Jalesari">Nusrat Khan Jalesari</a>,<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Yasin_Mazhar_Siddiqi_1972_194-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Malwa" title="Kingdom of Malwa">kingdom of Malwa</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Mulk_Multani" title="Ayn al-Mulk Multani">Ainul Mulk Multani</a>,<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Rajputana" title="Rajputana">Rajputana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> However, these victories were cut short because of <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_India" title="Mongol invasions of India">Mongol attacks</a> and plunder raids from the northwest. The Mongols withdrew after plundering and stopped raiding northwest parts of the Delhi Sultanate.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> After the Mongols withdrew, Ala ud-Din Khalji continued to expand the Delhi Sultanate into southern India with the help of Indian slave generals such as <a href="/wiki/Malik_Kafur" title="Malik Kafur">Malik Kafur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khusrau_Khan" title="Khusrau Khan">Khusro Khan</a>. They collected much war booty (anwatan) from those they defeated.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> His commanders collected war spoils and paid ghanima (Arabic: الْغَنيمَة, a tax on spoils of war), which helped strengthen the Khalji rule. Among the spoils was the <a href="/wiki/Warangal" title="Warangal">Warangal</a> loot that included the famous <a href="/wiki/Koh-i-Noor" title="Koh-i-Noor">Koh-i-Noor</a> diamond.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;border-color:lightgrey"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Delhi Sultanate is located in Continental Asia"><img alt="Delhi Sultanate is located in Continental Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/300px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/450px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png/600px-Map_Asia_physical_%28continental%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a><div style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Delhi_Sultanate_in_1320_(world).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Map_of_the_Delhi_Sultanate_in_1320_%28world%29.png/300px-Map_of_the_Delhi_Sultanate_in_1320_%28world%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Map_of_the_Delhi_Sultanate_in_1320_%28world%29.png/450px-Map_of_the_Delhi_Sultanate_in_1320_%28world%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Map_of_the_Delhi_Sultanate_in_1320_%28world%29.png/600px-Map_of_the_Delhi_Sultanate_in_1320_%28world%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1840" /></a></div><div id="annotation_270x05" style="position:absolute; left:270px; top:05px; font-size:10px; font-weight:bold; font-size:10; line-height:12px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/1320_CE" class="mw-redirect" title="1320 CE">1320</a></div><div id="annotation_105x65" style="position:absolute; left:105px; top:65px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">CHAGATAI KHANATE</a></div><div id="annotation_60x40" style="position:absolute; left:60px; top:40px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">GOLDEN HORDE</a></div><div id="annotation_210x75" style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:75px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">EMPIRE OF THE GREAT KHAN</a></div><div id="annotation_60x90" style="position:absolute; left:60px; top:90px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">ILKHANATE</a></div><div id="annotation_46x68" style="position:absolute; left:46px; top:68px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">GEORGIA</a></div><div id="annotation_120x105" style="position:absolute; left:120px; top:105px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">DELHI SULTANATE</a></div><div id="annotation_225x15" style="position:absolute; left:225px; top:15px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_peoples" title="Tungusic peoples">Tungus</a></div><div id="annotation_193x130" style="position:absolute; left:193px; top:130px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pinya_Kingdom" title="Pinya Kingdom">PINYA</a></div><div id="annotation_210x145" style="position:absolute; left:210px; top:145px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">KHMER</a></div><div id="annotation_7x75" style="position:absolute; left:7px; top:75px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">BEYLIKS</a></div><div id="annotation_5x95" style="position:absolute; left:5px; top:95px; font-size:7px; font-weight:bold; font-size:7; line-height:9px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">MAMLUK SULTANATE</a></div><div id="annotation_280x74" style="position:absolute; left:280px; top:74px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">GO- RYEO</a></div><div id="annotation_205x165" style="position:absolute; left:205px; top:165px; font-size:6px; font-weight:bold; font-size:6; line-height:8px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">MAJAPAHIT</a></div><div id="annotation_25x28" style="position:absolute; left:25px; top:28px; font-size:5px; font-weight:bold; font-size:5; line-height:7px; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moscow" title="Principality of Moscow">MUSCOVY</a></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Asia_physical_(continental).png" title="File:Map Asia physical (continental).png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>The Delhi Sultanate and contemporary Asian polities circa 1320. Most of the Asian continent was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> by that time, with Turkic polities occupying South and Western Asia, as far as Egypt where they established the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a>.</div></div></div> Ala ud-Din Khalji changed tax policies, raising agriculture taxes from 20% to 50% (payable in grain and agricultural produce), eliminating payments and commissions on taxes collected by local chiefs, banning socialization among his officials as well as inter-marriage between noble families to help prevent any opposition forming against him, and he cut salaries of officials, poets, scholars.<a href="#cite_note-holt913-73">[72]</a> These tax policies and spending controls strengthened his treasury to pay the keep of his growing army; he also introduced price controls on all agricultural produce and goods in the kingdom, as well as controls on where, how, by whom these goods could be sold. Markets called "shahana-i-mandi" were created.<a href="#cite_note-als156-85">[84]</a> Muslim merchants were granted exclusive permits and monopoly in these "mandis" to buy and resell at official prices. No one other than these merchants could buy from farmers or sell in cities. Those found violating these "mandi" rules were severely punished, often by mutilation.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2003244–248-87">[86]</a> Taxes collected in the form of grain were stored in the kingdom's storage. During famines that followed, these granaries ensured sufficient food for the army.<a href="#cite_note-holt913-73">[72]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alai_Darwaza.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Alai_Darwaza.JPG/220px-Alai_Darwaza.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Alai_Darwaza.JPG/330px-Alai_Darwaza.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Alai_Darwaza.JPG/440px-Alai_Darwaza.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Alai_Darwaza" title="Alai Darwaza">Alai Darwaza</a>, completed in 1311 during the Khalji dynasty.</figcaption></figure> Historians note Ala ud-Din Khalji as being a <a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">tyrant</a>. Anyone Ala ud-Din suspected of being a threat to this power was killed along with the men, women, and children of that family. He grew to eventually distrust the majority of his nobles and favoured only a handful of his slaves and family. In 1298, between 15,000 and 30,000 Mongols near Delhi, who had recently converted to Islam, were slaughtered in a single day, due to a mutiny during an invasion of Gujarat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1920231–235-88">[87]</a> He is also known for his cruelty against kingdoms he defeated in battle. After Ala ud-Din died in 1316 by assassination through his nobles, his general Malik Kafur, who was born to a Hindu family but converted to Islam, assumed de facto power and was supported by non-Khalji nobles like <a href="/wiki/Kamal_al-Din_Gurg" title="Kamal al-Din Gurg">Kamal al-Din Gurg</a>. However, he lacked the support of the majority of Khalji's nobles who had him assassinated, hoping to take power for themselves.<a href="#cite_note-holt913-73">[72]</a> However, the new ruler had the killers of Kafur executed. The last Khalji ruler was Ala ud-Din Khalji's 18-year-old son <a href="/wiki/Qutbuddin_Mubarak_Shah" title="Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah">Qutb ud-Din Mubarak Shah Khalji</a>, who ruled for four years before he was killed by Khusro Khan, another slave-general with Hindu origins, who reverted from Islam and favoured his Hindu Baradu military clan in the nobility. Khusro Khan's reign lasted only a few months, when Ghazi Malik, later to be called <a href="/wiki/Ghiyath_al-Din_Tughluq" title="Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq">Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq</a>, defeated and killed him and assumed power in 1320, thus ending the Khalji dynasty and starting the Tughlaq dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-awhc-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1920231–235-88">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tughlaq_dynasty_(1320–1413)">Tughlaq dynasty (1320–1413)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Delhi_Sultanate&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Tughlaq dynasty (1320–1413)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq dynasty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Tughlaqs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Map_of_the_Tughlaqs.png/220px-Map_of_the_Tughlaqs.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Map_of_the_Tughlaqs.png/330px-Map_of_the_Tughlaqs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Map_of_the_Tughlaqs.png/440px-Map_of_the_Tughlaqs.png 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a><figcaption>Territory of the Tughlaq dynasty circa 1330–1335, corresponding to the maximum extent of the Delhi Sultanate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartzberg1978147,_map_XIV.3_(j)-89">[88]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq dynasty</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Turco%E2%80%93Mongol_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Turco–Mongol tradition">Turko-Mongol</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> or Turkic<a href="#cite_note-malik-91">[90]</a> Muslim dynasty, which lasted from 1320 to 1413. The first ruler was <a href="/wiki/Ghiyath_al-Din_Tughluq" title="Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq">Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq</a>. Ghiyath al-Din ruled for five years and built a town near Delhi named <a href="/wiki/Tughlaqabad_Fort" title="Tughlaqabad Fort">Tughlaqabad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> His son Juna Khan and general Ainul Mulk Multani conquered <a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Warangal</a> in south India.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> According to some historians such as <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Arthur_Smith" title="Vincent Arthur Smith">Vincent Smith</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1920236–242-94">[93]</a> he was killed by his son Juna Khan, who then assumed power in 1325. Juna Khan renamed himself as <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Tughluq" title="Muhammad bin Tughluq">Muhammad bin Tughlaq</a> and ruled for 26 years.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> During his rule, the Delhi Sultanate reached its peak in terms of geographical reach, covering most of the Indian subcontinent.<a href="#cite_note-ebmit-96">[95]</a> Muhammad bin Tughlaq was an intellectual, with extensive knowledge of the Quran, <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a>, poetry and other fields. He was also deeply suspicious of his kinsmen and wazirs (ministers), extremely severe with his opponents, and took decisions that caused economic upheaval. For example, he ordered the minting of coins from base metals with face value of silver coins – a decision that failed because ordinary people minted counterfeit coins from base metal they had in their houses and used them to pay taxes and <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">jizya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ebmit-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1920236–242-94">[93]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shah_Ghiyath_al-Din_Tughluq_arrives_in_Tirhut._Depicted_by_eyewitness_Muhammad_Sadr_Ala-i_in_his_BasaUn_al-uns,_ca.1410._Istanbul,_Topkapi_Palace_Museum_Library,_Ms._R.1032_(the_Shah).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Shah_Ghiyath_al-Din_Tughluq_arrives_in_Tirhut._Depicted_by_eyewitness_Muhammad_Sadr_Ala-i_in_his_BasaUn_al-uns%2C_ca.1410._Istanbul%2C_Topkapi_Palace_Museum_Library%2C_Ms._R.1032_%28the_Shah%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Shah_Ghiyath_al-Din_Tughluq_arrives_in_Tirhut._Depicted_by_eyewitness_Muhammad_Sadr_Ala-i_in_his_BasaUn_al-uns%2C_ca.1410._Istanbul%2C_Topkapi_Palace_Museum_Library%2C_Ms._R.1032_%28the_Shah%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Shah_Ghiyath_al-Din_Tughluq_arrives_in_Tirhut._Depicted_by_eyewitness_Muhammad_Sadr_Ala-i_in_his_BasaUn_al-uns%2C_ca.1410._Istanbul%2C_Topkapi_Palace_Museum_Library%2C_Ms._R.1032_%28the_Shah%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="1684" /></a><figcaption>Depiction of <a href="/wiki/Ghiyath_al-Din_Tughluq" title="Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq">Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq</a>, founder of the Tughlaq dynasty, in the Basātin al-uns by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Sadr_Ala-i" title="Muhammad Sadr Ala-i">Ikhtisān-i Dabir</a>, a member of the Tughluq court and an ambassador to Iran. Ca.1410 <a href="/wiki/Jalayirid_Sultanate" title="Jalayirid Sultanate">Jalayirid</a> copy of 1326 lost original.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a></figcaption></figure> Muhammad bin Tughlaq chose the city of Deogiri in the present-day Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a> (renaming it <a href="/wiki/Daulatabad_Fort" title="Daulatabad Fort">Daulatabad</a>), as the second administrative capital of the Delhi Sultanate.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> He ordered a forced migration of the Muslim population of Delhi, including his royal family, the nobles, Syeds, Sheikhs and 'Ulema to settle in Daulatabad. The purpose of transferring the entire Muslim elite to Daulatabad was to enrol them in his mission of world conquest. He saw their role as propagandists who would adapt Islamic religious symbolism to the rhetoric of empire, and that the Sufis could by persuasion bring many of the inhabitants of the Deccan to become Muslim.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> Tughluq cruelly punished the nobles who were unwilling to move to Daulatabad seeing their non-compliance with his order as equivalent to rebellion. According to Ferishta, when the Mongols arrived in Punjab, the Sultan returned the elite to Delhi, although Daulatabad remained an administrative centre.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay2019115-100">[99]</a> One result of the transfer of the elite to Daulatabad was the hatred of the nobility to the Sultan, which remained in their minds for a long time.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> The other result was that he managed to create a stable Muslim elite and result in the growth of the Muslim population of Daulatabad who did not return to Delhi,<a href="#cite_note-ebmit-96">[95]</a> without which the rise of the Bahmanid kingdom to challenge the Vijayanagara kingdom would not have been possible.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> Muhammad bin Tughlaq's adventures in the Deccan region also marked campaigns of destruction and desecration temples, for example, the Svayambhu Shiva Temple and the <a href="/wiki/Thousand_Pillar_Temple" title="Thousand Pillar Temple">Thousand Pillar Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Warangal" title="Warangal">Warangal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-regbook-33">[33]</a> Revolts against Muhammad bin Tughlaq began in 1327, continued over his reign, and over time the geographical reach of the Sultanate shrunk. The <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a> originated in southern India as a direct response to attacks from the Delhi Sultanate,<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> and liberated south India from the Delhi Sultanate's rule.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> In the 1330s, Muhammad bin Tughlaq ordered an invasion of China, sending part of his forces over the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>. However, they were defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Kangra_State" title="Kangra State">Kangra State</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> During his reign, state revenues collapsed from his policies such as the base metal coins from 1329 to 1332. Famines, widespread poverty, and rebellion grew across the kingdom. In 1338 his nephew rebelled in Malwa, whom he attacked, caught, flayed alive, and killed ultimately.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> By 1339, the eastern regions under local Muslim governors and southern parts led by <a href="/wiki/Hindu_king" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu king">Hindu kings</a> had revolted and declared independence from the Delhi Sultanate. Muhammad bin Tughlaq did not have the resources or support to respond to the shrinking kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1920242–248-108">[107]</a> The historian Walford chronicled that Delhi and most of India faced severe famines during Muhammad bin Tughlaq's rule in the years after the base metal coin experiment.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> In 1335, Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan, a Sayyid native of <a href="/wiki/Kaithal" title="Kaithal">Kaithal</a> in North India, revolted and founded the <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Sultanate" title="Madurai Sultanate">Madurai Sultanate</a> in South India.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> By 1347, the Bahmani Sultanate had become independent through the <a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_Ismail_Mukh" title="Rebellion of Ismail Mukh">rebellion of Ismail Mukh</a>. It became a competing Muslim kingdom in the Deccan region of South Asia, founded by <a href="/wiki/Ala-ud-Din_Bahman_Shah" title="Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah">Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mrpislam-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:332px;max-width:332px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Feroz_Shah_Kotla_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Feroz_Shah_Kotla_view.jpg/190px-Feroz_Shah_Kotla_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Feroz_Shah_Kotla_view.jpg/285px-Feroz_Shah_Kotla_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Feroz_Shah_Kotla_view.jpg/380px-Feroz_Shah_Kotla_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8797" data-file-height="4629" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashoka_Pillar_at_Feroze_Shah_Kotla,_Delhi_05.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ashoka_Pillar_at_Feroze_Shah_Kotla%2C_Delhi_05.JPG/134px-Ashoka_Pillar_at_Feroze_Shah_Kotla%2C_Delhi_05.JPG" decoding="async" width="134" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ashoka_Pillar_at_Feroze_Shah_Kotla%2C_Delhi_05.JPG/201px-Ashoka_Pillar_at_Feroze_Shah_Kotla%2C_Delhi_05.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Ashoka_Pillar_at_Feroze_Shah_Kotla%2C_Delhi_05.JPG/268px-Ashoka_Pillar_at_Feroze_Shah_Kotla%2C_Delhi_05.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">The Tughlaq dynasty is remembered for its architectural patronage, such as the construction of <a href="/wiki/Firoz_Shah_Kotla" class="mw-redirect" title="Firoz Shah Kotla">Firoz Shah Kotla</a>. It reused old Buddhist pillars erected by <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a> in the 3rd century BCE, such as the <a href="/wiki/Delhi-Topra_pillar" title="Delhi-Topra pillar">Delhi-Topra pillar</a>. The Sultanate initially wanted to use the pillarsmakee <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minarets</a>. Firuz Shah Tughlaq decided otherwise and had them installed near mosques.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> The meaning of the <a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a> on the pillars (the <a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">Edicts of Ashoka</a>) was unknown in Firuz Shah's time.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a></div></div></div></div> Muhammad bin Tughlaq died in 1351 while trying to chase and punish people in Gujarat who were rebelling against the Delhi Sultanate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1920242–248-108">[107]</a> He was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Firuz_Shah_Tughlaq" title="Firuz Shah Tughlaq">Firuz Shah Tughlaq</a> (1351–1388), who tried to regain the old kingdom, boundary by waging a war with Bengal for 11 months in 1359. However, Bengal did not fall. Firuz Shah ruled for 37 years. His reign was marked with prosperity much of which was due to the wise and capable Grand Vizier, Khan-i-Jahan Maqbul, a South Indian <a href="/wiki/Telugu_people" title="Telugu people">Telugu</a> Muslim.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> His reign attempted to stabilize the food supply and reduce famines by commissioning an irrigation canal from the Yamuna river. An educated sultan, Firuz Shah left a memoir.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> In it he wrote that he banned the practice of torture, such as amputations, tearing out of eyes, sawing people alive, crushing people's bones as punishment, pouring molten lead into throats, setting people on fire, driving nails into hands and feet, among others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1920249–251-123">[122]</a> He also wrote that he did not tolerate attempts by Rafawiz <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> Muslim and <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a> sects from proselytizing people into their faith, nor did he tolerate Hindus who tried to rebuild temples that his armies had destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-fst377381-124">[123]</a> Firuz Shah Tughlaq also lists his accomplishments to include converting Hindus to Sunni Islam by announcing an exemption from taxes and jizya for those who convert, and by lavishing new converts with presents and honours.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-firoz374383-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> He also vastly expanded the number of slaves in his service and those of Muslim nobles, who were converted to Islam, taught to read and memorize the Quran, and employed in many offices especially in the military, out of which he was able to amass a large army.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> These slaves were known as the Ghulaman-i-Firuz Shahi formed an elite guard which later became influential in the state.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> The reign of Firuz Shah Tughlaq was marked by reduction in extreme forms of torture, elimination of favours to select parts of society, but also increased intolerance and persecution of targeted groups,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1920249–251-123">[122]</a> the latter of which resulting in conversion of significant parts of the population to Islam.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forced_token_currency_coin_of_Muhammad_bin_Tughlak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Forced_token_currency_coin_of_Muhammad_bin_Tughlak.jpg/220px-Forced_token_currency_coin_of_Muhammad_bin_Tughlak.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Forced_token_currency_coin_of_Muhammad_bin_Tughlak.jpg/330px-Forced_token_currency_coin_of_Muhammad_bin_Tughlak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Forced_token_currency_coin_of_Muhammad_bin_Tughlak.jpg/440px-Forced_token_currency_coin_of_Muhammad_bin_Tughlak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption>A base metal coin of Muhammad bin Tughlaq that led to an economic collapse.</figcaption></figure> The death of Firuz Shah Tughlaq created anarchy and disintegration of the kingdom. Firuz Shah's successor, <a href="/wiki/Tughluq_Khan" title="Tughluq Khan">Ghiyath-ud-Din Shah II</a> was young and inexperienced and gave himself up to wine and pleasure. The nobles rose against him killed the Sultan and his vizier, and installed <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_Shah" title="Abu Bakr Shah">Abu Bakr Shah</a> on the throne.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> However, the old Ghulaman-i-Firuz Shahi turned against Abu Bakr, who fled, and on their invitation <a href="/wiki/Nasir_ud_din_Muhammad_Shah_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III">Nasir-ud-Din Muhammad Shah</a> was installed on the throne.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> The anamalous institution of the Ghulaman-i-Firuz Shahi became a corrupting influence on the successive Sultans following Firuz Shah.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> The last rulers of this dynasty both called themselves Sultan from 1394 to 1397: <a href="/wiki/Nasir-ud-Din_Mahmud_Shah_Tughluq" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq">Nasir ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughlaq</a>, the grandson of Firuz Shah Tughlaq who ruled from Delhi, and <a href="/wiki/Nasir-ud-din_Nusrat_Shah_Tughluq" title="Nasir-ud-din Nusrat Shah Tughluq">Nasir ud-Din Nusrat Shah Tughlaq</a>, another relative of Firuz Shah Tughlaq who ruled from <a href="/wiki/Firozabad" title="Firozabad">Firozabad</a>, which was a few miles from Delhi.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1920248–254-135">[134]</a> The battle between the two relatives continued until <a href="/wiki/Timur#Campaign_against_the_Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Timur">Timur's invasion</a> in 1398. <a href="/wiki/Timur" title="Timur">Timur</a>, also known as Tamerlane in Western scholarly literature, was the Turkicized Mongol ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a>. He became aware of the weakness and quarrelling of the rulers of the Delhi Sultanate, so he marched with his army to Delhi, plundering and killing all the way.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1999312–317-136">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> Estimates for the massacre by Timur in Delhi range from 100,000 to 200,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> Timur had no intention of staying in or ruling India. He looted the lands he crossed, then plundered and burnt Delhi. Over fifteen days, Timur and his army raged a massacre.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> Then he collected wealth, captured women and men and children, and enslaved people (particularly skilled artisans), and returning with this loot to Samarkand. The people and lands within the Delhi Sultanate were left in a state of anarchy, chaos, and pestilence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1920248–254-135">[134]</a> Nasir ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughlaq, who had fled to Gujarat during Timur's invasion, returned and nominally ruled as the last ruler of the Tughlaq dynasty, as a puppet of the various factions at the court.<a href="#cite_note-aschi-142">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sayyid_dynasty_(1414–1450)">Sayyid dynasty (1414–1450)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Delhi_Sultanate&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sayyid dynasty (1414–1450)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_dynasty" title="Sayyid dynasty">Sayyid dynasty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Sayyid_Dynasty.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Map_of_the_Sayyid_Dynasty.png/220px-Map_of_the_Sayyid_Dynasty.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Map_of_the_Sayyid_Dynasty.png/330px-Map_of_the_Sayyid_Dynasty.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Map_of_the_Sayyid_Dynasty.png/440px-Map_of_the_Sayyid_Dynasty.png 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a><figcaption>Territories of the Sayyid Dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartzberg197839,_148-143">[142]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_dynasty" title="Sayyid dynasty">Sayyid dynasty</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Khizr_Khan" title="Khizr Khan">Khizr Khan</a> and it ruled the Delhi Sultanate from 1415 to 1451.<a href="#cite_note-mrpislam-43">[43]</a> Members of the dynasty derived their title, <a href="/wiki/Sayyid" title="Sayyid">Sayyid</a>, or the descendants of the Islamic prophet, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, based on the claim that they belonged to his lineage through his daughter <a href="/wiki/Fatima" title="Fatima">Fatima</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Eraly" title="Abraham Eraly">Abraham Eraly</a> thinks his forebears were likely that Khizr Khan's ancestors were likely descendants of an Arab family who had long ago settled in the region of Multan during the early Tughluq period, but he doubts his Sayyid lineage.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> A.L. Srivastava shares a similar viewpoint.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESrivastava1929229"their_claim_of_Descendants_of_Prophet_Mohammad_is_dubious_but_it_seems_certain_that_Khizr_Khan's_ancestors_came_from_Arabia"-146">[145]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Eaton" title="Richard M. Eaton">Richard M. Eaton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Simon_Digby_(oriental_scholar)" title="Simon Digby (oriental scholar)">Simon Digby</a>, Khizr Khan was a <a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabi</a> chieftain from <a href="/wiki/Khokhar" title="Khokhar">Khokhar</a> clan.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton2020p._105_"The_career_of_Khizr_Khan,_a_Punjabi_chieftain_belonging_to_the_Khokar_clan,_illustrates_the_transition_to_an_increasingly_polycentric_north_India."_148-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton2020p._105_"The_career_of_Khizr_Khan,_a_Punjabi_chieftain_belonging_to_the_Khokar_clan,_illustrates_the_transition_to_an_increasingly_polycentric_north_India."-148">[147]</a> The Timurid invasion and plunder had left the Delhi Sultanate in shambles, and little is known about the rule by the Sayyid dynasty. <a href="/wiki/Annemarie_Schimmel" title="Annemarie Schimmel">Annemarie Schimmel</a> notes the first ruler of the dynasty as Khizr Khan, who assumed power as a vassal of the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a>. His authority was questioned even by those near Delhi. His successor was Mubarak Khan, who renamed himself Mubarak Shah, discontinued his father's nominal allegiance to Timur and unsuccessfully tried to regain lost territories in Punjab from Khokhar warlords.<a href="#cite_note-aschi-142">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lodhi_Garden,_New_Delhi._taken_by_Anita_Mishra.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Lodhi_Garden%2C_New_Delhi._taken_by_Anita_Mishra.JPG/220px-Lodhi_Garden%2C_New_Delhi._taken_by_Anita_Mishra.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Lodhi_Garden%2C_New_Delhi._taken_by_Anita_Mishra.JPG/330px-Lodhi_Garden%2C_New_Delhi._taken_by_Anita_Mishra.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Lodhi_Garden%2C_New_Delhi._taken_by_Anita_Mishra.JPG/440px-Lodhi_Garden%2C_New_Delhi._taken_by_Anita_Mishra.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The tomb of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shah_(Sayyid_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Shah (Sayyid dynasty)">Muhammad Shah</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lodi_Gardens" title="Lodi Gardens">Lodi Gardens</a>, New Delhi.</figcaption></figure> With the power of the Sayyid dynasty faltering, Islam's history on the Indian subcontinent underwent a profound change, according to Schimmel.<a href="#cite_note-aschi-142">[141]</a> The previously dominant Sunni sect of Islam became diluted, alternate Muslim sects such as Shia rose, and new competing centres of Islamic culture took roots beyond Delhi. In the course of the late Sayyid dynasty, the Delhi Sultanate shrank until it became a minor power. By the time of the last Sayyid ruler, <a href="/wiki/Alam_Shah" title="Alam Shah">Alam Shah</a> (whose name translated to "king of the world"), this resulted in a common northern Indian witticism, according to which the "kingdom of the king of the world extends from Delhi to <a href="/wiki/Palam" title="Palam">Palam</a>", i.e. merely 13 kilometres (8.1 mi). Historian Richard M. Eaton noted that this saying showcased how the "once-mighty empire had become a joke".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton2020108-150">[149]</a> The Sayyid dynasty was displaced by the Lodi dynasty in 1451, however, resulting in a resurgence of the Delhi Sultanate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton2020108-150">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lodi_dynasty_(1451–1526)">Lodi dynasty (1451–1526)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Delhi_Sultanate&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lodi dynasty (1451–1526)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi dynasty</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Lodis.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Map_of_the_Lodis.png/220px-Map_of_the_Lodis.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Map_of_the_Lodis.png/330px-Map_of_the_Lodis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Map_of_the_Lodis.png/440px-Map_of_the_Lodis.png 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a><figcaption>Territory of the Lodi Sultanate (1451–1526).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartzberg1978147,_map_XIV.4_(d)-151">[150]</a></figcaption></figure> The Lodi dynasty was an Afghan, or Turco-Afghan dynasty,<a href="#cite_note-153">[a]</a> related to the <a href="/wiki/Pashtuns" title="Pashtuns">Pashtun</a> (<a href="/wiki/Afghans" title="Afghans">Afghan</a>) <a href="/wiki/Lodi_(Pashtun_tribe)" title="Lodi (Pashtun tribe)">Lodi tribe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> The founder of the dynasty, <a href="/wiki/Bahlul_Khan_Lodi" title="Bahlul Khan Lodi">Bahlul Khan Lodi</a>, was a <a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji</a> of the Lodi clan.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> He started his reign by attacking the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Jaunpur_Sultanate" title="Jaunpur Sultanate">Jaunpur Sultanate</a> to expand the influence of the Delhi Sultanate and was partially successful through a treaty. Thereafter, the region from Delhi to <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a> (then at the border of Bengal province), was back under the influence of the Delhi Sultanate. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bada_gumbad,_lodhi_garden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bada_gumbad%2C_lodhi_garden.jpg/170px-Bada_gumbad%2C_lodhi_garden.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bada_gumbad%2C_lodhi_garden.jpg/255px-Bada_gumbad%2C_lodhi_garden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Bada_gumbad%2C_lodhi_garden.jpg/340px-Bada_gumbad%2C_lodhi_garden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bara_Gumbad" title="Bara Gumbad">Bara Gumbad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lodi_Gardens" title="Lodi Gardens">Lodi Gardens</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a>.</figcaption></figure> After Bahlul Lodi died, his son Nizam Khan assumed power, renamed himself <a href="/wiki/Sikandar_Khan_Lodi" title="Sikandar Khan Lodi">Sikandar Lodi</a> and ruled from 1489 to 1517.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> One of the better-known rulers of the dynasty, Sikandar Lodi expelled his brother Barbak Shah from Jaunpur, installed his son Jalal Khan as the ruler, then proceeded east to make claims on <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>. The Muslim governors of Bihar agreed to pay tribute and taxes but operated independently of the Delhi Sultanate. Sikandar Lodi led a campaign of destruction of temples, particularly around <a href="/wiki/Mathura" title="Mathura">Mathura</a>. He also moved his capital and court from Delhi to <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a>,<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> an ancient Hindu city that had been destroyed during the plunder and attacks of the early Delhi Sultanate period. Sikandar thus erected buildings with Indo-Islamic architecture in Agra during his rule, and the growth of Agra continued during the Mughal Empire, after the end of the Delhi Sultanate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1920253–257-159">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> Sikandar Lodi died a natural death in 1517, and his second son <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Khan_Lodi" title="Ibrahim Khan Lodi">Ibrahim Lodi</a> assumed power. Ibrahim did not enjoy the support of Afghan and Persian nobles or regional chiefs.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> Ibrahim attacked and killed his elder brother Jalal Khan, who was installed as the governor of Jaunpur by his father and had the support of the amirs and chiefs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1920253–257-159">[157]</a> Ibrahim Lodi was unable to consolidate his power, and after Jalal Khan's death, the governor of Punjab, <a href="/wiki/Daulat_Khan_Lodi" title="Daulat Khan Lodi">Daulat Khan Lodi</a>, reached out to the Mughal <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a> and invited him to attack the Delhi Sultanate.<a href="#cite_note-eblodi-162">[160]</a> Babur defeated and killed Ibrahim Lodi in the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Panipat" title="First Battle of Panipat">Battle of Panipat</a> in 1526. The death of Ibrahim Lodi ended the Delhi Sultanate, and the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> replaced it.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Delhi_Sultanate&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Government and politics">edit</a>]</div> The historian <a href="/wiki/Peter_Jackson_(historian)" title="Peter Jackson (historian)">Peter Jackson</a> explains in <a href="/wiki/The_New_Cambridge_History_of_Islam" title="The New Cambridge History of Islam">The New Cambridge History of Islam</a>: "The elite of the early Delhi sultanate comprised overwhelmingly first-generation immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>: <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghūrīs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khalaj_people" title="Khalaj people">Khalaj</a> from the hot regions (garmsīr) of modern <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>".<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_system">Political system</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Delhi_Sultanate&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Political system">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="background: lightyellow;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Delhi Sultanate</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#EEDC82; border-bottom: solid lightyellow 5px;"> Ruling dynasties</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: left; background:#EEDC82; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Delhi)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk dynasty</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_Aibak" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutb al-Din Aibak">Qutb al-Din Aibak</a></td><td> 1206–1210</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Aram_Shah" title="Aram Shah">Aram Shah</a></td><td> 1210–1211</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Iltutmish" title="Iltutmish">Iltutmish</a></td><td> 1211–1236</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Rukn_ud_din_Firuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Rukn ud din Firuz">Rukn ud din Firuz</a></td><td> 1236</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Razia_Sultana" title="Razia Sultana">Razia Sultana</a></td><td> 1236-1240</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Muiz_ud_din_Bahram" title="Muiz ud din Bahram">Muiz ud din Bahram</a></td><td> 1240–1242</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Ala_ud_din_Masud" class="mw-redirect" title="Ala ud din Masud">Ala ud din Masud</a></td><td> 1242–1246</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Nasiruddin_Mahmud_(grandson_of_Iltutmish)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasiruddin Mahmud (grandson of Iltutmish)">Nasiruddin Mahmud</a></td><td> 1246–1266</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Ghiyas_ud_din_Balban" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghiyas ud din Balban">Ghiyas ud din Balban</a></td><td> 1266–1287</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Muiz_ud_din_Qaiqabad" title="Muiz ud din Qaiqabad">Muiz ud din Qaiqabad</a></td><td> 1287–1290</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Shamsuddin_Kayumars" title="Shamsuddin Kayumars">Shamsuddin Kayumars</a></td><td> 1290</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: left; background:#EEDC82; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji dynasty</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Jalal-ud-din_Khalji" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalal-ud-din Khalji">Jalaluddin</a></td><td> 1290–1296</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji" title="Alauddin Khalji">Alauddin</a></td><td> 1296–1316</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Shihabuddin_Omar" title="Shihabuddin Omar">Shihabuddin Omar</a></td><td> 1316</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Qutbuddin_Mubarak_Shah" title="Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah">Qutbuddin Mubarak Shah</a></td><td> 1316–1320</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Khusrau_Khan" title="Khusrau Khan">Khusrau Khan</a></td><td> 1320</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: left; background:#EEDC82; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq dynasty</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Ghiyath_al-Din_Tughluq" title="Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq">Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq</a></td><td> 1320–1325</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Tughluq" title="Muhammad bin Tughluq">Muhammad bin Tughluq</a></td><td> 1325–1351</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Firuz_Shah_Tughlaq" title="Firuz Shah Tughlaq">Firuz Shah Tughlaq</a></td><td> 1351–1388</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Tughluq_Khan" title="Tughluq Khan">Tughluq Khan</a></td><td> 1388–1389</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_Shah" title="Abu Bakr Shah">Abu Bakr Shah</a></td><td> 1389–1390</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Nasir_ud_din_Muhammad_Shah_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III">Nasir ud din Muhammad Shah III</a></td><td> 1390–1393</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Ala_ud-din_Sikandar_Shah" title="Ala ud-din Sikandar Shah">Ala ud-din Sikandar Shah</a></td><td> 1393</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Nasir-ud-din_Nusrat_Shah_Tughluq" title="Nasir-ud-din Nusrat Shah Tughluq">Nasir-ud-din Nusrat Shah Tughluq</a></td><td> 1394–1398</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Nasir-ud-Din_Mahmud_Shah_Tughluq" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq">Nasir-ud-Din Mahmud Shah Tughluq</a></td><td> 1394–1413</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: left; background:#EEDC82; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_dynasty" title="Sayyid dynasty">Sayyid dynasty</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Khizr_Khan" title="Khizr Khan">Khizr Khan</a></td><td> 1414–1421</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Mubarak_Shah_(Sayyid_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mubarak Shah (Sayyid dynasty)">Mubarak Shah</a></td><td> 1421–1434</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shah_(Sayyid_dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Shah (Sayyid dynasty)">Muhammad Shah</a></td><td> 1434–1445</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Alam_Shah" title="Alam Shah">Alam Shah</a></td><td> 1445–1451</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: left; background:#EEDC82; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodi dynasty</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Bahlul_Khan_Lodi" title="Bahlul Khan Lodi">Bahlul Khan Lodi</a></td><td> 1451–1489</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Sikandar_Lodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikandar Lodi">Sikandar Lodi</a></td><td> 1489–1517</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td> <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Lodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim Lodi">Ibrahim Lodi</a></td><td> 1517–1526</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Delhi_Sultanate" title="Template:Delhi Sultanate"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Delhi_Sultanate" title="Template talk:Delhi Sultanate"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Delhi_Sultanate" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Delhi Sultanate"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Medieval scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Malik_Isami" title="Abdul Malik Isami">Isami</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ziauddin_Barani" title="Ziauddin Barani">Barani</a> suggested that the prehistory of the Delhi Sultanate lay in the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a> state and that its ruler, Mahmud Ghaznavi, provided the foundation and inspiration integral in the making of the Delhi regime. The Mongol and Hindu monarchies were the great "Others" in these narratives and the Persianate and class-conscious, aristocratic virtues of the ideal state were creatively memorialized in the Ghaznavid state, now the templates for the Delhi Sultanate. Cast within a historical narrative it allowed for a more self-reflective, linear rooting of the Sultanate in the great traditions of Muslim statecraft.<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> Over time, successive Muslim dynasties created a "centralized structure in the Persian tradition whose task was to mobilize human and material resources for the ongoing armed struggle against both Mongol and <a href="/wiki/Hindu_monarchies" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu monarchies">Hindu monarchies</a>".<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> The monarch was not the Sultan of the Hindus or of, say, the people of Haryana, rather in the eyes of the Sultanate's chroniclers, the Muslims constituted what in more recent times would be termed a "Staatsvolk". For many Muslim observers, the ultimate justification for any ruler within the Islamic world was the protection and advancement of the faith. For the Sultans, as for their Ghaznavid and Ghurid predecessors, this entailed the suppression of heterodox Muslims, and <a href="/wiki/Firuz_Shah_Tughlaq" title="Firuz Shah Tughlaq">Firuz Shah</a> attached some importance to the fact that he had acted against the ashab-i had-u ibadat (deviators and latitudinarians). It also involved plundering and extorting tribute from, independent Hindu principalities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1999278-167">[165]</a> Firuz Shah, who believed that India was changed into a Muslim nation,<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> declared that "no zimmi living in a Musalman country might dare to act".<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> The Hindu kingdoms who submitted to Islamic rule qualified as <a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">"protected peoples"</a> according to the wide spectrum of the educated Muslim community within the subcontinent. The balance of the evidence is that in the latter half of the fourteenth century, if not before, the jizyah was levied as a discriminatory tax on non-Muslims, although even then it is difficult to see how such a measure could have been enforced outside the principal centres of Muslim authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1999283–287-170">[168]</a> The Delhi Sultanate also continued the governmental conventions of the previous Hindu polities, claiming <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">paramountcy</a> of some of its subjects rather than exclusive supreme control. Accordingly, it did not interfere with the autonomy and military of certain conquered Hindu rulers and freely included Hindu vassals and officials.<a href="#cite_note-brt-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_policy_and_administration">Economic policy and administration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Delhi_Sultanate&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Economic policy and administration">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Market_reforms_of_Alauddin_Khalji" title="Market reforms of Alauddin Khalji">Market reforms of Alauddin Khalji</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Islamic_Sultanates._Bengal._Ghiyath_al-Din_%27Iwad._Governor,_AH_614-616_AD_1217-1220._Struck_in_the_name_of_Shams_al-Din_Iltutmish,_Sultan_of_Dehli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Islamic_Sultanates._Bengal._Ghiyath_al-Din_%27Iwad._Governor%2C_AH_614-616_AD_1217-1220._Struck_in_the_name_of_Shams_al-Din_Iltutmish%2C_Sultan_of_Dehli.jpg/250px-Islamic_Sultanates._Bengal._Ghiyath_al-Din_%27Iwad._Governor%2C_AH_614-616_AD_1217-1220._Struck_in_the_name_of_Shams_al-Din_Iltutmish%2C_Sultan_of_Dehli.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Islamic_Sultanates._Bengal._Ghiyath_al-Din_%27Iwad._Governor%2C_AH_614-616_AD_1217-1220._Struck_in_the_name_of_Shams_al-Din_Iltutmish%2C_Sultan_of_Dehli.jpg/375px-Islamic_Sultanates._Bengal._Ghiyath_al-Din_%27Iwad._Governor%2C_AH_614-616_AD_1217-1220._Struck_in_the_name_of_Shams_al-Din_Iltutmish%2C_Sultan_of_Dehli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Islamic_Sultanates._Bengal._Ghiyath_al-Din_%27Iwad._Governor%2C_AH_614-616_AD_1217-1220._Struck_in_the_name_of_Shams_al-Din_Iltutmish%2C_Sultan_of_Dehli.jpg/500px-Islamic_Sultanates._Bengal._Ghiyath_al-Din_%27Iwad._Governor%2C_AH_614-616_AD_1217-1220._Struck_in_the_name_of_Shams_al-Din_Iltutmish%2C_Sultan_of_Dehli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1584" data-file-height="778" /></a><figcaption>Coin of <a href="/wiki/Iwaz_Khalji" title="Iwaz Khalji">Ghiyath al-Din 'Iwad</a>, Governor of <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, AH 614–616 AD 1217–1220. Struck in the name of <a href="/wiki/Iltutmish" title="Iltutmish">Shams al-Din Iltutmish</a>, Sultan of Dehli.</figcaption></figure> The economic policy of the Delhi Sultanate was characterized by greater government involvement in the economy relative to the Classical Hindu dynasties, and increased penalties for private businesses that broke government regulations. Alauddin Khalji replaced the private markets with four centralized government-run markets, appointed a "market controller", and implemented strict price controls<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992379–380-171">[169]</a> on all kinds of goods, "from <a href="/wiki/Cap" title="Cap">caps</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sock" title="Sock">socks</a>; from <a href="/wiki/Comb" title="Comb">combs</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pin" title="Pin">pins</a>; from <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetables</a> to <a href="/wiki/Soup" title="Soup">soups</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Confectionery" title="Confectionery">sweetmeats</a> to <a href="/wiki/Chapati" title="Chapati">chapatis</a>" (according to <a href="/wiki/Ziauddin_Barani" title="Ziauddin Barani">Ziauddin Barani</a> [c. 1357]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESatish_Chandra2007105-172">[170]</a>). The price controls were inflexible even during droughts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992379-173">[171]</a> Capitalist investors were completely banned from participating in the horse trade,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992385-174">[172]</a> animal and slave brokers were forbidden from collecting commissions,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992384-175">[173]</a> and private merchants were eliminated from all animal and slave markets.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992384-175">[173]</a> Bans were instituted against <a href="/wiki/Hoarding" title="Hoarding">hoarding</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESatish_Chandra2007102-176">[174]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Engrossing_(law)" title="Engrossing (law)">regrating</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992380-177">[175]</a> granaries were nationalized<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESatish_Chandra2007102-176">[174]</a> and limits were placed on the amount of grain that could be used by cultivators for personal use.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992389-178">[176]</a> Various licensing rules were imposed. Registration of merchants was required,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992383-179">[177]</a> and expensive goods such as certain fabrics were deemed "unnecessary" for the general public and required a <a href="/wiki/License" title="License">permit</a> from the state to be purchased. These licenses were issued to <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">amirs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malik#Usage_in_South_Asia" title="Malik">maliks</a>, and other important persons in government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992384-175">[173]</a> Agricultural taxes were raised to 50%. Traders regarded the regulations as burdensome, and violations were severely punished, leading to further resentment among the traders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESatish_Chandra2007105-172">[170]</a> A network of spies was instituted to ensure the implementation of the system; even after price controls were lifted after Khalji's death, Barani claims that the fear of his spies remained and that people continued to avoid trading in expensive commodities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992386-180">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_policies">Social policies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Delhi_Sultanate&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Social policies">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shah_Ghiyath_al-Din_Tughluq_arrives_in_Tirhut._Depicted_by_eyewitness_Muhammad_Sadr_Ala-i_in_his_BasaUn_al-uns,_ca.1410._Istanbul,_Topkapi_Palace_Museum_Library,_Ms._R.1032_(troops_led_by_the_Shah).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Shah_Ghiyath_al-Din_Tughluq_arrives_in_Tirhut._Depicted_by_eyewitness_Muhammad_Sadr_Ala-i_in_his_BasaUn_al-uns%2C_ca.1410._Istanbul%2C_Topkapi_Palace_Museum_Library%2C_Ms._R.1032_%28troops_led_by_the_Shah%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Shah_Ghiyath_al-Din_Tughluq_arrives_in_Tirhut._Depicted_by_eyewitness_Muhammad_Sadr_Ala-i_in_his_BasaUn_al-uns%2C_ca.1410._Istanbul%2C_Topkapi_Palace_Museum_Library%2C_Ms._R.1032_%28troops_led_by_the_Shah%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Shah_Ghiyath_al-Din_Tughluq_arrives_in_Tirhut._Depicted_by_eyewitness_Muhammad_Sadr_Ala-i_in_his_BasaUn_al-uns%2C_ca.1410._Istanbul%2C_Topkapi_Palace_Museum_Library%2C_Ms._R.1032_%28troops_led_by_the_Shah%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1435" data-file-height="1784" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ghiyath_al-Din_Tughluq" title="Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq">Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq</a> leading his troops in the capture of the city of <a href="/wiki/Mithila_(region)" title="Mithila (region)">Tirhut</a> in 1324, from Basātin al-uns by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Sadr_Ala-i" title="Muhammad Sadr Ala-i">Ikhtisān-i Dabir</a>, a member of the Tughluq court. Ca.1410 <a href="/wiki/Jalayirid_Sultanate" title="Jalayirid Sultanate">Jalayirid</a> copy of 1326 lost original. Istanbul, Topkapi Palace Museum Library, Ms. R.1032.<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a></figcaption></figure> The sultanate enforced Islamic religious prohibitions on anthropomorphic representations in art.<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Delhi_Sultanate&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a>]</div> The army of the Delhi sultans initially consisted of nomadic <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> military slaves belonging to Muhammad of Ghor. The nucleus of this Southeast Asian sultanate military were the Turco-Afghani regular units named Wajih, which were composed of elite household cavalry archers who came from slave backgrounds.<a href="#cite_note-Boot,_Hooves_and_Wheels-183">[181]</a> A major military contribution of the Delhi Sultanate was their successful campaigns repelling the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_India" title="Mongol invasions of India">invasions of India</a>, which could have been devastating for the Indian subcontinent, like the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">Mongol invasions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mongol_conquest_of_China" title="Mongol conquest of China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Persia_and_Mesopotamia" title="Mongol invasion of Persia and Mesopotamia">Persia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Europe</a>. Were it not for the Delhi Sultanate, the Mongol Empire may have been successful in invading India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200819,_50–51-39">[39]</a> The strength of the armies changes according to time. Historians state the Delhi sultanate during the Khalji dynasty maintained 300,000–400,000 horse cavalry and 2500–3000 <a href="/wiki/War_elephant" title="War elephant">war elephant</a> as a standing army.<a href="#cite_note-History_of_Kanauj_To_the_Moslem_Conquest-184">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-Indian_and_Oriental_Arms_and_Armour-185">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-War-horse_and_Elephant_in_the_Dehli_Sultanate;_Simon_Digby-186">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-Islamic_Arms_and_Armour_of_Muslim_India-187">[185]</a><sup id="cite_ref-A_Description_of_Indian_and_Oriental_Armour_Illustrated_from_the_Collection_Formerly_in_the_India_Office,_Now_Exhibited_at_South_Kensington,_and_the_Author's_Private_Collection,_with_a_Map,_Twenty-three_Full-page_Plates_(two_Coloured),_and_Numerous_Woodcuts,_with_an_Introductory_Sketch_of_the_Military_History_of_India_188-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Description_of_Indian_and_Oriental_Armour_Illustrated_from_the_Collection_Formerly_in_the_India_Office,_Now_Exhibited_at_South_Kensington,_and_the_Author's_Private_Collection,_with_a_Map,_Twenty-three_Full-page_Plates_(two_Coloured),_and_Numerous_Woodcuts,_with_an_Introductory_Sketch_of_the_Military_History_of_India-188">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-Warfare_in_Pre-British_India_–_1500BCE_to_1740CE-189">[187]</a> Its successor state, the <a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq dynasty</a> further expanded into 500,000 horse cavalry in their force.<a href="#cite_note-War-horse_and_Elephant_in_the_Dehli_Sultanate;_Simon_Digby-186">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Delhi_Sultanate&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">Economic history of India</a></div> Some historians argue that the Delhi Sultanate was responsible for making India more multicultural and cosmopolitan. The establishment of the Delhi Sultanate in India has been compared to the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> and called "part of a larger trend occurring throughout much of Eurasia, in which nomadic people migrated from the steppes of Inner Asia and became politically dominant".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200850–52-25">[25]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Angus_Maddison" title="Angus Maddison">Angus Maddison</a>, between the years 1000 and 1500, India's <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a>, of which the sultanates represented a significant part, grew nearly 8% to $60.5 billion in 1500. Though the overall the percentage of the GDP share reduced from 33% to 22% <a href="#cite_note-maddison379-190">[188]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Angus_Maddison" title="Angus Maddison">Maddison's</a> estimates, India's population grew from 85 million in 1200 to 101 million in 1500 AD in the period.<a href="#cite_note-ggdc.net-13">[13]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sirat_i-Firuz_Shahi_14th_century_illustration_of_the_transportation_of_the_Topra_pillar_to_Delhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Sirat_i-Firuz_Shahi_14th_century_illustration_of_the_transportation_of_the_Topra_pillar_to_Delhi.jpg/220px-Sirat_i-Firuz_Shahi_14th_century_illustration_of_the_transportation_of_the_Topra_pillar_to_Delhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Sirat_i-Firuz_Shahi_14th_century_illustration_of_the_transportation_of_the_Topra_pillar_to_Delhi.jpg/330px-Sirat_i-Firuz_Shahi_14th_century_illustration_of_the_transportation_of_the_Topra_pillar_to_Delhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Sirat_i-Firuz_Shahi_14th_century_illustration_of_the_transportation_of_the_Topra_pillar_to_Delhi.jpg/440px-Sirat_i-Firuz_Shahi_14th_century_illustration_of_the_transportation_of_the_Topra_pillar_to_Delhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="894" data-file-height="1288" /></a><figcaption>Transportation of the <a href="/wiki/Delhi-Topra_pillar" title="Delhi-Topra pillar">Delhi-Topra pillar</a> to Delhi. Sirat i-<a href="/wiki/Firuz_Shah_Tughlaq" title="Firuz Shah Tughlaq">Firuz Shahi</a>, 14th century illustration.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a></figcaption></figure> The Delhi Sultanate period coincided with more use of mechanical technology in the Indian subcontinent.<a href="#cite_note-Pacey-192">[190]</a> India previously already had highly sophisticated agriculture, food crops, textiles, medicine, minerals, and metals.<a href="#cite_note-Pacey-192">[190]</a> <a href="/wiki/Water_wheel" title="Water wheel">Water wheels</a> also previously existed in India, as described by various Chinese monks and Arab travellers and writers in their books.<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-siddiqui-194">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[note 2]</a> During the Delhi Sultanate, various mechanical devices were introduced from the Islamic world to India, such as <a href="/wiki/Gear" title="Gear">geared</a> water-raising wheels and other <a href="/wiki/Machine" title="Machine">machines</a> with gears, <a href="/wiki/Pulley" title="Pulley">pulleys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cam_(mechanism)" title="Cam (mechanism)">cams</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crank_(mechanism)" title="Crank (mechanism)">cranks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pacey-192">[190]</a> Later, Mughal emperor Babur provided a description on the use of water wheels in the Delhi Sultanate.<a href="#cite_note-200">[197]</a> According to historians Arnold Pacey and <a href="/wiki/Irfan_Habib" title="Irfan Habib">Irfan Habib</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Spinning_wheel" title="Spinning wheel">spinning wheel</a> was introduced to India from Iran during the Delhi Sultanate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPacey199123-24-201">[198]</a> Smith and Cothren suggested that it was invented in India during the latter half of the first millennium,<a href="#cite_note-202">[199]</a> but Pacey and Habib said these early references to cotton spinning do not identify a wheel, but more likely refer to <a href="/wiki/Hand_spinning" title="Hand spinning">hand spinning</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPacey199123–24-203">[200]</a> The earliest unambiguous reference to a spinning wheel in India is dated to 1350.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPacey199123–24-203">[200]</a> The worm gear roller <a href="/wiki/Cotton_gin" title="Cotton gin">cotton gin</a> was invented in the thirteenth or fourteenth centuries; Habib states that the development may likely occurred in peninsular India, before becoming more widespread across India during the Mughal era.<a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a> The incorporation of the crank handle in the cotton gin may have appeared sometime during the late Delhi Sultanate or the early Mughal Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHabib2011[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidK8kO4J3mXUACpgPA53_53–54]-205">[202]</a> India and China have connections throughout the thousands of years of history. Paper had already reached some parts of India as early as the 6th or 7th century,<a href="#cite_note-:0-206">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[205]</a> initially through Chinese travellers and the ancient silk road which India was very well connected with. Earlier some historians believed that paper failed to catch on as palmyra leaves and birch bark remained far more popular but this theory was discredited later on.<a href="#cite_note-209">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[207]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHabib201196-211">[208]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHabib201195–96-212">[209]</a> On the other hand, the paper may have arrived in <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> from a separate route, as 15th-century Chinese traveller <a href="/wiki/Ma_Huan" title="Ma Huan">Ma Huan</a> remarked that Bengali paper was white and made from "bark of a tree" similar to the Chinese method of papermaking (as opposed to the Middle-Eastern method of using rags and waste material), suggesting a direct route from China for the arrival of paper in Bengal and paper was already very well established and widespread in that part of the subcontinent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHabib201195–96-212">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Factors">Factors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Delhi_Sultanate&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Factors">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographics">Demographics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Delhi_Sultanate&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India#History" title="Demographics of India">Demographics of India: History</a></div> According to one set of very uncertain estimates by modern historians, <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India" title="Demographics of India">the total Indian population</a> had largely been stagnant at 75 million during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Middle Kingdoms</a> era from 1 AD to 1000 AD. During the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a> Delhi Sultanate era from 1000 to 1500, India as a whole experienced lasting population growth for the first time in a thousand years, with its population increasing nearly 50% to 110 million by 1500 AD.<a href="#cite_note-maddison-213">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-maddison236-214">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture">Culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Delhi_Sultanate&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%87_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE_%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%84%DB%8C_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%87_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE_%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%84%DB%8C_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%87_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE_%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%84%DB%8C_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%87_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE_%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%84%DB%8C_-_panoramio.jpg/495px-%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%87_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE_%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%84%DB%8C_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%87_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE_%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%84%DB%8C_-_panoramio.jpg/660px-%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%87_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AE_%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%84%DB%8C_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption>Decorative reliefs, <a href="/wiki/Alai_Darwaza" title="Alai Darwaza">Alai Darwaza</a>, 1311.</figcaption></figure> While the Indian subcontinent has had invaders from Central Asia since ancient times, what made the Muslim invasions different is that unlike the preceding invaders who assimilated into the prevalent social system, the successful Muslim conquerors retained their Islamic identity and created new legal and administrative systems that challenged and usually in many cases superseded the existing systems of social conduct and ethics, even influencing the non-Muslim rivals and common masses to a large extent, though the non-Muslim population was left to their laws and customs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200847-215">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[213]</a> They also introduced new cultural codes that in some ways were very different from the existing cultural codes. This led to the rise of a new Indian culture that was mixed in nature, different from ancient Indian culture. The overwhelming majority of Muslims in India were Indian natives converted to Islam. This factor also played an important role in the synthesis of cultures.<a href="#cite_note-217">[214]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani language</a> (Hindi) began to emerge in the Delhi Sultanate period, developed from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Middle Indo-Aryan languages">Middle Indo-Aryan</a> <a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">apabhramsha</a> <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernaculars</a> of <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amir_Khusrau" title="Amir Khusrau">Amir Khusrau</a>, who lived in the 13th century CE during the Delhi Sultanate period in North India, used a form of Hindustani, which was the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> of the period, in his writings and referred to it as Hindavi.<a href="#cite_note-brown2008-26">[26]</a> The officers, the Sultans, Khans, Maliks and the soldiers wore the Islamic qabas dress in the style of Khwarezm, which were tucked in the middle of the body, while the turban and <a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa_clothing" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa clothing">kullah</a> were common headwear. The turbans were wrapped around the kullah (caps), and the feet were covered with red boots. The Wazirs and Katibs also dressed like the soldiers, except they did not use belts, and often let down a piece of cloth in front of them in the manner of the Sufis. The judges and the learned men wore ample gowns (farajiyat) and an Arabic garment (durra).<a href="#cite_note-218">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Delhi_Sultanate&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Qutab_Minar_mausoleum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Qutab_Minar_mausoleum.jpg/220px-Qutab_Minar_mausoleum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Qutab_Minar_mausoleum.jpg/330px-Qutab_Minar_mausoleum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Qutab_Minar_mausoleum.jpg/440px-Qutab_Minar_mausoleum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1734" data-file-height="2004" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Qutb_Minar" title="Qutb Minar">Qutb Minar</a> (left, begun <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1200) next to the <a href="/wiki/Alai_Darwaza" title="Alai Darwaza">Alai Darwaza</a> gatehouse (1311); <a href="/wiki/Qutb_Minar_complex" title="Qutb Minar complex">Qutb Minar complex</a> in Delhi.<a href="#cite_note-unescoaqm-60">[60]</a></figcaption></figure> The start of the Delhi Sultanate in 1206 under <a href="/wiki/Qutb_ud-Din_Aibak" title="Qutb ud-Din Aibak">Qutb al-Din Aibak</a> introduced a large Islamic state to India, using Central Asian styles.<a href="#cite_note-219">[216]</a> The types and forms of large buildings required by Muslim elites, with <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a> and tombs much the most common, were very different from those previously built in India. The exteriors of both were very often topped by large <a href="/wiki/Dome" title="Dome">domes</a> and made extensive use of <a href="/wiki/Arch" title="Arch">arches</a>. Both of these features were hardly used in <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Hindu temple architecture">Hindu temple architecture</a> and other indigenous Indian styles. Both types of building essentially consist of a single large space under a high dome, and completely avoid the figurative sculpture so important to Hindu temple architecture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarle1994421,_425Yale165BlairBloom1995149-220">[217]</a> The important <a href="/wiki/Qutb_Minar_complex" title="Qutb Minar complex">Qutb Minar complex</a> in Delhi was begun under <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_of_Ghor" title="Muhammad of Ghor">Muhammad of Ghor</a>, by 1199, and continued under Qutb al-Din Aibak and later sultans. The <a href="/wiki/Qutb_Minar_complex#Quwwat-ul-Islam_Mosque" title="Qutb Minar complex">Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque</a>, now a ruin, was the first structure. Like other early Islamic buildings, it re-used elements such as columns from destroyed <a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jain</a> temples, including one on the same site whose platform was reused. The style was Iranian, but the arches were still <a href="/wiki/Corbel_arch" title="Corbel arch">corbelled</a> in the traditional Indian way.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYale164–165Harle1994423–424BlairBloom1995149-221">[218]</a> Beside it is the extremely tall <a href="/wiki/Qutb_Minar" title="Qutb Minar">Qutb Minar</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Minaret" title="Minaret">minaret</a> or victory tower, whose original four stages reach 73 meters (with a final stage added later). Its closest comparator is the 62-metre all-brick <a href="/wiki/Minaret_of_Jam" title="Minaret of Jam">Minaret of Jam</a> in Afghanistan, of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1190, a decade or so before the probable start of the Delhi tower.<a href="#cite_note-222">[note 3]</a> The surfaces of both are elaborately decorated with inscriptions and geometric patterns; in Delhi the shaft is <a href="/wiki/Fluting_(architecture)" title="Fluting (architecture)">fluted</a> with "superb <a href="/wiki/Stalactite" title="Stalactite">stalactite</a> bracketing under the balconies" at the top of each stage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYale164Harle1994424BlairBloom1995149-223">[219]</a> In general minarets were slow to be used in India, and are often detached from the main mosque where they exist.<a href="#cite_note-224">[220]</a> The Tomb of <a href="/wiki/Iltutmish" title="Iltutmish">Iltutmish</a> was added by 1236; its dome, the <a href="/wiki/Squinch" title="Squinch">squinches</a> again corbelled, and is now missing, and the intricate carving has been described as having an "angular harshness", from carvers working in an unfamiliar tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYale164Harle1994425-225">[221]</a> Other elements were added to the complex over the next two centuries. Another very early mosque, begun in the 1190s, is the <a href="/wiki/Adhai_Din_Ka_Jhonpra" title="Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra">Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ajmer" title="Ajmer">Ajmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, built for the same Delhi rulers, again with corbelled arches and domes. Here Hindu temple columns (and possibly some new ones) are piled up in threes to achieve extra height. Both mosques had large detached screens with pointed corbelled arches added in front of them, probably under Iltutmish a couple of decades later. In these, the central arch is taller, in imitation of an <a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">iwan</a>. At Ajmer, the smaller screen arches are tentatively cusped, for the first time in India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995149–150Harle1994425-226">[222]</a> By around 1300 true domes and arches with <a href="/wiki/Voussoir" title="Voussoir">voussoirs</a> were being built; the ruined <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Balban" title="Tomb of Balban">Tomb of Balban</a> (d. 1287) in Delhi may be the earliest survival.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarle1994425-227">[223]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Alai_Darwaza" title="Alai Darwaza">Alai Darwaza</a> gatehouse at the Qutb complex, from 1311, still shows a cautious approach to the new technology, with very thick walls and a shallow dome, only visible from a certain distance or height. Bold contrasting colours of masonry, with red <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> and white <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a>, introduce what was to become a common feature of Indo-Islamic architecture, substituting for the polychrome tiles used in Persia and Central Asia. The pointed arches come together slightly at their base, giving a mild <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_arch" title="Horseshoe arch">horseshoe arch</a> effect, and their internal edges are not cusped but lined with conventionalized "spearhead" projections, possibly representing <a href="/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera" title="Nelumbo nucifera">lotus</a> buds. <a href="/wiki/Jali" title="Jali">Jali</a>, stone <a href="/wiki/Openwork" title="Openwork">openwork</a> screens, are introduced here; they already had been long used in temples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995151-228">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tughlaq_architecture">Tughlaq architecture</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Delhi_Sultanate&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Tughlaq architecture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Shah_Rukn-e-Alam_2014-07-31.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tomb_of_Shah_Rukn-e-Alam_2014-07-31.jpg/220px-Tomb_of_Shah_Rukn-e-Alam_2014-07-31.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tomb_of_Shah_Rukn-e-Alam_2014-07-31.jpg/330px-Tomb_of_Shah_Rukn-e-Alam_2014-07-31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Tomb_of_Shah_Rukn-e-Alam_2014-07-31.jpg/440px-Tomb_of_Shah_Rukn-e-Alam_2014-07-31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2468" data-file-height="2064" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Shah_Rukn-e-Alam" title="Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam">Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam</a> at <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a>, built during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Ghiyath_al-Din_Tughluq" title="Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq">Ghiyas-ud-Din Tughluq</a> in 1320 AD</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Shah_Rukn-e-Alam" title="Tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam">tomb of Shah Rukn-e-Alam</a> (built 1320 to 1324) in <a href="/wiki/Multan" title="Multan">Multan</a>, Pakistan is a large octagonal brick-built <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleum</a> with polychrome glazed decoration that remains much closer to the styles of Iran and Afghanistan. Timber is also used internally. This was the earliest major monument of the <a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq dynasty</a> (1320–1413), built during the unsustainable expansion of its massive territory. It was built for a <a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">Sufi saint</a> rather than a sultan, and most of the many <a href="/wiki/Tughluq_tombs" title="Tughluq tombs">Tughlaq tombs</a> are much less exuberant. The tomb of the founder of the dynasty, <a href="/wiki/Ghiyath_al-Din_Tughluq" title="Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq">Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq</a> (d. 1325) is more austere, but impressive; like a Hindu temple, it is topped with a small <a href="/wiki/Amalaka" title="Amalaka">amalaka</a> and a round <a href="/wiki/Finial" title="Finial">finial</a> like a <a href="/wiki/Kalasha" title="Kalasha">kalasha</a>. Unlike the buildings mentioned previously, it completely lacks carved texts and sits in a compound with high walls and battlements. Both these tombs have external walls sloping slightly inwards, by 25° in the Delhi tomb, like many fortifications including the ruined <a href="/wiki/Tughlaqabad_Fort" title="Tughlaqabad Fort">Tughlaqabad Fort</a> opposite the tomb, intended as the new capital.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995151–156Harle1994425–426-229">[225]</a> The Tughlaqs had a corps of government architects and builders, and in this and other roles employed many Hindus. They left many buildings and a standardized dynastic style.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995151-228">[224]</a> The third sultan, <a href="/wiki/Firuz_Shah_Tughlaq" title="Firuz Shah Tughlaq">Firuz Shah</a> (r. 1351–88) is said to have designed buildings himself and was the longest ruler and greatest builder of the dynasty. His <a href="/wiki/Firoz_Shah_palace_complex" title="Firoz Shah palace complex">Firoz Shah Palace Complex</a> (started 1354) at <a href="/wiki/Hisar_(city)" title="Hisar (city)">Hisar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a> is a ruin, but parts are in fair condition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995154Harle1994425-230">[226]</a> Some buildings from his reign take forms that had been rare or unknown in Islamic buildings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995154–156-231">[227]</a> He was buried in the large <a href="/wiki/Hauz_Khas_Complex" title="Hauz Khas Complex">Hauz Khas Complex</a> in Delhi, with many other buildings from his period and the later Sultanate, including several small domed <a href="/wiki/Pavilion" title="Pavilion">pavilions</a> supported only by columns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995154–156Harle1994425-232">[228]</a> By this time Islamic architecture in India had adopted some features of earlier Indian architecture, such as the use of a high <a href="/wiki/Pedestal" title="Pedestal">plinth</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995149-233">[229]</a> and often <a href="/wiki/Molding_(decorative)" title="Molding (decorative)">mouldings</a> around its edges, as well as columns and brackets and <a href="/wiki/Hypostyle" title="Hypostyle">hypostyle</a> halls.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlairBloom1995156-234">[230]</a> After the death of Firoz the Tughlaqs declined, and the following Delhi dynasties were weak. Most of the monumental buildings constructed were tombs, although the impressive <a href="/wiki/Lodi_Gardens" title="Lodi Gardens">Lodi Gardens in Delhi</a> (adorned with fountains, <a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">charbagh</a> gardens, ponds, tombs and mosques) were constructed by the late Lodi dynasty. The architecture of other regional Muslim states was often more impressive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarle1994426BlairBloom1995156-235">[231]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Adhai_Din_Ka_Jhonpra_(literally_%22shed_of_2%C2%BD_days%22).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Screen of the Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra mosque, Ajmer, c. 1229; Corbel arches, some cusped."><img alt="Screen of the Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra mosque, Ajmer, c. 1229; Corbel arches, some cusped." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Adhai_Din_Ka_Jhonpra_%28literally_%22shed_of_2%C2%BD_days%22%29.jpg/200px-Adhai_Din_Ka_Jhonpra_%28literally_%22shed_of_2%C2%BD_days%22%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Adhai_Din_Ka_Jhonpra_%28literally_%22shed_of_2%C2%BD_days%22%29.jpg/300px-Adhai_Din_Ka_Jhonpra_%28literally_%22shed_of_2%C2%BD_days%22%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Adhai_Din_Ka_Jhonpra_%28literally_%22shed_of_2%C2%BD_days%22%29.jpg/400px-Adhai_Din_Ka_Jhonpra_%28literally_%22shed_of_2%C2%BD_days%22%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4496" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Screen of the <a href="/wiki/Adhai_Din_Ka_Jhonpra" title="Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra">Adhai Din Ka Jhonpra</a> mosque, <a href="/wiki/Ajmer" title="Ajmer">Ajmer</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1229; <a href="/wiki/Corbel_arch" title="Corbel arch">Corbel arches</a>, some cusped.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Ghiyasuddin_Tughlaq_and_side_tomb_(3319047170).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tomb of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq (d. 1325), Delhi"><img alt="Tomb of Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq (d. 1325), Delhi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Tomb_of_Ghiyasuddin_Tughlaq_and_side_tomb_%283319047170%29.jpg/200px-Tomb_of_Ghiyasuddin_Tughlaq_and_side_tomb_%283319047170%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Tomb_of_Ghiyasuddin_Tughlaq_and_side_tomb_%283319047170%29.jpg/300px-Tomb_of_Ghiyasuddin_Tughlaq_and_side_tomb_%283319047170%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Tomb_of_Ghiyasuddin_Tughlaq_and_side_tomb_%283319047170%29.jpg/400px-Tomb_of_Ghiyasuddin_Tughlaq_and_side_tomb_%283319047170%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tomb of <a href="/wiki/Ghiyath_al-Din_Tughluq" title="Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq">Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq</a> (d. 1325), Delhi</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Balban_Khan%27s_Tomb_029.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Possibly the first "true" arches in India; Tomb of Balban (d. 1287) in Delhi"><img alt="Possibly the first "true" arches in India; Tomb of Balban (d. 1287) in Delhi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Balban_Khan%27s_Tomb_029.jpg/200px-Balban_Khan%27s_Tomb_029.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Balban_Khan%27s_Tomb_029.jpg/300px-Balban_Khan%27s_Tomb_029.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Balban_Khan%27s_Tomb_029.jpg/400px-Balban_Khan%27s_Tomb_029.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Possibly the first "true" arches in India; <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Balban" title="Tomb of Balban">Tomb of Balban</a> (d. 1287) in Delhi</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_tomb_of_Ferozshah_ii_ag61.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pavilions in the Hauz Khas Complex, Delhi"><img alt="Pavilions in the Hauz Khas Complex, Delhi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/The_tomb_of_Ferozshah_ii_ag61.jpg/200px-The_tomb_of_Ferozshah_ii_ag61.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/The_tomb_of_Ferozshah_ii_ag61.jpg/300px-The_tomb_of_Ferozshah_ii_ag61.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/The_tomb_of_Ferozshah_ii_ag61.jpg/400px-The_tomb_of_Ferozshah_ii_ag61.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pavilions in the <a href="/wiki/Hauz_Khas_Complex" title="Hauz Khas Complex">Hauz Khas Complex</a>, Delhi</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Bara_Gumbad,_seen_from_the_Shish_Gumbad.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Shish Gumbad in the Lodi Gardens, Delhi"><img alt="The Shish Gumbad in the Lodi Gardens, Delhi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/The_Bara_Gumbad%2C_seen_from_the_Shish_Gumbad.jpg/150px-The_Bara_Gumbad%2C_seen_from_the_Shish_Gumbad.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/The_Bara_Gumbad%2C_seen_from_the_Shish_Gumbad.jpg/225px-The_Bara_Gumbad%2C_seen_from_the_Shish_Gumbad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/The_Bara_Gumbad%2C_seen_from_the_Shish_Gumbad.jpg/300px-The_Bara_Gumbad%2C_seen_from_the_Shish_Gumbad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Shish_Gumbad" title="Shish Gumbad">Shish Gumbad</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lodi_Gardens" title="Lodi Gardens">Lodi Gardens</a>, Delhi</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Sikandar_Lodi_in_Lodi_Garden_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tomb of Sikandar Lodi in the Lodi Gardens, Delhi"><img alt="Tomb of Sikandar Lodi in the Lodi Gardens, Delhi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Tomb_of_Sikandar_Lodi_in_Lodi_Garden_08.jpg/200px-Tomb_of_Sikandar_Lodi_in_Lodi_Garden_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Tomb_of_Sikandar_Lodi_in_Lodi_Garden_08.jpg/300px-Tomb_of_Sikandar_Lodi_in_Lodi_Garden_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Tomb_of_Sikandar_Lodi_in_Lodi_Garden_08.jpg/400px-Tomb_of_Sikandar_Lodi_in_Lodi_Garden_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tomb of <a href="/wiki/Sikandar_Khan_Lodi" title="Sikandar Khan Lodi">Sikandar Lodi</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Lodi_Gardens" title="Lodi Gardens">Lodi Gardens</a>, Delhi</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_rulers">List of rulers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Delhi_Sultanate&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: List of rulers">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_the_Delhi_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of the Delhi Sultanate">List of rulers of the Delhi Sultanate</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Downfall">Downfall</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Delhi_Sultanate&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Downfall">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cities">Cities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Delhi_Sultanate&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Cities">edit</a>]</div> While the sacking of cities was not uncommon in medieval warfare, the army of the Delhi Sultanate also often destroyed cities in their military expeditions. According to Jain chronicler Jinaprabha Suri, <a href="/wiki/Nusrat_Khan_Jalesari" title="Nusrat Khan Jalesari">Nusrat Khan's</a> conquests destroyed hundreds of towns including <a href="/wiki/Ashaval" title="Ashaval">Ashapalli</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a>), Anhilvad (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Patan,_Gujarat" title="Patan, Gujarat">Patan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Vanthali" title="Vanthali">Vanthali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a> in Gujarat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELal195085-236">[232]</a> This account is corroborated by <a href="/wiki/Ziauddin_Barani" title="Ziauddin Barani">Ziauddin Barani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELal195086-237">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battles_and_massacres">Battles and massacres</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Delhi_Sultanate&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Battles and massacres">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghiyas_ud_din_Balban" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghiyas ud din Balban">Ghiyas ud din Balban</a> wiped out the Rajputs of <a href="/wiki/Mewar" title="Mewar">Mewar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Awadh" title="Awadh">Awadh</a>, killing approximately 100,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-238">[234]</a></li> <li>Alauddin Khalji ordered the killing of 30,000 people at <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chittorgarh_(1303)" title="Siege of Chittorgarh (1303)">Chittor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[235]</a></li> <li>Alauddin Khalji ordered the killing Brahmins during his <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji%27s_raid_on_Devagiri" title="Alauddin Khalji's raid on Devagiri">raid on Devagiri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELal195055-240">[236]</a></li> <li>According to a hymn, Muhammad bin Tughlaq is said to have killed 12,000 Hindu ascetics during the sacking of <a href="/wiki/Srirangam" title="Srirangam">Srirangam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-241">[237]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firuz_Shah_Tughlaq" title="Firuz Shah Tughlaq">Firuz Shah Tughlaq</a> killed 180,000 people during his invasion of <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-242">[238]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Desecration">Desecration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Delhi_Sultanate&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Desecration">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jordanus,_on_the_destructions_of_the_Turkish_Saracens_in_India_(Mirabilia_Descripta,_1329%E2%80%931338).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Jordanus%2C_on_the_destructions_of_the_Turkish_Saracens_in_India_%28Mirabilia_Descripta%2C_1329%E2%80%931338%29.jpg/330px-Jordanus%2C_on_the_destructions_of_the_Turkish_Saracens_in_India_%28Mirabilia_Descripta%2C_1329%E2%80%931338%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Jordanus%2C_on_the_destructions_of_the_Turkish_Saracens_in_India_%28Mirabilia_Descripta%2C_1329%E2%80%931338%29.jpg/495px-Jordanus%2C_on_the_destructions_of_the_Turkish_Saracens_in_India_%28Mirabilia_Descripta%2C_1329%E2%80%931338%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Jordanus%2C_on_the_destructions_of_the_Turkish_Saracens_in_India_%28Mirabilia_Descripta%2C_1329%E2%80%931338%29.jpg/660px-Jordanus%2C_on_the_destructions_of_the_Turkish_Saracens_in_India_%28Mirabilia_Descripta%2C_1329%E2%80%931338%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="835" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Catala" title="Jordan Catala">Jordan Catala</a> was a contemporary European witness of the destructions by the "Turkish Saracens" in India (extract from Mirabilia Descripta, written in 1329–1338).<a href="#cite_note-243">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[240]</a></figcaption></figure> Historian Richard Eaton has tabulated a campaign of destruction of idols and temples by Delhi Sultans, intermixed with certain years where the temples were protected from desecration.<a href="#cite_note-re2000-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[242]</a> In his paper, he has listed 37 instances of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temples</a> being desecrated or destroyed in India during the Delhi Sultanate, from 1234 to 1518, for which reasonable evidences are available.<a href="#cite_note-auto-247">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[245]</a> He notes that this was not unusual in medieval India, as there were numerous recorded instances of temple desecration by <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hindu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> kings against rival Indian kingdoms between 642 and 1520, involving conflict between devotees of different Hindu deities, as well as between Hindus, Buddhists and Jains at small scales.<a href="#cite_note-Eaton-dec-250">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eaton-sep-251">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eaton-2004-252">[248]</a> He also noted there were also many instances of Delhi sultans, who often had Hindu ministers, ordering the protection, maintenance and repairing of temples, according to both Muslim and Hindu sources. For example, a <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> inscription notes that Sultan <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Tughluq" title="Muhammad bin Tughluq">Muhammad bin Tughluq</a> repaired a Shiva and Parvati temple in <a href="/wiki/Bidar" title="Bidar">Bidar</a> after his <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan</a> conquest. There was often a pattern of Delhi sultans plundering or damaging temples during the conquest and then patronizing or repairing temples after the conquest. This pattern came to an end with the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>'s chief minister <a href="/wiki/Abul_Fazl" title="Abul Fazl">Abu'l-Fazl</a> criticized the excesses of earlier sultans such as <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_of_Ghazni" title="Mahmud of Ghazni">Mahmud of Ghazni</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-247">[243]</a> In the majority of cases, the demolished remains, rocks and broken statue pieces of temples destroyed by Delhi sultans were reused to build mosques and other buildings. For example, the Qutb complex in Delhi was built from stones from 27 demolished Hindu and Jain temples by some accounts.<a href="#cite_note-253">[249]</a> Similarly, the Muslim mosque in Khanapur, Maharashtra was built from the looted parts and demolished remains of Hindu temples.<a href="#cite_note-awhc-63">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Bakhtiyar_Khalji" title="Muhammad Bakhtiyar Khalji">Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji</a> destroyed Buddhist Religious Centres such as <a href="/wiki/Odantapuri" title="Odantapuri">Odantapuri</a> & <a href="/wiki/Vikramashila" title="Vikramashila">Vikramshila</a> in 1193 at the beginning of the Delhi Sultanate.<a href="#cite_note-regbook-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-gk-31">[31]</a> The first historical record of a campaign of destruction of temples and defacement of faces or heads of Hindu idols lasted from 1193 to 1194 in Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana and Uttar Pradesh under the command of Ghuri. Under the Mamluks and Khaljis, the campaign of temple desecration expanded to Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat and Maharashtra, and continued through the late 13th century.<a href="#cite_note-re2000-34">[34]</a> The campaign extended to Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu under Malik Kafur and <a href="/wiki/Ulugh_Khan" title="Ulugh Khan">Ulugh Khan</a> in the 14th century, and by the Bahmanis in the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-regbook-33">[33]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] Orissa temples were destroyed in the 14th century under the Tughlaqs. Beyond destruction and desecration, the sultans of the Delhi Sultanate in some cases had forbidden the reconstruction or repair of damaged Hindu, Jain and Buddhist temples. In certain cases, the Sultanate would grant a permit for repairs and construction of temples if the patron or religious community paid <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">jizya</a> (fee, tax). For example, a proposal by the Chinese to repair Himalayan Buddhist temples destroyed by the Sultanate army was refused, because such temple repairs were only allowed if the Chinese agreed to pay jizya tax to the treasury of the Sultanate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESrivastava1929-254">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2003287–295-256">[252]</a> According to Eva De Clercq, an expert in the study of Jainism, the Delhi Sultans did not strictly prohibit construction of new temples in the sultanate, Islamic law notwithstanding.<a href="#cite_note-257">[253]</a> In his memoirs, Firoz Shah Tughlaq describes how he destroyed temples and built mosques instead and killed those who dared build new temples.<a href="#cite_note-fst377381-124">[123]</a> Other historical records from wazirs, amirs and the court historians of various Sultans of the Delhi Sultanate describe the grandeur of idols and temples they witnessed in their campaigns and how these were destroyed and desecrated.<a href="#cite_note-258">[254]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Temple desecration during Delhi Sultanate period, a list prepared by Richard Eaton in Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States<a href="#cite_note-re2000-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[255]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Sultan / Agent </th> <th>Dynasty </th> <th>Years </th> <th>Temple Sites Destroyed </th> <th>States </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_of_Ghor" title="Muhammad of Ghor">Muhammad of Ghor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qutb_ud-Din_Aibak" title="Qutb ud-Din Aibak">Qutb ud-Din Aibak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bakhtiyar_Khalji" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakhtiyar Khalji">Bakhtiyar Khalji</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ghurids" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurids">Ghurids</a> </td> <td>1192–1206 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ajmer" title="Ajmer">Ajmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samana,_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="Samana, Punjab">Samana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuhram" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuhram">Kuhram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kara,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Kara, Uttar Pradesh">Kara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pushkar" title="Pushkar">Pushkar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anahilavada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anahilavada">Anahilavada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kol_Tehsil" class="mw-redirect" title="Kol Tehsil">Kol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kannauj" title="Kannauj">Kannauj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nalanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nalanda">Nalanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odantapuri" title="Odantapuri">Odantapuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somapura_Mahavihara" title="Somapura Mahavihara">Somapura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vikramashila" title="Vikramashila">Vikramashila</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iltumish" class="mw-redirect" title="Iltumish">Iltumish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalal-ud-din_Khalji" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalal-ud-din Khalji">Jalal-ud-din Khalji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji" title="Alauddin Khalji">Alauddin Khalji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malik_Kafur" title="Malik Kafur">Malik Kafur</a> </td> <td>Mamluk and Khalji </td> <td>1211–1320 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vidisha" title="Vidisha">Bhilsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ujjain" title="Ujjain">Ujjain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jhain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jhain">Jhain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vijapur" title="Vijapur">Vijapur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Devagiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Devagiri">Devagiri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ellora_Caves" title="Ellora Caves">Ellora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lonar" title="Lonar">Lonar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prabhas_Patan" title="Prabhas Patan">Somnath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashaval" title="Ashaval">Ashapalli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khambhat" title="Khambhat">Khambhat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanthali" title="Vanthali">Vamanathali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhar" title="Dhar">Dhar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandu,_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Mandu, Madhya Pradesh">Mandu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ranthambore_Fort" title="Ranthambore Fort">Ranthambore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chittor" class="mw-redirect" title="Chittor">Chittor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siwana" title="Siwana">Siwana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalore" title="Jalore">Jalore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanmakonda" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanmakonda">Hanmakonda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halebidu" title="Halebidu">Dvarasamudra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chidambaram" title="Chidambaram">Chidambaram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Srirangam" title="Srirangam">Srirangam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a> </td> <td>Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ulugh_Khan" title="Ulugh Khan">Ulugh Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Firuz_Shah_Tughlaq" title="Firuz Shah Tughlaq">Firuz Shah Tughlaq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raja_Nahar_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja Nahar Khan">Raja Nahar Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muzaffar_Khan" title="Muzaffar Khan">Muzaffar Khan</a> </td> <td>Khalji and Tughlaq </td> <td>1320–1395<a href="#cite_note-260">[note 4]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Warangal" title="Warangal">Warangal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bodhan" title="Bodhan">Bodhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erakeswara_Temple,_Pillalamarri" title="Erakeswara Temple, Pillalamarri">Pillalamarri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghanpur,_Mulugu_district" title="Ghanpur, Mulugu district">Ghanpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halebidu" title="Halebidu">Dvarasamudra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belur,_Karnataka" title="Belur, Karnataka">Belur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somanathapura" title="Somanathapura">Somanathapura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puri" title="Puri">Puri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuttack" title="Cuttack">Cuttack</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jajpur" title="Jajpur">Jajpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaunpur,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh">Jaunpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sainthal,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Sainthal, Uttar Pradesh">Sainthali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idar,_Gujarat" title="Idar, Gujarat">Idar</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[note 5]</a> </td> <td>Gujarat, Telangana, Karnataka, Orissa, Haryana </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sikandar_Shah_Miri" title="Sikandar Shah Miri">Sikandar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muzaffar_Shah_I" title="Muzaffar Shah I">Muzaffar Shah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_I" title="Ahmad Shah I">Ahmad Shah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahmud" title="Mahmud">Mahmud</a> </td> <td>Sayyid </td> <td>1400–1442 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paraspur" title="Paraspur">Paraspur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bijbehara" title="Bijbehara">Bijbehara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tripureshwor" title="Tripureshwor">Tripureshvara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idar,_Gujarat" title="Idar, Gujarat">Idar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diu,_India" title="Diu, India">Diu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manvi" title="Manvi">Manvi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sidhpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sidhpur">Sidhpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navasari" class="mw-redirect" title="Navasari">Navasari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dilwara_Temples" title="Dilwara Temples">Dilwara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumbhalgarh" title="Kumbhalgarh">Kumbhalmer</a> </td> <td>Gujarat, Rajasthan </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Suhrawardy_family" title="Suhrawardy family">Suhrab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">Begada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmani Sultanate">Bahmanis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khalid_Shahanshah" title="Khalid Shahanshah">Khalil Shah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khawas_Khan_Marwat" title="Khawas Khan Marwat">Khawwas Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikandar_Khan_Lodi" title="Sikandar Khan Lodi">Sikandar Lodi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Lodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim Lodi">Ibrahim Lodi</a> </td> <td>Lodi </td> <td>1457–1518 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mandalgarh" title="Mandalgarh">Mandalgarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malana,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Malana, Himachal Pradesh">Malan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwarka" title="Dwarka">Dwarka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alampuram_(Hemalapuram)" title="Alampuram (Hemalapuram)">Alampur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kondapalli" title="Kondapalli">Kondapalli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram" title="Kanchipuram">Kanchipuram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amorha" title="Amorha">Amod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagarkot" title="Nagarkot">Nagarkot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Girnar" title="Girnar">Girnar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vadnagar" title="Vadnagar">Vadnagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Junagadh" title="Junagadh">Junagadh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pavagadh" title="Pavagadh">Pavagadh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uthiramerur" title="Uthiramerur">Utgir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narwar" title="Narwar">Narwar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khajuraho" title="Khajuraho">Khajuraho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gwalior" title="Gwalior">Gwalior</a> </td> <td>Rajasthan, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu </td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerycaption"><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a> under the Delhi Sultanate</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Somnath_temple_ruins_(1869).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Somnath Temple in Gujarat was repeatedly destroyed by Delhi Sultanate armies and rebuilt by Chaulukya armies. It was destroyed by the Delhi Sultanate's army in 1299 and was rebuilt afterwards.[256]"><img alt="The Somnath Temple in Gujarat was repeatedly destroyed by Delhi Sultanate armies and rebuilt by Chaulukya armies. It was destroyed by the Delhi Sultanate's army in 1299 and was rebuilt afterwards.[256]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Somnath_temple_ruins_%281869%29.jpg/200px-Somnath_temple_ruins_%281869%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Somnath_temple_ruins_%281869%29.jpg/300px-Somnath_temple_ruins_%281869%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Somnath_temple_ruins_%281869%29.jpg/400px-Somnath_temple_ruins_%281869%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="640" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Somnath_temple" title="Somnath temple">Somnath Temple</a> in Gujarat was repeatedly destroyed by Delhi Sultanate armies and rebuilt by Chaulukya armies. It was destroyed by the Delhi Sultanate's army in 1299 and was rebuilt afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-eaton200080-262">[256]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Benares-_The_Golden_Temple,_India,_ca._1915_(IMP-CSCNWW33-OS14-66).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Kashi Vishwanath Temple was destroyed by Muhammad of Ghor along with thousand other temples in Varanasi.[257]"><img alt="The Kashi Vishwanath Temple was destroyed by Muhammad of Ghor along with thousand other temples in Varanasi.[257]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Benares-_The_Golden_Temple%2C_India%2C_ca._1915_%28IMP-CSCNWW33-OS14-66%29.jpg/167px-Benares-_The_Golden_Temple%2C_India%2C_ca._1915_%28IMP-CSCNWW33-OS14-66%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Benares-_The_Golden_Temple%2C_India%2C_ca._1915_%28IMP-CSCNWW33-OS14-66%29.jpg/251px-Benares-_The_Golden_Temple%2C_India%2C_ca._1915_%28IMP-CSCNWW33-OS14-66%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Benares-_The_Golden_Temple%2C_India%2C_ca._1915_%28IMP-CSCNWW33-OS14-66%29.jpg/334px-Benares-_The_Golden_Temple%2C_India%2C_ca._1915_%28IMP-CSCNWW33-OS14-66%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="3829" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Kashi_Vishwanath_Temple" title="Kashi Vishwanath Temple">Kashi Vishwanath Temple</a> was destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_of_Ghor" title="Muhammad of Ghor">Muhammad of Ghor</a> along with thousand other temples in <a href="/wiki/Varanasi" title="Varanasi">Varanasi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-263">[257]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Temple_de_M%C3%AEn%C3%A2ksh%C3%AE01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The armies of the Delhi Sultanate led by their Delhi Sultanate commander Malik Kafur demolished and plundered the Meenakshi Temple of Madurai and looted it of all its wealth.[258][259][260]"><img alt="The armies of the Delhi Sultanate led by their Delhi Sultanate commander Malik Kafur demolished and plundered the Meenakshi Temple of Madurai and looted it of all its wealth.[258][259][260]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Temple_de_M%C3%AEn%C3%A2ksh%C3%AE01.jpg/200px-Temple_de_M%C3%AEn%C3%A2ksh%C3%AE01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Temple_de_M%C3%AEn%C3%A2ksh%C3%AE01.jpg/300px-Temple_de_M%C3%AEn%C3%A2ksh%C3%AE01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Temple_de_M%C3%AEn%C3%A2ksh%C3%AE01.jpg/400px-Temple_de_M%C3%AEn%C3%A2ksh%C3%AE01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2502" data-file-height="1872" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The armies of the Delhi Sultanate led by their Delhi Sultanate commander <a href="/wiki/Malik_Kafur" title="Malik Kafur">Malik Kafur</a> demolished and plundered the <a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_Temple" title="Meenakshi Temple">Meenakshi Temple</a> of <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a> and looted it of all its wealth.<a href="#cite_note-Ernst2004p109-264">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eraly2015chid-266">[260]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Warangal_fort.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kakatiya Kala Thoranam (Warangal Gate) built by the Kakatiya dynasty in ruins; one of the many temple complexes destroyed by the Delhi Sultanate.[34]"><img alt="Kakatiya Kala Thoranam (Warangal Gate) built by the Kakatiya dynasty in ruins; one of the many temple complexes destroyed by the Delhi Sultanate.[34]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Warangal_fort.jpg/124px-Warangal_fort.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Warangal_fort.jpg/187px-Warangal_fort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Warangal_fort.jpg/249px-Warangal_fort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="851" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_Kala_Thoranam" title="Kakatiya Kala Thoranam">Kakatiya Kala Thoranam</a> (Warangal Gate) built by the <a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya dynasty</a> in ruins; one of the many temple complexes destroyed by the Delhi Sultanate.<a href="#cite_note-re2000-34">[34]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rani_ki_vav1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rani ki Vav is a stepwell, built by the Chaulukya dynasty, located in Patan; the city was sacked by Sultan of Delhi Qutb ud-Din Aibak between 1200 and 1210, and again by the Allauddin Khalji in 1298.[261]"><img alt="Rani ki Vav is a stepwell, built by the Chaulukya dynasty, located in Patan; the city was sacked by Sultan of Delhi Qutb ud-Din Aibak between 1200 and 1210, and again by the Allauddin Khalji in 1298.[261]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Rani_ki_vav1.jpg/200px-Rani_ki_vav1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Rani_ki_vav1.jpg/300px-Rani_ki_vav1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Rani_ki_vav1.jpg/400px-Rani_ki_vav1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9473" data-file-height="7427" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rani_ki_Vav" title="Rani ki Vav">Rani ki Vav</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Stepwell" title="Stepwell">stepwell</a>, built by the <a href="/wiki/Chaulukya_dynasty" title="Chaulukya dynasty">Chaulukya dynasty</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Patan,_Gujarat" title="Patan, Gujarat">Patan</a>; the city was sacked by Sultan of Delhi <a href="/wiki/Qutb_ud-Din_Aibak" title="Qutb ud-Din Aibak">Qutb ud-Din Aibak</a> between 1200 and 1210, and again by the <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji" title="Alauddin Khalji">Allauddin Khalji</a> in 1298.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELal195084-267">[261]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Elevation_of_Kirtistambh_Rudramahalaya_Sidhpur_Gujarat_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Artistic rendition of the Kirtistambha at Rudra Mahalaya Temple. The temple was destroyed by Alauddin Khalji.[262]"><img alt="Artistic rendition of the Kirtistambha at Rudra Mahalaya Temple. The temple was destroyed by Alauddin Khalji.[262]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Elevation_of_Kirtistambh_Rudramahalaya_Sidhpur_Gujarat_India.jpg/124px-Elevation_of_Kirtistambh_Rudramahalaya_Sidhpur_Gujarat_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Elevation_of_Kirtistambh_Rudramahalaya_Sidhpur_Gujarat_India.jpg/187px-Elevation_of_Kirtistambh_Rudramahalaya_Sidhpur_Gujarat_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Elevation_of_Kirtistambh_Rudramahalaya_Sidhpur_Gujarat_India.jpg/249px-Elevation_of_Kirtistambh_Rudramahalaya_Sidhpur_Gujarat_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="657" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Artistic rendition of the Kirtistambha at <a href="/wiki/Rudra_Mahalaya_Temple" title="Rudra Mahalaya Temple">Rudra Mahalaya Temple</a>. The temple was destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Alauddin_Khalji" title="Alauddin Khalji">Alauddin Khalji</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Burgess1874-268">[262]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Exteriors_Carvings_of_Shantaleshwara_Shrine_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Exterior wall reliefs at Hoysaleshvara Temple. The temple was twice sacked and plundered by the Delhi Sultanate.[263]"><img alt="Exterior wall reliefs at Hoysaleshvara Temple. The temple was twice sacked and plundered by the Delhi Sultanate.[263]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Exteriors_Carvings_of_Shantaleshwara_Shrine_02.jpg/200px-Exteriors_Carvings_of_Shantaleshwara_Shrine_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Exteriors_Carvings_of_Shantaleshwara_Shrine_02.jpg/300px-Exteriors_Carvings_of_Shantaleshwara_Shrine_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Exteriors_Carvings_of_Shantaleshwara_Shrine_02.jpg/400px-Exteriors_Carvings_of_Shantaleshwara_Shrine_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1148" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Exterior wall reliefs at <a href="/wiki/Hoysaleswara_Temple" title="Hoysaleswara Temple">Hoysaleshvara Temple</a>. The temple was twice sacked and plundered by the Delhi Sultanate.<a href="#cite_note-Bradnock2000p959-269">[263]</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Delhi_Sultanate&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_India" title="Category:History of India">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">History of India</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><figure class="mw-halign-center mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rani_ki_vav1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Rani_ki_vav1.jpg/200px-Rani_ki_vav1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Rani_ki_vav1.jpg/300px-Rani_ki_vav1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Rani_ki_vav1.jpg/400px-Rani_ki_vav1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9473" data-file-height="7427" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indian_history" title="Timeline of Indian history">Timeline</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Prehistoric</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madrasian_culture" title="Madrasian culture">Madrasian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soanian" title="Soanian">Soanian</a>, c. 500,000 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age#Neolithic" title="South Asian Stone Age">Neolithic</a>, c. 7600 – c. 1000 BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhirrana" title="Bhirrana">Bhirrana</a> 7570 – 6200 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhusi" title="Jhusi">Jhusi</a> 7106 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahuradewa" title="Lahuradewa">Lahuradewa</a> 7000 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a> 7000 – 2600 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age#Neolithic" title="South Asian Stone Age">South Indian Neolithic</a> 3000 – 1000 BCE</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ancient</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilization</a>, c. 3300 – c. 1700 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemetery_H_culture" title="Cemetery H culture">Post Indus Valley Period (Cemetery H Culture)</a>, c. 1700 – c. 1500 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Period">Vedic civilization</a>, c. 1500 – c. 500 BCE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuru_kingdom" title="Kuru kingdom">Kuru kingdom</a>, c. 1200 – c. 500 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Rigvedic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Rigvedic tribes">Early Vedic period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Rise of Śramaṇa movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janapadas" class="mw-redirect" title="Janapadas">Later Vedic Period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parshvanatha" title="Parshvanatha">Spread of Jainism – Parshvanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Spread of Jainism – Mahavira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Rise of Buddhism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="treeview"> <ul><li>Kingdom of Magadha <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihadratha_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Brihadratha Dynasty">Brihadratha Dynasty</a> 1700 – 682 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanka_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Haryanka Dynasty">Haryanka Dynasty</a> 544 – 413 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaishunaga_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaishunaga Dynasty">Shaishunaga Dynasty</a> 413 – 345 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanda Empire">Nanda Dynasty</a>, 345 – 322 BCE</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajanapadas" title="Mahajanapadas">Mahajanapadas</a>, c. 600 – 345 BCE</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Classical_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical India">Classical</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>Kingdom of Magadha <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mauryan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauryan Empire">Maurya Dynasty</a>, 322 – 185 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya Dynasty</a>, 320 BCE - 280 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunga_Empire" title="Shunga Empire">Shunga Dynasty</a>, 185 – 73 BCE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanva_dynasty" title="Kanva dynasty">Kanva Dynasty</a>, 73 – 28 BCE</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam period</a> 300 BCE – 400 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan Dynasty</a>, c. 30 – c. 375 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahana Dynasty</a>, c. 228 BCE – c. 224 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_Empire" title="Gupta Empire">Gupta Dynasty</a>, c. 240 – c. 550 CE</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Middle_kingdoms_of_India" title="Middle kingdoms of India">Early medieval</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_dynasty" title="Pallava dynasty">Pallava dynasty</a>, 275 CE - 897 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalukya_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalukya Dynasty">Chalukya Dynasty</a>, 543 – 753 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya Dynasty</a>, 590 CE - 920 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Harsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire of Harsha">Harsha's Dynasty</a>, c. 606 CE – c. 647 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkota_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Karkota Empire">Karakota Dynasty</a>, c. 724 – c. 760 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_campaigns_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate campaigns in India">Arab Invasion</a>, c. 738 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Struggle" title="Tripartite Struggle">Tripartite Struggle</a>, c. 760 – c. 973 CE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratihara_dynasty" title="Pratihara dynasty">Pratihara dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtrakuta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakuta dynasty">Rastrakuta Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pala_Empire" title="Pala Empire">Pala Dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Cholas">Chola Dynasty</a>, c. 848 – c. 1251 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">2nd Chalukya Dynasty</a>, c. 973 – c. 1187 CE</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Late medieval</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Delhi Sultanate</a>, 1206 – 1526 CE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Dynasty_(Delhi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Dynasty (Delhi)">Mamluk Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalji_dynasty" title="Khalji dynasty">Khalji Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tugluq Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_dynasty" title="Sayyid dynasty">Sayyid Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodi_dynasty" title="Lodi dynasty">Lodhi Dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandyan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyan Empire">Pandyan Empire</a>, 1251 – 1618 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara</a>, 1336 – 1646 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal Sultanate</a>, 1342 – 1576 CE</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Early modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Dynasty</a>, 1526 – 1540 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Suri Dynasty</a>, 1538/40 – 1556 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Dynasty</a>, 1556 – 1857 CE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal Subah</a>, c. 1576 – c. 1757 CE</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a>, c. 1674 – c. 1818 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">Company Raj</a>, c. 1757 – c. 1858 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a>, c. 1760 – c. 1799 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a>, c. 1799 – c. 1849 CE</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">The Great Rebellion</a>, 1857 – 1858 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, 1858 – 1947 CE <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement"> Independence Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India_(1947%E2%80%93present)" title="History of India (1947–present)">Independent India</a>, 1947 CE – present <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion of India</a>, 1947 – 1950 CE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Republic of India</a>, 1950 CE – present</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content nowrap" style="text-align:left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Indian_history" title="Timeline of Indian history">Timeline of Indian History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_monarchs" title="List of Indian monarchs">Dynasties in Indian History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">Economic History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_India#History" title="Demographics of India">Demographic History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic history of the Indian subcontinent">Linguistic History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Architectural History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_art" title="Indian art">Art History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in India">LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_literature" title="Indian literature">Literary History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_philosophy" title="Indian philosophy">Philosophical History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India#History" title="Religion in India">History of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_India" title="Music of India">Musical History</a></li> <li><a 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href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_India" title="List of wars involving India">Wars involving India</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_India" title="Template:History of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_India" title="Template talk:History of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_India" title="Mongol invasions of India">Mongol 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Welch and Crane note that the Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque was built with the remains of demolished Hindu and Jain temples.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> Pali literature dating to the 4th century BC mentions the cakkavattaka, which commentaries explain as arahatta-ghati-yanta (machine with wheel-pots attached), and according to Pacey, water-raising devices were used for irrigation in Ancient India predating their use in the Roman empire or China.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPacey199110-195">[193]</a> Greco-Roman tradition, on the other hand, asserts that the device was introduced to India from the Roman Empire.<a href="#cite_note-Wikander-196">[194]</a> Furthermore, South Indian mathematician <a href="/wiki/Bhaskara_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhaskara II">Bhaskara II</a> describes water-wheels <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1150 in his incorrect proposal for a perpetual motion machine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPacey199136-197">[195]</a> Srivastava argues that the Sakia, or araghatta was in fact invented in India by the 4th century.<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> Also two huge minarets at <a href="/wiki/Ghazni" title="Ghazni">Ghazni</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ulugh_Khan" title="Ulugh Khan">Ulugh Khan</a> also known as Almas Beg was brother of <a href="/wiki/Ala-al_Din_Khalji" class="mw-redirect" title="Ala-al Din Khalji">Ala-al Din Khalji</a>; his destruction campaign overlapped the two dynasties. </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Somnath" class="mw-redirect" title="Somnath">Somnath</a> temple went through cycles of destruction by Sultans and rebuilding by Hindus. </li> </ol></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Herbert Hartel calls the Lodi sultans Turco-Afghan: "The Turco-Afghan sultans of the Lodi Dynasty...".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartel1997261-152">[151]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Delhi_Sultanate&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Delhi_Sultanate&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Grey flag with black vertical stripe according to the <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Atlas" title="Catalan Atlas">Catalan Atlas</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1375): <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Delhi_Tughlaq_Sultanate_according_to_the_Catalan_Atlas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Delhi_Tughlaq_Sultanate_according_to_the_Catalan_Atlas.jpg/60px-Flag_of_the_Delhi_Tughlaq_Sultanate_according_to_the_Catalan_Atlas.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Delhi_Tughlaq_Sultanate_according_to_the_Catalan_Atlas.jpg/90px-Flag_of_the_Delhi_Tughlaq_Sultanate_according_to_the_Catalan_Atlas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Flag_of_the_Delhi_Tughlaq_Sultanate_according_to_the_Catalan_Atlas.jpg/120px-Flag_of_the_Delhi_Tughlaq_Sultanate_according_to_the_Catalan_Atlas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="311" /></a> in the <a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_of_Delhi_(top)_and_King_of_Vijayanagar_(bottom)_in_the_Catalan_Atlas_of_1375.jpg" title="File:Sultan of Delhi (top) and King of Vijayanagar (bottom) in the Catalan Atlas of 1375.jpg">depiction of the Delhi Sultanate in the Catalan Atlas</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKadoi2010" class="citation journal cs1">Kadoi, Yuka (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/17410816">"On the Timurid flag"</a>. Beiträge zur islamischen Kunst und Archäologie. 2: 148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.29091%2F9783954909537%2F009">10.29091/9783954909537/009</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263250872">263250872</a>. <q>...helps identify another curious flag found in northern India – a brown or originally silver flag with a vertical black line – as the flag of the Delhi Sultanate (602–962/1206–1555).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Beitr%C3%A4ge+zur+islamischen+Kunst+und+Arch%C3%A4ologie&rft.atitle=On+the+Timurid+flag&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=148&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.29091%2F9783954909537%2F009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A263250872%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kadoi&rft.aufirst=Yuka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F17410816&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Note: other sources describe the use of two flags: the black <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a> flag, and the red <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid</a> flag, as well as various banners with figures of the new moon, a dragon or a lion.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQurashi1942" class="citation book cs1">Qurashi, Ishtiyaq Hussian (1942). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281982/page/n159/mode/2up">The Administration of the Sultanate of Delhi</a>. Kashmiri Bazar Lahore: SH. MUHAMMAD ASHRAF. p. 143. <q>Large banners were carried with the army. In the beginning, the sultans had only two colours : on the right were black flags, of Abbasid colour; and on the left, they carried their colour, red, which was derived from Ghor. Qutb-ud-din Aibak's standards bore the figures of the new moon, a dragon or a lion; Firuz Shah's flags also displayed a dragon.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Administration+of+the+Sultanate+of+Delhi&rft.place=Kashmiri+Bazar+Lahore&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=SH.+MUHAMMAD+ASHRAF&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Qurashi&rft.aufirst=Ishtiyaq+Hussian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.281982%2Fpage%2Fn159%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJha2016" class="citation book cs1">Jha, Sadan (8 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-lswCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA36">Reverence, Resistance and Politics of Seeing the Indian National Flag</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-11887-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-11887-4"><bdi>978-1-107-11887-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reverence%2C+Resistance+and+Politics+of+Seeing+the+Indian+National+Flag&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016-01-08&rft.isbn=978-1-107-11887-4&rft.aulast=Jha&rft.aufirst=Sadan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-lswCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988">, also "On the right of the Sultan was carried the black standard of the Abbasids and on the left the red standard of Ghor." in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThapliyal1938" class="citation book cs1">Thapliyal, Uma Prasad (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AMogAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA94">The Dhvaja, Standards and Flags of India: A Study</a>. B.R. Publishing Corporation. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7018-092-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7018-092-0"><bdi>978-81-7018-092-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dhvaja%2C+Standards+and+Flags+of+India%3A+A+Study&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=B.R.+Publishing+Corporation&rft.date=1938&rft.isbn=978-81-7018-092-0&rft.aulast=Thapliyal&rft.aufirst=Uma+Prasad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAMogAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartzberg1978147,_map_XIV.3_(h)-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartzberg1978147,_map_XIV.3_(h)_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartzberg1978147,_map_XIV.3_(h)_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartzberg1978147,_map_XIV.3_(h)_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartzberg1978147,_map_XIV.3_(h)_4-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwartzberg1978">Schwartzberg 1978</a>, p. 147, map XIV.3 (h). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2003-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2003_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson2003">Jackson 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartzberg1978[httpsdsaluchicagoedureferenceschwartzbergpagerhtmlobject076_39,_148]-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartzberg1978[httpsdsaluchicagoedureferenceschwartzbergpagerhtmlobject076_39,_148]_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwartzberg1978">Schwartzberg 1978</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=076">39, 148</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> For a map of their territory see: <a href="#CITEREFSchwartzberg1978">Schwartzberg 1978</a>, p. 147, map XIV.4 (d) </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton2015" class="citation book cs1">Eaton, Richard Maxwell (2015). The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300–1700: Social Roles of Sufis in Medieval India. Princeton University Press. pp. 41–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6815-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6815-5"><bdi>978-1-4008-6815-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sufis+of+Bijapur%2C+1300%E2%80%931700%3A+Social+Roles+of+Sufis+in+Medieval+India&rft.pages=41-42&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-6815-5&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=Richard+Maxwell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlam1998" class="citation journal cs1">Alam, Muzaffar (1998). "The pursuit of Persian: Language in Mughal Politics". Modern Asian Studies. 32 (2). Cambridge University Press: 317–349. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0026749x98002947">10.1017/s0026749x98002947</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146630389">146630389</a>. <q>Hindavi was recognized as a semi-official language by the Sor Sultans (1540–1555) and their chancellery rescripts bore transcriptions in the Devanagari script of the Persian contents. The practice is said to have been introduced by the Lodis (1451–1526).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+pursuit+of+Persian%3A+Language+in+Mughal+Politics&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=317-349&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0026749x98002947&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146630389%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Alam&rft.aufirst=Muzaffar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-asi.nic.in-10"><a href="#cite_ref-asi.nic.in_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110929105219/http://asi.nic.in/asi_epigraphical_arabicpersian.asp">"Arabic and Persian Epigraphical Studies - Archaeological Survey of India"</a>. Asi.nic.in. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asi.nic.in/asi_epigraphical_arabicpersian.asp">the original</a> on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asi.nic.in&rft.atitle=Arabic+and+Persian+Epigraphical+Studies+-+Archaeological+Survey+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasi.nic.in%2Fasi_epigraphical_arabicpersian.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200328-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200328_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson2003">Jackson 2003</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D. (December 2006). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://peterturchin.com/PDF/Turchin_Adams_Hall_2006.pdf">East-West Orientation of Historical Empires</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160517210851/http://peterturchin.com/PDF/Turchin_Adams_Hall_2006.pdf">Archived</a> 17 May 2016 at the Portuguese Web Archive" (PDF). Journal of World-Systems Research. 12 (2): 222–223. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1076-156X">1076-156X</a>. Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-ggdc.net-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ggdc.net_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ggdc.net_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddison2016" class="citation web cs1">Maddison (27 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210212183845/http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/other_books/appendix_B.pdf">"Growth of World Population, GDP and GDP Per Capita before 1820"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/other_books/appendix_B.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 9 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Growth+of+World+Population%2C+GDP+and+GDP+Per+Capita+before+1820&rft.date=2016-07-27&rft.au=Maddison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ggdc.net%2Fmaddison%2Fother_books%2Fappendix_B.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShally-JensenVivian2022" class="citation book cs1">Shally-Jensen, Michael; Vivian, Anthony (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YQuXEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA171">A Cultural Encyclopedia of Lost Cities and Civilizations</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-7311-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-7311-9"><bdi>978-1-4408-7311-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Cultural+Encyclopedia+of+Lost+Cities+and+Civilizations&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-7311-9&rft.aulast=Shally-Jensen&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Vivian%2C+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYQuXEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-brt-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brt_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brt_15-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/156530/Delhi-sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> A. Schimmel, Islam in the Indian Subcontinent, Leiden, 1980 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapman2016" class="citation book cs1">Chapman, Graham (2016) [1990]. "Religious vs. regional determinism: India, Pakistan and Bangladesh as inheritors of empire". In Chisholm, Michael; Smith, David M. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tzh-CwAAQBAJ">Shared Space: Divided Space: Essays on Conflict and Territorial Organization</a>. Routledge. pp. 106–134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-35837-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-35837-4"><bdi>978-1-317-35837-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religious+vs.+regional+determinism%3A+India%2C+Pakistan+and+Bangladesh+as+inheritors+of+empire&rft.btitle=Shared+Space%3A+Divided+Space%3A+Essays+on+Conflict+and+Territorial+Organization&rft.pages=106-134&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-35837-4&rft.aulast=Chapman&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtzh-CwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSugata_BoseAyesha_Jalal2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sugata_Bose" title="Sugata Bose">Sugata Bose</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ayesha_Jalal" title="Ayesha Jalal">Ayesha Jalal</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6ihNtzxy5GEC&q=Rajput">Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy</a>. Psychology Press. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30786-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30786-4"><bdi>978-0-415-30786-4</bdi></a>. <q>It was a similar combination of political and economic imperatives which led Muhammad Ghuri, a Turk, to invade India a century and half later in 1192. His defeat of Prithviraj Chauhan, a Rajput chieftain, in the strategic battle of Tarain in northern India paved the way for the establishment of the first Muslim sultante</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+South+Asia%3A+History%2C+Culture%2C+Political+Economy&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-30786-4&rft.au=Sugata+Bose&rft.au=Ayesha+Jalal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6ihNtzxy5GEC%26q%3DRajput&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._A._Nizami1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/K._A._Nizami" title="K. A. Nizami">K. A. Nizami</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ">A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanat (A.D. 1206–1526)</a>. Vol. 5 (2nd ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. p. 198.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+History+of+India%3A+The+Delhi+Sultanat+%28A.D.+1206%E2%80%931526%29&rft.pages=198&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=The+Indian+History+Congress+%2F+People%27s+Publishing+House&rft.date=1992&rft.au=K.+A.+Nizami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_9cmAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahajan_121-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Mahajan_121_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahajan2007" class="citation book cs1">Mahajan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nMWSQuf4oSIC&dq=revolution+ceaseless&pg=RA1-PA90">History of Medieval India</a>. Chand. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788121903646" title="Special:BookSources/9788121903646"><bdi>9788121903646</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Medieval+India&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Chand&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9788121903646&rft.au=Mahajan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnMWSQuf4oSIC%26dq%3Drevolution%2Bceaseless%26pg%3DRA1-PA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSugata_Bose,_Ayesha_Jalal1998" class="citation book cs1">Sugata Bose, Ayesha Jalal (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bodaohHyDRcC&dq=tughlaq+deccan+south+india&pg=PA28">Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy</a>. Psychology Press. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415169523" title="Special:BookSources/9780415169523"><bdi>9780415169523</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+South+Asia%3A+History%2C+Culture%2C+Political+Economy&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780415169523&rft.au=Sugata+Bose%2C+Ayesha+Jalal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbodaohHyDRcC%26dq%3Dtughlaq%2Bdeccan%2Bsouth%2Bindia%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM.S._Ahluwalia1999" class="citation book cs1">M.S. Ahluwalia (1999). "Rajput Muslim Relations (1200–1526 A.D.)". In Shyam Singh Ratnawat; Krishna Gopal Sharma (eds.). History and Culture of Rajasthan (From Earliest Times upto 1956 A.D.). Centre for Rajasthan Studies, University of Rajasthan. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/264960720">264960720</a>. <q>The Khaiji rule proved much stronger for the Rajput principalities ... A new wave of invasions and conquests began, which ended only when practically the whole of India had been bought under the sway of the Delhi kingdom.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rajput+Muslim+Relations+%281200%E2%80%931526+A.D.%29&rft.btitle=History+and+Culture+of+Rajasthan+%28From+Earliest+Times+upto+1956+A.D.%29&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Centre+for+Rajasthan+Studies%2C+University+of+Rajasthan&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F264960720&rft.au=M.S.+Ahluwalia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, A History of India, 3rd ed., Routledge, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-15482-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-15482-0">0-415-15482-0</a>, pp. 187–190. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1920Ch._2,_p._218-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1920Ch._2,_p._218_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith1920">Smith 1920</a>, Ch. 2, p. 218. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200850–52-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200850–52_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200850–52_25-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsherTalbot2008">Asher & Talbot 2008</a>, pp. 50–52. </li> <li id="cite_note-brown2008-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brown2008_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown2008_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeith_BrownSarah_Ogilvie2008" class="citation cs2">Keith Brown; Sarah Ogilvie (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC">Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World</a>, Elsevier, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087774-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-087774-7"><bdi>978-0-08-087774-7</bdi></a>, <q>... Apabhramsha seemed to be in a state of transition from the Middle Indo-Aryan to the New Indo-Aryan stage. Some elements of Hindustani appear ... the distinct form of the lingua franca Hindustani appears in the writings of Amir Khusro (1253–1325), who called it Hindwi ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Languages+of+the+World&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-08-087774-7&rft.au=Keith+Brown&rft.au=Sarah+Ogilvie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF2SRqDzB50wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> A. Welch, "Architectural Patronage and the Past: The Tughluq Sultans of India", Muqarnas 10, 1993, Brill Publishers, pp. 311–322. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> J. A. Page, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/guidetothequtbde031434mbp#page/n15/mode/2up/search/temple">Guide to the Qutb</a>, Delhi, Calcutta, 1927, pp. 2–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Pradeep Barua The State at War in South Asia, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803213449" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803213449">978-0803213449</a>, pp. 29–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Bowering et al., The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691134840" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691134840">978-0691134840</a>, Princeton University Press </li> <li id="cite_note-gk-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gk_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gk_31-1">b</a> Gul and Khan (2008)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/182">"Growth and Development of Oriental Libraries in India"</a>, Library Philosophy and Practice, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska%E2%80%93Lincoln" title="University of Nebraska–Lincoln">University of Nebraska–Lincoln</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Delhi-sultanate">"Delhi sultanate | History, Significance, Map, & Rulers | Britannica"</a>. www.britannica.com. 17 November 2023. Retrieved 31 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Delhi+sultanate+%7C+History%2C+Significance%2C+Map%2C+%26+Rulers+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2023-11-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FDelhi-sultanate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-regbook-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-regbook_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-regbook_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-regbook_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-regbook_33-3">d</a> Richard Eaton, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5PgEmMULQC8C">Temple Desecration and Muslim States in Medieval India</a> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, (2004) </li> <li id="cite_note-re2000-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-re2000_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-re2000_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-re2000_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-re2000_34-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-re2000_34-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Eaton2000" class="citation journal cs1">Richard Eaton (September 2000). "Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States". Journal of Islamic Studies. 11 (3): 283–319. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjis%2F11.3.283">10.1093/jis/11.3.283</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=Temple+Desecration+and+Indo-Muslim+States&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=283-319&rft.date=2000-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjis%2F11.3.283&rft.au=Richard+Eaton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2000" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Peter (2000). The Delhi Sultanate: a political and military history. Cambridge studies in Islamic civilization (Reprint ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54329-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54329-3"><bdi>978-0-521-54329-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Delhi+Sultanate%3A+a+political+and+military+history&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Cambridge+studies+in+Islamic+civilization&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-54329-3&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELudden200267-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELudden200267_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLudden2002">Ludden 2002</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200850–51-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200850–51_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsherTalbot2008">Asher & Talbot 2008</a>, pp. 50–51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200386-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200386_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson2003">Jackson 2003</a>, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200819,_50–51-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200819,_50–51_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200819,_50–51_39-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsherTalbot2008">Asher & Talbot 2008</a>, pp. 19, 50–51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartzberg197837,_147-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartzberg197837,_147_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwartzberg1978">Schwartzberg 1978</a>, pp. 37, 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton202038-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton202038_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEaton2020">Eaton 2020</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Richard M. Frye, "Pre-Islamic and Early Islamic Cultures in Central Asia", in Turko-Persia in Historical Perspective, ed. Robert L. Canfield (Cambridge U. Press c. 1991), 35–53. </li> <li id="cite_note-mrpislam-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mrpislam_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mrpislam_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mrpislam_43-2">c</a> See: <ul><li>M. Reza Pirbha, Reconsidering Islam in a South Asian Context, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004177581" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004177581">978-9004177581</a>, Brill</li> <li>The Islamic frontier in the East: Expansion into South Asia, Journal of South Asian Studies, 4(1), pp. 91–109</li> <li>Sookoohy M., Bhadreswar – Oldest Islamic Monuments in India, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004083417" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004083417">978-9004083417</a>, Brill Academic; see discussion of earliest raids in Gujarat</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200819-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAsherTalbot200819_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAsherTalbot2008">Asher & Talbot 2008</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson20033–30-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson20033–30_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson20033–30_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson20033–30_45-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson20033–30_45-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson2003">Jackson 2003</a>, pp. 3–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeathcote1995" class="citation book cs1">Heathcote, T. A. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YSK8AAAAIAAJ">The Military in British India: The Development of British Land Forces in South Asia, 1600–1947</a>. Manchester University Press. pp. 5–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3570-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-3570-8"><bdi>978-0-7190-3570-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+in+British+India%3A+The+Development+of+British+Land+Forces+in+South+Asia%2C+1600%E2%80%931947&rft.pages=5-7&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-3570-8&rft.aulast=Heathcote&rft.aufirst=T.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYSK8AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnett1999" class="citation book cs1">Barnett, Lionel D. 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Atlantic Publishers & Dist. pp. 73–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-442-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-442-2"><bdi>978-81-7156-442-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antiquities+of+India%3A+An+Account+of+the+History+and+Culture+of+Ancient+Hindustan&rft.pages=73-79&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Dist&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-7156-442-2&rft.aulast=Barnett&rft.aufirst=Lionel+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLnoREHdzxt8C%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1994" class="citation journal cs1">Davis, Richard H. (January 1994). 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Bosworth, Tidge History of Iran, Vol. 5, ed. J. A. Boyle, John Andrew Boyle, (Cambridge University Press, 1968), pp 161–170 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/timelines/southasia_timeline.htm">History of South Asia: A Chronological Outline</a> Columbia University (2010) </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/396618/Muizz-al-Din-Muhammad-ibn-Sam">Muʿizz al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Sām</a> Encyclopædia Britannica (2011) </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Jackson P. (1990), The Mamlūk institution in early Muslim India, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland (New Series), 122(02), pp. 340–358. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._A._Nizami1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/K._A._Nizami" title="K. A. Nizami">K. A. Nizami</a> (1992). "FOUNDATION OF THE DELHI SULTANAT". In <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Habib" title="Mohammad Habib">Mohammad Habib</a>; <a href="/wiki/K._A._Nizami" title="K. A. Nizami">K. A. Nizami</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ">A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanate (A.D. 1206–1526)</a>. The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. pp. 205–206. <q>All contemporary and later chroniclers praise the qualities of loyalty, generosity, courage and justice in his character. His generosity won for him the sobriquet of lakhbaksh (giver of lakhs)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=FOUNDATION+OF+THE+DELHI+SULTANAT&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+History+of+India%3A+The+Delhi+Sultanate+%28A.D.+1206%E2%80%931526%29&rft.pages=205-206&rft.pub=The+Indian+History+Congress+%2F+People%27s+Publishing+House&rft.date=1992&rft.au=K.+A.+Nizami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_9cmAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> C.E. Bosworth, The New Islamic Dynasties, Columbia University Press (1996) </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Barnett & Haig (1926), A review of History of Mediaeval India, from ad 647 to the Mughal Conquest – Ishwari Prasad, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain & Ireland (New Series), 58(04), pp 780–783 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson200329–48-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200329–48_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson200329–48_57-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson2003">Jackson 2003</a>, pp. 29–48. </li> <li id="cite_note-cads-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cads_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cads_58-1">b</a> Anzalone, Christopher (2008), "Delhi Sultanate", in Ackermann, M. E. etc. (Editors), Encyclopedia of World History 2, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6386-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6386-4">978-0-8160-6386-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150723044609/http://qutubminardelhi.com/">"Qutub Minar"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://qutbminardelhi.com">the original</a> on 23 July 2015. 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Muqarnas. 1. Brill: 123–166. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1523075">10.2307/1523075</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1523075">1523075</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/3053/original/DPC0347.PDF">the original</a> (PDF) on 13 August 2016. 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Muqarnas. 1. Brill: 123–166. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1523075">10.2307/1523075</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1523075">1523075</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archnet.org/system/publications/contents/3053/original/DPC0347.PDF">the original</a> (PDF) on 13 August 2016. 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Retrieved 23 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Asia%3A+a+historical+narrative&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-1957-9711-4&rft.aulast=Yunus&rft.aufirst=Mohammad&rft.au=Aradhana+Parmar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DopbtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Asim-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Asim_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar_Mandal2003" class="citation book cs1">Kumar Mandal, Asim (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jbKGojVTWGcC&pg=PA43">The Sundarbans of India: A Development Analysis</a>. India: Indus Publishing. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-738-7143-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-738-7143-6"><bdi>978-81-738-7143-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sundarbans+of+India%3A+A+Development+Analysis&rft.place=India&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=Indus+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-738-7143-6&rft.aulast=Kumar+Mandal&rft.aufirst=Asim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjbKGojVTWGcC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Singh_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1998" class="citation book cs1">Singh, D. 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Retrieved 19 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sundarbans+of+India%3A+A+Development+Analysis&rft.place=India&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=APH+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-81-702-4992-4&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DThrcNWLRk6EC%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chaurasia-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Chaurasia_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaurasia2002" class="citation book cs1">Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8XnaL7zPXPUC">History of medieval India: from 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D.</a> Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0123-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0123-4"><bdi>978-81-269-0123-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 August 2010. <q>The Khaljis were a Turkish tribe but having been long domiciled in Afghanistan, adopted Afghan habits and customs. They were treated as Afghans in Delhi Court.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+medieval+India%3A+from+1000+A.D.+to+1707+A.D.&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Distributors&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-81-269-0123-4&rft.aulast=Chaurasia&rft.aufirst=Radhey+Shyam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8XnaL7zPXPUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cavendish-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Cavendish_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavendish2006" class="citation book cs1">Cavendish, Marshall (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j894miuOqc4C">World and Its Peoples: The Middle East, Western Asia, and Northern Africa</a>. Marshall Cavendish. p. 320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7571-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7571-2"><bdi>978-0-7614-7571-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 23 August 2010. <q>The members of the new dynasty, although they were also Turkic, had settled in Afghanistan and brought a new set of customs and culture to Delhi.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+and+Its+Peoples%3A+The+Middle+East%2C+Western+Asia%2C+and+Northern+Africa&rft.pages=320&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7571-2&rft.aulast=Cavendish&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj894miuOqc4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESrivastava1929141-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESrivastava1929141_71-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSrivastava1929">Srivastava 1929</a>, p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._B._M._Habibullah1992" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">A. B. M. Habibullah (1992) [1970]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ">"The Khaljis: Jalaluddin Khalji"</a>. In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). A Comprehensive History of India. Vol. 5: The Delhi Sultanate (A.D. 1206–1526). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. p. 312. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31870180">31870180</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Khaljis%3A+Jalaluddin+Khalji&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+History+of+India&rft.pages=312&rft.pub=The+Indian+History+Congress+%2F+People%27s+Publishing+House&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F31870180&rft.au=A.+B.+M.+Habibullah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_9cmAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-holt913-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-holt913_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-holt913_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-holt913_73-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-holt913_73-3">d</a> Holt et al., The Cambridge History of Islam – The Indian sub-continent, south-east Asia, Africa and the Muslim west, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521291378" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521291378">978-0521291378</a>, pp 9–13 </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0S62AAAAIAAJ&q=jalaluddin+khalji+man+of++samana">New Indian Antiquary: Volume 2</a>. Karnatak Publishing House. 1939. p. 545. <q>Alauddin gave the signal and in a twinkling Muhammad Salim of Samana struck</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Indian+Antiquary%3A+Volume+2&rft.pages=545&rft.pub=Karnatak+Publishing+House.&rft.date=1939&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0S62AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Djalaluddin%2Bkhalji%2Bman%2Bof%2B%2Bsamana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAL._P._Sharma1987" class="citation book cs1">AL. P. Sharma (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=18EKAQAAIAAJ&q=nusrat+khan+defeated+vaghela+king">History of medieval India (1000–1740 A.D.)</a>. TKonark Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788122000429" title="Special:BookSources/9788122000429"><bdi>9788122000429</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+medieval+India+%281000%E2%80%931740+A.D.%29&rft.pub=TKonark+Publishers&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9788122000429&rft.au=AL.+P.+Sharma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D18EKAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dnusrat%2Bkhan%2Bdefeated%2Bvaghela%2Bking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yasin_Mazhar_Siddiqi_1972_194-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Yasin_Mazhar_Siddiqi_1972_194_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYasin_Mazhar_Siddiqi1972" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yasin_Mazhar_Siddiqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yasin Mazhar Siddiqi">Yasin Mazhar Siddiqi</a> (1972). "the Kotwals under the Sultans of Delhi". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. Indian History Congress: 194. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44145331">44145331</a>. <q>Nusrat Khan Jalesari who was the Kotwal in the first year of the Alai reign was an Indian Muslim</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=the+Kotwals+under+the+Sultans+of+Delhi&rft.pages=194&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44145331%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Yasin+Mazhar+Siddiqi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nbZgnqfXjnQC&q=nusrat%20khan%20follower%20of%20alauddin&pg=PA51">The Life and Works of Sultan Alauddin Khalji</a>. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. 1992. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788171563623" title="Special:BookSources/9788171563623"><bdi>9788171563623</bdi></a>. <q>the Sultan appointed his Wazir Nusrat Khan to deal with the Jalali nobles</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Works+of+Sultan+Alauddin+Khalji&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Dist&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9788171563623&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnbZgnqfXjnQC%26q%3Dnusrat%2520khan%2520follower%2520of%2520alauddin%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFauja_Singh1972" class="citation book cs1">Fauja Singh (1972). History of the Punjab: A.D. 1000–1526. Editor: Fauja Singh. p. 150.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Punjab%3A+A.D.+1000%E2%80%931526.+Editor%3A+Fauja+Singh&rft.pages=150&rft.date=1972&rft.au=Fauja+Singh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatish_Chandra2004" class="citation book cs1">Satish Chandra (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L5eFzeyjBTQC&q=Medieval%20India%3A%20From%20Sultanat%20to%20the%20Mughals-Delhi%20Sultanat%20(1206-1526%20...&pg=PA90">Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) = Part One</a>. Har-Anand Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788124110645" title="Special:BookSources/9788124110645"><bdi>9788124110645</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+India%3A+From+Sultanat+to+the+Mughals-Delhi+Sultanat+%281206%E2%80%931526%29+%3D+Part+One&rft.pub=Har-Anand+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9788124110645&rft.au=Satish+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL5eFzeyjBTQC%26q%3DMedieval%2520India%253A%2520From%2520Sultanat%2520to%2520the%2520Mughals-Delhi%2520Sultanat%2520%281206-1526%2520...%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mikaberidze" title="Alexander Mikaberidze">Alexander Mikaberidze</a>, Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1598843361" title="Special:BookSources/978-1598843361">978-1598843361</a>, pp. 62–63 </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Rene Grousset – Empire of steppes, Chagatai Khanate; Rutgers Univ Press, New Jersey, 1988 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-1304-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-1304-9">0-8135-1304-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-qHiAAAAMAAJ&q=khusrau+khan+gujarati">Gujarat State Gazetteer:Part 1</a>. 1989. p. 164.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gujarat+State+Gazetteer%3APart+1&rft.pages=164&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-qHiAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dkhusrau%2Bkhan%2Bgujarati&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Frank Fanselow (1989), Muslim society in Tamil Nadu (India): a historical perspective, Journal Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, 10(1), pp 264–289 </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, A History of India, 3rd ed., Routledge, 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-15482-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-15482-0">0-415-15482-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-als156-85"><a href="#cite_ref-als156_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSrivastava1929">Srivastava 1929</a>, pp. 156–158 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> M.A. Farooqi (1991), The economic policy of the Sultans of Delhi, Konark publishers, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8122002263" title="Special:BookSources/978-8122002263">978-8122002263</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson2003244–248-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson2003244–248_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson2003">Jackson 2003</a>, pp. 244–248. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1920231–235-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1920231–235_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1920231–235_88-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith1920">Smith 1920</a>, pp. 231–235. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartzberg1978147,_map_XIV.3_(j)-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartzberg1978147,_map_XIV.3_(j)_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwartzberg1978">Schwartzberg 1978</a>, p. 147, map XIV.3 (j). </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÇAĞMANTANINDI2011" class="citation journal cs1">ÇAĞMAN, FİLİZ; TANINDI, ZEREN (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/23350289.pdf">"Selections from Jalayirid Books in the Libraries of Istanbul"</a> (PDF). Muqarnas. 28: 231. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0732-2992">0732-2992</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23350289">23350289</a>. <q><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Tughluq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Tughluq">Muhammad Tughluq</a> and his successors were contemporaries of the <a href="/wiki/Jalayirid" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalayirid">Jalayirid</a> sultans; both dynasties were Turco-Mongol</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Muqarnas&rft.atitle=Selections+from+Jalayirid+Books+in+the+Libraries+of+Istanbul&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=231&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23350289%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0732-2992&rft.aulast=%C3%87A%C4%9EMAN&rft.aufirst=F%C4%B0L%C4%B0Z&rft.au=TANINDI%2C+ZEREN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fpdf%2F23350289.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-malik-91"><a href="#cite_ref-malik_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamal_Malik2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jamal_Malik" title="Jamal Malik">Jamal Malik</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FduG_t2sxwMC&pg=PA104">Islam in South Asia: A Short History</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004168596" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004168596"><bdi>978-9004168596</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+South+Asia%3A+A+Short+History&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9004168596&rft.au=Jamal+Malik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFduG_t2sxwMC%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.delhitourism.gov.in/delhitourism/aboutus/tughlakabad.jsp">"Eight Cities of Delhi: Tughlakabad"</a>. Delhi Tourism.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Delhi+Tourism&rft.atitle=Eight+Cities+of+Delhi%3A+Tughlakabad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.delhitourism.gov.in%2Fdelhitourism%2Faboutus%2Ftughlakabad.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddiqui1980" class="citation book cs1">Siddiqui (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=95Q3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA105">The Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition: Supplement, Parts 1–2</a>. Brill Archive. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004061673" title="Special:BookSources/9004061673"><bdi>9004061673</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+New+Edition%3A+Supplement%2C+Parts+1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9004061673&rft.au=Siddiqui&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D95Q3AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1920236–242-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1920236–242_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1920236–242_94-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith1920">Smith 1920</a>, pp. 236–242. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Elliot and Dowson, Táríkh-i Fíroz Sháhí of Ziauddin Barani, The History of India as Told by Its Historians. 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Muqarnas. 28: 230, 258 Fig.56. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0732-2992">0732-2992</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23350289">23350289</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Muqarnas&rft.atitle=Selections+from+Jalayirid+Books+in+the+Libraries+of+Istanbul&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=230%2C+258+Fig.56&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23350289%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0732-2992&rft.aulast=%C3%87A%C4%9EMAN&rft.aufirst=F%C4%B0L%C4%B0Z&rft.au=TANINDI%2C+ZEREN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fpdf%2F23350289.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRay2019">Ray 2019</a>, p. 115: "The Sultan created Daulatabad as the second administrative centre. A contemporary writer has written that the Empire had two capitals –Delhi and Daulatabad." </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarl_W._Ernst1992" class="citation book cs1">Carl W. Ernst (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5xnM2RWvswgC&q=Eternal%20Garden%3A%20Mysticism%2C%20History%2C%20and%20Politics%20at%20a%20South%20Asian%20Sufi%20Center%20second%20administrative%20capital&pg=PA113">Eternal Garden: Mysticism, History, and Politics at a South Asian Sufi Center</a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438402123" title="Special:BookSources/9781438402123"><bdi>9781438402123</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eternal+Garden%3A+Mysticism%2C+History%2C+and+Politics+at+a+South+Asian+Sufi+Center&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9781438402123&rft.au=Carl+W.+Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5xnM2RWvswgC%26q%3DEternal%2520Garden%253A%2520Mysticism%252C%2520History%252C%2520and%2520Politics%2520at%2520a%2520South%2520Asian%2520Sufi%2520Center%2520second%2520administrative%2520capital%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERay2019115-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay2019115_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRay2019">Ray 2019</a>, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRay2019">Ray 2019</a>, p. 115: "The primary result of the transfer of the capital to Daulatabad was the hatred of the people towards the Sultan." </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP.M._HoltAnn_K.S._LambtonBernard_Lewis1977" class="citation book cs1">P.M. Holt; Ann K.S. Lambton; Bernard Lewis (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/CambridgeHistoryOfIslamVol2B/Cambridge%20History%20of%20Islam%20Vol%202A#page/n31/mode/2up">The Cambridge History of Islam" Volume 2A</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Islam%22+Volume+2A&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.au=P.M.+Holt&rft.au=Ann+K.S.+Lambton&rft.au=Bernard+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FCambridgeHistoryOfIslamVol2B%2FCambridge%2520History%2520of%2520Islam%2520Vol%25202A%23page%2Fn31%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, A History of India, (Routledge, 1986), 188. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India by Jl Mehta p. 97 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Chandra, Satish (1997). Medieval India: From Sultanate to the Mughals. New Delhi, India: Har-Anand Publications. pp. 101–102. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8124105221" title="Special:BookSources/978-8124105221">978-8124105221</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElphinstone2014" class="citation book cs1">Elphinstone, Mountstuart (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nYpvCwAAQBAJ&q=1338+malwa+revolt+flayed+alive">History Of India</a>. Pickle Partners Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78289-478-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78289-478-0"><bdi>978-1-78289-478-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+Of+India&rft.pub=Pickle+Partners+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78289-478-0&rft.aulast=Elphinstone&rft.aufirst=Mountstuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnYpvCwAAQBAJ%26q%3D1338%2Bmalwa%2Brevolt%2Bflayed%2Balive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XJxeAAAAcAAJ&q=1338+malwa+revolt">A Compendium of the History of India: With a Synopsis of the Principal Events</a>. Gantz Bros. 1870. p. 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Compendium+of+the+History+of+India%3A+With+a+Synopsis+of+the+Principal+Events&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Gantz+Bros.&rft.date=1870&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXJxeAAAAcAAJ%26q%3D1338%2Bmalwa%2Brevolt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1920242–248-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1920242–248_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1920242–248_108-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith1920">Smith 1920</a>, pp. 242–248. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Cornelius Walford (1878), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WA8qAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA3">The Famines of the World: Past and Present</a>, p. 3, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, pp 9–10 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Judith Walsh, A Brief History of India, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816083626" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816083626">978-0816083626</a>, pp 70–72; Quote: "In 1335–42, during a severe famine and death in the Delhi region, the Sultanate offered no help to the starving residents." </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaj_Kumar2003" class="citation book cs1">Raj Kumar (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JB-B7Hk_35AC&dq=kaithal+sayyids&pg=PA82">Essays on Medieval India</a>. Discovery Publishing House. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788171416837" title="Special:BookSources/9788171416837"><bdi>9788171416837</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+on+Medieval+India&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Discovery+Publishing+House&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9788171416837&rft.au=Raj+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJB-B7Hk_35AC%26dq%3Dkaithal%2Bsayyids%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKate_FleetGudrun_KrämerDenis_MatringeJohn_Nawas2018" class="citation web cs1">Kate Fleet; Gudrun Krämer; Denis Matringe; John Nawas; Devin J. 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Oxford University Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-579148-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-579148-8"><bdi>978-0-19-579148-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masnavi&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-579148-8&rft.au=Suvorova&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrRxkAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dhasan%2Bgangu%2Bhindu%2Bconvert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHusaini_(Saiyid.)1960" class="citation book cs1">Husaini (Saiyid.), Abdul Qadir (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zJgrnbdaefEC&q=%22Hindu+tribes+of+the+punjab%22">Bahman Shāh, the Founder of the Bahmani Kingdom</a>. 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Journal of the Asiatic Society. 6 (2): 600–609.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=Interpretation+of+the+most+ancient+of+inscriptions+on+the+pillar+called+lat+of+Feroz+Shah%2C+near+Delhi%2C+and+of+the+Allahabad%2C+Radhia+and+Mattiah+pillar%2C+or+lat+inscriptions+which+agree+therewith&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=600-609&rft.date=1837&rft.au=Prinsep%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fjournalofasiatic62asia%23page%2F600%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehta1979" class="citation book cs1">Mehta (1979). Advanced Study in the History of Medieval India: Volume 2. p. 225. <q>Khan-i-Jahan was a Brahmin from Telangana whose original name was Kattu or Kannu. Kannu was brought a captive to Delhi where he embraced Islam and was given the name of Maqbul. No wonder, Khan-i-Jahan Maqbul and his family made a great contribution towards the initial administrative achievements of Sultan Firuz Tughlaq, the peace and prosperity of his reign during the first two decades are unintelligible unless the services rendered by Khan-i-Jahan Maqbul to the throne are taken into consideration.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+Study+in+the+History+of+Medieval+India%3A+Volume+2&rft.pages=225&rft.date=1979&rft.au=Mehta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIqtidar_Alam_Khan2008" class="citation book cs1">Iqtidar Alam Khan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iGSKTttoa3IC&dq=firuz+shah+khan+jahan+maqbul&pg=PA141">Historical Dictionary of Medieval India</a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810864016" title="Special:BookSources/9780810864016"><bdi>9780810864016</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Medieval+India&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780810864016&rft.au=Iqtidar+Alam+Khan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiGSKTttoa3IC%26dq%3Dfiruz%2Bshah%2Bkhan%2Bjahan%2Bmaqbul%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Firoz Shah Tughlak, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924073036737#page/n389/mode/2up">Futuhat-i Firoz Shahi – Memoirs of Firoz Shah Tughlak</a>, Translated in 1871 by Elliot and Dawson, Volume 3 – The History of India, Cornell University Archives </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1920249–251-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1920249–251_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1920249–251_123-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith1920">Smith 1920</a>, pp. 249–251. </li> <li id="cite_note-fst377381-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fst377381_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fst377381_124-1">b</a> Firoz Shah Tughlak, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924073036737#page/n393/mode/2up">Futuhat-i Firoz Shahi – Autobiographical memoirs</a>, Translated in 1871 by Elliot and Dawson, Volume 3 –The History of India, Cornell University Archives, pp 377–381. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDasgupta2002" class="citation book cs1">Dasgupta, Ajit K. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YaaJAgAAQBAJ">A History of Indian Economic Thought</a>. Routledge. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-92551-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-92551-3"><bdi>978-1-134-92551-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Indian+Economic+Thought&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-134-92551-3&rft.aulast=Dasgupta&rft.aufirst=Ajit+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYaaJAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-firoz374383-126"><a href="#cite_ref-firoz374383_126-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924073036737#page/n389/mode/2up">Futuhat-i Firoz Shahi</a> Simultaneously, he raised taxes and jizya, assessing it at three levels, and stopping the practice of his predecessors who had historically exempted all Hindu <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmins</a> from the jizya. </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Annemarie_Schimmel" title="Annemarie Schimmel">Annemarie Schimmel</a>, Islam in the Indian Subcontinent, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004061170" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004061170">978-9004061170</a>, Brill Academic, pp 20–23 </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar" class="citation book cs1">Kumar, Praveen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SLw6DwAAQBAJ&dq=firuz+shah+hindustani+slaves&pg=PA219">Complete Indian History for IAS Exam Highly Recommended for IAS, PCS and other Competitive Exam</a>. p. 217.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complete+Indian+History+for+IAS+Exam+Highly+Recommended+for+IAS%2C+PCS+and+other+Competitive+Exam&rft.pages=217&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Praveen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSLw6DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dfiruz%2Bshah%2Bhindustani%2Bslaves%26pg%3DPA219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndré_Wink2020" class="citation book cs1">André Wink (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uPXvDwAAQBAJ&dq=firuz+shah+slaves+captured+converted+hindus&pg=PA92">The Making of the Indo-Islamic World: C. 700–1800 CE</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108417747" title="Special:BookSources/9781108417747"><bdi>9781108417747</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Indo-Islamic+World%3A+C.+700%E2%80%931800+CE&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781108417747&rft.au=Andr%C3%A9+Wink&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuPXvDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dfiruz%2Bshah%2Bslaves%2Bcaptured%2Bconverted%2Bhindus%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurcharn_Singh_Sandhu2003" class="citation book cs1">Gurcharn Singh Sandhu (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi3cAAAAMAAJ&q=firuz+shahi+slaves+influence">A Military History of Medieval India</a>. Vision Books. p. 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170945253" title="Special:BookSources/9788170945253"><bdi>9788170945253</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+Medieval+India&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=Vision+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9788170945253&rft.au=Gurcharn+Singh+Sandhu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXi3cAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dfiruz%2Bshahi%2Bslaves%2Binfluence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDebajyoti_Burman1947" class="citation book cs1">Debajyoti Burman (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M6hOAAAAMAAJ&q=Firuz+converting">Indo-Muslim Relations: A Study in Historical Background</a>. Jugabani Sahitya Chakra. p. 36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-Muslim+Relations%3A+A+Study+in+Historical+Background&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Jugabani+Sahitya+Chakra&rft.date=1947&rft.au=Debajyoti+Burman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM6hOAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DFiruz%2Bconverting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr._Aijaz_Ahmad2021" class="citation book cs1">Dr. Aijaz Ahmad (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yIU3EAAAQBAJ&dq=tughluq+ii+inexperienced&pg=PA111">History of Mewat</a>. Alina Books. p. 112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788193391426" title="Special:BookSources/9788193391426"><bdi>9788193391426</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Mewat&rft.pages=112&rft.pub=Alina+Books&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9788193391426&rft.au=Dr.+Aijaz+Ahmad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyIU3EAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dtughluq%2Bii%2Binexperienced%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8DYbAQAAMAAJ&q=The+old+Firoz+Shahi+slaves+,+however+,+turned+against+Abu+Bakr+,+who+fled+,+and+on+their+invitation+Sultan+Muhammad+%E2%80%9C+entered+the+city+and+took">Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India Issues 52–54</a>. Archaeological Survey of India. 1937. p. 19. <q>The old Firoz Shahi slaves , however , turned against Abu Bakr , who fled , and on their invitation Sultan Muhammad " entered the city and took</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+the+Archaeological+Survey+of+India+Issues+52%E2%80%9354&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Archaeological+Survey+of+India&rft.date=1937&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8DYbAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DThe%2Bold%2BFiroz%2BShahi%2Bslaves%2B%2C%2Bhowever%2B%2C%2Bturned%2Bagainst%2BAbu%2BBakr%2B%2C%2Bwho%2Bfled%2B%2C%2Band%2Bon%2Btheir%2Binvitation%2BSultan%2BMuhammad%2B%25E2%2580%259C%2Bentered%2Bthe%2Bcity%2Band%2Btook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFĀg̲h̲ā_Mahdī_Ḥusain1963" class="citation book cs1">Āg̲h̲ā Mahdī Ḥusain (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XGA9AAAAMAAJ&q=firoz+shahi+slaves+institution">Tughluq Dynasty</a>. Thacker, Spink. p. 444.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tughluq+Dynasty&rft.pages=444&rft.pub=Thacker%2C+Spink&rft.date=1963&rft.au=%C4%80g%CC%B2h%CC%B2%C4%81+Mahd%C4%AB+%E1%B8%A4usain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXGA9AAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dfiroz%2Bshahi%2Bslaves%2Binstitution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1920248–254-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1920248–254_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1920248–254_135-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith1920">Smith 1920</a>, pp. 248–254. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1999312–317-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1999312–317_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson1999">Jackson 1999</a>, pp. 312–317. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeatrice_F._Manz2000" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Beatrice F. Manz (2000). "Tīmūr Lang". In P. J. Bearman; Th. Bianquis; C. E. Bosworth; E. van Donzel; W. P. Heinrichs (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a>. Vol. 10 (2 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=T%C4%ABm%C5%ABr+Lang&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Beatrice+F.+Manz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> Lionel Trotter (1906), History of India: From the Earliest Times to the Present Day, Gorham Publishers London/New York, p. 74 </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Annemarie Schimmel (1997), Islam in the Indian Subcontinent, Brill Academic, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004061170" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004061170">978-9004061170</a>, pp 36–37; Also see: Elliot, Studies in Indian History, 2nd ed., pp 98–101 </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJayapalan2001" class="citation book cs1">Jayapalan, N. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6L6avTlqJNYC&q=timur+massacre+delhi">History of India</a>. Atlantic Publishers & Distri. pp. 50–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-928-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7156-928-1"><bdi>978-81-7156-928-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+India&rft.pages=50-51&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Distri&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-7156-928-1&rft.aulast=Jayapalan&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6L6avTlqJNYC%26q%3Dtimur%2Bmassacre%2Bdelhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGipson2019" class="citation book cs1">Gipson, Therlee (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wJWdDwAAQBAJ&q=timur+massacre+delhi">India's Struggle</a>. Lulu.com. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-359-59732-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-359-59732-1"><bdi>978-0-359-59732-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India%27s+Struggle&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-359-59732-1&rft.aulast=Gipson&rft.aufirst=Therlee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwJWdDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dtimur%2Bmassacre%2Bdelhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aschi-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aschi_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aschi_142-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aschi_142-2">c</a> Annemarie Schimmel, Islam in the Indian Subcontinent, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004061170" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004061170">978-9004061170</a>, Brill Academic, Chapter 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartzberg197839,_148-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartzberg197839,_148_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwartzberg1978">Schwartzberg 1978</a>, pp. 39, 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=05dEAQAAMAAJ&q=The+claim+of+Khizr+Kh%C4%81n+,+who+founded+the+dynasty+known+as+the+Sayyids+,+to+descent+from+the+prophet+of+Arabia+was+dubious">The Cambridge History of India: Turks and Afghans, edited by W. Haig</a>. S. Chand. 1958. <q>The claim of Khizr Khān, who founded the dynasty known as the Sayyids, to descent from the prophet of Arabia was dubious, and rested chiefly on its causal recognition by the famous saint Sayyid Jalāl-ud-dīn of Bukhārā.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+India%3A+Turks+and+Afghans%2C+edited+by+W.+Haig&rft.pub=S.+Chand&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D05dEAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DThe%2Bclaim%2Bof%2BKhizr%2BKh%25C4%2581n%2B%2C%2Bwho%2Bfounded%2Bthe%2Bdynasty%2Bknown%2Bas%2Bthe%2BSayyids%2B%2C%2Bto%2Bdescent%2Bfrom%2Bthe%2Bprophet%2Bof%2BArabia%2Bwas%2Bdubious&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEraly2015" class="citation book cs1">Eraly, Abraham (2015). The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate. Penguin UK. p. 261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-658-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-658-8"><bdi>978-93-5118-658-8</bdi></a>. <q>The first of these two dynasties was founded by Khizr Khan, who bore the appellation 'Sayyid', which identified him as a descendant of prophet Muhammad, so the dynasty he founded came to be known as the Sayyid dynasty. The veracity of Khizr Khan's claimed lineage is uncertain, but his forebears were likely Arabs, who had migrated to India in the early Tughluq period and settled in Multan. The family prospered in India, gaining wealth and power. This advancement culminated in Malik Suleiman, Khizr Khan's father, becoming the governor of Multan under the Tughluqs. When Suleiman died, Khizr Khan succeeded him in the post but lost it during the political turmoil following the death of Firuz Tughluq.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Wrath%3A+A+History+of+the+Delhi+Sultanate&rft.pages=261&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-93-5118-658-8&rft.aulast=Eraly&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESrivastava1929229"their_claim_of_Descendants_of_Prophet_Mohammad_is_dubious_but_it_seems_certain_that_Khizr_Khan's_ancestors_came_from_Arabia"-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESrivastava1929229"their_claim_of_Descendants_of_Prophet_Mohammad_is_dubious_but_it_seems_certain_that_Khizr_Khan's_ancestors_came_from_Arabia"_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSrivastava1929">Srivastava 1929</a>, p. 229, "their claim of Descendants of Prophet Mohammad is dubious but it seems certain that Khizr Khan's ancestors came from Arabia". </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDigby,_Simon2014" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Digby_(oriental_scholar)" title="Simon Digby (oriental scholar)">Digby, Simon</a> (13 October 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199450664.003.0002">After Timur Left: North India in the Fifteenth Century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, pp. 47–59, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199450664.003.0002">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199450664.003.0002</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-945066-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-945066-4"><bdi>978-0-19-945066-4</bdi></a>, retrieved 25 January 2023, <q>And we find that a Khokhar chieftain, Khizr Khan who was sent to Timur as an ambassador and negotiator from the most adjacent area, the Punjab, ultimately became the power holder in Delhi, thanks to the contacts he had aquired [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+Timur+Left%3A+North+India+in+the+Fifteenth+Century&rft.pages=47-59&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014-10-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199450664.003.0002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-945066-4&rft.au=Digby%2C+Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780199450664.003.0002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton2020p._105_"The_career_of_Khizr_Khan,_a_Punjabi_chieftain_belonging_to_the_Khokar_clan,_illustrates_the_transition_to_an_increasingly_polycentric_north_India."-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton2020p._105_"The_career_of_Khizr_Khan,_a_Punjabi_chieftain_belonging_to_the_Khokar_clan,_illustrates_the_transition_to_an_increasingly_polycentric_north_India."_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEaton2020">Eaton 2020</a>, p. 105 "The career of Khizr Khan, a Punjabi chieftain belonging to the Khokar clan, illustrates the transition to an increasingly polycentric north India.". </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV._D._Mahajan2007" class="citation book cs1">V. D. Mahajan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nMWSQuf4oSIC">History of Medieval India</a>. S. Chand. p. 239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788121903646" title="Special:BookSources/9788121903646"><bdi>9788121903646</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Medieval+India&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=S.+Chand&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9788121903646&rft.au=V.+D.+Mahajan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnMWSQuf4oSIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton2020108-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton2020108_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton2020108_150-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEaton2020">Eaton 2020</a>, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwartzberg1978147,_map_XIV.4_(d)-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwartzberg1978147,_map_XIV.4_(d)_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchwartzberg1978">Schwartzberg 1978</a>, p. 147, map XIV.4 (d). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHartel1997261-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHartel1997261_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHartel1997">Hartel 1997</a>, p. 261. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Judith Walsh, A Brief History of India, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816083626" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816083626">978-0816083626</a>, p. 81; Quote: "The last dynasty was founded by a Sayyid provincial governor, Buhlul Lodi (r. 1451–89). The Lodis were descended from Afghans, and under their rule, Afghans eclipsed Turks in court patronage." </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamananda_Chatterjee1961" class="citation book cs1">Ramananda Chatterjee (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FgPSAAAAMAAJ">The Modern Review</a>. Vol. 109. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a>. p. 84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+Review&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=Indiana+University&rft.date=1961&rft.au=Ramananda+Chatterjee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFgPSAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2019" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Jonathan (2019). Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present. Reaktion Books. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781789140101" title="Special:BookSources/9781789140101"><bdi>9781789140101</bdi></a>. <q>In 1451 Bahlul Khan, a Khalji of the Lodhi clan, deposed the then sultan and founded a second Afghan sultanate, the Lodhi Dynasty, which ruled northern India for 75 years (1451–1526).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afghanistan%3A+A+History+from+1260+to+the+Present&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781789140101&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Digby, S. (1975), The Tomb of Buhlūl Lōdī, Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 38(03), pp. 550–561 </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/delhi-sultanate-under-lodhi-dynasty-a-complete-overview-1490962660-1">"Delhi Sultanate under Lodhi Dynasty: A Complete Overview"</a>. Jagranjosh.com. 31 March 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jagranjosh.com&rft.atitle=Delhi+Sultanate+under+Lodhi+Dynasty%3A+A+Complete+Overview&rft.date=2017-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jagranjosh.com%2Fgeneral-knowledge%2Fdelhi-sultanate-under-lodhi-dynasty-a-complete-overview-1490962660-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1920253–257-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1920253–257_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith1920253–257_159-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith1920">Smith 1920</a>, pp. 253–257. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Andrew Petersen, Dictionary of Islamic Architecture, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415060844" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415060844">978-0415060844</a>, p. 7 </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> Richards, John (1965), The Economic History of the Lodi Period: 1451–1526, Journal de l'histoire economique et sociale de l'Orient, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp 47–67 </li> <li id="cite_note-eblodi-162"><a href="#cite_ref-eblodi_162-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/345985/Lodi-dynasty#ref222519">Lodi Dynasty</a> Encyclopædia Britannica (2009) </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandra2005" class="citation book cs1">Chandra, Satish (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Rm9MC4DDrcC">Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals Part – II</a>. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 30–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-241-1066-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-241-1066-9"><bdi>978-81-241-1066-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+India%3A+From+Sultanat+to+the+Mughals+Part+%E2%80%93+II&rft.pages=30-31&rft.pub=Har-Anand+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-241-1066-9&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Satish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Rm9MC4DDrcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Jackson_(historian)" title="Peter Jackson (historian)">Jackson, Peter</a> (2010). "Muslim India: the Delhi sultanate". In <a href="/wiki/David_O._Morgan" title="David O. Morgan">Morgan, David O.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Reid_(academic)" title="Anthony Reid (academic)">Reid, Anthony</a> (eds.). The New Cambridge History of Islam, Volume 3: The Eastern Islamic World, Eleventh to Eighteenth Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85031-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85031-5"><bdi>978-0-521-85031-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Muslim+India%3A+the+Delhi+sultanate&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+History+of+Islam%2C+Volume+3%3A+The+Eastern+Islamic+World%2C+Eleventh+to+Eighteenth+Centuries&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85031-5&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_F._Richards2013" class="citation book cs1">John F. Richards (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h0_xhdCScQkC&dq=expanding+frontiers+in+south+asian+the+great+others&pg=PA56">Expanding Frontiers in South Asian and World History</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107034280" title="Special:BookSources/9781107034280"><bdi>9781107034280</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Expanding+Frontiers+in+South+Asian+and+World+History&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781107034280&rft.au=John+F.+Richards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh0_xhdCScQkC%26dq%3Dexpanding%2Bfrontiers%2Bin%2Bsouth%2Basian%2Bthe%2Bgreat%2Bothers%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_F._Richards1993" class="citation book cs1">John F. Richards (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2RpuAAAAMAAJ&q=task+was+to+mobilize+human+and+material+resources+for+the+ongoing+armed+struggle+against+both+Mongol+and+Hindu+infidels">Power, Administration, and Finance in Mughal India</a>. Variorum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780860783664" title="Special:BookSources/9780860783664"><bdi>9780860783664</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power%2C+Administration%2C+and+Finance+in+Mughal+India&rft.pub=Variorum&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780860783664&rft.au=John+F.+Richards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2RpuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dtask%2Bwas%2Bto%2Bmobilize%2Bhuman%2Band%2Bmaterial%2Bresources%2Bfor%2Bthe%2Bongoing%2Barmed%2Bstruggle%2Bagainst%2Bboth%2BMongol%2Band%2BHindu%2Binfidels&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1999278-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1999278_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJackson1999">Jackson 1999</a>, p. 278. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFV._D._Mahajan2007" class="citation book cs1">V. D. Mahajan (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nMWSQuf4oSIC&dq=firuz+shah+country+of+musalmans&pg=PA446">History of Medieval India</a>. S. Chand. p. 446. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788121903646" title="Special:BookSources/9788121903646"><bdi>9788121903646</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Medieval+India&rft.pages=446&rft.pub=S.+Chand&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9788121903646&rft.au=V.+D.+Mahajan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnMWSQuf4oSIC%26dq%3Dfiruz%2Bshah%2Bcountry%2Bof%2Bmusalmans%26pg%3DPA446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JPptAAAAMAAJ&q=dare">Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society: Volume 45</a>. 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"And the Social Dynamics Behind South Asian Warfare". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ywfsCgAAQBAJ">Boot, Hooves and Wheels</a> (ebook). Vij Books India Private Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789384464547" title="Special:BookSources/9789384464547"><bdi>9789384464547</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 July 2023. <q>They had corps of regulars, the watch, formed primarily of mounted archers but which also had an advance reserve, the blemish, of lancers. 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(2004). Temple desecration and Muslim states in medieval India. 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Volume 63 (3), pp 275–287 </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> Hasan Nizami et al., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924073036729#page/n233/mode/2up">Taju-l Ma-asir & Appendix</a>, Translated in 1871 by Elliot and Dawson, Volume 2 – The History of India, Cornell University Archives, pp 22, 219, 398, 471 </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> Richard Eaton, Temple desecration and Indo-Muslim states, Frontline (5 January 2001), pp 72–73 </li> <li id="cite_note-eaton200080-262"><a href="#cite_ref-eaton200080_262-0">^</a> Eaton (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00islamlinks/txt_eaton_temples2.pdf">Temple desecration in pre-modern India</a> Frontline, p. 73, item 16 of the Table, Archived by Columbia University </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndre_Wink1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andre_Wink" class="mw-redirect" title="Andre Wink">Andre Wink</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=75FlxDhZWpwC">Al-Hind the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: The Slave Kings and the Islamic Conquest : 11th–13th Centuries</a>. Brill. p. 333. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004102361" title="Special:BookSources/9004102361"><bdi>9004102361</bdi></a>. <q>We do not know much about the first Muslim raid on Benares, by Ahmad Nayaltigin in 1033 AD, which appears merely to have been a plundering expedition. When Muhammad Ghuri marched on the city, we are merely told that after breaking the idols in above 1000 temples, he purified and consecrated the latter to the worship of the true God</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-Hind+the+Making+of+the+Indo-Islamic+World%3A+The+Slave+Kings+and+the+Islamic+Conquest+%3A+11th%E2%80%9313th+Centuries&rft.pages=333&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9004102361&rft.au=Andre+Wink&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D75FlxDhZWpwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ernst2004p109-264"><a href="#cite_ref-Ernst2004p109_264-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarl_W._Ernst2004" class="citation book cs1">Carl W. Ernst (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9bNAAQAAIAAJ">Eternal Garden: Mysticism, History, and Politics at a South Asian Sufi Center</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-566869-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-566869-8"><bdi>978-0-19-566869-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eternal+Garden%3A+Mysticism%2C+History%2C+and+Politics+at+a+South+Asian+Sufi+Center&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-566869-8&rft.au=Carl+W.+Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9bNAAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarojini_Chaturvedi2006" class="citation book cs1">Sarojini Chaturvedi (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qXcwAQAAIAAJ">A short history of South India</a>. Saṁskṛiti. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-87374-37-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-87374-37-4"><bdi>978-81-87374-37-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+short+history+of+South+India&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=Sa%E1%B9%81sk%E1%B9%9Biti&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-81-87374-37-4&rft.au=Sarojini+Chaturvedi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqXcwAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eraly2015chid-266"><a href="#cite_ref-Eraly2015chid_266-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbraham_Eraly2015" class="citation book cs1">Abraham Eraly (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vyEoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT155">The Age of Wrath: A History of the Delhi Sultanate</a>. Penguin Books. pp. 155–156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-658-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-5118-658-8"><bdi>978-93-5118-658-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Wrath%3A+A+History+of+the+Delhi+Sultanate&rft.pages=155-156&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-93-5118-658-8&rft.au=Abraham+Eraly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvyEoAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELal195084-267"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELal195084_267-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLal1950">Lal 1950</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-Burgess1874-268"><a href="#cite_ref-Burgess1874_268-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurgessMurray1874" class="citation book cs1">Burgess; Murray (1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/photographsofarc00murr#page/n17/mode/2up">"The Rudra Mala at Siddhpur"</a>. Photographs of Architecture and Scenery in Gujarat and Rajputana. Bourne and Shepherd. p. 19. Retrieved 23 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Rudra+Mala+at+Siddhpur&rft.btitle=Photographs+of+Architecture+and+Scenery+in+Gujarat+and+Rajputana&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Bourne+and+Shepherd&rft.date=1874&rft.au=Burgess&rft.au=Murray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fphotographsofarc00murr%23page%2Fn17%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradnock2000p959-269"><a href="#cite_ref-Bradnock2000p959_269-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_BradnockRoma_Bradnock2000" class="citation book cs1">Robert Bradnock; Roma Bradnock (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2hCFDsTbmhoC">India Handbook</a>. McGraw-Hill. p. 959. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-658-01151-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-658-01151-1"><bdi>978-0-658-01151-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+Handbook&rft.pages=959&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-658-01151-1&rft.au=Robert+Bradnock&rft.au=Roma+Bradnock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2hCFDsTbmhoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Delhi_Sultanate&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsherTalbot2008" class="citation book cs1">Asher, C. B.; Talbot, C. (1 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvaGuaJIJgoC">India Before Europe</a> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51750-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51750-8"><bdi>978-0-521-51750-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+Before+Europe&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008-01-01&rft.isbn=978-0-521-51750-8&rft.aulast=Asher&rft.aufirst=C.+B.&rft.au=Talbot%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZvaGuaJIJgoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlairBloom1995" class="citation book cs1">Blair, Sheila; Bloom, Jonathan M. (1995). The Art and Architecture of Islam, 1250–1800. Yale University Press Pelican History of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300064659" title="Special:BookSources/0300064659"><bdi>0300064659</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+and+Architecture+of+Islam%2C+1250%E2%80%931800&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press+Pelican+History+of+Art&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0300064659&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rft.au=Bloom%2C+Jonathan+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatish_Chandra2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Satish_Chandra_(historian)" title="Satish Chandra (historian)">Satish Chandra</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qHnHHwAACAAJ">History of Medieval India: 800–1700</a>. Orient Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-3226-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-3226-7"><bdi>978-81-250-3226-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Medieval+India%3A+800%E2%80%931700&rft.pub=Orient+Longman&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-250-3226-7&rft.au=Satish+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqHnHHwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton2020" class="citation book cs1">Eaton, Richard M. (2020) [1st pub. 2019]. India in the Persianate Age. London: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-141-98539-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-141-98539-8"><bdi>978-0-141-98539-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+in+the+Persianate+Age&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-141-98539-8&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> * <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYale" class="citation book cs1">Ettinghausen, Richard; <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Grabar" title="Oleg Grabar">Grabar, Oleg</a>; Jenkins-Madina, Marilyn (2001). Islamic Art and Architecture: 650–1250. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300088694" title="Special:BookSources/9780300088694"><bdi>9780300088694</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Art+and+Architecture%3A+650%E2%80%931250&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780300088694&rft.aulast=Ettinghausen&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Grabar%2C+Oleg&rft.au=Jenkins-Madina%2C+Marilyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarle1994" class="citation book cs1">Harle, J.C. (1994). The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent (2nd ed.). Yale University Press Pelican History of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300062176" title="Special:BookSources/0300062176"><bdi>0300062176</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+and+Architecture+of+the+Indian+Subcontinent&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press+Pelican+History+of+Art&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0300062176&rft.aulast=Harle&rft.aufirst=J.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartel1997" class="citation book cs1">Hartel, Herbert (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-AznJs58wtkC&pg=PA262">"India under the Moghol Empire"</a>. In Kissling, H. J.; Barbour, N.; Spuler, Bertold; Trimingham, J. S.; Bagley, F. R. C. (eds.). The Last Great Muslim Empires. BRILL. pp. 262–263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-02104-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-02104-3"><bdi>90-04-02104-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=India+under+the+Moghol+Empire&rft.btitle=The+Last+Great+Muslim+Empires&rft.pages=262-263&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=90-04-02104-3&rft.aulast=Hartel&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-AznJs58wtkC%26pg%3DPA262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Jackson_(historian)" title="Peter Jackson (historian)">Jackson, Peter</a> (April 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheDelhiSultanateAPoliticalAndMilitaryHistoryCambridgeStudiesInIslamicCivilization">the Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History</a>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=the+Delhi+Sultanate%3A+A+Political+and+Military+History&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999-04&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheDelhiSultanateAPoliticalAndMilitaryHistoryCambridgeStudiesInIslamicCivilization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Jackson_(historian)" title="Peter Jackson (historian)">Jackson, Peter</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA221">The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54329-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54329-3"><bdi>978-0-521-54329-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Delhi+Sultanate%3A+A+Political+and+Military+History&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-54329-3&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlt2tqOpVRKgC%26pg%3DPA221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLal1950" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/K._S._Lal" title="K. S. Lal">Lal, Kishori Saran</a> (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2XXqAQAACAAJ">History of the Khaljis (1290–1320)</a>. Allahabad: The Indian Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/685167335">685167335</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Khaljis+%281290%E2%80%931320%29&rft.place=Allahabad&rft.pub=The+Indian+Press&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F685167335&rft.aulast=Lal&rft.aufirst=Kishori+Saran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2XXqAQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudden2002" class="citation cs2">Ludden, David (2002), India And South Asia: A Short History, Oxford: Oneworld, xii, 306, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-237-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85168-237-9"><bdi>978-1-85168-237-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=India+And+South+Asia%3A+A+Short+History&rft.pages=xii%2C+306&rft.pub=Oxford%3A+Oneworld&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-85168-237-9&rft.aulast=Ludden&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988">.</li> <li>Majumdar, R. C., Raychaudhuri, H., & Datta, K. (1951). An advanced history of India: 2. London: Macmillan.</li> <li>Majumdar, R. C., & Munshi, K. M. (1990). The Delhi Sultanate. Bombay: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.</li> <li>Prasad, Pushpa (1990). Sanskrit Inscriptions of Delhi Sultanate 1191-1526. Oxford University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay2019" class="citation book cs1">Ray, Aniruddha (4 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jNSNDwAAQBAJ">The Sultanate of Delhi (1206-1526): Polity, Economy, Society and Culture</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781000007299" title="Special:BookSources/9781000007299"><bdi>9781000007299</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sultanate+of+Delhi+%281206-1526%29%3A+Polity%2C+Economy%2C+Society+and+Culture&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019-03-04&rft.isbn=9781000007299&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Aniruddha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjNSNDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanarsi_Prasad_Saksena1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Banarsi_Prasad_Saksena" class="mw-redirect" title="Banarsi Prasad Saksena">Banarsi Prasad Saksena</a> (1992) [1970]. "The Khaljis: Alauddin Khalji". In Mohammad Habib; Khaliq Ahmad Nizami (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_9cmAQAAMAAJ">A Comprehensive History of India: The Delhi Sultanate (A.D. 1206–1526)</a>. Vol. 5 (2nd ed.). The Indian History Congress / People's Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/31870180">31870180</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Khaljis%3A+Alauddin+Khalji&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+History+of+India%3A+The+Delhi+Sultanate+%28A.D.+1206%E2%80%931526%29&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=The+Indian+History+Congress+%2F+People%27s+Publishing+House&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F31870180&rft.au=Banarsi+Prasad+Saksena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_9cmAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartzberg1978" class="citation book cs1">Schwartzberg, Joseph E. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=185">A Historical atlas of South Asia</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226742210" title="Special:BookSources/0226742210"><bdi>0226742210</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+atlas+of+South+Asia&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0226742210&rft.aulast=Schwartzberg&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Freference%2Fschwartzberg%2Fpager.html%3Fobject%3D185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1920" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Vincent Arthur (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p2gxAQAAMAAJ">The Oxford History of India: From the Earliest Times to the End of 1911</a>. Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+India%3A+From+the+Earliest+Times+to+the+End+of+1911&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Vincent+Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp2gxAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrivastava1929" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ashirbadi_Lal_Srivastava" title="Ashirbadi Lal Srivastava">Srivastava, Ashirvadi Lal</a> (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/sultanateofdelhi001929mbp#page/n5/mode/2up">The Sultanate Of Delhi 711–1526 A D</a> (2nd ed.). Shiva Lal Agarwala & Company. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/607636383">607636383</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sultanate+Of+Delhi+711%E2%80%931526+A+D&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Shiva+Lal+Agarwala+%26+Company&rft.date=1929&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F607636383&rft.aulast=Srivastava&rft.aufirst=Ashirvadi+Lal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fsultanateofdelhi001929mbp%23page%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Delhi_Sultanate&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeyyed_Hussein-zadehMiller2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Seyyed Hussein-zadeh, Huda; Miller, Isabel (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-islamica/*-COM_037181">"Delhi Sultanate"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung" title="Wilferd Madelung">Madelung, Wilferd</a>; <a href="/wiki/Farhad_Daftary" title="Farhad Daftary">Daftary, Farhad</a> (eds.). Encyclopaedia Islamica Online. Brill Online. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1875-9831">1875-9831</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Delhi+Sultanate&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Islamica+Online&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=1875-9831&rft.aulast=Seyyed+Hussein-zadeh&rft.aufirst=Huda&rft.au=Miller%2C+Isabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-islamica%2F%2A-COM_037181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliotJohn_Dowson1867" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Miers_Elliot" title="Henry Miers Elliot">Elliot, H. M.</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Dowson" title="John Dowson">John Dowson</a> (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924073036737#page/n107/mode/2up">"15. Táríkh-i Fíroz Sháhí, of Ziauddin Barani"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_History_of_India,_as_Told_by_Its_Own_Historians" title="The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians">The History of India, as Told by Its Historians. The Muhammadan Period (Vol 3.)</a>. London: Trübner & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=15.+T%C3%A1r%C3%ADkh-i+F%C3%ADroz+Sh%C3%A1h%C3%AD%2C+of+Ziauddin+Barani&rft.btitle=The+History+of+India%2C+as+Told+by+Its+Historians.+The+Muhammadan+Period+%28Vol+3.%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Tr%C3%BCbner+%26+Co.&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=Elliot&rft.aufirst=H.+M.&rft.au=John+Dowson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcu31924073036737%23page%2Fn107%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nile_Green" title="Nile Green">Green, Nile</a>, ed. (2019). The Persianate World: The Frontiers of a Eurasian Lingua Franca. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520972100" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520972100"><bdi>978-0520972100</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persianate+World%3A+The+Frontiers+of+a+Eurasian+Lingua+Franca&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0520972100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamblyAsher1994" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Hambly, Gavin R. G.; Asher, Catherine B. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/delhi-sultanate">"Delhi Sultanate"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Yarshater, Ehsan</a> (ed.). Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume VII/3: Dehqān I–Deylam, John of. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 242–250. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56859-021-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56859-021-9"><bdi>978-1-56859-021-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Delhi+Sultanate&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica%2C+Volume+VII%2F3%3A+Dehq%C4%81n+I%E2%80%93Deylam%2C+John+of&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=242-250&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-56859-021-9&rft.aulast=Hambly&rft.aufirst=Gavin+R.+G.&rft.au=Asher%2C+Catherine+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fdelhi-sultanate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan1974" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Mohd. Adul Wali (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/goldandsilvercoi019909mbp#page/n0/mode/2up">Gold and Silver Coins of Sultans of Delhi</a>. Government of Andhra Pradesh.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gold+and+Silver+Coins+of+Sultans+of+Delhi&rft.pub=Government+of+Andhra+Pradesh&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Mohd.+Adul+Wali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fgoldandsilvercoi019909mbp%23page%2Fn0%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2007" class="citation book cs1">Kumar, Sunil (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EoIMAQAAMAAJ">The Emergence of the Delhi Sultanate, 1192–1286</a>. Permanent Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7824-147-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7824-147-0"><bdi>978-81-7824-147-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+the+Delhi+Sultanate%2C+1192%E2%80%931286&rft.pub=Permanent+Black&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-7824-147-0&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Sunil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEoIMAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADelhi+Sultanate" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Delhi_Sultanate&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1704" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_dialect" title="Afshar dialect">Afshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_languages" title="Altai languages">Altai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Altai_language" title="Northern Altai language">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Altai_language" title="Southern Altai language">Southern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ynu_language" title="Äynu language">Äynu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgar_language" title="Bulgar language">Bulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulym_language" title="Chulym language">Chulym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuman_language" title="Cuman language">Cuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgan_language" title="Dolgan language">Dolgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuyu_Kyrgyz_language" title="Fuyu Kyrgyz language">Fuyü Gïrgïs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_language" title="Gagauz language">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ili_Turki_language" title="Ili Turki language">Ili Turki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar" title="Karachay-Balkar">Karachay-Balkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpak_language" title="Karakalpak language">Karakalpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamanli_Turkish" title="Karamanli Turkish">Karamanli Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas_language" title="Khakas language">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalaj_language" title="Khalaj language">Khalaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_language" title="Khazar language">Khazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turkic" title="Khorasani Turkic">Khorasani Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">Kipchak languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic" title="Old Turkic">Old Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish">Ottoman Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecheneg_language" title="Pecheneg language">Pecheneg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_language" title="Qashqai language">Qashqai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakut_language" title="Yakut language">Sakha/Yakut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_language" title="Salar language">Salar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shor_language" title="Shor language">Shor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatar_language" title="Siberian Tatar language">Siberian Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofa_language" title="Tofa language">Tofa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_language" title="Tuvan language">Tuvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urum_language" title="Urum language">Urum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_language" title="Uyghur language">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yugur_language" title="Western Yugur language">Western Yugur</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Alphabets" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_alphabets_used_by_Turkic_languages" title="List of alphabets used by Turkic languages">Alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Turkic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Turkic Alphabet">Common Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/100px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/150px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg/200px-Emblem_of_the_Organization_of_Turkic_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afshar_people" title="Afshar people">Afshars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altai_people" title="Altai people">Altaians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chelkans" title="Chelkans">Chelkans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumandins" title="Kumandins">Kumandins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telengits" title="Telengits">Telengits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teleuts" title="Teleuts">Teleuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tubalars" title="Tubalars">Tubalars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a> <ul><li>in <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Armenia" title="Azerbaijanis in Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Georgia" title="Azerbaijanis in Georgia">Georgia</a>1</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chulyms" title="Chulyms">Chulyms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvash_people" title="Chuvash people">Chuvash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolgans" title="Dolgans">Dolgans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_people" title="Gagauz people">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpaks" title="Karakalpaks">Karakalpaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a> <ul><li>in <a href="/wiki/Kazakhs_in_China" title="Kazakhs in China">China</a>1</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakas" title="Khakas">Khakas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalaj_people" title="Khalaj people">Khalaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khorasani_Turks" title="Khorasani Turks">Khorasani Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a> <ul><li>in <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_in_China" title="Kyrgyz in China">China</a>1</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naimans" title="Naimans">Naimans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qarai_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Qarai Turks">Qarai Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qashqai_people" title="Qashqai people">Qashqai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salar_people" title="Salar people">Salar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shors" title="Shors">Shors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberian_Tatars" title="Siberian Tatars">Siberian Tatars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baraba_Tatars" title="Baraba Tatars">Baraba Tatars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Tatars" title="Astrakhan Tatars">Astrakhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Tatars" title="Chinese Tatars">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipka_Tatars" title="Lipka Tatars">Lipka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kryashens" title="Kryashens">Kryashens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mishar_Tatars" title="Mishar Tatars">Mishar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Na%C4%9Fayb%C3%A4k" title="Nağaybäk">Nağaybäk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofalar" title="Tofalar">Tofalar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Turkmens" title="Afghan Turkmens">Afghan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Iranian</a>1</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a> <ul><li>in <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Abkhazia" title="Turks in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Algeria" title="Turks in Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Turks" title="Bulgarian Turks">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Croatia" title="Turks in Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cretan_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan Turks">Crete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_of_the_Dodecanese" title="Turks of the Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Egypt" title="Turks in Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen" title="Iraqi Turkmen">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Kosovo" title="Turks in Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Libya" title="Turks in Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_North_Macedonia" title="Turks in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetia (Ahiska)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Montenegro" title="Turks in Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Romania" title="Turks of Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Serbia" title="Turks in Serbia">Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turkmen" title="Syrian Turkmen">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Tunisia" title="Turks in Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Western_Thrace" title="Turks of Western Thrace">Western Thrace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Yemen" title="Turks in Yemen">Yemen</a>1</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvans" title="Tuvans">Tuvans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbeks" title="Uzbeks">Uzbeks</a> <ul><li>in <a href="/wiki/Uzbeks_in_Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbeks in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>1</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakuts" title="Yakuts">Yakuts</a> (Sakha)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugurs" title="Yugurs">Yugurs</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Extinct_Turkic_groups" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise;;width:1%">Extinct Turkic groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulaqs" title="Bulaqs">Bulaqs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dughlats" title="Dughlats">Dughlats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Göktürks">Göktürks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karluks" title="Karluks">Karluks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemek" title="Yemek">Kimek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27o-sa" title="K'o-sa">K'o-sa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatuo" title="Shatuo">Shatuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrgesh" title="Türgesh">Türgesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzes_(people)" title="Uzes (people)">Uzes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadid" title="Jadid">Jadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Turkey)" title="Idealism (Turkey)">Turkesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Turanism" title="Hungarian Turanism">Hungarian</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples#History" title="Turkic peoples">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrks" title="Timeline of the Göktürks">Timeline of the Göktürks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Turkic_peoples_(500%E2%80%931300)" title="Timeline of the Turkic peoples (500–1300)">Timeline 500–1300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_migration" title="Turkic migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkification" title="Turkification">Turkification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomadic_empire" title="Nomadic empire">Nomadic empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Mongol_tradition" title="Turco-Mongol tradition">Turco-Mongol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Shan" title="Tian Shan">Tian Shan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Altai_Mountains" title="Altai Mountains">Altai Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otuken" class="mw-redirect" title="Otuken">Otuken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_tribal_confederations" title="Turkic tribal confederations">Oğuz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_administrative_division" title="Autonomous administrative division">Autonomous areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altai_Republic" title="Altai Republic">Altai Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkortostan" title="Bashkortostan">Bashkortostan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuvashia" title="Chuvashia">Chuvashia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauzia" title="Gagauzia">Gagauzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardino-Balkaria" title="Kabardino-Balkaria">Kabardino-Balkaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay-Cherkessia" title="Karachay-Cherkessia">Karachay-Cherkessia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakalpakstan" title="Karakalpakstan">Karakalpakstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakassia" title="Khakassia">Khakassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic">Nakhchivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_Republic" title="Sakha Republic">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva" title="Tuva">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Old Turkic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Turkic_language" title="Proto-Turkic language">Proto-Turkic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkology" title="Turkology">Turkology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism#Central_Asia" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aiyy_Faith" title="Aiyy Faith">Aiyy Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Central_Asia" title="Islam in Central Asia">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batiniyya" title="Batiniyya">Batiniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayramiye" title="Bayramiye">Bayramiye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_Christians" title="Turkic Christians">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurufism" title="Hurufism">Hurufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalwati_order" title="Khalwati order">Khalwati order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malamatiyya" title="Malamatiyya">Malamatiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadiriyya" title="Qadiriyya">Qadiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalandariyya" title="Qalandariyya">Qalandariyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifa%CA%BDi" title="Rifaʽi">Rifaʽi</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_order" title="Safavid order">Safaviyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahediyeh" title="Zahediyeh">Zahediyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Traditional sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kyz_kuu" title="Kyz kuu">Kyz kuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jereed" title="Jereed">Jereed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buzkashi" title="Buzkashi">Kokpar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigit" title="Jigit">Jigit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chovgan" title="Chovgan">Chovgan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;;width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_of_Turkic_Culture" title="International Organization of Turkic Culture">International Organization of Turkic Culture (TÜRKSOY)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TURKPA" title="TURKPA">Parliamentary Assembly (TURKPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_Academy" title="Turkic Academy">Turkic Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAKM" title="TAKM">Organization of the Eurasian Law Enforcement Agencies with Military Status (TAKM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Turks_Qurultai" title="World Turks Qurultai">World Turks Qurultai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:paleturquoise; color:inherit;"><div>1These are traditional areas of settlement; the Turkic group has been living in the listed country/region for centuries and should not be confused with modern diasporas. 2<a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">State with limited international recognition</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229411#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229411#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229411#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/148941904">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcBT3tdvgtP44WxGrvCQq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82032096">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/c9prr64w1gw1xpw">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007559887805171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/delhi-sultanligi">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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[\"CITEREFChandra2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChapman2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaurasia2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD._C._Sircar1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDasgupta2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDebajyoti_Burman1947\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDigby,_Simon2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDr._Aijaz_Ahmad2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEaton2000\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFEaton2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEaton2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEaton2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElliotJohn_Dowson1867\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElphinstone2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEraly2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFauja_Singh1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGipson2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGurcharn_Singh_Sandhu2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHabib2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarle1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHartel1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeathcote1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHopkins2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunter2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHusaini_(Saiyid.)1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIqtidar_Alam_Khan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJamal_Malik2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJayanta_Gaḍakarī2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJayapalan2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJha2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_F._Richards1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_F._Richards2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJordanusYuleParrParr1863\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJos_GommansHarriet_Zurndorfer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJuncu2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFK._A._Nizami1992\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKadoi2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKate_FleetGudrun_KrämerDenis_MatringeJohn_Nawas2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaushik_Roy2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeith_BrownSarah_Ogilvie2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumar\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumar2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumar_Mandal2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurlansky,_Mark2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLal1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLudden2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM.S._Ahluwalia1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM._S._Nagaraja_Rao1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaddison2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadison2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahajan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKibben1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMehta1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMetcalfMetcalf2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOleson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFP.M._HoltAnn_K.S._LambtonBernard_Lewis1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPacey1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrinsep,_J1837\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQurashi1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaj_Kumar2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaj_Kumar2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRam_Shankar_Tripathi1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamananda_Chatterjee1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRay2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_Eaton2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_BradnockRoma_Bradnock2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRummel2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaikat_K_Bose2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarojini_Chaturvedi2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSatish_Chandra2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSatish_Chandra2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwartzberg1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShally-JensenVivian2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiddiqui1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiddiqui1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimon_Digby1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1920\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmithCothren1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSrivastava1929\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSrivastavaGopal2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSugata_Bose,_Ayesha_Jalal1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSugata_BoseAyesha_Jalal2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuvorova2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSyed_Zafar_Haider1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThapliyal1938\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsien1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFV._D._Mahajan2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWelchCrane1983\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWilbraham_Egerton,_1st_Earl_Egerton1896\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilbraham_Egerton,_1st_Earl_Egerton2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilkinson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYale\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYasin_Mazhar_Siddiqi1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYunusAradhana_Parmar2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÇAĞMANTANINDI2011\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFĀg̲h̲ā_Mahdī_Ḥusain1963\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 7,\n [\"Citation\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 110,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 7,\n [\"Commons category-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Continental Asia in 1310 CE\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Delhi Sultanate\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Encyclopaedia Iranica\"] = 1,\n [\"Encyclopaedia Islamica\"] = 1,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"Failed verification\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 4,\n [\"History of India\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 19,\n [\"ISSN\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox former country\"] = 1,\n [\"Location map~\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 6,\n [\"Main article\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Nastaliq\"] = 1,\n [\"Native name\"] = 1,\n [\"New Cambridge History of Islam\"] = 1,\n [\"NoteTag\"] = 5,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 7,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 87,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 9,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sic\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"South Asia in 1175\"] = 1,\n [\"Switcher\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 1,\n [\"Turkic topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 2,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n [\"Wikiquote-inline\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nMark placed outside map boundaries without outside flag set. x = 57.922077922078, y = -2.6508742244783\nParent is Template:Location map~\nargs = table#1 {\n metatable = table#2\n \"South Asia\",\n \"N\",\n \"E\",\n [\"label\"] = \"[[Qara Khitai|\u003Cdiv class=\\\"center\\\" style=\\\"width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;\\\"\u003E\u003Cspan class=\\\"mw-no-invert\\\" style=\\\"color:#006400FF\\\"\u003E'''QARA KHITAI'''\u003C/span\u003E\u003C/div\u003E]]\",\n [\"label_size\"] = \"60\",\n [\"lat\"] = \"41\",\n [\"long\"] = \"82.1\",\n [\"mark\"] = \"File:1000x1.png\",\n [\"marksize\"] = \"0\",\n [\"position\"] = 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