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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ascending the throne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ascending_the_throne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moving_of_the_capital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moving_of_the_capital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Moving of the capital</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Moving_of_the_capital-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Moving of the capital subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Moving_of_the_capital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expeditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expeditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Expeditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expeditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_ensuing_collapse_of_the_empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_ensuing_collapse_of_the_empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Death and ensuing collapse of the empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_ensuing_collapse_of_the_empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Token" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Token"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Token</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Token-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Religious policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Personality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Muhammad bin Tughluq</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D8%BA%D9%84%D9%82" title="محمد تغلق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محمد تغلق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D8%BA%D9%84%D9%82" title="محمد تغلق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="محمد تغلق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%95" title="মুহাম্মদ বিন তুগলক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মুহাম্মদ বিন তুগলক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muh%C3%A0mmad_Xah_II_Tughluk" title="Muhàmmad Xah II Tughluk – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Muhàmmad Xah II Tughluk" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Tughluq" title="Muhammad bin Tughluq – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Muhammad bin Tughluq" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Tughluq" title="Muhammad bin Tughluq – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Muhammad bin Tughluq" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Tughluk" title="Muhammad bin Tughluk – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Muhammad bin Tughluk" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%BA%D9%84%D9%82" title="محمد بن تغلق – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="محمد بن تغلق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouhammed_ibn_Tughl%C3%BBq" title="Mouhammed ibn Tughlûq – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mouhammed ibn Tughlûq" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BC" title="मुहम्मद बिन तुग़लक़ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मुहम्मद बिन तुग़लक़" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Tughluq" title="Muhammad bin Tughluq – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Muhammad bin Tughluq" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Tughlaq" title="Muhammad ibn Tughlaq – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Muhammad ibn Tughlaq" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%98%D7%95%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A7" title="מוחמד אבן טוגלאק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוחמד אבן טוגלאק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%98%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D" title="ಮಹಮದ್ ಬಿನ್ ತುಘಲಕ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಹಮದ್ ಬಿನ್ ತುಘಲಕ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="മുഹമ്മദ് ബിൻ തുഗ്ലക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മുഹമ്മദ് ബിൻ തുഗ്ലക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%98%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95" title="मुहम्मद बिन तुघलक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मुहम्मद बिन तुघलक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Tughluq" title="Muhammad bin Tughluq – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Muhammad bin Tughluq" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A0%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9E%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%93%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%88%E3%82%A5%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF" title="ムハンマド・ビン・トゥグルク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ムハンマド・ビン・トゥグルク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Tughlak" title="Muhammad bin Tughlak – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Muhammad bin Tughlak" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A6_%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%95" title="ମହମ୍ମଦ ଟୋଗଲକ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ମହମ୍ମଦ ଟୋଗଲକ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Tug%CA%BBloq" title="Muhammad Tugʻloq – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Muhammad Tugʻloq" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%95" title="ਮੁਹੰਮਦ ਬਿਨ ਤੁਗ਼ਲਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੁਹੰਮਦ ਬਿਨ ਤੁਗ਼ਲਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%BA%D9%84%D9%82" title="محمد بن تغلق – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="محمد بن تغلق" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Tughlak" title="Muhammad Tughlak – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Muhammad Tughlak" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Tughluq" title="Muhammad bin Tughluq – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Muhammad bin Tughluq" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Мухаммад ибн Туглак – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мухаммад ибн Туглак" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DA%BE_%D8%AA%D8%BA%D9%84%D9%82" title="محمد شاھ تغلق – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="محمد شاھ تغلق" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed_bin_Tugluk" title="Mohamed bin Tugluk – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mohamed bin Tugluk" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%DB%95%D9%85%D9%85%DB%95%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%95%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%84%D9%88%D9%82" title="محەممەد کوڕی توغلوق – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="محەممەد کوڕی توغلوق" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Tughluq" title="Muhammad bin Tughluq – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Muhammad bin Tughluq" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Shah_II" title="Muhammad Shah II – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Muhammad Shah II" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="முகம்மது பின் துக்ளக் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="முகம்மது பின் துக்ளக்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D" title="ముహమ్మద్ బిన్ తుగ్లక్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ముహమ్మద్ బిన్ తుగ్లక్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sultan of Delhi</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Tughluq_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Muhammad bin Tughluq (disambiguation)">Muhammad bin Tughluq (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Muhammad bin Tughluq</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i>Fakhr Malik</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Painting_depicting_the_court_of_Muhammad_bin_Tughluq.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Painting_depicting_the_court_of_Muhammad_bin_Tughluq.jpg/250px-Painting_depicting_the_court_of_Muhammad_bin_Tughluq.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="370" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Painting_depicting_the_court_of_Muhammad_bin_Tughluq.jpg/375px-Painting_depicting_the_court_of_Muhammad_bin_Tughluq.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Painting_depicting_the_court_of_Muhammad_bin_Tughluq.jpg/500px-Painting_depicting_the_court_of_Muhammad_bin_Tughluq.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1214" data-file-height="1799" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Mughal_painting" title="Mughal painting">Mughal painting</a> depicting the court of Muhammad bin Tughluq</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">18th <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Sultan of Delhi</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">1 February 1325 – 20 March 1351</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ghiyasuddin_Tughlaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq">Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Firoz_Shah_Tughlaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Firoz Shah Tughlaq">Firoz Shah Tughlaq</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1290</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Delhi,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Delhi, India">Delhi, India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">20 March 1351 (aged 60–61)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Tughlaqabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Tughlaqabad">Tughlaqabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tughlaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Tughlaq">Tughlaq</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ghiyasuddin_Tughlaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq">Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Firman_of_Sultan_Muhammad_b._Tughlaq_Shah_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Firman_of_Sultan_Muhammad_b._Tughlaq_Shah_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Firman_of_Sultan_Muhammad_b._Tughlaq_Shah_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="880" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Firman_of_Sultan_Muhammad_b._Tughlaq_Shah_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Firman_of_Sultan_Muhammad_b._Tughlaq_Shah_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Firman_of_Sultan_Muhammad_b._Tughlaq_Shah_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Firman_of_Sultan_Muhammad_b._Tughlaq_Shah_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2097" data-file-height="8391" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Firman" title="Firman">Firman</a> of Muhammad bin Tughluq dated Shawwal 725 AH/September–October 1325. At the very top is an invocation to God, below which is the large <a href="/wiki/Tughra" title="Tughra">tughra</a> with the ruler's name and titles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair383_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair383-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edmund_de_Unger" title="Edmund de Unger">Keir Collection</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Muhammad bin Tughluq</b> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">محمد بن تغلق</span></span>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Persian pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fa-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">[mu.ham.ˈmad<span class="wrap"> </span>bin<span class="wrap"> </span>tuɣ.ˈlaq]</a></span>; 1290 – 20 March 1351), also named <b>Jauna Khan</b> as Crown Prince,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known by his <a href="/wiki/Epithets" class="mw-redirect" title="Epithets">epithets</a>, <b>The Eccentric Prince</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>The Mad Sultan</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the eighteenth <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi</a>. He reigned from February 1325 until his death in 1351. The sultan was the eldest son of <a href="/wiki/Ghiyath_al-Din_Tughluq" title="Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq">Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Doulie_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doulie-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1321, the young Muhammad was sent by his father to the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a> to fight a military campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya dynasty</a>. In 1323, the future sultan successfully <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Warangal,_1323" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Warangal, 1323">laid siege upon the Kakatiya capital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Warangal" title="Warangal">Warangal</a>. This victory over King <a href="/wiki/Prataparudra" title="Prataparudra">Prataparudra</a> ended the <a href="/wiki/Kakatiya_dynasty" title="Kakatiya dynasty">Kakatiya dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sen2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sen2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muhammad ascended to the <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> throne upon his father's death in 1325. Muhammad bin Tughluq had an interest in <a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">medicine</a>. He was also skilled in several languages: <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karakhanid_language" title="Karakhanid language">Turkic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a>, the famous traveler and jurist from Morocco, wrote in his book about his time at the Sultan's court.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_bin_Tughluq&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Muhammad bin Tughluq was born to <a href="/wiki/Ghiyath_al-Din_Tughluq" title="Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq">Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq</a>, who founded the <a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq dynasty</a> after taking control of the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-malik_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malik-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also known as Prince Fakhr Malik Jauna Khan, Juna Khan or Ulugh Khan.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jauna Khan remarked that he was "bound to all Indians by ties of blood and relation."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ascending_the_throne">Ascending the throne</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_bin_Tughluq&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ascending the throne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muhammad_Bin_Tughlaq_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Muhammad_Bin_Tughlaq_1.jpg/220px-Muhammad_Bin_Tughlaq_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Muhammad_Bin_Tughlaq_1.jpg/330px-Muhammad_Bin_Tughlaq_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Muhammad_Bin_Tughlaq_1.jpg/440px-Muhammad_Bin_Tughlaq_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2155" data-file-height="1089" /></a><figcaption>Billon Tanka of Muhammad bin Tughlaq</figcaption></figure> <p>After the death of his father <a href="/wiki/Ghiyath_al-Din_Tughlaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghiyath al-Din Tughlaq">Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq</a>, Muhammad bin Tughlaq ascended the throne of <a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_dynasty" title="Tughlaq dynasty">Tughlaq dynasty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> in February, 1325 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>. In his reign, he conquered <a href="/wiki/Warangal" title="Warangal">Warangal</a> (in present-day <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>, India), Ma'abar (<a href="/wiki/Kayalpatnam" title="Kayalpatnam">Kayalpatnam</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, India), and areas up to the modern day southern tip of the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>. In the conquered territories, Tughluq created a new set of revenue officials to assess the financial aspects of the area. Their accounts helped the audit in the office of the <i><a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">wazir</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Muhammad bin Tughluq was also known for his tolerance for other religions. Several historians mention that the Sultan honored the Jain monk <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jinaprabha_Suri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jinaprabha Suri (page does not exist)">Jinaprabha Suri</a> during the year 1328.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peter Jackson mentions that Muhammad was the only Sultan who participated in Hindu festivities.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Moving_of_the_capital">Moving of the capital</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_bin_Tughluq&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Moving of the capital"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Delhi_Sultanate.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Map_of_the_Delhi_Sultanate.png/220px-Map_of_the_Delhi_Sultanate.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Map_of_the_Delhi_Sultanate.png/330px-Map_of_the_Delhi_Sultanate.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Map_of_the_Delhi_Sultanate.png/440px-Map_of_the_Delhi_Sultanate.png 2x" data-file-width="2324" data-file-height="2151" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Delhi Sultanate under Muhammad bin Tughlaq</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1327, Tughluq ordered to move his capital from Delhi to <a href="/wiki/Daulatabad_Fort" title="Daulatabad Fort">Daulatabad</a> (also known as Devagiri) (in present-day <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan region</a> of India. Muhammad bin Tughlaq himself had spent a number of years as a prince on campaign in the southern states during the reign of his father. Daulatabad was also situated at a central place so the administration of both the north and the south could be possible.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (September 2016)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> These elite colonists from Delhi were <a href="/wiki/Urdu-speaking_people" title="Urdu-speaking people">Urdu-speakers</a>, who carried the <a href="/wiki/Urdu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Urdu language">Urdu language</a> to the Deccan.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These immigrants included <a href="/wiki/Ala-ud-Din_Bahman_Shah" title="Ala-ud-Din Bahman Shah">Hasan Gangu</a>, a celebrated general who would later found the <a href="/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmani Sultanate">Bahmanid Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A broad road was constructed for convenience. Shady trees were planted on both sides of the road; he set up halting stations at an interval of two miles. Provisions for food and water were also made available at the stations but most of the people died during the shifting as the ruler was not able to provide them with enough food and water for their survival. Tughluq established a <a href="/wiki/Khanqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanqah">khanqah</a> at each of the stations where at least one <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">sufi</a> saint was stationed. A regular postal service was established between Delhi and Daulatabad. In 1329, his mother also went to Daulatabad, accompanied by the nobles. By around the same year, Tughluq summoned all the slaves, nobles, servants, <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">ulema</a>, sufis to the new capital.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new capital was divided into wards called <i>mohalla</i> with separate quarters for different people like soldiers, poets, judges, and nobles Grants were also given by Tughluq to the immigrants. Even though the citizens migrated, they showed dissent. According to Ibn Batuta's accounts, the reason for the transfer of capital was that Tughluq shifted the capital for protection from Mongol and Afghan Invasion which was later confirmed by Historian Garner Brown. In the process, many died on the road due to hunger and exhaustion as there were not enough resources. Moreover, coins minted in Daulatabad around 1333, showed that Daulatabad was "the second capital".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandra2004101_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandra2004101-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1334, there was a rebellion in <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Mabar</a>, led by the North Indian Muslim soldier, <a href="/wiki/Jalaluddin_Ahsan_Khan" title="Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan">Jalaluddin Ahsan Khan Kaithali</a>, a native of <a href="/wiki/Kaithal" title="Kaithal">Kaithal</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a>, who founded the <a href="/wiki/Madurai_Sultanate" title="Madurai Sultanate">Madurai Sultanate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While on his way to suppress the rebellion, there was an outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">bubonic plague</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bidar" title="Bidar">Bidar</a> due to which Tughluq himself became ill, and many of his soldiers died. While he retreated back to Daulatabad, Mabar and Dwarsamudra broke away from Tughluq's control. This was followed by a revolt in <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal</a>. Fearing that the sultanate's northern borders were exposed to attacks, in 1335, he decided to shift the capital back to <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, forcing the citizens to return to their previous city.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This caused many more deaths. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact">Impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_bin_Tughluq&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While most of the Medieval historians, including Barani and Ibn Battuta, tend to have implied that Delhi was entirely emptied (as is famously mentioned by Barani that not a dog or cat was left), it is generally believed that this is an exaggeration. Such exaggerated accounts simply imply that <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi</a> suffered a downfall in its stature and trade. Besides, it is believed that only the powerful and nobility suffered hardships if any. Two Sanskrit inscriptions dated 1327 and 1328 C.E. confirm this view and establish the prosperity of the Hindus of Delhi and its vicinity at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although this decision was unpopular among the Muslim elite, one impact of this decision was that Islamic rule in <a href="/wiki/Deccan" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccan">Deccan</a> lasted centuries longer than Delhi's own unstable authority over the south. If not for Tughlaq's creation of a Muslim elite at Daulatabad, there would have been no stable Muslim power like the <a href="/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmani Sultanate">Bahmani Sultanate</a> to check the rising power of the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Expeditions">Expeditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_bin_Tughluq&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Expeditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Qarachil_Expedition&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qarachil Expedition (page does not exist)">Qarachil Expedition</a></div> <p>After the death of <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>, one line of his descendants, the <a href="/wiki/Chagatai_Khanate" title="Chagatai Khanate">Chagatai Khanate</a>, ruled over <a href="/wiki/Turkestan" title="Turkestan">Turkistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a> and another branch of <a href="/wiki/Hulagu_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulagu Khan">Hulagu Khan</a> conquered present day <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, at the time of Tughlaq, both of the dynasties were on the downfall, with conditions in Transoxiana unstable after the death of <a href="/wiki/Tarmashirin" title="Tarmashirin">Tarmashirin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was ambitious of annexing these kingdoms. He invited nobles and leaders from these regions and gave them grants. At that time many Afghan rulers gained independence and posed a significant threat to the Tughluq empire. </p><p>Tughluq raised an army of possibly up to 370,000 soldiers in 1329. <a href="/wiki/Ziauddin_Barani" title="Ziauddin Barani">Barani</a> has written that Tughluq took no step to check the ability of the soldiers or the brand of horses. They were paid in one year advance, and after being kept idle for one year, Tughluq found it difficult to pay them. Therefore, he decided to disperse and dissolve the soldiers in 1329.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1333, Muhammad Bin Tughlaq led the Qarachil expedition to the <a href="/wiki/Kullu_district" title="Kullu district">Kullu</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kangra_district" title="Kangra district">Kangra</a> region of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a> in India. Historians like <a href="/wiki/%60Abd_al-Qadir_Bada%27uni" class="mw-redirect" title="`Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni">Badauni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferishta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferishta">Ferishta</a> wrote that Tughluq originally wanted to cross the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> and invade China. However, he faced local resistance in <a href="/wiki/Himachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Himachal">Himachal</a>. Dharm Chand of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> <a href="/wiki/Rajput" title="Rajput">Rajput</a> kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Katoch" title="Katoch">Katoch</a> clan of <a href="/wiki/Kangra_State" title="Kangra State">Kangra</a> defeated the army of Muhammad Bin Tughlaq which was not able to fight in the hills. Nearly all his 100,000 soldiers perished and were forced to retreat.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_ensuing_collapse_of_the_empire">Death and ensuing collapse of the empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_bin_Tughluq&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death and ensuing collapse of the empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Muhammad Bin Tughlaq died in 1351 on his way to <a href="/wiki/Thatta" title="Thatta">Thatta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a>, while he was campaigning in <a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a> against Taghi, a Turkic slave tribe. It was during his reign that the Sultanate of Delhi collapsed by twofold resistance. One was from Rajputs led by <a href="/wiki/Hammir_Singh" title="Hammir Singh">Hammir Singh</a> of Mewar. <sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the other from <a href="/wiki/Vijaynagar_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijaynagar Empire">Harihara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bukka" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukka">Bukka</a> of South India. While <a href="/wiki/Rana_(title)" title="Rana (title)">Rana</a> <a href="/wiki/Hammir_Singh" title="Hammir Singh">Hammir Singh</a> liberated the strategic <a href="/wiki/Rajputana" title="Rajputana">Rajputana</a> following the victory in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singoli" title="Battle of Singoli">Battle of Singoli</a> in 1336,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vijaynagar_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijaynagar Empire">Harihara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bukka" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukka">Bukka</a> established a new empire called <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a>, by initially defeating and later ending Madurai Sultanate that was ruling the city of Madurai and its environs of South India on behalf of Delhi Sultanate. Several other south Indian rulers like <a href="/wiki/Musunuri_Kaapaaneedu" class="mw-redirect" title="Musunuri Kaapaaneedu">Musunuri Kaapaaneedu</a>, etc. also contributed to the downfall of the Islamic Sultanate of Delhi. To add to Tughluq's woes, his own generals rebelled against him. One of his generals, an Afghan or Turk Muslim named <a href="/wiki/Hasan_Gangu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasan Gangu">Hasan Gangu</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> would go on to form the <a href="/wiki/Bahmani_Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahmani Sultanate">Bahmani Sultanate</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Deccan" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccan">Deccan</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_Ismail_Mukh" title="Rebellion of Ismail Mukh">Rebellion of Ismail Mukh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Token">Token</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_bin_Tughluq&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Token"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muhammad_Tughlak_orders_his_brass_coins_to_pass_for_silver,_A.D._1330.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Muhammad_Tughlak_orders_his_brass_coins_to_pass_for_silver%2C_A.D._1330.jpg/220px-Muhammad_Tughlak_orders_his_brass_coins_to_pass_for_silver%2C_A.D._1330.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Muhammad_Tughlak_orders_his_brass_coins_to_pass_for_silver%2C_A.D._1330.jpg/330px-Muhammad_Tughlak_orders_his_brass_coins_to_pass_for_silver%2C_A.D._1330.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Muhammad_Tughlak_orders_his_brass_coins_to_pass_for_silver%2C_A.D._1330.jpg/440px-Muhammad_Tughlak_orders_his_brass_coins_to_pass_for_silver%2C_A.D._1330.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="1391" /></a><figcaption>Muhammad Tughlak orders his brass coins to pass for silver, 1330 CE</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Forced_token_currency_coin_of_Muhammad_bin_Tughlak.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Forced_token_currency_coin_of_Muhammad_bin_Tughlak.jpg/220px-Forced_token_currency_coin_of_Muhammad_bin_Tughlak.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Forced_token_currency_coin_of_Muhammad_bin_Tughlak.jpg/330px-Forced_token_currency_coin_of_Muhammad_bin_Tughlak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Forced_token_currency_coin_of_Muhammad_bin_Tughlak.jpg/440px-Forced_token_currency_coin_of_Muhammad_bin_Tughlak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="389" /></a><figcaption>Forced token currency coin</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Islamic_Sultanates._Dehli._Ghiyath_al-Din_Muhammad_bin_Tughluq._1325-1351_CE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Islamic_Sultanates._Dehli._Ghiyath_al-Din_Muhammad_bin_Tughluq._1325-1351_CE.jpg/220px-Islamic_Sultanates._Dehli._Ghiyath_al-Din_Muhammad_bin_Tughluq._1325-1351_CE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Islamic_Sultanates._Dehli._Ghiyath_al-Din_Muhammad_bin_Tughluq._1325-1351_CE.jpg/330px-Islamic_Sultanates._Dehli._Ghiyath_al-Din_Muhammad_bin_Tughluq._1325-1351_CE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Islamic_Sultanates._Dehli._Ghiyath_al-Din_Muhammad_bin_Tughluq._1325-1351_CE.jpg/440px-Islamic_Sultanates._Dehli._Ghiyath_al-Din_Muhammad_bin_Tughluq._1325-1351_CE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Gold coin of Ibn Tughluq in <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1325–1351</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Ishwari_Prasad" title="Ishwari Prasad">Ishwari Prasad</a> writes that different coins of different shapes and sizes were produced by his mints which lacked the artistic perfection of design and finish. In 1330, after his failed expedition to <a href="/wiki/Deogiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Deogiri">Deogiri</a>, he issued token currency; that is <a href="/wiki/Coins" class="mw-redirect" title="Coins">coins</a> of <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> were minted whose value was equal to that of <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> coins. Historian <a href="/wiki/Ziauddin_Barani" title="Ziauddin Barani">Ziauddin Barani</a> felt that this step was taken by Tughluq as he wanted to annex all the inhabited areas of the world for which a treasury was required to pay the army. Barani had also written that the sultan's treasury had been exhausted by his action of giving rewards and gifts in gold. In the rural areas, officials like the <i><a href="/wiki/Muqaddam" title="Muqaddam">muqaddams</a></i> paid the revenue in brass and copper coins and also used the same coins to purchase arms and horses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandra2004104_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandra2004104-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the value of coins decreased, and, in the words of <a href="/wiki/Satish_Chandra" title="Satish Chandra">Satish Chandra</a>, the coins became "<i>as worthless as stones</i>". This also disrupted trade and commerce. The token currency had inscriptions in Persian and Arabic marking the use of new coins instead of the royal seal and so the citizens could not distinguish between the official and the forged coins. Records show that the use of token currency had stopped by 1333 as <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a> who came to <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> in 1334, wrote a journal which made no mention of this currency.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandra2004105_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandra2004105-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_policy">Religious policy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_bin_Tughluq&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Religious policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are conflicting views expressed by historians on his religious tolerance. While visitors Ibn Battuta, Nunez and Firistha mention that Muhammed Bin Tughlaq showed intolerance to other religions,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the contrary, Peter Jackson mentions that Muhammed was the only Sultan who participated in Hindu festivities.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Battuta mentions that the king of China (the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan Emperor</a>) had sent an embassy to Muhammad for reconstruction of a sacked temple at <a href="/wiki/Sambhal" title="Sambhal">Sambhal</a>. The envoys were however denied with the statement that only those living in a Muslim territory who paid the <i><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">jizya</a></i> could be permitted to restore a temple. <a href="/wiki/Firuz_Shah_Tughlaq" title="Firuz Shah Tughlaq">Firuz Shah Tughlaq</a> had claimed that before his rule, idol-temples had been permitted to be rebuilt contrary to the Sharia.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The contemporaneous <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a> authorities attests Muhammad cordial relations with the <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jains</a> and further showing favour to the Jain scholars.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personality">Personality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_bin_Tughluq&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Personality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tughluq was a strict Muslim, maintaining his five prayers during a day, used to fast in Ramadan. According to 19th century CE <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</a> historian Stanley Lane-Poole, apparently courtesans had hailed Tughluq as a "man of knowledge" and had an interest in subjects like philosophy, medicine, mathematics, religion, Persian and Urdu/Hindustani poetry. In his "<i>Medieval India</i>", "He was perfect in the humanities of his day, a keen student of Persian poetry<span class="nowrap"> </span>... a master of style, supremely eloquent in an age of rhetoric, a philosopher trained in Logic and Greek metaphysics, with whom scholars feared to argue, a mathematician and lover of science."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barani has written that Tughluq wanted the traditions of the <i><a href="/wiki/Nubuwwah" class="mw-redirect" title="Nubuwwah">nubuwwah</a></i> to be followed in his kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandra200498_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandra200498-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though he did not believe in mysticism, Chandra states that he respected the <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> saints, which is evident from the fact of his building of the mausoleum of the saint <a href="/wiki/Nizamuddin_Auliya" title="Nizamuddin Auliya">Nizamuddin Auliya</a> at <a href="/wiki/Nizamuddin_Dargah" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizamuddin Dargah">Nizamuddin Dargah</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs additional references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">additional citation(s) needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Critics have called him hasty in nature, owing to most of his experiments failing due to lack of preparation. <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a> has also written that he depended on his own judgment and rarely took advice from others and has also criticized him for his giving of excessive gifts and "harsh punishments".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandra200499_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandra200499-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was famous because whenever a gift was bestowed upon him, he would give gifts worth three times the value to show his stature.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_bin_Tughluq&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A <i>Tughlaqi Firman</i> is a term regularly used in the Politics of the Indian Sub-continent. It is generally used to criticize laws, acts or orders passed by the local, State or National Government of the day by comparing it to a Royal diktat.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tughlaq_(play)" title="Tughlaq (play)"><i>Tughlaq</i></a>, a <a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a> play about his life was written by Indian writer <a href="/wiki/Girish_Karnad" title="Girish Karnad">Girish Karnad</a> in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Tughluq_(play)" title="Muhammad bin Tughluq (play)"><i>Muhammad bin Tughluq</i></a> is a 1968 Indian <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>-language political satire play written by <a href="/wiki/Cho_Ramaswamy" title="Cho Ramaswamy">Cho Ramaswamy</a> (who also played the titular role).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Tughluq_(1971_film)" title="Muhammad bin Tughluq (1971 film)"><i>Muhammad bin Tughluq</i></a> (1971) is an Indian satirical film in Tamil based on the play by Ramaswamy.<sup id="cite_ref-RajadhyakshaWillemen2014_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RajadhyakshaWillemen2014-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Mohammad Bin Tuglaq</i>, an Indian <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a>-language film by <a href="/wiki/B._V._Prasad" title="B. V. Prasad">B. V. Prasad</a> released in 1972. It was a remake of the Tamil film.<sup id="cite_ref-RajadhyakshaWillemen2014_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RajadhyakshaWillemen2014-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thuglak" title="Thuglak">Thuglak</a></i> is an Indian weekly news magazine published in Tamil. It was started by Cho Ramaswamy in 1970 and was named after the emperor (who also serves as its mascot).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doordarshan" title="Doordarshan">Doordarshan</a> presented an episode with Muhammad bin Tughluq as a character in its series, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Upanishad_Ganga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Upanishad Ganga (page does not exist)">Upanishad Ganga</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Tughlaq is a term still used in contemporary times to tease someone when they do something illogical or counter-intuitive.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Indian historical fiction author <a href="/wiki/Anuja_Chandramouli" title="Anuja Chandramouli">Anuja Chandramouli</a> wrote <i><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Bin_Tughlaq:_Tale_of_a_Tyrant" title="Muhammad Bin Tughlaq: Tale of a Tyrant">Muhammad Bin Tughlaq: Tale of a Tyrant</a></i> on Tughlaq which was published by <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Random_House" title="Penguin Random House">Penguin Random House</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_bin_Tughluq&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term <a href="/wiki/Khurasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khurasan">Khurasan</a> refers to a historical area in Central Asia which included the mentioned regions.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_bin_Tughluq&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlair383-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlair383_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlair">Blair</a>, p. 383.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elliot and Dowson, Táríkh-i Fíroz Sháhí of Ziauddin Barani, <a href="/wiki/The_History_of_India,_as_Told_by_Its_Own_Historians" title="The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians">The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians</a>. The Muhammadan Period (Vol 3), London, Trübner & Co</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTiwari2007" class="citation book cs1">Tiwari, Shubha (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kkq_zBYfeVUC&q=Muhammad+bin+Tughluq+the+failed+sultan"><i>Contemporary Indian Dramatists</i></a>. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. p. 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0871-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0871-4"><bdi>978-81-269-0871-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108105651/https://books.google.com/books?id=kkq_zBYfeVUC&q=Muhammad+bin+Tughluq+the+failed+sultan">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Indian+Dramatists&rft.pages=75&rft.pub=Atlantic+Publishers+%26+Dist&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-269-0871-4&rft.aulast=Tiwari&rft.aufirst=Shubha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkkq_zBYfeVUC%26q%3DMuhammad%2Bbin%2BTughluq%2Bthe%2Bfailed%2Bsultan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+bin+Tughluq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouthwaiteVirdisZurru2017" class="citation book cs1">Douthwaite, John; Virdis, Daniela Francesca; Zurru, Elisabetta (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5LU_DwAAQBAJ&q=Muhammad+bin+Tughluq+the+mad+sultan"><i>The Stylistics of Landscapes, the Landscapes of Stylistics</i></a>. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-6460-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-6460-2"><bdi>978-90-272-6460-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108105652/https://books.google.com/books?id=5LU_DwAAQBAJ&q=Muhammad+bin+Tughluq+the+mad+sultan">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stylistics+of+Landscapes%2C+the+Landscapes+of+Stylistics&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-90-272-6460-2&rft.aulast=Douthwaite&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Virdis%2C+Daniela+Francesca&rft.au=Zurru%2C+Elisabetta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5LU_DwAAQBAJ%26q%3DMuhammad%2Bbin%2BTughluq%2Bthe%2Bmad%2Bsultan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+bin+Tughluq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doulie-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Doulie_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouie1916" class="citation book cs1">Douie, James M. (1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LBBCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA171"><i>The Panjab North-West Frontier Province and Kashmir</i></a>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. p. 171.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Panjab+North-West+Frontier+Province+and+Kashmir&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1916&rft.aulast=Douie&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLBBCAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+bin+Tughluq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sen2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sen2_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSen2013" class="citation book cs1">Sen, Sailendra (2013). <i>A Textbook of Medieval Indian History</i>. Primus Books. pp. 91–97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9-38060-734-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-9-38060-734-4"><bdi>978-9-38060-734-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Textbook+of+Medieval+Indian+History&rft.pages=91-97&rft.pub=Primus+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9-38060-734-4&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=Sailendra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+bin+Tughluq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLane-Poole2007" class="citation book cs1">Lane-Poole, Stanley (2007). <i>Medieval India (Under Mohammadan Rule A.D 712–1764)</i>. Lahore, Pakistan: Sang-e-Meel Publications. pp. 123–126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-969-35-2052-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-969-35-2052-1"><bdi>978-969-35-2052-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+India+%28Under+Mohammadan+Rule+A.D+712%E2%80%931764%29&rft.place=Lahore%2C+Pakistan&rft.pages=123-126&rft.pub=Sang-e-Meel+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-969-35-2052-1&rft.aulast=Lane-Poole&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+bin+Tughluq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanetti1984" class="citation book cs1">Canetti, Elias (1984). <i>Crowds and Power</i>. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-374-51820-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-374-51820-3"><bdi>0-374-51820-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crowds+and+Power&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-374-51820-3&rft.aulast=Canetti&rft.aufirst=Elias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+bin+Tughluq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-malik-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-malik_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamal_Malik2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jamal_Malik" title="Jamal Malik">Jamal Malik</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FduG_t2sxwMC&pg=PA104"><i>Islam in South Asia: A Short History</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004168596" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004168596"><bdi>978-9004168596</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+South+Asia%3A+A+Short+History&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9004168596&rft.au=Jamal+Malik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFduG_t2sxwMC%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+bin+Tughluq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elliot and Dowson, Táríkh-i Fíroz Sháhí of Ziauddin Barani, <a href="/wiki/The_History_of_India,_as_Told_by_Its_Own_Historians" title="The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians">The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians</a>. The Muhammadan Period (Vol. 3), London, Trübner & Co</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA.D._Khan2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">A.D. Khan (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YmQ7EAAAQBAJ&dq=jauna+khan+tied+to+all+indians&pg=PA183"><i>A History of the Sadarat in Medieval India</i></a>. Vol. I (Pre-Mughal Period). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230607093942/https://books.google.com/books?id=YmQ7EAAAQBAJ&dq=jauna+khan+tied+to+all+indians&pg=PA183">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Sadarat+in+Medieval+India&rft.date=2021&rft.au=A.D.+Khan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYmQ7EAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Djauna%2Bkhan%2Btied%2Bto%2Ball%2Bindians%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+bin+Tughluq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandra1997" class="citation book cs1">Chandra, Satish (1997). <i>Medieval India: From Sultanate to the Mughals</i>. New Delhi, India: Har-Anand Publications. pp. 101–102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8124105221" title="Special:BookSources/978-8124105221"><bdi>978-8124105221</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+India%3A+From+Sultanate+to+the+Mughals&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India&rft.pages=101-102&rft.pub=Har-Anand+Publications&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-8124105221&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Satish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+bin+Tughluq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajumdar1960" class="citation book cs1">Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra, Majumdar A.K, Achut Dattatrya Pusalker, Dilip Kumar Ghose, Vishvanath Govind Dighe (1960). <i>The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Delhi Sultanate</i> (2nd ed.). Bharativa Vidya Bhavan. p. 86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Culture+of+the+Indian+People%3A+The+Delhi+Sultanate&rft.pages=86&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Bharativa+Vidya+Bhavan&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Majumdar&rft.aufirst=Ramesh+Chandra%2C+Majumdar+A.K%2C+Achut+Dattatrya+Pusalker%2C+Dilip+Kumar+Ghose%2C+Vishvanath+Govind+Dighe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+bin+Tughluq" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandramouli2019" class="citation book cs1">Chandramouli, Anuja (2019). <i>Muhammad bin Tughlaq: Tale of a Tyrant</i>. Penguin eBury Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143446644" title="Special:BookSources/978-0143446644"><bdi>978-0143446644</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muhammad+bin+Tughlaq%3A+Tale+of+a+Tyrant&rft.pub=Penguin+eBury+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0143446644&rft.aulast=Chandramouli&rft.aufirst=Anuja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+bin+Tughluq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson1999" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Peter (1999). <i>The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History (Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization)</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521404770" title="Special:BookSources/0521404770"><bdi>0521404770</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Delhi+Sultanate%3A+A+Political+and+Military+History+%28Cambridge+Studies+in+Islamic+Civilization%29&rft.pages=293&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0521404770&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+bin+Tughluq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historydiscussion.net/biography/biography-of-muhammad-bin-tughluq-1325-1351/3044">"Biography of Muhammad-Bin-Tughluq (1325–1351)"</a>. <i>History Discussion – Discuss Anything About History</i>. 13 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160815234330/http://www.historydiscussion.net/biography/biography-of-muhammad-bin-tughluq-1325-1351/3044">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Discussion+%E2%80%93+Discuss+Anything+About+History&rft.atitle=Biography+of+Muhammad-Bin-Tughluq+%281325%E2%80%931351%29&rft.date=2015-01-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historydiscussion.net%2Fbiography%2Fbiography-of-muhammad-bin-tughluq-1325-1351%2F3044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+bin+Tughluq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Maxwell_Eaton2015" class="citation book cs1">Richard Maxwell Eaton (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j2F9BgAAQBAJ&dq=colonists+dakhni&pg=PA42"><i>The Sufis of Bijapur, 1300–1700</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6815-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6815-5"><bdi>978-1-4008-6815-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230607093943/https://books.google.com/books?id=j2F9BgAAQBAJ&dq=colonists+dakhni&pg=PA42">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sufis+of+Bijapur%2C+1300%E2%80%931700&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-6815-5&rft.au=Richard+Maxwell+Eaton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj2F9BgAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dcolonists%2Bdakhni%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+bin+Tughluq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Rā_KulakarṇīM._A._NayeemTeotonio_R._De_Souza1996" class="citation book cs1">A. Rā Kulakarṇī; M. A. Nayeem; Teotonio R. De Souza (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O_WNqSH4ByQC"><i>Mediaeval Deccan History: Commemoration Volume in Honour of Purshottam Mahadeo Joshi</i></a>. Popular Prakashan. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-579-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7154-579-7"><bdi>978-81-7154-579-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mediaeval+Deccan+History%3A+Commemoration+Volume+in+Honour+of+Purshottam+Mahadeo+Joshi&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Popular+Prakashan&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-7154-579-7&rft.au=A.+R%C4%81+Kulakar%E1%B9%87%C4%AB&rft.au=M.+A.+Nayeem&rft.au=Teotonio+R.+De+Souza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO_WNqSH4ByQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+bin+Tughluq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGribble1896" class="citation book cs1">Gribble (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9PYRAAAAYAAJ&dq=for+the+first+thirty+years+of+his+life+labourer&pg=PA15"><i>A History of the Deccan</i></a>. Vol. 1. Luzac and Company. p. 16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230510212646/https://books.google.com/books?id=9PYRAAAAYAAJ&dq=for+the+first+thirty+years+of+his+life+labourer&pg=PA15">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Deccan&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Luzac+and+Company&rft.date=1896&rft.au=Gribble&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9PYRAAAAYAAJ%26dq%3Dfor%2Bthe%2Bfirst%2Bthirty%2Byears%2Bof%2Bhis%2Blife%2Blabourer%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+bin+Tughluq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandra2004101-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandra2004101_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChandra2004">Chandra 2004</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQanungo1960" class="citation book cs1">Qanungo (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KUIQAAAAIAAJ&q=Besides+the+above+-+mentioned+Sayyid+Hasan+Kaithali+,+Tarikh"><i>Historical Essays</i></a>. p. 142. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230607093941/https://books.google.com/books?id=KUIQAAAAIAAJ&q=Besides+the+above+-+mentioned+Sayyid+Hasan+Kaithali+,+Tarikh">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2023</span>. <q>Sayyid Hassan Kaithali...half a dozen Hasans, each distinguished from the other by an epithet indicative either of domicile or of birth</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Essays&rft.pages=142&rft.date=1960&rft.au=Qanungo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKUIQAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DBesides%2Bthe%2Babove%2B-%2Bmentioned%2BSayyid%2BHasan%2BKaithali%2B%2C%2BTarikh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+bin+Tughluq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP.M._Holt,_Ann_K.S._Lambton,_Bernard_Lewis1977" class="citation book cs1">P.M. Holt, Ann K.S. Lambton, Bernard Lewis (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/CambridgeHistoryOfIslamVol2B/Cambridge%20History%20of%20Islam%20Vol%202A#page/n31/mode/2up"><i>The Cambridge History of Islam</i></a>. Vol. 2A. Cambridge University Press. p. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Islam&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.au=P.M.+Holt%2C+Ann+K.S.+Lambton%2C+Bernard+Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FCambridgeHistoryOfIslamVol2B%2FCambridge%2520History%2520of%2520Islam%2520Vol%25202A%23page%2Fn31%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+bin+Tughluq" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._C._Majumdar1960" class="citation book cs1">R. C. Majumdar, ed. (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XKVFAQAAMAAJ"><i>The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Delhi Sultanate</i></a> (2nd ed.). Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Culture+of+the+Indian+People%3A+The+Delhi+Sultanate&rft.pages=70&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&rft.date=1960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXKVFAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+bin+Tughluq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._C._Majumdar1960" class="citation book cs1">R. C. Majumdar, ed. (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XKVFAQAAMAAJ"><i>The History and Culture of the Indian People: The Delhi Sultanate</i></a> (2nd ed.). Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. p. 70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Culture+of+the+Indian+People%3A+The+Delhi+Sultanate&rft.pages=70&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&rft.date=1960&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXKVFAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+bin+Tughluq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuvorova2000" class="citation book cs1">Suvorova (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rRxkAAAAMAAJ&q=hasan+gangu+hindu+convert"><i>Masnavi</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-579148-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-579148-8"><bdi>978-0-19-579148-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410151132/https://books.google.com/books?id=rRxkAAAAMAAJ&q=hasan+gangu+hindu+convert">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Masnavi&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-579148-8&rft.au=Suvorova&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrRxkAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dhasan%2Bgangu%2Bhindu%2Bconvert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+bin+Tughluq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHusaini_(Saiyid.)1960" class="citation book cs1">Husaini (Saiyid.), Abdul Qadir (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zJgrnbdaefEC&q=%22Hindu+tribes+of+the+punjab%22"><i>Bahman Shāh, the Founder of the Bahmani Kingdom</i></a>. Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay. pp. 59–60. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230226222928/https://books.google.com/books?id=zJgrnbdaefEC&q=%22Hindu+tribes+of+the+punjab%22">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bahman+Sh%C4%81h%2C+the+Founder+of+the+Bahmani+Kingdom&rft.pages=59-60&rft.pub=Firma+K.L.+Mukhopadhyay&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Husaini+%28Saiyid.%29&rft.aufirst=Abdul+Qadir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzJgrnbdaefEC%26q%3D%2522Hindu%2Btribes%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bpunjab%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+bin+Tughluq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamal_Malik2008" class="citation book cs1">Jamal Malik (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FduG_t2sxwMC&dq=change+of+capital+to+Daulatabad(1337)+proved+to+be+the+most+important+vehicle+by+which+North+Indian+Muslim+ideas+and+institutions+crossed+the+Narmada.+The+status+of+being+a+tributary+to+the+Sultanate+was+deeply+resented+by+the+local+Muslims,+culminating+in+the+revolt+by+Deccani+nobles+led+by+Ala+al-Din+Hasan+Bahman+Shah+in+1347,+eventually+establishing+an+independent+kingdom+called+the+Bahmani+kingdom&pg=PA134"><i>Islam in South Asia</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230607093941/https://books.google.com/books?id=FduG_t2sxwMC&dq=change+of+capital+to+Daulatabad(1337)+proved+to+be+the+most+important+vehicle+by+which+North+Indian+Muslim+ideas+and+institutions+crossed+the+Narmada.+The+status+of+being+a+tributary+to+the+Sultanate+was+deeply+resented+by+the+local+Muslims,+culminating+in+the+revolt+by+Deccani+nobles+led+by+Ala+al-Din+Hasan+Bahman+Shah+in+1347,+eventually+establishing+an+independent+kingdom+called+the+Bahmani+kingdom&pg=PA134">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2023</span>. <q>change of capital to Daulatabad (1337) proved to be the most important vehicle by which North Indian Muslim ideas and institutions crossed the Narmada. The status of being a tributary to the Sultanate was deeply resented by the local Muslims, culminating in the revolt by Deccani nobles led by Ala al-Din Hasan Bahman Shah in 1347, eventually establishing an independent kingdom called the Bahmani kingdom</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+South+Asia&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Jamal+Malik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFduG_t2sxwMC%26dq%3Dchange%2Bof%2Bcapital%2Bto%2BDaulatabad%281337%29%2Bproved%2Bto%2Bbe%2Bthe%2Bmost%2Bimportant%2Bvehicle%2Bby%2Bwhich%2BNorth%2BIndian%2BMuslim%2Bideas%2Band%2Binstitutions%2Bcrossed%2Bthe%2BNarmada.%2BThe%2Bstatus%2Bof%2Bbeing%2Ba%2Btributary%2Bto%2Bthe%2BSultanate%2Bwas%2Bdeeply%2Bresented%2Bby%2Bthe%2Blocal%2BMuslims%2C%2Bculminating%2Bin%2Bthe%2Brevolt%2Bby%2BDeccani%2Bnobles%2Bled%2Bby%2BAla%2Bal-Din%2BHasan%2BBahman%2BShah%2Bin%2B1347%2C%2Beventually%2Bestablishing%2Ban%2Bindependent%2Bkingdom%2Bcalled%2Bthe%2BBahmani%2Bkingdom%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+bin+Tughluq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Verma, D. C. <i>History of Bijapur</i> (New Delhi: Kumar Brothers, 1974) p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandra2004104-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandra2004104_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChandra2004">Chandra 2004</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandra2004105-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandra2004105_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChandra2004">Chandra 2004</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSewell" class="citation book cs1">Sewell, Robert. <i>A Forgotten Empire (Vijayanagar)</i>. Swan Sonnenschen & Co. pp. 12–15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Forgotten+Empire+%28Vijayanagar%29&rft.pages=12-15&rft.pub=Swan+Sonnenschen+%26+Co&rft.aulast=Sewell&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+bin+Tughluq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Jackson2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Jackson_(historian)" title="Peter Jackson (historian)">Peter Jackson</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA288"><i>The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 288. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521543293" title="Special:BookSources/9780521543293"><bdi>9780521543293</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Delhi+Sultanate%3A+A+Political+and+Military+History&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780521543293&rft.au=Peter+Jackson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlt2tqOpVRKgC%26pg%3DPA288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+bin+Tughluq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIqtidar_Alam_Khan2008" class="citation book cs1">Iqtidar Alam Khan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iGSKTttoa3IC&pg=PR17"><i>Historical Dictionary of Medieval India</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810864016" title="Special:BookSources/9780810864016"><bdi>9780810864016</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230703062812/https://books.google.com/books?id=iGSKTttoa3IC&pg=PR17">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2022</span>. <q>Muhammad bin Tughlaq (1325–1351) is mentioned in Jain texts as showing favour to Jain scholars</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Medieval+India&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780810864016&rft.au=Iqtidar+Alam+Khan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiGSKTttoa3IC%26pg%3DPR17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+bin+Tughluq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandra200498-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandra200498_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChandra2004">Chandra 2004</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChandra200499-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChandra200499_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChandra2004">Chandra 2004</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/theatre/Tughlaq-to-be-staged-at-Ranga-Shankara/articleshow/31787860.cms">"Tughlaq: A historical play"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 11 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161105130102/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/kannada/theatre/Tughlaq-to-be-staged-at-Ranga-Shankara/articleshow/31787860.cms">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Tughlaq%3A+A+historical+play&rft.date=2014-03-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fentertainment%2Fkannada%2Ftheatre%2FTughlaq-to-be-staged-at-Ranga-Shankara%2Farticleshow%2F31787860.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+bin+Tughluq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamanujam2016" class="citation news cs1">Ramanujam, Srinivasa (7 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/A-different-brand-of-wit/article16773046.ece">"A different brand of wit"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190913051810/https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/A-different-brand-of-wit/article16773046.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 13 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=A+different+brand+of+wit&rft.date=2016-12-07&rft.aulast=Ramanujam&rft.aufirst=Srinivasa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmovies%2FA-different-brand-of-wit%2Farticle16773046.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+bin+Tughluq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RajadhyakshaWillemen2014-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RajadhyakshaWillemen2014_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RajadhyakshaWillemen2014_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshish_RajadhyakshaPaul_Willemen2014" class="citation book cs1">Ashish Rajadhyaksha; Paul Willemen (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1994-IA799"><i>Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 1994. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-94325-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-94325-7"><bdi>978-1-135-94325-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221201180909/https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1994-IA799">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Indian+Cinema&rft.pages=1994&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-135-94325-7&rft.au=Ashish+Rajadhyaksha&rft.au=Paul+Willemen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrF8ABAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1994-IA799&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+bin+Tughluq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamnarayan2004" class="citation web cs1">Ramnarayan, Gowri (7 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050410175833/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mp/2004/06/07/stories/2004060700430300.htm">"Cho, what's up?"</a>. <i>Interview</i>. Kasturi and Sons Ltd for <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. Archived from the original on 10 April 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Interview&rft.atitle=Cho%2C+what%27s+up%3F&rft.date=2004-06-07&rft.aulast=Ramnarayan&rft.aufirst=Gowri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hinduonnet.com%2Fthehindu%2Fmp%2F2004%2F06%2F07%2Fstories%2F2004060700430300.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+bin+Tughluq" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bhaskar.com/harayana/bhiwani/news/HAR-BHI-MAT-latest-bhiwani-news-020505-1980302-NOR.html">"सरकार के छुट्टी रद्द करने के फैसले को अध्यापकों ने बताया गलत"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dainik_Bhaskar" title="Dainik Bhaskar">Dainik Bhaskar</a></i> (in Hindi). 1 June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411224039/https://www.bhaskar.com/harayana/bhiwani/news/HAR-BHI-MAT-latest-bhiwani-news-020505-1980302-NOR.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dainik+Bhaskar&rft.atitle=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6+%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82+%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87+%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4&rft.date=2015-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhaskar.com%2Fharayana%2Fbhiwani%2Fnews%2FHAR-BHI-MAT-latest-bhiwani-news-020505-1980302-NOR.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+bin+Tughluq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/tughlaq-has-taught-me-not-to-judge-people-harshly-for-the-choices-they-have-made-anuja-chandramouli/1606310/">"Tughlaq has taught me not to judge people harshly for the choices they have made: Anuja Chandramouli"</a>. <i>The Financial Express</i>. 13 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411224038/https://www.financialexpress.com/lifestyle/tughlaq-has-taught-me-not-to-judge-people-harshly-for-the-choices-they-have-made-anuja-chandramouli/1606310/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Financial+Express&rft.atitle=Tughlaq+has+taught+me+not+to+judge+people+harshly+for+the+choices+they+have+made%3A+Anuja+Chandramouli&rft.date=2019-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.financialexpress.com%2Flifestyle%2Ftughlaq-has-taught-me-not-to-judge-people-harshly-for-the-choices-they-have-made-anuja-chandramouli%2F1606310%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+bin+Tughluq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_bin_Tughluq&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlair" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Blair" title="Sheila Blair">Blair, Sheila</a> (2008). <i>Islamic Calligraphy</i>. Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0748612123" title="Special:BookSources/978-0748612123"><bdi>978-0748612123</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Calligraphy&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0748612123&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+bin+Tughluq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliotJohn_Dowson1867" class="citation book cs1">Elliot, H. M. (Henry Miers), Sir; John Dowson (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924073036737#page/n107/mode/2up">"15. Táríkh-i Fíroz Sháhí, of Ziauddin Barani"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_History_of_India,_as_Told_by_Its_Own_Historians._The_Muhammadan_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period">The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. The Muhammadan Period (Vol 3.)</a></i>. London : Trübner & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=15.+T%C3%A1r%C3%ADkh-i+F%C3%ADroz+Sh%C3%A1h%C3%AD%2C+of+Ziauddin+Barani&rft.btitle=The+History+of+India%2C+as+Told+by+Its+Own+Historians.+The+Muhammadan+Period+%28Vol+3.%29&rft.pub=London+%3A+Tr%C3%BCbner+%26+Co.&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=Elliot&rft.aufirst=H.+M.+%28Henry+Miers%29%2C+Sir&rft.au=John+Dowson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcu31924073036737%23page%2Fn107%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+bin+Tughluq" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandra2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Satish_Chandra_(historian)" title="Satish Chandra (historian)">Chandra, Satish</a> (2004). <i>Medieval India: From Sultanat to the Mughals-Delhi Sultanat (1206–1526) – Part One</i>. Har-Anand Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788124110645" title="Special:BookSources/9788124110645"><bdi>9788124110645</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+India%3A+From+Sultanat+to+the+Mughals-Delhi+Sultanat+%281206%E2%80%931526%29+%E2%80%93+Part+One&rft.pub=Har-Anand+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9788124110645&rft.aulast=Chandra&rft.aufirst=Satish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+bin+Tughluq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed2011" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed, Farooqui Salma (2011). <i>A Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century</i>. Pearson Education India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788131732021" title="Special:BookSources/9788131732021"><bdi>9788131732021</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comprehensive+History+of+Medieval+India%3A+Twelfth+to+the+Mid-Eighteenth+Century&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+India&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9788131732021&rft.aulast=Ahmed&rft.aufirst=Farooqui+Salma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuhammad+bin+Tughluq" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad_bin_Tughluq&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Muhammad_bin_Tughluq" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Muhammad bin Tughluq">Muhammad bin Tughluq</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Muhammad_bin_Tughluq" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Muhammad bin Tughluq">Muhammad bin Tughluq</a> at Wikiquote</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad-ibn-Tughluq">Encyclopædia Britannica – Muhammad ibn Tughluq</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ghiyath_al-Din_Tughluq" title="Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq">Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Sultan of Delhi</a> </b><br />1325–1351 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Firuz_Shah_Tughluq" class="mw-redirect" title="Firuz Shah Tughluq">Firuz Shah Tughluq</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381830#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381830#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000030877664">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/31094695">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1836280/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJj8KW3hCDQjkX7KHgbfMP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119089696">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88184152">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p123930529">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987010984220305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119089696">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenganathan2013" class="citation news cs1">Renganathan, L. (26 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/regal-glorification-for-lord-ranganatha-at-srirangam/article4347622.ece">"Regal glorification for Lord Ranganatha at Srirangam"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200422050742/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Tiruchirapalli/regal-glorification-for-lord-ranganatha-at-srirangam/article4347622.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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