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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography and climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography_and_climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_settlements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_settlements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Human settlements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Human_settlements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Human settlements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Human_settlements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Population history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socio-cultural_and_anthropologic_conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socio-cultural_and_anthropologic_conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Socio-cultural and anthropologic conditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socio-cultural_and_anthropologic_conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anthropology_and_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anthropology_and_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Anthropology and language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anthropology_and_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Flora and fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Management</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Management-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Management subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Conflicts_between_conservation_authorities_and_local_community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflicts_between_conservation_authorities_and_local_community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Conflicts between conservation authorities and local community</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflicts_between_conservation_authorities_and_local_community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Komodo National Park</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%87_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="متنزه كومودو الوطني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="متنزه كومودو الوطني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komodo_Milli_Park%C4%B1" title="Komodo Milli Parkı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Komodo Milli Parkı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_Nasional_Komodo" title="Taman Nasional Komodo – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Taman Nasional Komodo" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_Nasional_Komodo" title="Taman Nasional Komodo – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Taman Nasional Komodo" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Нацыянальны парк Камода – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нацыянальны парк Камода" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_Nacional_de_Komodo" title="Parc Nacional de Komodo – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Parc Nacional de Komodo" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komodo_National_Park" title="Komodo National Park – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Komodo National Park" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_park_Komodo" title="Národní park Komodo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Národní park Komodo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalpark_Komodo" title="Nationalpark Komodo – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nationalpark Komodo" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C" title="कोमोदो राष्ट्रिय निकुञ्ज – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="कोमोदो राष्ट्रिय निकुञ्ज" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%A0%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BF_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%BC%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF" title="Εθνικό Πάρκο Κομόντο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εθνικό Πάρκο Κομόντο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parque_nacional_de_Komodo" title="Parque nacional de Komodo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Parque nacional de Komodo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacia_Parko_Komodo" title="Nacia Parko Komodo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nacia Parko Komodo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komodoko_Parke_Nazionala" title="Komodoko Parke Nazionala – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Komodoko Parke Nazionala" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9_%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88" title="پارک ملی کومودو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پارک ملی کومودو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_national_de_Komodo" title="Parc national de Komodo – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parc national de Komodo" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%94%EB%AA%A8%EB%8F%84_%EA%B5%AD%EB%A6%BD%EA%B3%B5%EC%9B%90" title="코모도 국립공원 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="코모도 국립공원" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%B8_(%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AF)" title="Կոմոդո (ազգային պարկ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոմոդո (ազգային պարկ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="कोमोडो राष्ट्रीय उद्यान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कोमोडो राष्ट्रीय उद्यान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalni_park_Komodo" title="Nacionalni park Komodo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nacionalni park Komodo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_Nasional_Komodo" title="Taman Nasional Komodo – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Taman Nasional Komodo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parco_nazionale_di_Komodo" title="Parco nazionale di Komodo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Parco nazionale di Komodo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A7_%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95" title="הפארק הלאומי קומודו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הפארק הלאומי קומודו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_Nasional_Komodo" title="Taman Nasional Komodo – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Taman Nasional Komodo" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="კომოდოს ეროვნული პარკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კომოდოს ეროვნული პარკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komodo_nacionalinis_parkas" title="Komodo nacionalinis parkas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Komodo nacionalinis parkas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komodo_Nemzeti_Park" title="Komodo Nemzeti Park – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Komodo Nemzeti Park" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C" title="कोमोदो राष्ट्रिय निकुञ्ज – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="कोमोदो राष्ट्रिय निकुञ्ज" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Национален парк Комодо – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Национален парк Комодо" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8B_%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="കൊമോഡോ ദേശീയോദ്യാനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കൊമോഡോ ദേശീയോദ്യാനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Nazzjonali_ta%27_Komodo" title="Park Nazzjonali ta' Komodo – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Park Nazzjonali ta' Komodo" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_Nasional_Komodo" title="Taman Nasional Komodo – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Taman Nasional Komodo" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_Nasional_Komodo" title="Taman Nasional Komodo – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Taman Nasional Komodo" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE_%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D2%AF%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Комодо үндэсний хүрээлэн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Комодо үндэсний хүрээлэн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationaal_park_Komodo" title="Nationaal park Komodo – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nationaal park Komodo" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C" title="कोमोदो राष्ट्रिय निकुञ्ज – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कोमोदो राष्ट्रिय निकुञ्ज" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%A2%E3%83%89%E5%9B%BD%E7%AB%8B%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92" title="コモド国立公園 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コモド国立公園" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%DA%88%D9%88_%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%84_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="کوموڈو نیشنل پارک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کوموڈو نیشنل پارک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Narodowy_Komodo" title="Park Narodowy Komodo – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Park Narodowy Komodo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parque_Nacional_de_Komodo" title="Parque Nacional de Komodo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Parque Nacional de Komodo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parcul_Na%C8%9Bional_Komodo" title="Parcul Național Komodo – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Parcul Național Komodo" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA)" title="Комодо (национальный парк) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Комодо (национальный парк)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komodo_National_Park" title="Komodo National Park – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Komodo National Park" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1rodn%C3%BD_park_Komodo" title="Národný park Komodo – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Národný park Komodo" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Национални парк Комодо – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Национални парк Комодо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalni_park_Komodo" title="Nacionalni park Komodo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nacionalni park Komodo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taman_Nasional_Komodo" title="Taman Nasional Komodo – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Taman Nasional Komodo" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komodon_kansallispuisto" title="Komodon kansallispuisto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Komodon kansallispuisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komodo_nationalpark" title="Komodo nationalpark – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Komodo nationalpark" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE" title="கொமோடோ தேசியப் பூங்கா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கொமோடோ தேசியப் பூங்கா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94" title="อุทยานแห่งชาติโกโมโด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อุทยานแห่งชาติโกโมโด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komodo_Ulusal_Park%C4%B1" title="Komodo Ulusal Parkı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Komodo Ulusal Parkı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA)" title="Комодо (національний парк) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Комодо (національний парк)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%DA%88%D9%88_%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%84_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9" title="کوموڈو نیشنل پارک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کوموڈو نیشنل پارک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dn_qu%E1%BB%91c_gia_Komodo" title="Vườn quốc gia Komodo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vườn quốc gia Komodo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasodnon_nga_Parke_han_Komodo" title="Nasodnon nga Parke han Komodo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Nasodnon nga Parke han Komodo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E8%8E%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%AD" title="科莫多国家公园 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="科莫多国家公园" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Komodo_National_Park&params=8_32_36_S_119_29_22_E_type:landmark_dim:44km"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°32′36″S</span> <span class="longitude">119°29′22″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.54333°S 119.48944°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-8.54333; 119.48944</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">National park in Indonesia</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Komodo National Park</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 100%;"><i>Taman Nasional Komodo</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 100%;"><div style="background-color: #CDE5B2;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_protected_area_categories" title="IUCN protected area categories">IUCN category</a> II (<a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">national park</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Komodo_dragon_at_Komodo_National_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Komodo_dragon_at_Komodo_National_Park.jpg/284px-Komodo_dragon_at_Komodo_National_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="284" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Komodo_dragon_at_Komodo_National_Park.jpg/426px-Komodo_dragon_at_Komodo_National_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Komodo_dragon_at_Komodo_National_Park.jpg/568px-Komodo_dragon_at_Komodo_National_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Komodo dragon at Komodo National Park</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:280px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:280px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:280px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flores_Locator_Topography.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map showing the location of Komodo National Park"><img alt="Map showing the location of Komodo National Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flores_Locator_Topography.png/280px-Flores_Locator_Topography.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flores_Locator_Topography.png/420px-Flores_Locator_Topography.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Flores_Locator_Topography.png/560px-Flores_Locator_Topography.png 2x" data-file-width="2559" data-file-height="1514" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:61.733%;left:7.719%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Komodo NP"><img alt="Map showing the location of Komodo National Park" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><b>Komodo NP</b></div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="locality"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser Sunda Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Komodo_National_Park&params=8_32_36_S_119_29_22_E_type:landmark_dim:44km"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">8°32′36″S</span> <span class="longitude">119°29′22″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">8.54333°S 119.48944°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">-8.54333; 119.48944</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">1,733 km<sup>2</sup> (669 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1980</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Visitors</th><td class="infobox-data">45,000 (in 2010)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Governing body</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Environment_and_Forestry_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Environment and Forestry (Indonesia)">Ministry of Environment and Forestry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.komodonationalpark.org/">www<wbr />.komodonationalpark<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Natural: vii, x</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/609">609</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">1991 (15th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Komodo National Park</b> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: <i>Taman Nasional Komodo</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">national park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> located within the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser Sunda Islands</a> in the border region between the provinces of <a href="/wiki/East_Nusa_Tenggara" title="East Nusa Tenggara">East Nusa Tenggara</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Nusa_Tenggara" title="West Nusa Tenggara">West Nusa Tenggara</a>. The park includes the three larger islands <a href="/wiki/Komodo_(island)" title="Komodo (island)">Komodo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Padar_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Padar Island">Padar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rinca" title="Rinca">Rinca</a>, and 26 smaller ones, with a total area of 1,733 km<sup>2</sup> (603 km<sup>2</sup> of it land). The national park was founded in 1980 to protect the <a href="/wiki/Komodo_dragon" title="Komodo dragon">Komodo dragon</a>, the world's largest lizard. Later it was dedicated to protecting other species, including marine species. In 1991 the national park was declared a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Man_and_the_Biosphere_Programme" title="Man and the Biosphere Programme">Man and Biosphere Reserve</a>. It is considered one of the world's 25 <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspot" title="Biodiversity hotspot">biodiversity hotspots</a>. </p><p>Komodo National Park has been selected as one of the <a href="/wiki/New7Wonders_of_Nature" class="mw-redirect" title="New7Wonders of Nature">New 7 Wonders of Nature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The waters surrounding Komodo island contain rich marine biodiversity. Komodo islands is also a part of the <a href="/wiki/Coral_Triangle" title="Coral Triangle">Coral Triangle</a>, which contains some of the richest marine <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> on Earth. </p><p>It is also a <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">WWF</a> Global 200 <a href="/wiki/Marine_ecoregion" title="Marine ecoregion">Marine Eco-region</a>, a <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">WWF</a>/<a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">IUCN</a> <a href="/wiki/Centres_of_Plant_Diversity" title="Centres of Plant Diversity">Centre of Plant Diversity</a>, one of the world's <a href="/wiki/Endemic_Bird_Area" title="Endemic Bird Area">Endemic Bird Areas</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">ASEAN</a> Heritage Park. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komodo_National_Park&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TE-2022-50000-belakang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/TE-2022-50000-belakang.jpg/220px-TE-2022-50000-belakang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/TE-2022-50000-belakang.jpg/330px-TE-2022-50000-belakang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/TE-2022-50000-belakang.jpg/440px-TE-2022-50000-belakang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="713" /></a><figcaption>Komodo National Park featured on the reverse of the 50,000 <a href="/wiki/Rupiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Rupiah">rupiah</a> banknote</figcaption></figure> <p>The island of Padar and part of Rinca were established as nature reserves in 1938.<sup id="cite_ref-whdata_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whdata-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Komodo Island was declared a nature reserve in 1965,<sup id="cite_ref-Unesco609_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unesco609-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in January 1977 as a <a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Biosphere reserve">biosphere reserve</a> under the UNESCO <a href="/wiki/Man_and_Biosphere_Reserve_Programme" class="mw-redirect" title="Man and Biosphere Reserve Programme">Man and Biosphere Reserve Programme</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Unesco609_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unesco609-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-whdata_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whdata-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1980 the islands of Komodo, Padar, Rinca<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO-ABE_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-ABE-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Gili Motong and the surrounding waters were declared a national park, for a total of 75,000 ha. </p><p>In 1984 the national park was extended to 219,322 ha in order to include the marine area Mbeliling / Ngorang (31,000 ha), and Wae Wuul / Mburak Recreation Parks (3,000 ha) on mainland Flores. The marine zone covers 60% of the national park area.<sup id="cite_ref-whdata_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whdata-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1991 the national park was declared a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-whdata_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whdata-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005 it was designated an <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">ASEAN</a> Heritage Park.<sup id="cite_ref-whdata_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whdata-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The park was initially established to conserve the unique <a href="/wiki/Komodo_dragon" title="Komodo dragon">Komodo dragon</a> (<i>Varanus komodoensis</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO-ABE_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-ABE-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> first discovered by the scientific world in 1912 through Lieutenant <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._K._H._van_Steyn_van_Hensbroek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. K. H. van Steyn van Hensbroek (page does not exist)">J. K. H. van Steyn van Hensbroek</a>, the Civil Administrator in Reo, <a href="/wiki/Flores" title="Flores">Flores</a> Island. Since then conservation goals have expanded to protecting the entire biodiversity of the region, both marine and terrestrial. </p><p>It is considered one of the world's 25 <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_hotspot" title="Biodiversity hotspot">biodiversity hotspots</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorchersGustave20073_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorchersGustave20073-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> - a <a href="/wiki/Conservation_International" title="Conservation International">Conservation International</a> designation. It is also one of the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">WWF</a> Global 200 <a href="/wiki/Marine_ecoregion" title="Marine ecoregion">Marine Eco-regions</a>, a UNESCO <a href="/wiki/Man_and_the_Biosphere_Programme" title="Man and the Biosphere Programme">Man and Biosphere Reserve</a>, a <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">WWF</a>/<a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">IUCN</a> <a href="/wiki/Centres_of_Plant_Diversity" title="Centres of Plant Diversity">Centre of Plant Diversity</a> and one of the world's <a href="/wiki/Endemic_Bird_Area" title="Endemic Bird Area">Endemic Bird Areas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-whdata_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whdata-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_climate">Geography and climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komodo_National_Park&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography and climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Komodo_Islands.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Komodo_Islands.jpg/220px-Komodo_Islands.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Komodo_Islands.jpg/330px-Komodo_Islands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Komodo_Islands.jpg/440px-Komodo_Islands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="859" /></a><figcaption>The rugged terrain of Komodo Island with few trees makes it one of the driest locations in Indonesia.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rinca_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Rinca_Island.jpg/220px-Rinca_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Rinca_Island.jpg/330px-Rinca_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Rinca_Island.jpg/440px-Rinca_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rinca" title="Rinca">Rinca Island</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adelaar_off_Padar_Island_(1998).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Adelaar_off_Padar_Island_%281998%29.jpg/220px-Adelaar_off_Padar_Island_%281998%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Adelaar_off_Padar_Island_%281998%29.jpg/330px-Adelaar_off_Padar_Island_%281998%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Adelaar_off_Padar_Island_%281998%29.jpg/440px-Adelaar_off_Padar_Island_%281998%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1802" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Padar_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Padar Island">Padar Island</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The park comprises a coastal section of western <a href="/wiki/Flores" title="Flores">Flores</a>, the three larger islands of <a href="/wiki/Komodo_(island)" title="Komodo (island)">Komodo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Padar_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Padar (island)">Padar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rinca" title="Rinca">Rinca</a>, 26 smaller islands and the surrounding waters of the Sape Straights. The islands of the national park are of <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcanic</a> origin. The terrain is generally rugged, characterized by rounded hills,<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO-ABE_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-ABE-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with altitudes up to 735 m.<sup id="cite_ref-dephut_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dephut-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The climate is one of the driest of Indonesia with annual rainfall between 800mm and 1000mm. Harsh daily temperatures in the dry season from May to October are around 40 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO-ABE_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-ABE-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_settlements">Human settlements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komodo_National_Park&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Human settlements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Komodo_National_Park" title="Talk:Komodo National Park">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Komodo_National_Park&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Komodo+National+Park%22">"Komodo National Park"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Komodo+National+Park%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Komodo+National+Park%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Komodo+National+Park%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Komodo+National+Park%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Komodo+National+Park%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_history">Population history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komodo_National_Park&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Population history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Little is known of the early history of the Komodo islanders. They were subjects of the <a href="/wiki/Bima_Sultanate" title="Bima Sultanate">Sultanate of Bima</a>, although the island's remoteness from Bima meant its affairs were probably little troubled by the Sultanate other than by occasional demands for tribute.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <br /> The majority of the people in and around the park are <a href="/wiki/Fisherman" title="Fisherman">fishermen</a> originally from <a href="/wiki/Bima" title="Bima">Bima</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sumbawa" title="Sumbawa">Sumbawa</a>), <a href="/wiki/Manggarai_Regency" title="Manggarai Regency">Manggarai</a>, South Flores, and <a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi" title="South Sulawesi">South Sulawesi</a>. Those from South Sulawesi are from the Suku Bajau or Bugis ethnic groups. The Suku Bajau were originally nomadic and moved from location to location in the region of <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nusa_Tenggara" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusa Tenggara">Nusa Tenggara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku</a>, to make a living. Descendants of the original people of Komodo, the Ata Modo, still live in Komodo, but there are no pure blood people left and their culture and language is slowly being integrated with the recent migrants.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The human population within the park spread out over four settlements (Komodo, Rinca, Kerora, and Papagaran), all of which existed before 1980 when the area was declared a <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">national park</a>. In 1928 there were only 30 people living in <a href="/wiki/Komodo_(village)" title="Komodo (village)">Komodo Village</a> (known locally as <i>Kampung Komodo</i>), and approximately 250 people on <a href="/wiki/Rinca" title="Rinca">Rinca Island</a> in 1930. The population increased rapidly, and by 1999, there were 281 families numbering 1,169 people on Komodo Island.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Komodo Village has had the highest population within the park, mostly due to migration by people from Sape, Manggarai, <a href="/wiki/Madura" title="Madura">Madura</a>, and South Sulawesi. The number of buildings in Komodo Village has increased rapidly from 30 houses in 1958, to 194 houses in 1994, and 270 houses in 2000. Papagaran Village is similar in size, with 258 families totaling 1,078 people.<a href="#CITEREFPKATNC2000">PKA & TNC 2000</a>, p. 13 At the 2010 Census, Komodo Village had 1,508 inhabitants and Papagaran Village had 1,262 inhabitants.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As of 1999, Rinca's population was 835, and Kerora's population was 185 people.<a href="#CITEREFPKATNC2000">PKA & TNC 2000</a>, p. 13 </p><p>In 2004, the total population living in the park was 3,267 people while 16,816 people lived in the area immediately surrounding the park.<sup id="cite_ref-whdata_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whdata-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy">Economy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komodo_National_Park&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2007, 97% of the people living within the park rely on marine resources as their only source of income.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are <a href="/wiki/Pauperism" title="Pauperism">pauperised</a> by the restrictions on access to resources coupled with rising costs of living, a growing population and the lack of sustainable livelihood alternatives, all of which increasing the pressure on resources.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Tourism revenue and local communities</dt></dl> <p>Locally, tourism has become a major industry since the late 1980s and the 1990s; but this development brought little benefit to the local communities within the park. Not only this industry is mainly based outside the park in Labuan Bajo; moreover most of the benefits thusly generated are leaked outside the region to large national or international tourism operators.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komodo_National_Park&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The average level of education in the villages of Komodo National Park is grade four of elementary school. There is an elementary school located in each of the villages but new students are not admitted each year. On average, each village has four classes and four teachers. Most of the children from the small islands in the Kecamatan Komodo (Komodo, Rinca, Kerora, Papagaran, Mesa) do not finish elementary school. Less than 10% of those who do graduate from elementary school continue to high school since the major economic opportunity (fishing) does not require further education. Children must be sent to <a href="/wiki/Labuan_Bajo" title="Labuan Bajo">Labuan Bajo</a> to attend high school, but this is rarely done in fishermen's families.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPKATNC200015_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPKATNC200015-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komodo_National_Park&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the villages located in and around the park have few fresh water facilities available, if any, particularly during the dry season. Water quality declines during this time period and many people become ill. Businesses also take up large amounts of water for tourism uses, often getting a lower per-unit cost , then locals<b>.</b><sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Malaria and diarrhea are rampant in the area. On Messah island, with a population of 1,969 people, there is no fresh water available. Fresh water has to be brought in jerrycans by boat from the mainland. The cost for each family for fresh water is Rp100,000 per month. Almost every village has a local medical facility with staff, and at least a paramedic. The quality of medical care facilities is low.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPKATNC200015_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPKATNC200015-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socio-cultural_and_anthropologic_conditions">Socio-cultural and anthropologic conditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komodo_National_Park&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Socio-cultural and anthropologic conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditional communities in Komodo, Flores and Sumbawa have been subjected to outside influences and the influence of traditional customs is dwindling. Television, radio, and increased mobility have all played a part in accelerating the rate of change. There has been a steady influx of migrants into the area. At the moment nearly all villages consist of more than one ethnic group.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPKATNC200016_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPKATNC200016-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komodo_National_Park&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Manggarai_people" title="Manggarai people">Manggarai</a> are mostly <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>. The majority of fishermen living in the villages in the vicinity of the park are Muslims. Hajis have a strong influence in the dynamics of community development. Fishermen hailing from South Sulawesi (Bajau, Bugis) and Bima are mostly Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPKATNC200017_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPKATNC200017-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anthropology_and_language">Anthropology and language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komodo_National_Park&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Anthropology and language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several cultural sites within the park, particularly on Komodo Island. These sites are not well documented, however, and there are many questions concerning the history of human inhabitance on the island. Outside the park, in Warloka village on Flores, there is a Chinese trading post remnant of some interest. Archeological finds from this site have been looted in the recent past. Most communities in and around the park can speak <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bajaw_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajaw language">Bajo language</a> is the language used for daily communication in most communities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPKATNC200017_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPKATNC200017-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komodo_National_Park&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The hot and dry climate of the park, characterized by <a href="/wiki/Savannah" class="mw-redirect" title="Savannah">savannah</a> vegetation, makes it a good habitat for the endemic Komodo dragon (<i>Varanus komodoensis</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-dephut_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dephut-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their populations are restricted to the islands of <a href="/wiki/Komodo_(island)" title="Komodo (island)">Komodo</a> (1,700), <a href="/wiki/Rinca" title="Rinca">Rinca</a> (1,300), <a href="/wiki/Gili_Motang" title="Gili Motang">Gili Motang</a> (100), Gili Dasami (100), and <a href="/wiki/Flores" title="Flores">Flores</a> (c. 2,000),<sup id="cite_ref-komo_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-komo-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while extinct on <a href="/wiki/Padar_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Padar (island)">Padar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO-ABE_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-ABE-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cloud forests appear only in few areas above 500 metres but they provide habitat to several endemic flora. Coastal vegetation includes <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangrove</a> forest, which generally appear in the sheltered bays of the three larger islands.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO-ABE_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-ABE-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fringing and patch coral reefs are extensive and best developed on the north-east coast of Komodo.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO-ABE_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-ABE-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The park is rich in marine life, including <a href="/wiki/Whale_shark" title="Whale shark">whale sharks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocean_sunfish" title="Ocean sunfish">ocean sunfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manta_ray" title="Manta ray">manta rays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eagle_ray" title="Eagle ray">eagle rays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pygmy_seahorse" title="Pygmy seahorse">pygmy seahorse</a>, <a href="/wiki/False_pipefish" class="mw-redirect" title="False pipefish">false pipefish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clown_frogfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Clown frogfish">clown frogfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nudibranch" title="Nudibranch">nudibranchs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue-ringed_octopus" title="Blue-ringed octopus">blue-ringed octopus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sponge" title="Sponge">sponges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunicate" title="Tunicate">tunicates</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">coral</a>. </p><p>Varieties of <a href="/wiki/Cetacean" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetacean">cetaceans</a> inhabit in adjacent waters from smaller sized <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sperm_whale" title="Sperm whale">sperm whales</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even <a href="/wiki/Blue_whale" title="Blue whale">blue whales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Omura%27s_whale" title="Omura's whale">Omura's whales</a>, one of the least known of <a href="/wiki/Rorqual" title="Rorqual">rorquals</a> have been confirmed to range waters within the park.<sup id="cite_ref-Kahn2001_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kahn2001-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Endangered <a href="/wiki/Dugong" title="Dugong">dugongs</a> still live in Komodo areas as well. </p><p>The terrestrial fauna is of rather poor diversity in comparison to the marine fauna. The number of terrestrial animal species found in the park is not high, but the area is important from a conservation perspective as some species are endemic. Many of the mammals are Asiatic in origin, including the <a href="/wiki/Rusa_deer" class="mw-redirect" title="Rusa deer">rusa deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">water buffalo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_macaque" title="Crab-eating macaque">crab-eating macaque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civet" title="Civet">civet</a>. Several of the reptiles and birds are Australian in origin, such as the <a href="/wiki/Orange-footed_scrubfowl" title="Orange-footed scrubfowl">orange-footed scrubfowl</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Yellow-crested_cockatoo" title="Yellow-crested cockatoo">lesser sulphur crested cockatoo</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Helmeted_friarbird" title="Helmeted friarbird">helmeted friarbird</a>. </p><p>The most famous of Komodo National Park's reptiles is the <a href="/wiki/Komodo_dragon" title="Komodo dragon">Komodo dragon</a> (<i>Varanus komodoensis</i>). It is the world's largest lizard and is among the world's largest reptiles;<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the females can reach a length of 2 to 2.5 m (6.6-8 ft) and a 70 kg weight, the males a length of 3 m (10 ft) and up to 136 kg (300 lb) weight,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the average is respectively of 68 to 73 kg (150 to 161 lb) weight for a 2.29 m (7.5 ft) length and 79 to 91 kg (174 to 201 lb) weight for a 2.59 m (8.5 ft) length.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Twelve terrestrial snake species are found on the island in addition to marine species. Snakes include the <a href="/wiki/Javan_spitting_cobra" title="Javan spitting cobra">Javan spitting cobra</a> (<i>Naja sputatrix</i>), <a href="/wiki/Russell%27s_viper" title="Russell's viper">Russell's viper</a> (<i>Daboia russelii</i>), <a href="/wiki/Trimeresurus_albolabris" title="Trimeresurus albolabris">white-lipped pit viper</a> (<i>Trimeresurus albolabris</i>), <a href="/wiki/Laticauda_laticaudata" class="mw-redirect" title="Laticauda laticaudata">blue lipped sea krait</a> (<i>Laticauda laticaudata</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Python_timoriensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Python timoriensis">Timor python</a> (<i>Python timoriensis</i>). Lizards include nine skink species (Scinidae), geckos (Gekkonidae), limbless lizards (Dibamidae), and the monitor lizards such as the Komodo dragon (Varanidae). Frogs include the <a href="/wiki/Kaloula_baleata" title="Kaloula baleata">Asian bullfrog</a> (<i>Kaloula baleata</i>), the endemic <a href="/wiki/Oreophryne_jeffersoniana" title="Oreophryne jeffersoniana">Komodo cross frog</a> (<i>Oreophryne jeffersoniana</i>) and <i>Oreophryne darewskyi</i>. Frogs are typically found at higher, moister altitudes. The <a href="/wiki/Saltwater_crocodile" title="Saltwater crocodile">saltwater crocodile</a> (<i>Crocodylus porosus</i>) was once present within the park in coastal areas including mangrove swamps but is now extinct within the area. </p><p>Mammals found within the park include the <a href="/wiki/Javan_rusa" title="Javan rusa">Timor rusa deer</a> (<i>Cervus timorensis</i>), the main prey of the Komodo dragon, horses (<i>Equus</i> sp.), <a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">water buffalo</a> (<i>Bubalus bubalis</i>), <a href="/wiki/Banded_pig" title="Banded pig">wild boar</a> (<i>Sus scrofa vittatus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Crab-eating_macaque" title="Crab-eating macaque">crab-eating macaque</a> (<i>Macaca fascicularis</i>), <a href="/wiki/Asian_palm_civet" title="Asian palm civet">Asian palm civet</a> (<i>Paradoxurus hermaphroditus lehmanni</i>), the endemic <a href="/wiki/Komodo_rat" title="Komodo rat">Rinca rat</a> (<i>Rattus rintjanus</i>), and fruit bats. Domestic mammals on within the park include goats, cats and dogs which are feral. </p><p>One of the main bird species is the <a href="/wiki/Orange-footed_scrubfowl" title="Orange-footed scrubfowl">orange-footed scrubfowl</a> (<i>Megapodius reinwardti</i>), a ground dwelling bird. In areas of savanna, 27 species were observed. The <a href="/wiki/Zebra_dove" title="Zebra dove">zebra dove</a> (<i>Geopelia striata</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Spotted_dove" title="Spotted dove">spotted dove</a> (<i>Spilopelia chinensis</i>) were the most common species. In mixed tropical deciduous habitat, 28 bird species were observed, and <a href="/wiki/Helmeted_friarbird" title="Helmeted friarbird">helmeted friarbird</a> (<i>Philemon buceroides</i>), <a href="/wiki/Green_imperial_pigeon" title="Green imperial pigeon">green imperial pigeon</a> (<i>Ducula aenea</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Lemon-bellied_white-eye" title="Lemon-bellied white-eye">lemon-bellied white-eye</a> (<i>Zosterops chloris</i>) were the most common. Other birds include vibrantly coloured species such as <a href="/wiki/Green_junglefowl" title="Green junglefowl">green junglefowl</a> (<i>Gallus varius</i>), <a href="/wiki/Great-billed_parrot" title="Great-billed parrot">great-billed parrot</a> (<i>Tanygnathus megalorynchos</i>), and the critically endangered <a href="/wiki/Yellow-crested_cockatoo" title="Yellow-crested cockatoo">lesser sulpher crested cockatoo</a> (<i>Cacatua sulphurea</i>). Two eagle species are found in the park, the <a href="/wiki/White-bellied_sea_eagle" title="White-bellied sea eagle">white-bellied sea eagle</a> and the extremely rare <a href="/wiki/Flores_hawk-eagle" title="Flores hawk-eagle">Flores hawk-eagle</a> which is present on Rinca and Flores and reported but unconfirmed on Komodo Island. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 181.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Komodo_Dragon_Eating_Rinca.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Komodo dragon feeding on a carcass"><img alt="Komodo dragon feeding on a carcass" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Komodo_Dragon_Eating_Rinca.jpg/269px-Komodo_Dragon_Eating_Rinca.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Komodo_Dragon_Eating_Rinca.jpg/403px-Komodo_Dragon_Eating_Rinca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Komodo_Dragon_Eating_Rinca.jpg/537px-Komodo_Dragon_Eating_Rinca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2492" data-file-height="1670" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Komodo dragon feeding on a carcass</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Water_buffalo_at_Rinca.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Water buffalo"><img alt="Water buffalo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Water_buffalo_at_Rinca.jpg/270px-Water_buffalo_at_Rinca.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Water_buffalo_at_Rinca.jpg/405px-Water_buffalo_at_Rinca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Water_buffalo_at_Rinca.jpg/540px-Water_buffalo_at_Rinca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3335" data-file-height="2223" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Water buffalo</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crab-eating_macaque_at_Rinca.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Crab-eating macaque"><img alt="Crab-eating macaque" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Crab-eating_macaque_at_Rinca.JPG/120px-Crab-eating_macaque_at_Rinca.JPG" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Crab-eating_macaque_at_Rinca.JPG/180px-Crab-eating_macaque_at_Rinca.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Crab-eating_macaque_at_Rinca.JPG/240px-Crab-eating_macaque_at_Rinca.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2373" data-file-height="3560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Crab-eating macaque</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Komodo_dragon_stalking_deer.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Komodo dragon stalking deer. Note the tracking device on the dragon's neck"><img alt="Komodo dragon stalking deer. Note the tracking device on the dragon's neck" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Komodo_dragon_stalking_deer.png/240px-Komodo_dragon_stalking_deer.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Komodo_dragon_stalking_deer.png/360px-Komodo_dragon_stalking_deer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Komodo_dragon_stalking_deer.png/480px-Komodo_dragon_stalking_deer.png 2x" data-file-width="2044" data-file-height="1532" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Komodo dragon stalking deer. Note the tracking device on the dragon's neck</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 154px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 152px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Komodo_dragon_(Varanus_komodoensis).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Komodo on Rinca"><img alt="Komodo on Rinca" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Komodo_dragon_%28Varanus_komodoensis%29.jpg/228px-Komodo_dragon_%28Varanus_komodoensis%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Komodo_dragon_%28Varanus_komodoensis%29.jpg/342px-Komodo_dragon_%28Varanus_komodoensis%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Komodo_dragon_%28Varanus_komodoensis%29.jpg/457px-Komodo_dragon_%28Varanus_komodoensis%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3670" data-file-height="2895" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Komodo on Rinca</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komodo_National_Park&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Komodo National Park (KNP) was set up as a Technical Implementation Unit of the Directorate-General of Forest Protection and Nature Conservation (PHKA), of the Ministry of Forestry. Its management is headed by the Komodo National Park Authority, in West Flores. Also in West Flores - but as a separate unit - is the Directorship of Conservation Areas. <a href="/wiki/The_Nature_Conservancy" title="The Nature Conservancy">The Nature Conservancy</a> (TNC, an American environmental organization),<sup id="cite_ref-tcn2_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tcn2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is director for the Coastal and Marine Program.<sup id="cite_ref-whdata_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whdata-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Nature_Conservancy" title="The Nature Conservancy">The Nature Conservancy</a> entered into a partnership with the Department of Forestry and Conservation (<i>Perlindungan Hutan dan Pelastrian Alam</i>/PHPA) in 1995, to manage the Komodo National Park for 25 years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPing200634_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPing200634-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A management plan was co-authored with TNC and implemented in 2000 to address problem of increasing <a href="/wiki/Resource_exploitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource exploitation">resource exploitation</a>, both marine and terrestrial.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPKATNC2000_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPKATNC2000-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan was supported by the World Bank but faced objections from some local people and local NGOs who argued that they had not been consulted by the plan and would not share in the benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-tcn2_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tcn2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most pressure on <a href="/wiki/Marine_resources" title="Marine resources">marine resources</a> originates from fishing communities and commercial enterprises from outside the park. However, regulations and restrictions on resource use impact mostly on park residents, who have few options to make a living but rely on what the park has to offer. The provision of alternative livelihoods is part of the overall management strategy, but communities within the park are yet to benefit from appropriate measures addressing their needs.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A non-profit joint venture company, <i>PT Putri Naga Komodo</i> (PT PNK), was established to operate tourist facilities in the hope of eventually making the park financially self-sustaining.<sup id="cite_ref-tcn2_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tcn2-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PT PNK was partially funded by the TNC and the World Bank. After 5 years operation, in 2010 Putri Naga Komodo's (PNK) permit was compromised. After that, more illegal fishermen arrived as enforcement declined greatly following the exit of TNC which had helped fight destructive fishing practices. In early 2012, dive operators and conservationists found many desolate coral sites, reminiscent of grey moonscapes. Illegal fishermen continue to blast sites with 'bombs' in a process known as <a href="/wiki/Blast_fishing" title="Blast fishing">blast fishing</a>. The fisherman use a mixture of fertilizer and kerosene in beer bottles as explosives, or use squeeze bottles to squirt cyanide into the coral in order to stun and capture fish. In the past two years more than 60 illegal fishermen have been arrested. One of the suspects was shot and killed after he tried to evade capture by throwing fish bombs at the rangers.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Park managers have been conducting <a href="/wiki/Demographic_statistics" title="Demographic statistics">demographic status</a> of the current living Komodo dragon populations across Komodo National Park. Komodo National Park contains five islands that inhabit Komodo dragons populations which hold the most desirable resources for the protected species. Two of the large islands, <a href="/wiki/Komodo_(island)" title="Komodo (island)">Komodo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rinca" title="Rinca">Rinca</a>, hold two of the largest populations on the island with three smaller ones being <a href="/wiki/Padar,_Indonesia" title="Padar, Indonesia">Padar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gili_Motang" title="Gili Motang">Gili Motang</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nusa_Kode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nusa Kode (page does not exist)">Nusa Kode</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To help increase the population of Komodo dragons in the park, <a href="/wiki/Habitat_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitat management">habitat management</a> focuses on maintaining the environments on Komodo Island like the savannah grasslands and forests. This increases the population of prey species like the <a href="/wiki/Timor_deer" class="mw-redirect" title="Timor deer">Timor deer</a> for the Komodo by maintaining the favored habitat. The results of the two populations here have shown to have almost stable or stable time average population growth rates. Conservation efforts on smaller islands have increased due to having smaller populations, which have increased extinction rates.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflicts_between_conservation_authorities_and_local_community">Conflicts between conservation authorities and local community</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komodo_National_Park&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Conflicts between conservation authorities and local community"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Controversy surrounds the death of several fishermen since the 1980s. The circumstances of the fishermen's deaths are contested. While park patrols (including, at the time, police and navy personnel) claim they acted in self-defense, fishing communities accuse park management of having deliberately killed the fishermen.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late February 2014, Brimob Special Police shot dead two deer poachers, when they opened fire with their homemade firearms.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komodo_National_Park&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanawa_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Kanawa_Island.jpg/250px-Kanawa_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Kanawa_Island.jpg/375px-Kanawa_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Kanawa_Island.jpg/500px-Kanawa_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1169" /></a><figcaption>Kanawa Island, a tourist island in the Komodo National Park.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanawa_Island_from_Above.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Kanawa_Island_from_Above.jpg/220px-Kanawa_Island_from_Above.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Kanawa_Island_from_Above.jpg/330px-Kanawa_Island_from_Above.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Kanawa_Island_from_Above.jpg/440px-Kanawa_Island_from_Above.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2976" /></a><figcaption>Kanawa Island from above.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">Scuba diving</a> is popular because of the park's high marine <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six well-known diving sites are Manta Alley, Crystal Rock and Castle Rock, Batu Bolong, Yellow Wall, the Cauldron and Tatawa Besar.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The development of <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a>, largely marine-based, is the main strategy to make the park self-financing and generate sufficient revenue through entrance fees and tourism licenses to cover operational and managerial costs. To this end, a <a href="/wiki/Joint_venture" title="Joint venture">joint venture</a> between TNC and a tourism operator were granted a tourism concession, that also entails extensive <a href="/w/index.php?title=Park_management&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Park management (page does not exist)">park management</a> rights.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This concession has generated an ongoing controversy. The joint venture has been accused of making decisions behind closed doors, and many people in and around Komodo claim that they have not been consulted regarding decisions that ultimately affect their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The growth of the tourism sector has also led to extensive land grabbing in the areas surrounding the park as poorer people sell their lands to foreign business investors.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Komodo Island and Rinca were once part of Flores and they are separated from the large Island of Sumbawa to the West by the Sape Strait. The ocean in the Strait drops hundreds of meters. The Pacific Ocean to the north and the Indian Ocean to the south are actually at different heights – so the flow of currents from the Pacific to the Indian during tidal exchanges makes the currents among the strongest in the world. In the (relatively) shallow waters along the east coast of Komodo towards Labuan Bajo, these currents can be extremely dangerous with inexperienced guides.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The number of visitors to the park increased from 36,000 in 2009 to 45,000 in 2010. Most of the visitors were foreign tourists as the high transport cost to this remote location is less affordable for local visitors. The park can accommodate up to 60,000 visitors a year according to the local tourism agency.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several types of boat tours run through the national park including upscale scuba liveaboards, short daily snorkel trips and 4 day, 3 night 'tourist boats' between Lombok and Flores. The tourist boats run very frequently, but have uncertain safety records. In an August 2014 incident one of these tourist boats sank, and 2 tourists were lost. Strong currents and waves separated the stranded passengers and crew who were floating at sea in life jackets.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Impact on local people</b> </p><p>The Indonesian government's tourism development has focused on making Komodo National Park a "super-premium tourist destination” (since 2019), to attract wealthier visitors<sup id="cite_ref-:1_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. This has resulted in zoning changes which reduce land access to local people and have resulted in deforestation<sup id="cite_ref-:1_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.  Additionally, the government’s policy supports corporate tourist organizations, as a way to help develop the “super-premium tourist destination” status<sup id="cite_ref-:1_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. One of the local tribes the Ata Modo, has deep cultural ties with the Komodo dragon, with one myth even stating they are twins<sup id="cite_ref-:1_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. The tribe has tried establishing local culturally relevant tourist options, leaning into their connection with the Komodo dragon as a way to compete with foreign tourism operators<sup id="cite_ref-:1_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. In 2019, the governor of the East Nusa Tenggara province, made a press announcement, about relocating indigenous people from Komodo Island to some of the surrounding areas, which was met with large protests by the local people<sup id="cite_ref-:1_41-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. As of 2021, the government has seemed to back down from this claim<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><b>Closure of the park</b> </p><p>In early 2019, the Nusa Tenggara Timor (NTT) provincial governor <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Laiskodat" title="Viktor Laiskodat">Viktor Laiskodat</a> announced a plan to close a section of the park (a main section on Komodo Island) for a year in order to make improvements.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The suggestion was that other parts of the park, including Rinca and Padar Islands and certain parts of Komodo Island, would remain open. The governor's plan met with opposition from the local community and some parts of the wider public. In response, the Indonesian Environment and Forestry Minister, <a href="/wiki/Siti_Nurbaya_Bakar" title="Siti Nurbaya Bakar">Siti Nurbaya</a> said that she would summon representatives from the NTT administration for discussions, noting that decisions about conservation areas were under the jurisdiction of the central government. A final decision about the proposed closure was expected to be announced by the central government around mid-2019.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2019, it was confirmed that Komodo Island would be closed for around one year from the beginning of 2020. Governor Laiskodat said that a budget of Rp 100 billion (around $US 7.2 million) would be provided to support the conservation program.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plan is controversial: Governor Laiskodat has suggested that an expensive entrance fee be charged to foreign tourists while local villagers who live on Komodo Island are worried about the possible loss of income.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The park was closed for almost six months because of the COVID-19 pandemic, but was reopened to local tourists on 6 July 2020, then to domestic tourists in August 2020 and subsequently to foreign tourists.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2022, it was confirmed that the planned controversial increase in entrance fees, which had already been postponed by 5 months, was being canceled by the Indonesian government.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Periodic closures of the park are expected to take place in mid-2025, to help ease the strain on the park's fragile ecosystem<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komodo_National_Park&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Indonesia" title="Tourism in Indonesia">Tourism in Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos_Islands" title="Galápagos Islands">Galápagos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Barrier_Reef" title="Great Barrier Reef">Great Barrier Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national parks">List of national parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valdes_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Valdes Peninsula">Valdes Peninsula</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komodo_National_Park&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">World Heritage Site Database</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.new7wonders.com">New 7 Wonders of the world</a>, retrieved 29 December 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whdata-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-whdata_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a 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BBC World.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+fight+for+Dragon+Island&rft.pub=BBC+World&rft.date=2019-07-25&rft.au=Rebecca+Henscheke&rft.au=Callistasia+Wijaya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fextra%2F5bBE5791M9%2FThe_fight_for_Dragon_Island&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKomodo+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.antaranews.com/news/155038/komodo-national-park-labuan-bajo-reopen-to-domestic-tourists-expats">"Komodo National Park, Labuan Bajo reopen to domestic tourists, expats"</a>. Antara. 25 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Conservation and conflict in Komodo National Park"</a>. In Navjot S. Sodhi, Greg Acciaioli, Maribeth Erb and Alan Khee-Jin Tan (ed.). <i>Biodiversity and Human Livelihoods in Protected Areas - Case Studies from the Malay Archipelago</i> (from Part II - Conservation with and against people(s)). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">187–</span>202. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511542169.014">10.1017/CBO9780511542169.014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87021-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-87021-4"><bdi>978-0-521-87021-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=14.+Conservation+and+conflict+in+Komodo+National+Park&rft.btitle=Biodiversity+and+Human+Livelihoods+in+Protected+Areas+-+Case+Studies+from+the+Malay+Archipelago&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E187-%3C%2Fspan%3E202&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511542169.014&rft.isbn=978-0-521-87021-4&rft.aulast=Borchers&rft.aufirst=Henning&rft.au=Gustave%2C+Ruddy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F62094643&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKomodo+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_editors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPing2006" class="citation book cs1">Ping, Ho Shu (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://komodonp.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/Partners-in-Conservation-Communities-Contestation-and-Conflict-in-Komodo-National-Park.pdf"><i>Partners in conservation? Communities, contestation and conflict in Komodo National Park, Indonesia</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Master thesis in Social science). National University of Singapore.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Partners+in+conservation%3F+Communities%2C+contestation+and+conflict+in+Komodo+National+Park%2C+Indonesia&rft.place=National+University+of+Singapore&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Ping&rft.aufirst=Ho+Shu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkomodonp.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2023%2F10%2FPartners-in-Conservation-Communities-Contestation-and-Conflict-in-Komodo-National-Park.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKomodo+National+Park" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komodo_National_Park&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Komodo_National_Park" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Komodo National Park">Komodo National Park</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Komodo_National_Park#Q4520" class="extiw" title="voy:Komodo National Park">Komodo National Park</a> travel guide from Wikivoyage</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170906181650/http://www.komodonationalpark.org/">Komodo National Park website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/609">Official UNESCO website</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Indonesia" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in Indonesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Indonesia" title="Template talk:World Heritage Sites in Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Sites in Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Indonesia79" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Indonesia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Indonesia">World Heritage Sites in Indonesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Cosmological Axis of Yogyakarta and its Historic Landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subak_(irrigation)" title="Subak (irrigation)">Cultural Landscape of Bali Province: the <i>Subak</i> System as a Manifestation of the <i>Tri Hita Karana</i> Philosophy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Komodo National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorentz_National_Park" title="Lorentz National Park">Lorentz National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ombilin_Coal_Mine" title="Ombilin Coal Mine">Ombilin Coal Mining Heritage of Sawahlunto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prambanan_Temple_Compounds" title="Prambanan Temple Compounds">Prambanan Temple Compounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangiran" title="Sangiran">Sangiran Early Man Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Rainforest_Heritage_of_Sumatra" title="Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra">Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujung_Kulon_National_Park" title="Ujung Kulon National Park">Ujung Kulon National Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_parks_of_Indonesia134" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#9BCB65"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_parks_of_Indonesia" title="Template:National parks of Indonesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_parks_of_Indonesia" title="Template talk:National parks of Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_parks_of_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National parks of Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_parks_of_Indonesia134" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Indonesia" title="List of national parks of Indonesia">National parks of Indonesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#9BCB65">Bali and Nusa Tenggara</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Bali_National_Park" title="West Bali National Park">Bali Barat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rinjani_National_Park" title="Mount Rinjani National Park">Mount Rinjani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelimutu_National_Park" title="Kelimutu National Park">Kelimutu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Komodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laiwangi_Wanggameti_National_Park" title="Laiwangi Wanggameti National Park">Laiwangi Wanggameti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manupeu_Tanah_Daru_National_Park" title="Manupeu Tanah Daru National Park">Manupeu Tanah Daru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#9BCB65">Java</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alas_Purwo_National_Park" title="Alas Purwo National Park">Alas Purwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluran_National_Park" title="Baluran National Park">Baluran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromo_Tengger_Semeru_National_Park" title="Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park">Bromo Tengger Semeru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Ciremai_National_Park" title="Mount Ciremai National Park">Mount Ciremai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Gede_Pangrango_National_Park" title="Mount Gede Pangrango National Park">Mount Gede Pangrango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Halimun_Salak_National_Park" title="Mount Halimun Salak National Park">Mount Halimun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Merapi" title="Mount Merapi">Mount Merapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Merbabu" title="Mount Merbabu">Mount Merbabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karimunjawa_National_Park" title="Karimunjawa National Park">Karimunjawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Seribu_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepulauan Seribu National Park">Kepulauan Seribu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meru_Betiri_National_Park" title="Meru Betiri National Park">Meru Betiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujung_Kulon_National_Park" title="Ujung Kulon National Park">Ujung Kulon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#9BCB65">Kalimantan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betung_Kerihun_National_Park" title="Betung Kerihun National Park">Betung Kerihun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukit_Baka_Bukit_Raya_National_Park" title="Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park">Bukit Baka Bukit Raya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danau_Sentarum_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Danau Sentarum National Park">Danau Sentarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Palung_National_Park" title="Mount Palung National Park">Mount Palung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan_Mentarang_National_Park" title="Kayan Mentarang National Park">Kayan Mentarang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutai_National_Park" title="Kutai National Park">Kutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabangau_National_Park" title="Sabangau National Park">Sabangau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Puting" title="Tanjung Puting">Tanjung Puting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#9BCB65">Maluku and Papua</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aketajawe-Lolobata_National_Park" title="Aketajawe-Lolobata National Park">Aketajawe-Lolobata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorentz_National_Park" title="Lorentz National Park">Lorentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manusela_National_Park" title="Manusela National Park">Manusela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teluk_Cenderawasih_National_Park" title="Teluk Cenderawasih National Park">Teluk Cenderawasih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasur_National_Park" title="Wasur National Park">Wasur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#9BCB65">Sulawesi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantimurung_%E2%80%93_Bulusaraung_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantimurung – Bulusaraung National Park">Bantimurung-Bulusaraung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogani_Nani_Wartabone_National_Park" title="Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park">Bogani Nani Wartabone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunaken_National_Park" title="Bunaken National Park">Bunaken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandang_Dewata_National_Park" title="Gandang Dewata National Park">Gandang Dewata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Togean_National_Park" title="Kepulauan Togean National Park">Kepulauan Togean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lore_Lindu_National_Park" title="Lore Lindu National Park">Lore Lindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawa_Aopa_Watumohai_National_Park" title="Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park">Rawa Aopa Watumohai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taka_Bone_Rate_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Taka Bone Rate National Park">Taka Bone Rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakatobi_National_Park" title="Wakatobi National Park">Wakatobi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#9BCB65">Sumatra</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batang_Gadis_National_Park" title="Batang Gadis National Park">Batang Gadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbak_National_Park" title="Berbak National Park">Berbak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukit_Barisan_Selatan_National_Park" title="Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park">Bukit Barisan Selatan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukit_Duabelas_National_Park" title="Bukit Duabelas National Park">Bukit Duabelas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukit_Tigapuluh_National_Park" title="Bukit Tigapuluh National Park">Bukit Tigapuluh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Leuser_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Leuser National Park">Mount Leuser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerinci_Seblat_National_Park" title="Kerinci Seblat National Park">Kerinci Seblat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sembilang_National_Park" title="Sembilang National Park">Sembilang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberut_National_Park" title="Siberut National Park">Siberut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tesso_Nilo_National_Park" title="Tesso Nilo National Park">Tesso Nilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Way_Kambas_National_Park" title="Way Kambas National Park">Way Kambas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Tourist_attractions_in_Indonesia188" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tourist_attractions_in_Indonesia" title="Template:Tourist attractions in Indonesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tourist_attractions_in_Indonesia" title="Template talk:Tourist attractions in Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tourist_attractions_in_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tourist attractions in Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tourist_attractions_in_Indonesia188" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Indonesia" title="Tourism in Indonesia">Tourist attractions</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aceh_Tsunami_Museum" title="Aceh Tsunami Museum">Aceh Tsunami Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampera_Bridge" title="Ampera Bridge">Ampera Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiturrahman_Grand_Mosque" title="Baiturrahman Grand Mosque">Baiturrahman Grand Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagansiapiapi" title="Bagansiapiapi">Bagansiapiapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Lampung" title="Bandar Lampung">Bandar Lampung City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barelang_Bridge" title="Barelang Bridge">Barelang Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berastagi" title="Berastagi">Berastagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bintan_Island" title="Bintan Island">Bintan Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukit_Barisan_Selatan_National_Park" title="Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park">Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukit_Lawang" title="Bukit Lawang">Bukit Lawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Lampung_Regency" title="East Lampung Regency">East Lampung Regency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunongan_Historical_Park" title="Gunongan Historical Park">Gunongan Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam_Gadang" title="Jam Gadang">Jam Gadang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerinci_Seblat_National_Park" title="Kerinci Seblat National Park">Kerinci Seblat National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krakatoa" title="Krakatoa">Krakatoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagundri_Bay" title="Lagundri Bay">Lagundri Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_Bay" title="Lampung Bay">Lampung Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Maninjau" title="Lake Maninjau">Lake Maninjau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Singkarak" title="Lake Singkarak">Lake Singkarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Toba" title="Lake Toba">Lake Toba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini_Natural_Park" title="Lumbini Natural Park">Lumbini Natural Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maimun_Palace" title="Maimun Palace">Maimun Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentawai_Islands_Regency" title="Mentawai Islands Regency">Mentawai Islands Regency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_(city)" title="Metro (city)">Metro City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mursala_Island" title="Mursala Island">Mursala Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nias" title="Nias">Nias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagaruyung_Palace" title="Pagaruyung Palace">Pagaruyung Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penyengat_Island" title="Penyengat Island">Penyengat Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pugung_Raharjo" title="Pugung Raharjo">Pugung Raharjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabang,_Aceh" title="Sabang, Aceh">Sabang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samosir_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Samosir Island">Samosir Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipura" class="mw-redirect" title="Sipura">Sipura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_Rainforest_Heritage_of_Sumatra" title="Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra">Tropical Rainforest Heritage of Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Way_Kambas_National_Park" title="Way Kambas National Park">Way Kambas National Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alas_Purwo_National_Park" title="Alas Purwo National Park">Alas Purwo National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancol_Dreamland" title="Ancol Dreamland">Ancol Dreamland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anyer" title="Anyer">Anyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjuno-Welirang" title="Arjuno-Welirang">Arjuno-Welirang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluran_National_Park" title="Baluran National Park">Baluran National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banyuwangi_Regency" title="Banyuwangi Regency">Banyuwangi Regency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batu,_East_Java" class="mw-redirect" title="Batu, East Java">Batu City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baturraden" title="Baturraden">Baturraden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogor_Palace" title="Bogor Palace">Bogor Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cemoro_Lawang" title="Cemoro Lawang">Cemoro Lawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciletuh-Palabuhanratu_Geopark" title="Ciletuh-Palabuhanratu Geopark">Ciletuh-Palabuhanratu Geopark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cukang_Taneuh" title="Cukang Taneuh">Cukang Taneuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieng_Volcanic_Complex" title="Dieng Volcanic Complex">Dieng Volcanic Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceto_Temple" title="Ceto Temple">Ceto Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-Land" title="G-Land">G-Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gembira_Loka_Zoo" title="Gembira Loka Zoo">Gembira Loka Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunung_Gede_Pangrango_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park">Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroes_Monument" title="Heroes Monument">Heroes Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Sampoerna" title="House of Sampoerna">House of Sampoerna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijen" title="Ijen">Ijen Crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istiqlal_Mosque,_Jakarta" title="Istiqlal Mosque, Jakarta">Istiqlal Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalesveva_Jayamahe_Monument" title="Jalesveva Jayamahe Monument">Jalesveva Jayamahe Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawa_Timur_Park" title="Jawa Timur Park">Jawa Timur Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karimunjawa_National_Park" title="Karimunjawa National Park">Karimunjawa National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawah_Putih" title="Kawah Putih">Kawah Putih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenjeran_Bridge" title="Kenjeran Bridge">Kenjeran Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keraton_Kasepuhan" title="Keraton Kasepuhan">Keraton Kasepuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keraton_Kacirebonan" class="mw-redirect" title="Keraton Kacirebonan">Keraton Kacirebonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keraton_Kanoman" class="mw-redirect" title="Keraton Kanoman">Keraton Kanoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keraton_Ngayogyakarta_Hadiningrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Keraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat">Keraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malang" title="Malang">Malang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meru_Betiri_National_Park" title="Meru Betiri National Park">Meru Betiri National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Bromo" title="Mount Bromo">Mount Bromo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Halimun_Salak_National_Park" title="Mount Halimun Salak National Park">Mount Halimun Salak National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Merapi" title="Mount Merapi">Mount Merapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semeru" title="Semeru">Mount Semeru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrapen" title="Mrapen">Mrapen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_Angkut" title="Museum Angkut">Museum Angkut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusa_Barong" title="Nusa Barong">Nusa Barong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangandaran" title="Pangandaran">Pangandaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patenggang_Lake" title="Patenggang Lake">Patenggang Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palabuhanratu" title="Palabuhanratu">Palabuhanratu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penataran" title="Penataran">Penataran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puncak" title="Puncak">Puncak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragunan_Zoo" title="Ragunan Zoo">Ragunan Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranu_Kumbolo" title="Ranu Kumbolo">Ranu Kumbolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranu_Pani" title="Ranu Pani">Ranu Pani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangiran" title="Sangiran">Sangiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sempu_(island)" title="Sempu (island)">Sempu island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidoarjo_mud_flow" title="Sidoarjo mud flow">Sidoarjo mud flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukorambi_Botanical_Garden" title="Sukorambi Botanical Garden">Sukorambi Botanical Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surabaya_Zoo" title="Surabaya Zoo">Surabaya Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suramadu_Bridge" title="Suramadu Bridge">Suramadu Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taman_Mini_Indonesia_Indah" title="Taman Mini Indonesia Indah">Taman Mini Indonesia Indah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkuban_Perahu" title="Tangkuban Perahu">Tangkuban Perahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thousand_Islands_(Indonesia)" title="Thousand Islands (Indonesia)">Thousand Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirto_Samodra_Beach" title="Tirto Samodra Beach">Tirto Samodra Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tretes" title="Tretes">Tretes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trowulan" title="Trowulan">Trowulan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogyakarta (city)">Yogyakarta City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujung_Kulon_National_Park" title="Ujung Kulon National Park">Ujung Kulon National Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beras_Basah_Island" title="Beras Basah Island">Beras Basah Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betung_Kerihun_National_Park" title="Betung Kerihun National Park">Betung Kerihun National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukit_Baka_Bukit_Raya_National_Park" title="Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park">Bukit Baka Bukit Raya National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baning_Nature_Tourist_Park" title="Baning Nature Tourist Park">Baning Nature Tourist Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danau_Sentarum_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Danau Sentarum National Park">Danau Sentarum National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derawan_Islands" title="Derawan Islands">Derawan Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakaban" title="Kakaban">Kakaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutai_National_Park" title="Kutai National Park">Kutai National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabangau_National_Park" title="Sabangau National Park">Sabangau National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samboja_Lestari" title="Samboja Lestari">Samboja Lestari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Puting" title="Tanjung Puting">Tanjung Puting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Equator_monument" class="mw-redirect" title="The Equator monument">The Equator monument</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bantimurung_%E2%80%93_Bulusaraung_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantimurung – Bulusaraung National Park">Bantimurung – Bulusaraung National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogani_Nani_Wartabone_National_Park" title="Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park">Bogani Nani Wartabone National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunaken_National_Park" title="Bunaken National Park">Bunaken National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandang_Dewata_National_Park" title="Gandang Dewata National Park">Gandang Dewata National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepulauan_Togean_National_Park" title="Kepulauan Togean National Park">Kepulauan Togean National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Tempe" title="Lake Tempe">Lake Tempe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lore_Lindu_National_Park" title="Lore Lindu National Park">Lore Lindu National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawa_Aopa_Watumohai_National_Park" title="Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park">Rawa Aopa Watumohai National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taka_Bone_Rate_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Taka Bone Rate National Park">Taka Bone Rate National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Toraja">Toraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_Studio_Makassar" title="Trans Studio Makassar">Trans Studio Makassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakatobi_National_Park" title="Wakatobi National Park">Wakatobi National Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser Sunda Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awang_Bay" title="Awang Bay">Awang Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedugul" title="Bedugul">Bedugul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Bird_Park" title="Bali Bird Park">Bali Bird Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Safari_and_Marine_Park" title="Bali Safari and Marine Park">Bali Safari and Marine Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canggu" title="Canggu">Canggu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cempi_Bay" title="Cempi Bay">Cempi Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreamland_Beach" title="Dreamland Beach">Dreamland Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Wisnu_Kencana_Cultural_Park" title="Garuda Wisnu Kencana Cultural Park">Garuda Wisnu Kencana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gili_Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Gili Air">Gili Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gili_Meno" class="mw-redirect" title="Gili Meno">Gili Meno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gili_Trawangan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gili Trawangan">Gili Trawangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_Gajah" title="Goa Gajah">Goa Gajah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunung_Rinjani_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Gunung Rinjani National Park">Gunung Rinjani National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimbaran" title="Jimbaran">Jimbaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelimutu" title="Kelimutu">Kelimutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kintamani,_Bali" title="Kintamani, Bali">Kintamani</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Komodo National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuta,_Bali" title="Kuta, Bali">Kuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Segara_Anak" title="Lake Segara Anak">Lake Segara Anak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovina_Beach" title="Lovina Beach">Lovina Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandalika_(resort_area)" title="Mandalika (resort area)">Mandalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rinjani" title="Mount Rinjani">Mount Rinjani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Tambora" title="Mount Tambora">Mount Tambora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moyo_Island" title="Moyo Island">Moyo Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusa_Dua" title="Nusa Dua">Nusa Dua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusa_Penida" title="Nusa Penida">Nusa Penida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusa_Lembongan" title="Nusa Lembongan">Nusa Lembongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecatu" title="Pecatu">Pecatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinca" title="Rinca">Rinca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanur,_Bali" title="Sanur, Bali">Sanur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminyak" title="Seminyak">Seminyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senggigi" title="Senggigi">Senggigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tampaksiring" title="Tampaksiring">Tampaksiring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taman_Werdhi_Budaya_Art_Centre" title="Taman Werdhi Budaya Art Centre">Taman Werdhi Budaya Art Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanah_Lot_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanah Lot Temple">Tanah Lot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanjung_Ringgit" title="Tanjung Ringgit">Tanjung Ringgit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirta_Gangga" title="Tirta Gangga">Tirta Gangga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubud" title="Ubud">Ubud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujung_Water_Palace" title="Ujung Water Palace">Ujung Water Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uluwatu_Temple" title="Uluwatu Temple">Uluwatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea" title="Western New Guinea">Papua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Belgica" title="Fort Belgica">Fort Belgica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorentz_National_Park" title="Lorentz National Park">Lorentz National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puncak_Jaya" title="Puncak Jaya">Puncak Jaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ampat_Islands" title="Raja Ampat Islands">Raja Ampat Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teluk_Cenderawasih_National_Park" title="Teluk Cenderawasih National Park">Teluk Cenderawasih National Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasur_National_Park" title="Wasur National Park">Wasur National Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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