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<li id="toc-Founding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Founding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nanjing_decade_and_war_with_Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nanjing_decade_and_war_with_Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Nanjing decade and war with Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nanjing_decade_and_war_with_Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post–World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post–World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Post–World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post–World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Former sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الحكومة القومية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحكومة القومية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kok-b%C3%AEn_Ch%C3%A8ng-h%C3%BA" title="Kok-bîn Chèng-hú – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kok-bîn Chèng-hú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_bajo_el_Kuomintang_(1925-1949)" title="China bajo el Kuomintang (1925-1949) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="China bajo el Kuomintang (1925-1949)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA_%D9%85%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="دولت ملی جمهوری چین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دولت ملی جمهوری چین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouvernement_nationaliste" title="Gouvernement nationaliste – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gouvernement nationaliste" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EB%AF%BC%EC%A0%95%EB%B6%80" title="국민정부 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국민정부" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerintahan_Nasionalis" title="Pemerintahan Nasionalis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemerintahan Nasionalis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governo_nazionalista" title="Governo nazionalista – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Governo nazionalista" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A1%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B" title="အမျိုးသားရေးအစိုးရ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အမျိုးသားရေးအစိုးရ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalistische_regering_(China)" title="Nationalistische regering (China) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nationalistische regering (China)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="国民政府 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国民政府" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governo_Nacional_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_da_China" title="Governo Nacional da República da China – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Governo Nacional da República da China" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Национальное правительство Китайской республики – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Национальное правительство Китайской республики" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="சீனாவின் தேசியவாத அரசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சீனாவின் தேசியவாத அரசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="รัฐบาลชาตินิยม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐบาลชาตินิยม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ADnh_ph%E1%BB%A7_Qu%E1%BB%91c_d%C3%A2n" title="Chính phủ Quốc dân – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chính phủ Quốc dân" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="国民政府 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="国民政府" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="國民政府 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="國民政府" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For Wang Jingwei's nationalist government collaborating with the Empire of Japan, see <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a>. For the 1926–1927 Wuhan government, see <a href="/wiki/Wuhan_Nationalist_government" title="Wuhan Nationalist government">Wuhan Nationalist government</a>. For the Nationalist government in Spain, see <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)">Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of China</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">中華民國</span></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1925–1948</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of China"><img alt="Flag of China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Flag of the Republic of China">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of China"><img alt="Emblem of China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/National_Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/80px-National_Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/National_Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/120px-National_Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/National_Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/160px-National_Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Blue_Sky_with_a_White_Sun" title="Blue Sky with a White Sun"> Emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <span class="nowrap">"<a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="National Anthem of the Republic of China">National Anthem of the Republic of China</a>"</span> <span class="nowrap">(1937–1948)</span> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="87" data-mwtitle="National-Anthem-of-the-Republic-of-China-1942-recording.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/National-Anthem-of-the-Republic-of-China-1942-recording.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b1/National-Anthem-of-the-Republic-of-China-1942-recording.ogg/National-Anthem-of-the-Republic-of-China-1942-recording.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational-Anthem-of-the-Republic-of-China-1942-recording.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational-Anthem-of-the-Republic-of-China-1942-recording.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa 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src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational-Anthem-of-the-Republic-of-China-1942-recording.ogg&lang=zh-tw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-TW" label="中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div><div class="ib-country-anthem"><b><a href="/wiki/Flag_anthem" title="Flag anthem">Flag anthem</a>:</b> "<a href="/wiki/National_Flag_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="National Flag Anthem of the Republic of China">National Flag Anthem of the Republic of China</a>" <span class="nowrap">(1947–1948)</span> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="72" data-mwtitle="National_Flag_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China中華民國國旗歌_(演奏版).oga" 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src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Flag_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%97%E6%AD%8C_%28%E6%BC%94%E5%A5%8F%E7%89%88%29.oga&lang=zh-cn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans-CN" label="中文（中国大陆） ‪(zh-cn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Flag_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%97%E6%AD%8C_%28%E6%BC%94%E5%A5%8F%E7%89%88%29.oga&lang=zh-hans&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans" label="中文（简体） ‪(zh-hans)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Flag_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%97%E6%AD%8C_%28%E6%BC%94%E5%A5%8F%E7%89%88%29.oga&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Flag_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%97%E6%AD%8C_%28%E6%BC%94%E5%A5%8F%E7%89%88%29.oga&lang=zh-tw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-TW" label="中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_Flag_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E5%9C%8B%E6%97%97%E6%AD%8C_%28%E6%BC%94%E5%A5%8F%E7%89%88%29.oga&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal of the Republic of China">National seal</a></b> <span class="nowrap">(1929–1949)</span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E4%B9%8B%E7%92%BD.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E4%B9%8B%E7%92%BD.svg/85px-%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E4%B9%8B%E7%92%BD.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E4%B9%8B%E7%92%BD.svg/128px-%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E4%B9%8B%E7%92%BD.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E4%B9%8B%E7%92%BD.svg/170px-%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E4%B9%8B%E7%92%BD.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Republic_of_China_(orthographic_projection,_historical).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Land controlled by the Republic of China in 1945 shown in dark green; uncontrolled claims shown in light green."><img alt="Land controlled by the Republic of China in 1945 shown in dark green; uncontrolled claims shown in light green." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Republic_of_China_%28orthographic_projection%2C_historical%29.svg/250px-Republic_of_China_%28orthographic_projection%2C_historical%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Republic_of_China_%28orthographic_projection%2C_historical%29.svg/375px-Republic_of_China_%28orthographic_projection%2C_historical%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Republic_of_China_%28orthographic_projection%2C_historical%29.svg/500px-Republic_of_China_%28orthographic_projection%2C_historical%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="536" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Land controlled by the Republic of China in 1945 shown in dark green; uncontrolled claims shown in light green.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> <span class="nowrap">(1925–1926)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> <span class="nowrap">(1927–1937, 1946–1949)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a> <span class="nowrap">(1927, 1937–1938)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a> <span class="nowrap">(1932)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a> <span class="nowrap">(1938–1946)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_China" title="Politics of China">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li>Unitary <a href="/wiki/Provisional_government" title="Provisional government">provisional government</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">military dictatorship</a> <span class="nowrap">(1925–1928)</span></li> <li>Unitary one-party <a href="/wiki/Directorial_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorial republic">directorial republic</a> <span class="nowrap">(1928–1947)</span></li> <li>Unitary <a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">dominant-party</a> constitutional republic <span class="nowrap">(1947–1948)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the Republic of China">President</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1928 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tan_Yankai" title="Tan Yankai">Tan Yankai</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1943–1948 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_premiers_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="List of premiers of the Republic of China">Premier</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1928–1930 (first) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tan_Yankai" title="Tan Yankai">Tan Yankai</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1947–1948 (last) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Qun" title="Zhang Qun">Zhang Qun</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Republic_of_China)" title="National Assembly (Republic of China)">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Control_Yuan" title="Control Yuan">Control Yuan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Yuan" title="Legislative Yuan">Legislative Yuan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established in Guangzhou </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 July 1925</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition" title="Northern Expedition">Northern Expedition</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1926–1928</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Reset in Nanjing </div></th><td class="infobox-data">18 April 1927</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1927–1936, 1946–1950</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">7 July 1937 – 2 September 1945</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Admitted to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">24 October 1945</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Retrocession_Day" title="Retrocession Day">Retrocession of</a> Taiwan and the <a href="/wiki/Penghu" title="Penghu">Pescadores</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 October 1945</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/February_28_incident" title="February 28 incident">February 28 incident</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 February 1947</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">Constitution adopted</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">25 December 1947</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Government of the Republic of China">Government of the Republic of China</a> established </div></th><td class="infobox-data">20 May 1948</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_customs_gold_unit" title="Chinese customs gold unit">Chinese yuan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Taiwan_dollar" title="Old Taiwan dollar">Old Taiwan dollar</a> (1946–1949)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:CN" title="ISO 3166-2:CN">CN</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Army_and_Navy_Marshal_stronghold_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Army and Navy Marshal stronghold of the Republic of China">Army and Navy Marshal stronghold of the Republic of China</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Beiyang_government" title="Beiyang government">Beiyang government</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Government of the Republic of China">Government of the Republic of China</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Nationalist government</b>, officially the <b>National Government of the Republic of China</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> refers to the government of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> from 1 July 1925 to 20 May 1948, led by the nationalist <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (KMT) party. </p><p>Following the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">Xinhai Revolution</a>, revolutionary leader <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a> was elected to be China's <a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the Republic of China">provisional president</a> and founded the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1912)" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912)">Provisional Government of the Republic of China</a>. To preserve national unity, Sun ceded the presidency to military strongman <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan Shikai</a>, who established the <a href="/wiki/Beiyang_government" title="Beiyang government">Beiyang government</a>. After <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915-1916)" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire of China (1915-1916)">a failed attempt</a> to install himself as <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor of China</a>, Yuan died in 1916, leaving a power vacuum which resulted in China being divided into several <a href="/wiki/Warlord_Era" title="Warlord Era">warlord fiefs</a> and rival governments. They were nominally <a href="/wiki/Chinese_reunification_(1928)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese reunification (1928)">reunified</a> in 1928 under the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>-based government led by <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>, which after the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition" title="Northern Expedition">Northern Expedition</a> governed the country as a <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a> under the Kuomintang, and was subsequently given <a href="/wiki/International_recognition" class="mw-redirect" title="International recognition">international recognition</a> as the legitimate representative of China. The Nationalist government would then experience many challenges such as the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>. The government was in place until it was replaced by the current <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Government of the Republic of China">Government of the Republic of China</a> in the newly promulgated <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">Constitution of the Republic of China</a> of 1948. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalist_government&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="History of the Republic of China">History of the Republic of China</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Republic of China</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image notheme" style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:ROC_(Chinese_characters).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/ROC_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/220px-ROC_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/ROC_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/330px-ROC_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/ROC_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg/440px-ROC_%28Chinese_characters%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="410" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">"Republic of China" in traditional (top) and simplified (bottom) Chinese characters</div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">中華民國</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">中华民国</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_postal_romanization" title="Chinese postal romanization">Postal</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Chunghwa Minkuo</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Zhōnghuá mínguó</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Jonghwa Min'gwo</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Chung1-hua2 min2-kuo2</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ʈʂʊ́ŋxwǎ mǐn.kwǒ]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Jūng'wàh Màhn'gwok</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Tiong-huâ bîn-kok</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The oldest surviving republic in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, the Republic of China was formally established on 1<span class="nowrap"> </span>January 1912 in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhai Revolution">Xinhai Revolution</a>, which itself began with the <a href="/wiki/Wuchang_Uprising" title="Wuchang Uprising">Wuchang Uprising</a> on 10<span class="nowrap"> </span>October 1911, replacing the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> and ending nearly three thousand years of <a href="/wiki/Dynasties_in_Chinese_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynasties in Chinese history">imperial rule</a> in China. Central authority waxed and waned in response to <a href="/wiki/Warlord_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Warlord era">warlordism</a> (1915–28), <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Japanese invasion</a> (1937–45), and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> (1927–49), with central authority strongest during the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Decade" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanjing Decade">Nanjing Decade</a> (1927–37), when most of China came under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (KMT) under an <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a> <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in 1945, the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> surrendered control of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> and its <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of the Republic of China">island groups</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Allies_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Allies (World War II)">Allies</a>, and Taiwan was placed under the Republic of China's administrative control. The legitimacy of this transfer is disputed and is another aspect of the disputed <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">political status of Taiwan</a>. </p><p>After World War II, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">civil war</a> between the ruling Kuomintang and the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) resumed, despite attempts at mediation by the United States. The Nationalist Government began drafting the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">Constitution of the Republic of China</a> under a National Assembly, but was boycotted by the CCP. With the promulgation of the constitution, the Nationalist Government abolished itself and was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Government of the Republic of China">Government of the Republic of China</a>. Following their loss of the Civil War, the Nationalist Government retreated and moved their capital to <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a> while claiming that they were the legitimate government of the mainland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding">Founding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalist_government&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Founding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition" title="Northern Expedition">Northern Expedition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wuhan_Nationalist_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuhan Nationalist Government">Wuhan Nationalist Government</a></div> <p>After Sun's death on 12 March 1925, four months later on 1 July 1925, the National Government of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> was established in <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>. </p><p>The following year, as Generalissimo of the National Revolutionary Army, <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> became the <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> leader of the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (KMT), or Chinese Nationalist Party. He especially headed the right-wing of the Nationalist Party, while the Communists formed part of the Party's left-wing. Chiang led the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition" title="Northern Expedition">Northern Expedition</a> through China with the intention of defeating the <a href="/wiki/Warlord_Era" title="Warlord Era">warlords</a> and unifying the country. The National Revolutionary Army received significant aid from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>; Chiang himself was surrounded by Soviet military advisors. Much of the Nationalist Party, however, became convinced, not without reason, that the Communists, under recent orders from the Comintern, wanted to break from the <a href="/wiki/First_United_Front" title="First United Front">United Front</a> and get rid of the KMT.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chiang decided to <a href="/wiki/Preemptive_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Preemptive strike">strike first</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_massacre_of_1927" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai massacre of 1927">purged the Communists</a>, killing thousands of them. At the same time, other violent conflicts took place in the south of China where peasant associations supported by the CCP were attacking landlords and local gentry, who formed a base of political support for the KMT right-wing and recruitment for Nationalist soldiers. These events eventually led to the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> between the Nationalist Party and the CCP. Chiang Kai-shek pushed the CCP into the interior as he sought to destroy them, and moved the Nationalist Government to <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> in 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-capital-nanking_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-capital-nanking-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Leftists" class="mw-redirect" title="Leftists">Leftists</a> within the KMT still allied to the CCP, led by <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a>, had established a <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_in_Wuhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Republic of China in Wuhan">rival Nationalist Government</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a> two months earlier, but soon joined Chiang in Nanjing in August 1927. By the following year, Chiang's army had captured Beijing after overthrowing the <a href="/wiki/Beiyang_government" title="Beiyang government">Beiyang government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_reunification_(1928)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese reunification (1928)">unified the entire nation</a>, at least nominally, marking the beginning the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_decade" title="Nanjing decade">Nanjing decade</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nanjing_decade_and_war_with_Japan">Nanjing decade and war with Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalist_government&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nanjing decade and war with Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_decade" title="Nanjing decade">Nanjing decade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Chinese Soviet Republic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NankinGovernmentStructure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/NankinGovernmentStructure.jpg/220px-NankinGovernmentStructure.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/NankinGovernmentStructure.jpg/330px-NankinGovernmentStructure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/NankinGovernmentStructure.jpg/440px-NankinGovernmentStructure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2108" data-file-height="1212" /></a><figcaption>Organisational chart of the KMT regime in 1934</figcaption></figure> <p>According to Sun Yat-sen's "Three Stages of Revolution" theory, the KMT was to rebuild China in three phases: the first stage was military unification, which was carried out with the Northern Expedition; the second was "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Outline_of_the_Founding_of_the_National_Government&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Outline of the Founding of the National Government (page does not exist)">political tutelage</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%BB%BA%E5%9C%8B%E5%A4%A7%E7%B6%B1" class="extiw" title="zh:國民政府建國大綱">zh</a>]</span>" which was a provisional government led by the KMT to educate people about their political and civil rights, and the third stage would be constitutional government.(<a href="#CITEREFFung2000">Fung 2000</a>, p. 30) By 1928, the Nationalists claimed that they had succeeded in reunifying China and were beginning the second stage, the period of so-called "tutelage".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1931, they promulgated a provisional constitution that established the <a href="/wiki/One-party_system" class="mw-redirect" title="One-party system">one-party</a> rule of the KMT and promised eventual democratization.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, this meant that Chiang Kai-Shek was able to continue <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a> rule. </p><p>Even had it been the KMT's intention, historians such as Edmund Fung argue that they may not have been able to establish a democracy under the circumstances of the time.(<a href="#CITEREFFung2000">Fung 2000</a>, p. 30) Despite nominal reunification, the Chiang's Nationalist Government relied heavily on the support of warlords such as <a href="/wiki/Ma_Hushan" title="Ma Hushan">Ma Hushan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yan_Xishan" title="Yan Xishan">Yan Xishan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chang_Hsueh-liang" class="mw-redirect" title="Chang Hsueh-liang">Chang Hsueh-liang</a> to exert control on the provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Min_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Min-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Forbes_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The loyalty of these figures was often highly suspect, and they frequently engaged in acts of open defiance, as in the <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Incident" title="Xi'an Incident">Xi'an Incident</a> of 1936, or <a href="/wiki/Central_Plains_War" title="Central Plains War">even rebellion</a>. In alliance with local landlords and other power-brokers, they blocked moderate land reforms that might have benefits the rural poor.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzgerald_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, the poor peasants remained a consistent source of recruits for the Communist Party. While weakened by frequent massacres and purges—historian <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Rummel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolph Rummel">Rudolph Rummel</a> estimated that 1,654,000 people were killed by the KMT in anti-Communist purges during this period—the Communists were <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi%E2%80%93Fujian_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiangxi–Fujian Soviet">able to survive</a> and posed a major latent threat to the regime.<sup id="cite_ref-Rummel_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rummel-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, perhaps the biggest challenges came from within the administration itself. As Chiang Kai-Shek told the state council: "Our organization becomes worse and worse ... many staff members just sit at their desks and gaze into space, others read newspapers and still others sleep."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Corruption was endemic at all levels of government.<sup id="cite_ref-Teon_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teon-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tension between Chiang's centralizing tendencies and the warlords who supported him led to friction and inconsistent direction. Even the KMT itself was disunified, with the pro-Chiang factions of the <a href="/wiki/CC_Clique" title="CC Clique">CC Clique</a>, Political Study Clique, and fascist-inspired <a href="/wiki/Blue_Shirts_Society" title="Blue Shirts Society">Blue Shirts Society</a> opposed by a left-wing faction under <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a> and a right-wing faction influenced by <a href="/wiki/Hu_Hanmin" title="Hu Hanmin">Hu Hanmin</a>. To control the opposing KMT factions, Chiang relied increasingly on the <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Teon_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teon-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Economic growth and social improvements were mixed. The Kuomintang supported women's rights and education, the abolition of polygamy, and foot binding. The government of the Republic of China under Chiang's leadership also enacted a women's quota in the parliament with reserved seats for women. During the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Decade" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanjing Decade">Nanjing Decade</a>, the spread of education increased the literacy rate across China and promoted the ideals of Sun Yat-sen's <a href="/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Three Principles of the People">Three Principles of the People</a> of democracy, republicanism, science, constitutionalism, and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Nationalism">Chinese Nationalism</a> based on the <a href="/wiki/Dang_Guo" title="Dang Guo">Political Tutelage</a> of the Kuomintang.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, periodic famines continued: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1928%E2%80%931930" title="Chinese famine of 1928–1930">in Northern China</a> from 1928 to 1930, in Sichuan from 1936 to 1937, and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">in Henan</a> from 1942 to 1943. In total, these famines cost at least 11.7 million lives.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> growth averaged 3.9 per cent a year from 1929 to 1941 and per capita GDP about 1.8 per cent.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among other institutions, the Nationalist Government founded the <a href="/wiki/Academia_Sinica" title="Academia Sinica">Academia Sinica</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bank of the Republic of China">Central Bank of China</a>. In 1932, China for the first time sent teams to the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics" title="Republic of China at the 1932 Summer Olympics">Olympic Games</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1941_Chinese_War_Declaration_vs_Japan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/1941_Chinese_War_Declaration_vs_Japan.jpg/220px-1941_Chinese_War_Declaration_vs_Japan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/1941_Chinese_War_Declaration_vs_Japan.jpg/330px-1941_Chinese_War_Declaration_vs_Japan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/1941_Chinese_War_Declaration_vs_Japan.jpg/440px-1941_Chinese_War_Declaration_vs_Japan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1368" data-file-height="1023" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war" title="Declaration of war">War Declaration</a> against Japan by the Chongqing Nationalist Government on 9 December 1941</figcaption></figure> <p>The Nationalists faced a new challenge with the <a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Japanese invasion of Manchuria</a> in 1931, with hostilities continuing through the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, from 1937 to 1945. The government of the Republic of China retreated from Nanjing to <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>. In 1945, after the war of eight years, Japan surrendered and the Republic of China, under the name "China", became one of the founding members of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. The government returned to Nanjing in 1946. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post–World_War_II"><span id="Post.E2.80.93World_War_II"></span>Post–World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalist_government&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post–World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></div> <p>Following the defeat of Japan at the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Taiwan was surrendered to the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a>, with ROC troops accepting the surrender of the Japanese garrison. The government of the ROC proclaimed the "<a href="/wiki/Retrocession_Day" title="Retrocession Day">retrocession</a>" of Taiwan to the Republic of China and established a <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Province" title="Taiwan Province">provincial government</a> on the island. The military administration of the ROC extended over Taiwan, which led to widespread unrest and increasing tensions between local Taiwanese and mainlanders.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shooting of a civilian on 28 February 1947 triggered an island-wide unrest, which was brutally suppressed with military force in what is now known as the <a href="/wiki/February_28_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="February 28 Incident">February 28 Incident</a>. Mainstream estimates of casualties range from 18,000 to 30,000, mainly Taiwanese elites.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbctimeline-civilwar_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbctimeline-civilwar-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 28 February Incident has had far-reaching effects on subsequent <a href="/wiki/History_of_Taiwan" title="History of Taiwan">Taiwanese history</a>. </p><p>From 1945 to 1947, under United States mediation, especially through the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Mission" title="Marshall Mission">Marshall Mission</a>, the Nationalists and Communists agreed to start a series of peace talks aiming at establishing a coalition government. The two parties agreed to open multiparty talks on post-World War II political reforms via a <a href="/wiki/Political_Consultative_Conference_(1946)" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Consultative Conference (1946)">Political Consultative Conference</a>. This was included in the <a href="/wiki/Double_Tenth_Agreement" title="Double Tenth Agreement">Double Tenth Agreement</a>. This agreement was implemented by the Nationalist Government, who organized the first Political Consultative Assembly from 10 to 31 January 1946. Representatives of the Kuomintang, CCP, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Youth_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Youth Party">Chinese Youth Party</a>, and <a href="/wiki/China_Democratic_League" title="China Democratic League">China Democratic League</a>, as well as independent delegates, attended the conference in Chongqing. However, shortly afterward, the two parties failed to reach an agreement and the civil war resumed.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the context of political and military animosity,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the National Assembly was summoned by the Nationalists without the participation of the CCP and promulgated the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">Constitution of the Republic of China</a>. The constitution was criticized by the CCP,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and led to the final break between the two sides.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The full-scale civil war resumed from early 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/1947_Republic_of_China_National_Assembly_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1947 Republic of China National Assembly election">National Assembly election</a>, the drafted Constitution was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of the Republic of China">National Assembly</a> on 25 December 1946, promulgated by the National Government on 1 January 1947, and went into effect on 25 December 1947. The Constitution was seen as the third and final stage of Kuomintang reconstruction of China. Chiang Kai-shek was also <a href="/wiki/1948_Republic_of_China_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Republic of China presidential election">elected as the 1st President of the Republic of China</a> under the constitution by the National Assembly in 1948, with <a href="/wiki/Li_Zongren" title="Li Zongren">Li Zongren</a> being elected as vice-president. The Nationalist Government was abolished on 20 May 1948, after the Government of the Republic of China was established with the presidential inauguration of Chiang. The CCP, though invited to the convention that drafted it, boycotted and declared after the ratification that not only would it not recognize the ROC constitution, but all bills passed by the Nationalist administration would be disregarded as well. <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> challenged the legitimacy of the National Assembly in 1947 by accusing the KMT of hand-picking the members of the National Assembly 10 years earlier; claiming they thus could not legitimately represent the Chinese people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government">Government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalist_government&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Government_of_the_R.O.C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/National_Government_of_the_R.O.C.jpg/200px-National_Government_of_the_R.O.C.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/National_Government_of_the_R.O.C.jpg/300px-National_Government_of_the_R.O.C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/National_Government_of_the_R.O.C.jpg/400px-National_Government_of_the_R.O.C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1323" data-file-height="884" /></a><figcaption>Headquarters of the National Government in Nanjing</figcaption></figure> <p>The National Government governed under a dual-party state apparatus under the ideology of <a href="/wiki/Dang_Guo" title="Dang Guo">Dang Guo</a>, effectively making it a <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a>; however, existing parties continued to operate and new ones formed. After the end of the Second World War, and particularly after the passage of the constitution in 1946, the National Government was reconstituted to include multiple parties, in preparation for a full democratic government to come. </p><p>In February 1928, the Fourth Plenary Session of the 2nd Kuomintang National Congress held in Nanjing passed the Reorganization of the National Government Act. This act stipulated the national government was to be directed and regulated under the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang, with the Committee of the National Government being elected by KMT Central Committee. Under the national government was seven ministries – Interior, Foreign Affairs, Finance, Transport, Justice, Agriculture and Mines, and Commerce. There were also additional institutions such as the Supreme Court, Control Yuan, and the General Academy. </p><p>With the promulgation of the Organic Law of the National Government in October 1928, the government was reorganized into five different branches or Yuan, namely the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Yuan" title="Executive Yuan">Executive Yuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Yuan" title="Legislative Yuan">Legislative Yuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Yuan" title="Judicial Yuan">Judicial Yuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Examination_Yuan" title="Examination Yuan">Examination Yuan</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Control_Yuan" title="Control Yuan">Control Yuan</a>. The Chairman of the National Government was to be the head-of-state and commander-in-chief of the <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a>. Chiang Kai-shek was appointed as the first <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_National_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman of the National Government">Chairman of the National Government</a>, a position he would retain until 1931. The Organic Law also stipulated that the Kuomintang, through its National Congress and Central Executive Committee, would exercise sovereign power during the period of political tutelage, and the KMT's Political Council would guide and superintend the National Government in the execution of important national affairs and that the council has the power to interpret or amend the organic law.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Authority within the Nationalist government ultimately lay with Chiang Kai-shek.<sup id="cite_ref-:023_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:023-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 43">: 43 </span></sup> All major policy changes on military, diplomatic, or economic issues required his approval.<sup id="cite_ref-:023_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:023-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 156">: 156 </span></sup> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Odd_Arne_Westad" title="Odd Arne Westad">Odd Arne Westad</a>, "no other leader within the GMD had the authority to force through even the simplest decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-:023_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:023-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 156">: 156 </span></sup>The practical power of high-ranking officials like ministers or the head of the Executive Yuan was more closely tied to their relationship with Chiang than with the formal authority of their position.<sup id="cite_ref-:023_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:023-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 43">: 43 </span></sup> Chiang created multiple layers of power in his administration which he sometimes played off each other to prevent individuals or cliques from gathering power that could oppose his authority.<sup id="cite_ref-:023_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:023-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 93–94">: 93–94 </span></sup> </p><p>The Nationalist government exercised relatively little control in China's border regions, where the political fragmentation along ethnic lines that began after the fall of the Qing dynasty continued.<sup id="cite_ref-:Qian_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Qian-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 110">: 110 </span></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Organic_Law_of_the_National_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Organic Law of the National Government of the Republic of China">Organic Law</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military">Military</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalist_government&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Military_Academy" title="Republic of China Military Academy">Republic of China Military Academy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whampoa_Military_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Whampoa Military Academy">Whampoa Military Academy</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kmtarmy.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Kmtarmy.JPG/200px-Kmtarmy.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Kmtarmy.JPG/300px-Kmtarmy.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Kmtarmy.JPG/400px-Kmtarmy.JPG 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>The NRA during World War II</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Communist_purge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Communist_purge.jpg/280px-Communist_purge.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Communist_purge.jpg/420px-Communist_purge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Communist_purge.jpg/560px-Communist_purge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption>KMT troops rounding up Communist prisoners for execution</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>National Revolutionary Army</b> (<b>NRA</b>) (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">國民革命軍</span>; <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">国民革命军</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Guómín Gémìng Jūn</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn-wadegile">Kuo-min Ke-ming Chün</span></i>), pre-1928 sometimes shortened to <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">革命軍</span></span> or <b>Revolutionary Army</b> and between 1928 and 1947 as <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">國軍</span></span> or <b>National Army</b> was the Military Arm of the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (KMT) from 1925 until 1947, as well as the <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">national army</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> during the KMT's period of <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">party rule</a> beginning in 1928. </p><p>Originally organized with <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> aid as a means for the KMT to unify China against <a href="/wiki/Warlordism" class="mw-redirect" title="Warlordism">warlordism</a>, the National Revolutionary Army fought major engagements in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition_(1926%E2%80%931927)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Expedition (1926–1927)">Northern Expedition</a> against the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Beiyang_Army" title="Beiyang Army">Beiyang Army</a> <a href="/wiki/Warlord_Era" title="Warlord Era">warlords</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a>, and in the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> against the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a>. </p><p>During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the armed forces of the CCP were nominally incorporated into the National Revolutionary Army (while retaining separate commands), but broke away to form the People's Liberation Army shortly after the end of the war. With the promulgation of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">Constitution of the Republic of China</a> in 1947 and the formal end of the KMT party-state, the National Revolutionary Army was renamed the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Armed_Forces" title="Republic of China Armed Forces">Republic of China Armed Forces</a>, with the bulk of its forces forming the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Army" title="Republic of China Army">Republic of China Army</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Nationalist_Party_retreat_to_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Nationalist Party retreat to Taiwan">retreated to Taiwan in 1949</a>. </p><p>Forced conscription campaigns were conducted by the military; they are described by <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Rummel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolph Rummel">Rudolph Rummel</a> as such:<sup id="cite_ref-Rummel_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rummel-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Then there was the process of conscription. This was a deadly affair in which men were kidnapped for the army, rounded up indiscriminately by press-gangs or army units among those on the roads or in the towns and villages, or otherwise gathered together. Many men, some the very young and old, were killed resisting or trying to escape. Once collected, they would be roped or chained together and marched, with little food or water, long distances to camp. They often died or were killed along the way, sometimes less than 50 percent reaching camp alive. Then recruit camp was no better, with hospitals resembling Nazi concentration camps like Buchenwald. Probably 3,081,000 died during the Sino-Japanese War; likely another 1,131,000 during the Civil War – 4,212,000 dead in total. Just during conscription. </p></blockquote> <p>Because of the Nationalist government's increasing inability to fund the military, especially after Japan's success in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">Operation Ichigo</a>, Nationalist authorities overlooked military corruption and smuggling.<sup id="cite_ref-:023_33-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:023-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 24–25">: 24–25 </span></sup> The Nationalist army increasingly turned to raiding villages to <a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">press-gang</a> peasants into service and force marching them to assigned units.<sup id="cite_ref-:023_33-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:023-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 25">: 25 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalist_government&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Economic history of China (1912–1949)">Economic history of China (1912–1949)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:10_Custom_Gold_Units_1930.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/10_Custom_Gold_Units_1930.JPG/220px-10_Custom_Gold_Units_1930.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/10_Custom_Gold_Units_1930.JPG/330px-10_Custom_Gold_Units_1930.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/10_Custom_Gold_Units_1930.JPG/440px-10_Custom_Gold_Units_1930.JPG 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="817" /></a><figcaption>A currency bill from 1930, early ROC</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1930s_shanghai_city.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/1930s_shanghai_city.jpg/220px-1930s_shanghai_city.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/1930s_shanghai_city.jpg/330px-1930s_shanghai_city.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/1930s_shanghai_city.jpg/440px-1930s_shanghai_city.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="312" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Bund" title="The Bund">The Bund</a> of <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> in the 1930s</figcaption></figure> <p>After the Kuomintang reunified the country in 1928, China entered a period of relative prosperity despite civil war and Japanese aggression. In 1937, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Japanese invaded</a> and laid China to waste in eight years of war. The era also saw additional <a href="/wiki/Chinese_boycotts_of_Japanese_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese boycotts of Japanese products">boycott of Japanese products</a>. </p><p>Chinese industries continued to develop in the 1930s with the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_decade" title="Nanjing decade">Nanjing decade</a> in the 1930s when Chiang Kai-shek unified most of the country and brought political stability. China's industries developed and grew from 1927 to 1931. Though badly hit by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> from 1931 to 1935 and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Manchuria" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese occupation of Manchuria">Japan's occupation of Manchuria</a> in 1931, industrial output recovered by 1936. By 1936, industrial output had recovered and surpassed its previous peak in 1931 prior to the Great Depression's effects on China. This is best shown by the trends in Chinese <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a>. In 1932, China's GDP peaked at US$28.8 billion, before falling to $21.3 billion by 1934 and recovering to $23.7 billion by 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1930, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_investment_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign investment in China">foreign investment in China</a> totaled $3.5 billion, with Japan leading ($1.4 billion) and the United Kingdom at 1 billion. By 1948, however, the capital stock had halted with investment dropping to only $3 billion, with the US and Britain leading.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the rural economy was hit hard by the Great Depression of the 1930s, in which an <a href="/wiki/Overproduction" title="Overproduction">overproduction</a> of agricultural goods lead to massive falling prices for China as well as an increase in foreign imports (as agricultural goods produced in western countries were "dumped" in China). In 1931, imports of rice in China amounted to 21 million <a href="/wiki/Bushel" title="Bushel">bushels</a> compared with 12 million in 1928. Other goods saw even more staggering increases. In 1932, 15 million bushels of grain were imported compared with 900,000 in 1928. This increased competition leads to a massive decline in Chinese agricultural prices (which were cheaper) and thus the income of rural farmers. In 1932, agricultural prices were 41 percent of 1921 levels.<sup id="cite_ref-Sun_Jian,_page_1089_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sun_Jian,_page_1089-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rural incomes had fallen to 57 percent of 1931 levels by 1934 in some areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Sun_Jian,_page_1089_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sun_Jian,_page_1089-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under this peculiar context for rural China, the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Rural_Reconstruction_Movement" title="Rural Reconstruction Movement">Rural Reconstruction Movement</a> was implemented by some social activists who graduated as professors of the United States with tangible but limited progress in modernizing the tax, infrastructural, economical, cultural, and educational equipment and mechanisms of rural regions. The social activists actively coordinated with the local governments in towns and villages since the early 1930s. However, this policy was subsequently neglected and canceled by the Nationalist government due to rampant wars and the lack of resources following the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Second_Chinese_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Chinese Civil War">Second Chinese Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1937, Japan invaded China and the resulting warfare laid waste to China. Most of the prosperous east China coast was occupied by the Japanese, who carried out various atrocities such as the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Rape of Nanjing</a> in 1937 and random massacres of whole villages. In one anti-guerrilla sweep in 1942, the Japanese killed up to 200,000 civilians in a month. The war was estimated to have killed between 20 and 25 million Chinese and destroyed all that Chiang had built up in the preceding decade.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Development of industries was severely hampered after the war by devastating conflict as well as the inflow of cheap American goods. By 1946, Chinese industries operated at 20 percent capacity and had 25 percent of the output of pre-war China.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One effect of the war was a massive increase in government control of industries. In 1936, government-owned industries were only 15% of GDP. However, the ROC government took control of many industries in order to fight the war. In 1938, the ROC established a commission for industries and mines to control and supervise firms, as well as instilling price controls. By 1942, 70 percent of the capital of Chinese industry was owned by the government.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the war with Japan, Chiang acquired Taiwan from Japan and renewed his struggle with the Communists. However, the corruption of the KMT, as well as <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation" title="Hyperinflation">hyperinflation</a> as a result of trying to fight the civil war, resulted in mass unrest throughout the Republic and sympathy for the communists.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly all studies of the collapse of the Nationalist government identify hyperinflation as a major factor in the government's failure.<sup id="cite_ref-:023_33-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:023-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 5">: 5 </span></sup> </p><p>The communist <a href="/wiki/Land_Reform_Movement" title="Land Reform Movement">land redistribution</a> movement was an important factor in the Nationalists' defeat, particularly because it linked the interests of peasants in the north and northeast to the Communists' success.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1949, the People's Liberation captured Beijing and later Nanjing as well. The People's Republic of China was proclaimed in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> on 1 October 1949. The Republic of China central government relocated to <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a> on 7 December 1949, to Taiwan where Japan had <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule#Economic_and_educational_development" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">laid an educational groundwork</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Former_sites">Former sites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalist_government&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Former sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Almost all of the former sites of the nationalist government are headquartered in the city of Nanjing, the capital at the time, with only one exception. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th data-sort-type="text">Name </th> <th class="unsortable">Image </th> <th data-sort-type="text">Location </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Construction Date </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Palace_(Nanjing)" title="Presidential Palace (Nanjing)">Headquarters of the Nationalist Government</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Entrance_to_the_Former_ROC_Presidents_Residence(5616558734).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Entrance_to_the_Former_ROC_Presidents_Residence%285616558734%29.jpg/100px-Entrance_to_the_Former_ROC_Presidents_Residence%285616558734%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Entrance_to_the_Former_ROC_Presidents_Residence%285616558734%29.jpg/150px-Entrance_to_the_Former_ROC_Presidents_Residence%285616558734%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Entrance_to_the_Former_ROC_Presidents_Residence%285616558734%29.jpg/200px-Entrance_to_the_Former_ROC_Presidents_Residence%285616558734%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span> </td> <td>No.292 Changjiang Road, <a href="/wiki/Xuanwu_District,_Nanjing" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuanwu District, Nanjing">Xuanwu District</a>, Nanjing </td> <td>1870-1930s </td> <td>The complex served as <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Liangjiang" title="Viceroy of Liangjiang">Viceroy of Liangjiang</a>'s Office in Qing dynasty, and as the Presidential Palace in 1948. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Executive Yuan (1928) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xingzheng_Yuan,_Dongjian_Dao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Xingzheng_Yuan%2C_Dongjian_Dao.jpg/100px-Xingzheng_Yuan%2C_Dongjian_Dao.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Xingzheng_Yuan%2C_Dongjian_Dao.jpg/150px-Xingzheng_Yuan%2C_Dongjian_Dao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Xingzheng_Yuan%2C_Dongjian_Dao.jpg/200px-Xingzheng_Yuan%2C_Dongjian_Dao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span> </td> <td>No.19 Dongjian Road, <a href="/wiki/Xuanwu_District,_Nanjing" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuanwu District, Nanjing">Xuanwu District</a>, Nanjing </td> <td>1920s </td> <td>The building, serving as the Executive Yuan from 1928 to 1937, is now a part of the Presidential Palace complex. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Executive Yuan (1946) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E9%99%A2%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%802016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E9%99%A2%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%802016.jpg/100px-%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E9%99%A2%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%802016.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E9%99%A2%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%802016.jpg/150px-%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E9%99%A2%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%802016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E9%99%A2%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%802016.jpg/200px-%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E9%99%A2%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%802016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span> </td> <td>No.252-254 Zhongshan North Road, <a href="/wiki/Gulou_District,_Nanjing" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulou District, Nanjing">Gulou District, Nanjing</a> </td> <td>1930 </td> <td>The building was the headquarter of the Ministry of Railways at first, then the site of Executive Yuan from 1946 to 1949. After the communists took over Nanjing, it became a building of <a href="/wiki/PLA_Nanjing_Political_College" class="mw-redirect" title="PLA Nanjing Political College">PLA Nanjing Political College</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Executive Yuan (1949) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:LiZhiShe_Historical_Sites3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/LiZhiShe_Historical_Sites3.JPG/100px-LiZhiShe_Historical_Sites3.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/LiZhiShe_Historical_Sites3.JPG/150px-LiZhiShe_Historical_Sites3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/LiZhiShe_Historical_Sites3.JPG/200px-LiZhiShe_Historical_Sites3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </td> <td>Zhongshan East Road, <a href="/wiki/Xuanwu_District,_Nanjing" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuanwu District, Nanjing">Xuanwu District, Nanjing</a> </td> <td>1929 </td> <td>It was the site of Lizhi She in the 1930s. In 1949, the Nationalist Government decided to move the Executive Yuan into this building. The building now served as a part of Zhongshan Hotel. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Legislative Yuan (1928) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Legislative_Yuan_(1928)_in_Nanjing,_Nov_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Legislative_Yuan_%281928%29_in_Nanjing%2C_Nov_2017.jpg/100px-Legislative_Yuan_%281928%29_in_Nanjing%2C_Nov_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Legislative_Yuan_%281928%29_in_Nanjing%2C_Nov_2017.jpg/150px-Legislative_Yuan_%281928%29_in_Nanjing%2C_Nov_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Legislative_Yuan_%281928%29_in_Nanjing%2C_Nov_2017.jpg/200px-Legislative_Yuan_%281928%29_in_Nanjing%2C_Nov_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span> </td> <td>No.273 Baixia Road, <a href="/wiki/Qinhuai_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Qinhuai District">Qinhuai District</a>, Nanjing </td> <td> </td> <td>It was the site of the "Mistress House". The Nationalist Government chose the house to become the seat of Legislative Yuan in 1928. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Legislative Yuan (1946) & Control Yuan </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Former_Legislative_Yuan_%26_Control_Yuan_in_Nanjing_2011-10.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Former_Legislative_Yuan_%26_Control_Yuan_in_Nanjing_2011-10.JPG/100px-Former_Legislative_Yuan_%26_Control_Yuan_in_Nanjing_2011-10.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Former_Legislative_Yuan_%26_Control_Yuan_in_Nanjing_2011-10.JPG/150px-Former_Legislative_Yuan_%26_Control_Yuan_in_Nanjing_2011-10.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Former_Legislative_Yuan_%26_Control_Yuan_in_Nanjing_2011-10.JPG/200px-Former_Legislative_Yuan_%26_Control_Yuan_in_Nanjing_2011-10.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a></span> </td> <td>No.105 Zhongshan North Road, <a href="/wiki/Gulou_District,_Nanjing" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulou District, Nanjing">Gulou District, Nanjing</a> </td> <td>1935 </td> <td>The building was Nanjing City Hall during the Japanese occupation. After the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, it became the offices of Legislative Yuan and Control Yuan. Now it is Nanjing Soldiers' Club. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Judicial Yuan's Entrance </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Former_Gate_of_Ministry_of_Justice_in_Nanjing_01_2013-04.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Former_Gate_of_Ministry_of_Justice_in_Nanjing_01_2013-04.JPG/100px-Former_Gate_of_Ministry_of_Justice_in_Nanjing_01_2013-04.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Former_Gate_of_Ministry_of_Justice_in_Nanjing_01_2013-04.JPG/150px-Former_Gate_of_Ministry_of_Justice_in_Nanjing_01_2013-04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Former_Gate_of_Ministry_of_Justice_in_Nanjing_01_2013-04.JPG/200px-Former_Gate_of_Ministry_of_Justice_in_Nanjing_01_2013-04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a></span> </td> <td>No.251 Zhongshan Road, <a href="/wiki/Gulou_District,_Nanjing" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulou District, Nanjing">Gulou District, Nanjing</a> </td> <td>1935 </td> <td>The building was destroyed by fire in April 1949. Only the gate remains. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Examination Yuan </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wumiao_Kaoshiyuan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Wumiao_Kaoshiyuan.JPG/100px-Wumiao_Kaoshiyuan.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Wumiao_Kaoshiyuan.JPG/150px-Wumiao_Kaoshiyuan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Wumiao_Kaoshiyuan.JPG/200px-Wumiao_Kaoshiyuan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </td> <td>No.41-43 Beijing East Road, <a href="/wiki/Xuanwu_District,_Nanjing" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuanwu District, Nanjing">Xuanwu District</a>, Nanjing </td> <td>1930s </td> <td>The building is now served as Nanjing City Government Offices and the Committee of Nanjing, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">CPPCC</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Supreme Court </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%80%EF%BC%8C2017%E5%B9%B411%E6%9C%88.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%80%EF%BC%8C2017%E5%B9%B411%E6%9C%88.jpg/100px-%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%80%EF%BC%8C2017%E5%B9%B411%E6%9C%88.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%80%EF%BC%8C2017%E5%B9%B411%E6%9C%88.jpg/150px-%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%80%EF%BC%8C2017%E5%B9%B411%E6%9C%88.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%80%EF%BC%8C2017%E5%B9%B411%E6%9C%88.jpg/200px-%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%80%EF%BC%8C2017%E5%B9%B411%E6%9C%88.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span> </td> <td>No.101 Zhongshan North Road, <a href="/wiki/Gulou_District,_Nanjing" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulou District, Nanjing">Gulou District, Nanjing</a> </td> <td>1933 </td> <td>The building was also served as the Supreme Prosecutor Office </td></tr> <tr> <td>Military Affairs Commission </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wangfeige,_Xu_Garden,_Oct_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Wangfeige%2C_Xu_Garden%2C_Oct_2017.jpg/100px-Wangfeige%2C_Xu_Garden%2C_Oct_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Wangfeige%2C_Xu_Garden%2C_Oct_2017.jpg/150px-Wangfeige%2C_Xu_Garden%2C_Oct_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Wangfeige%2C_Xu_Garden%2C_Oct_2017.jpg/200px-Wangfeige%2C_Xu_Garden%2C_Oct_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span> </td> <td>No.292 Changjiang Road, <a href="/wiki/Xuanwu_District,_Nanjing" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuanwu District, Nanjing">Xuanwu District</a>, Nanjing </td> <td>1870s </td> <td>This house was built in 1870s, after Taiping Rebellion. In the 1930s, Chiang Kai-shek chose it to be one of the headquarters of the Military Affairs Commission. The house is located in the Presidential Palace complex and becoming a popular tourist attraction now. </td></tr> <tr> <td>National Resource Commission </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Former_Committee_of_Resources_in_Najing_2011-10.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Former_Committee_of_Resources_in_Najing_2011-10.JPG/100px-Former_Committee_of_Resources_in_Najing_2011-10.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Former_Committee_of_Resources_in_Najing_2011-10.JPG/150px-Former_Committee_of_Resources_in_Najing_2011-10.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Former_Committee_of_Resources_in_Najing_2011-10.JPG/200px-Former_Committee_of_Resources_in_Najing_2011-10.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a></span> </td> <td>No.200 Zhongshan North Road, <a href="/wiki/Gulou_District,_Nanjing" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulou District, Nanjing">Gulou District, Nanjing</a> </td> <td>1947 </td> <td>The building is now an office building of <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_University_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanjing University of Technology">Nanjing Tech University</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ministry of Economic Affairs </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E9%83%A8%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%80%EF%BC%8C2017%E5%B9%B411%E6%9C%88.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E9%83%A8%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%80%EF%BC%8C2017%E5%B9%B411%E6%9C%88.jpg/100px-%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E9%83%A8%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%80%EF%BC%8C2017%E5%B9%B411%E6%9C%88.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E9%83%A8%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%80%EF%BC%8C2017%E5%B9%B411%E6%9C%88.jpg/150px-%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E9%83%A8%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%80%EF%BC%8C2017%E5%B9%B411%E6%9C%88.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E9%83%A8%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%80%EF%BC%8C2017%E5%B9%B411%E6%9C%88.jpg/200px-%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E9%83%A8%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%80%EF%BC%8C2017%E5%B9%B411%E6%9C%88.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span> </td> <td>No.145 Zhongshan East Road, <a href="/wiki/Xuanwu_District,_Nanjing" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuanwu District, Nanjing">Xuanwu District, Nanjing</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>The building is now served as the office of Nanjing Sports Bureau. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Central Bank </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%A4%96%E6%BB%A915%E5%8F%B7%EF%BC%8C2017%E5%B9%B411%E6%9C%88.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%A4%96%E6%BB%A915%E5%8F%B7%EF%BC%8C2017%E5%B9%B411%E6%9C%88.jpg/100px-%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%A4%96%E6%BB%A915%E5%8F%B7%EF%BC%8C2017%E5%B9%B411%E6%9C%88.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%A4%96%E6%BB%A915%E5%8F%B7%EF%BC%8C2017%E5%B9%B411%E6%9C%88.jpg/150px-%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%A4%96%E6%BB%A915%E5%8F%B7%EF%BC%8C2017%E5%B9%B411%E6%9C%88.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%A4%96%E6%BB%A915%E5%8F%B7%EF%BC%8C2017%E5%B9%B411%E6%9C%88.jpg/200px-%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E5%A4%96%E6%BB%A915%E5%8F%B7%EF%BC%8C2017%E5%B9%B411%E6%9C%88.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span> </td> <td>No.15 <a href="/wiki/The_Bund" title="The Bund">East-1 Zhongshan Rd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huangpu_District,_Shanghai" class="mw-redirect" title="Huangpu District, Shanghai">Huangpu District, Shanghai</a> </td> <td>1899–1902 </td> <td>This was the only institution not headquartered in the city of Nanjing. Once being the Shanghai branch of Russo-Chinese Bank, this building now becomes Shanghai Foreign Exchange Trading Center. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ministry of Health </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E9%83%A8%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%802016%E5%B9%B48%E6%9C%88.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E9%83%A8%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%802016%E5%B9%B48%E6%9C%88.jpg/100px-%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E9%83%A8%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%802016%E5%B9%B48%E6%9C%88.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E9%83%A8%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%802016%E5%B9%B48%E6%9C%88.jpg/150px-%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E9%83%A8%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%802016%E5%B9%B48%E6%9C%88.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E9%83%A8%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%802016%E5%B9%B48%E6%9C%88.jpg/200px-%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%8D%AB%E7%94%9F%E9%83%A8%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%802016%E5%B9%B48%E6%9C%88.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span> </td> <td>No.305 Zhongshan East Road, <a href="/wiki/Xuanwu_District,_Nanjing" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuanwu District, Nanjing">Xuanwu District, Nanjing</a> </td> <td>1931 </td> <td>The building was in the site of the National Central Hospital complex. It is <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_General_Hospital_of_Nanjing_Military_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command">Nanjing General Hospital of Nanjing Military Command</a> now. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ministry of Education </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%8E%9F%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E9%83%A8%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%802016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/%E5%8E%9F%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E9%83%A8%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%802016.jpg/100px-%E5%8E%9F%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E9%83%A8%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%802016.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/%E5%8E%9F%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E9%83%A8%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%802016.jpg/150px-%E5%8E%9F%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E9%83%A8%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%802016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/%E5%8E%9F%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E9%83%A8%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%802016.jpg/200px-%E5%8E%9F%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E9%83%A8%E6%97%A7%E5%9D%802016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span> </td> <td>Chengxian Street, Xuanwu District, Nanjing </td> <td> </td> <td>The building is now occupied by some governmental officials. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ministry of Transportation & Communications </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nanjing_Political_College_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Nanjing_Political_College_1.JPG/100px-Nanjing_Political_College_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Nanjing_Political_College_1.JPG/150px-Nanjing_Political_College_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Nanjing_Political_College_1.JPG/200px-Nanjing_Political_College_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </td> <td>No.303-305 Zhongshan North Road, <a href="/wiki/Gulou_District,_Nanjing" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulou District, Nanjing">Gulou District, Nanjing</a> </td> <td>1932–1934 </td> <td>Opposite was the site of the Executive Yuan. After the communists took over Nanjing, it became a building of <a href="/wiki/PLA_Nanjing_Political_College" class="mw-redirect" title="PLA Nanjing Political College">PLA Nanjing Political College</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>National Assembly Hall (1936) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Auditorium_of_Southeast_University_01_2012-09.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Auditorium_of_Southeast_University_01_2012-09.JPG/100px-Auditorium_of_Southeast_University_01_2012-09.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Auditorium_of_Southeast_University_01_2012-09.JPG/150px-Auditorium_of_Southeast_University_01_2012-09.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Auditorium_of_Southeast_University_01_2012-09.JPG/200px-Auditorium_of_Southeast_University_01_2012-09.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a></span> </td> <td>No.2 Sipailou, <a href="/wiki/Xuanwu_District,_Nanjing" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuanwu District, Nanjing">Xuanwu District</a>, Nanjing </td> <td>1930s </td> <td>Before the National Theatre of Drama and Music was completed, the National Assembly was held in the Auditorium of National Central University. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Great_Hall_of_the_People" title="Nanjing Great Hall of the People">National Assembly Hall (1946)</a> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nanjing_Great_Hall_of_the_People_front.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Nanjing_Great_Hall_of_the_People_front.JPG/100px-Nanjing_Great_Hall_of_the_People_front.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Nanjing_Great_Hall_of_the_People_front.JPG/150px-Nanjing_Great_Hall_of_the_People_front.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Nanjing_Great_Hall_of_the_People_front.JPG/200px-Nanjing_Great_Hall_of_the_People_front.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td> <td>No.264 Changjiang Road, <a href="/wiki/Xuanwu_District,_Nanjing" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuanwu District, Nanjing">Xuanwu District, Nanjing</a> </td> <td>1935 </td> <td>The building was served as the National Theatre of Drama and Music. After the World War II, it became the meeting place of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of the Republic of China">National Assembly</a>. It was the site of <a href="/wiki/1948_Republic_of_China_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Republic of China presidential election">1948 presidential election</a> and the birthplace of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">Constitution</a>. So this building played an important role in the modern history of China. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Residence of the Chairman (1946) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mei-ling_Villa,_Nov_2017_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mei-ling_Villa%2C_Nov_2017_%282%29.jpg/100px-Mei-ling_Villa%2C_Nov_2017_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mei-ling_Villa%2C_Nov_2017_%282%29.jpg/150px-Mei-ling_Villa%2C_Nov_2017_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Mei-ling_Villa%2C_Nov_2017_%282%29.jpg/200px-Mei-ling_Villa%2C_Nov_2017_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span> </td> <td>Purple Mountain, <a href="/wiki/Xuanwu_District,_Nanjing" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuanwu District, Nanjing">Xuanwu District</a>, Nanjing </td> <td>1931–1934 </td> <td>Also known as "the Red Hill Mansion" and "Mei-ling Villa", the building was one of the main residences of Chiang & Soong in Nanjing after WWII. And it became one of the official residences of the President of the ROC from 1948 to 1949. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>When the city of Nanjing was not captured by the Nationalist Government, they chose the following buildings as their headquarters. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th data-sort-type="text">Name </th> <th class="unsortable">Image </th> <th data-sort-type="text">Location </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Construction Date </th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>Nationalist Government in Canton (1925) </td> <td> </td> <td>No.118 Yuehua rd, <a href="/wiki/Yuexiu_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuexiu District">Yuexiu District</a>, Guangzhou </td> <td> </td> <td>In 1925, the Nationalist Government was established here. Today, all the buildings inside were demolished except the gate. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nationalist Government in Wuhan (1926) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%8D%97%E6%B4%8B%E5%A4%A7%E6%A5%BC1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/%E5%8D%97%E6%B4%8B%E5%A4%A7%E6%A5%BC1.jpg/100px-%E5%8D%97%E6%B4%8B%E5%A4%A7%E6%A5%BC1.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/%E5%8D%97%E6%B4%8B%E5%A4%A7%E6%A5%BC1.jpg/150px-%E5%8D%97%E6%B4%8B%E5%A4%A7%E6%A5%BC1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/%E5%8D%97%E6%B4%8B%E5%A4%A7%E6%A5%BC1.jpg/200px-%E5%8D%97%E6%B4%8B%E5%A4%A7%E6%A5%BC1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a></span> </td> <td>No.708, Zhongshan Avenue, Wuhan </td> <td>1917–1921 </td> <td>It was also called Nanyang Tobacco Building. In 1926, the National Revolutionary Army took control of Wuhan. Then, the officials of KMT chose Nanyang Tobacco Building to become the seat of the Nationalist Government. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nationalist Government in Chongqing (1939) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhengxielitang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Zhengxielitang.jpg/100px-Zhengxielitang.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Zhengxielitang.jpg/150px-Zhengxielitang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Zhengxielitang.jpg/200px-Zhengxielitang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1414" data-file-height="1027" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yuzhong_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuzhong District">Yuzhong District</a>, Chongqing </td> <td> </td> <td>In the period of the Second Sino-Japanese War, this building was served as the headquarters of the Nationalist Government until they moved back to Nanjing. The building was demolished in the 1980s. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nationalist Government in Hankow (1927) </td> <td> </td> <td>Wuchang Uprising Memorial Building </td> <td>1927 </td> <td>During the Wuhan Nationalist Government and during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wuhan" title="Battle of Wuhan">Battle of Wuhan</a>, This was the main government administration building. Nanyang Tobacco Building however, was the main administration during the <a href="/wiki/Wuhan_Nationalist_government" title="Wuhan Nationalist government">Wuhan Nationalist Government</a>. This building used to serve as the Headquarters of the Hubei Provincial Government during the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing Dynasty</a> and now serves as the Wuchang Uprising Memorial Building. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalist_government&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, 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(1912–1951)">Tibet (1912–1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolian People's Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-German_cooperation_(1926%E2%80%931941)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-German cooperation (1926–1941)">Sino-German cooperation (1926–1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomatic history of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_decade" title="Nanjing decade">Nanjing decade</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalist_government&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">中華民國國民政府</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Zhōnghuá mínguó guómín zhèngfǔ</span></i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalist_government&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalist_government&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRoy2003" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Denny (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/taiwan00denn"><i>Taiwan: A Political History</i></a></span>. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/taiwan00denn/page/55">55</a>, 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-8805-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-8805-2"><bdi>0-8014-8805-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taiwan%3A+A+Political+History&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pages=55%2C+56&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8014-8805-2&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Denny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftaiwan00denn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalist+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFenby2009">Fenby 2009</a><span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFFenby2009 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-capital-nanking-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-capital-nanking_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200103163842/http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/cgi-bin/newDict/dict.sh?cond=%EF%BF%BDn%EF%BF%BD%CA%A5%EF%BF%BD&pieceLen=50&fld=1&cat=&serial=1&recNo=0&op=&imgFont=1"><bdi lang="zh">南京市</bdi></a>. <i>重編囯語辭典修訂本</i> (in Chinese). Ministry of Education, ROC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dict.revised.moe.edu.tw/cgi-bin/newDict/dict.sh?cond=%ABn%A8%CA%A5%AB&pieceLen=50&fld=1&cat=&serial=1&recNo=0&op=&imgFont=1">the original</a> on 3 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2011</span>. <bdi lang="zh">民國十六年，國民政府宣言定為首都，今以臺北市為我國中央政府所在地。</bdi> [In the 16th Year of the Republic of China [1927], the National Government established [Nanking] as the capital. At present, Taipei is the seat of the central government.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E9%87%8D%E7%B7%A8%E5%9B%AF%E8%AA%9E%E8%BE%AD%E5%85%B8%E4%BF%AE%E8%A8%82%E6%9C%AC&rft.atitle=%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%AC%E5%B8%82&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdict.revised.moe.edu.tw%2Fcgi-bin%2FnewDict%2Fdict.sh%3Fcond%3D%25ABn%25A8%25CA%25A5%25AB%26pieceLen%3D50%26fld%3D1%26cat%3D%26serial%3D1%26recNo%3D0%26op%3D%26imgFont%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalist+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenMyers1994" class="citation book cs1">Chen, Lifu; Myers, Ramon Hawley (1994). Chang, Hsu-hsin; Myers, Ramon Hawley (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MOT_axUIWooC&pg=PA102"><i>The storm clouds clear over China: the memoir of Chʻen Li-fu, 1900–1993</i></a>. Hoover Press. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8179-9272-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8179-9272-3"><bdi>0-8179-9272-3</bdi></a>. <q>After the 1930 mutiny ended, Chiang accepted the suggestion of Wang Ching-wei, Yen Hsi-shan, and Feng Yü-hsiang that a provisional constitution for the political tutelage period be drafted.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+storm+clouds+clear+over+China%3A+the+memoir+of+Ch%CA%BBen+Li-fu%2C+1900%E2%80%931993&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Hoover+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8179-9272-3&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Lifu&rft.au=Myers%2C+Ramon+Hawley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMOT_axUIWooC%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalist+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF荆" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">荆, 知仁. <bdi lang="zh">中华民国立宪史</bdi> (in Chinese). 联经出版公司.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E7%AB%8B%E5%AE%AA%E5%8F%B2&rft.pub=%E8%81%94%E7%BB%8F%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8&rft.aulast=%E8%8D%86&rft.aufirst=%E7%9F%A5%E4%BB%81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalist+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Li, Xiaobing, ed. 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(2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.china.tu-berlin.de/fileadmin/fg57/SS_2012/Umwelt/Lillian_M._Li_-_Fighting_Famine_in_North_China__Part_1.pdf"><i>Fighting Famine in North China: State, Market, and Environmental Decline, 1690s–1990s</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 303–307. <q>In Gansu the estimated mortality was 2.5 to 3 million [...] In Shaanxi, out of a population of 13 million, an estimated 3 million died of hunger or disease</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+Famine+in+North+China%3A+State%2C+Market%2C+and+Environmental+Decline%2C+1690s%E2%80%931990s&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pages=303-307&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Lillian+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.china.tu-berlin.de%2Ffileadmin%2Ffg57%2FSS_2012%2FUmwelt%2FLillian_M._Li_-_Fighting_Famine_in_North_China__Part_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalist+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly" class="citation web cs1">Kelly, Luke. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://disasterhistory.org/sichuan-famine-1936-1937">"Sichuan famine, 1936–37"</a>. <i>Disaster History</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Disaster+History&rft.atitle=Sichuan+famine%2C+1936%E2%80%9337&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdisasterhistory.org%2Fsichuan-famine-1936-1937&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalist+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarnaut2013" class="citation journal cs1">Garnaut, Anthony (November 2013). "A Quantitative Description of the Henan Famine of 1942". <i>Modern Asian Studies</i>. <b>47</b> (6). Cambridge University Press: 2034, 2044. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X13000103">10.1017/S0026749X13000103</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1469-8099">1469-8099</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146274415">146274415</a>. <q>A detailed survey organized by the Nationalist government in 1943 of the impact of the famine came up with a toll of 1,484,983, broken down by county. The official population registers of Henan show a net decline in population from 1942 to 1943 of one million people, or 3 per cent of the population. If we assume that the natural rate of increase in the population before the famine was 2 per cent, [...] Comparison with the diminution in the size of age cohorts born during the famine years suggests that the official Nationalist figure includes population loss through excess mortality and declined fertility migration, which leaves a famine death toll of well under 1 million.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Quantitative+Description+of+the+Henan+Famine+of+1942&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=2034%2C+2044&rft.date=2013-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146274415%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1469-8099&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026749X13000103&rft.aulast=Garnaut&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalist+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddison1998" class="citation book cs1">Maddison, A. (1998). <i>Chinese Economic Performance in the Long Run</i>. Paris: OECD Development Centre.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chinese+Economic+Performance+in+the+Long+Run&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=OECD+Development+Centre&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Maddison&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalist+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050114094009/http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,792979,00.html">"This Is the Shame"</a>. Time Magazine. 10 June 1946. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,792979,00.html">the original</a> on 14 January 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=This+Is+the+Shame&rft.date=1946-06-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Farchive%2Fpreview%2F0%2C10987%2C792979%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalist+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050317173213/http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,804090,00.html">"Snow Red & Moon Angel"</a>. Time Magazine. 7 April 1947. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/archive/preview/0,10987,804090,00.html">the original</a> on 17 March 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Snow+Red+%26+Moon+Angel&rft.date=1947-04-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Farchive%2Fpreview%2F0%2C10987%2C804090%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalist+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbctimeline-civilwar-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbctimeline-civilwar_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/asia_pacific/2000/taiwan_elections2000/1945_1949.stm">"Taiwan Timeline – Civil War"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Taiwan+Timeline+%E2%80%93+Civil+War&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fhi%2Fenglish%2Fstatic%2Fin_depth%2Fasia_pacific%2F2000%2Ftaiwan_elections2000%2F1945_1949.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalist+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hD8EAAAAMBAJ"><i>Truman, China and History</i></a>. Vol. 40. Time. 1956.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Truman%2C+China+and+History&rft.pub=Time&rft.date=1956&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhD8EAAAAMBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalist+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">评马歇尔离华声明，周恩来选集上卷，1947-1-10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"首都卫戍司令部、淞沪重庆警备司令，分别致电函京沪渝中共代表，所有中共人员限期全部撤退". <i>大公报</i>. <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>. 1 March 1947.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E5%A4%A7%E5%85%AC%E6%8A%A5&rft.atitle=%E9%A6%96%E9%83%BD%E5%8D%AB%E6%88%8D%E5%8F%B8%E4%BB%A4%E9%83%A8%E3%80%81%E6%B7%9E%E6%B2%AA%E9%87%8D%E5%BA%86%E8%AD%A6%E5%A4%87%E5%8F%B8%E4%BB%A4%EF%BC%8C%E5%88%86%E5%88%AB%E8%87%B4%E7%94%B5%E5%87%BD%E4%BA%AC%E6%B2%AA%E6%B8%9D%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%BB%A3%E8%A1%A8%EF%BC%8C%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%BA%E5%91%98%E9%99%90%E6%9C%9F%E5%85%A8%E9%83%A8%E6%92%A4%E9%80%80&rft.date=1947-03-01&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalist+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestad2003" class="citation book cs1">Westad, Odd Arne (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/decisiveencounte00west"><i>Decisive encounters: the Chinese Civil War, 1946–1950</i></a></span>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-4478-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-4478-5"><bdi>0-8047-4478-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decisive+encounters%3A+the+Chinese+Civil+War%2C+1946%E2%80%931950&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8047-4478-5&rft.aulast=Westad&rft.aufirst=Odd+Arne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdecisiveencounte00west&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalist+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilbur, Clarence Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nationalistrevol00wilb_0/page/190"><i>The Nationalist Revolution in China, 1923–1928</i></a>. Cambridge University Press, 1983, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:023-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:023_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:023_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:023_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:023_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:023_33-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:023_33-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:023_33-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:023_33-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoble2023" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Parks_M._Coble" title="Parks M. Coble">Coble, Parks M.</a> (2023). <i>The Collapse of Nationalist China: How Chiang Kai-shek Lost China's Civil War</i>. Cambridge New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-009-29761-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-009-29761-5"><bdi>978-1-009-29761-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collapse+of+Nationalist+China%3A+How+Chiang+Kai-shek+Lost+China%27s+Civil+War&rft.place=Cambridge+New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-009-29761-5&rft.aulast=Coble&rft.aufirst=Parks+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalist+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Qian-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:Qian_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQian2024" class="citation book cs1">Qian, Ying (2024). <i>Revolutionary Becomings: Documentary Media in Twentieth-Century China</i>. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231204477" title="Special:BookSources/9780231204477"><bdi>9780231204477</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+Becomings%3A+Documentary+Media+in+Twentieth-Century+China&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9780231204477&rft.aulast=Qian&rft.aufirst=Ying&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalist+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sun Jian, pp. 1059–1071</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sun Jian, p. 1353.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sun_Jian,_page_1089-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sun_Jian,_page_1089_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sun_Jian,_page_1089_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sun Jian, p. 1089.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/acd/cg/lt/rb/608/608PDF/cyo.pdf">http://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/acd/cg/lt/rb/608/608PDF/cyo.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (August 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ics/21c/media/articles/c091-200411073.pdf">https://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ics/21c/media/articles/c091-200411073.pdf</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (August 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sun Jian, pp. 615–616.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sun Jian, p. 1319</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sun Jian, pp. 1237–1240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sun Jian, pp. 617–618</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeMare2019" class="citation book cs1">DeMare, Brian James (2019). <i>Land Wars: the Story of China's Agrarian Revolution</i>. Stanford, Calif: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-0952-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-0952-5"><bdi>978-1-5036-0952-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+Wars%3A+the+Story+of+China%27s+Agrarian+Revolution&rft.place=Stanford%2C+Calif&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-0952-5&rft.aulast=DeMare&rft.aufirst=Brian+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalist+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavison2003" class="citation book cs1">Davison, Gary Marvin (2003). <i>A short history of Taiwan: the case for independence</i>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Praeger Publishers</a>. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-98131-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-98131-2"><bdi>0-275-98131-2</bdi></a>. <q>Basic literacy came to most of the school-aged populace by the end of the Japanese tenure on Taiwan. School attendance for Taiwanese children rose steadily throughout the Japanese era, from 3.8 percent in 1904 to 13.1 percent in 1917; 25.1 percent in 1920; 41.5 percent in 1935; 57.6 percent in 1940; and 71.3 percent in 1943.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+short+history+of+Taiwan%3A+the+case+for+independence&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-275-98131-2&rft.aulast=Davison&rft.aufirst=Gary+Marvin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalist+government" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalist_government&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Bergere, Marie-Claire. <i>Sun Yat-Sen</i> (1998), 480 pages, the standard biography <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Boorman, Howard L., et al., ed. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Dictionary_of_Republican_China" title="Biographical Dictionary of Republican China">Biographical Dictionary of Republican China</a>.</i> (Vol. I–IV and Index. 1967–1979). 600 short scholarly biographies <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r3AJFusMHJwC">excerpt and text search</a>. Also online at <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>. <ul><li>Boorman, Howard L. "Sun Yat-sen" in Boorman, ed. <i>Biographical Dictionary of Republican China</i> (1970) 3: 170–189, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r3AJFusMHJwC&dq=+YANG+CH'%C3%9C-Y%C3%9CN&pg=PA170">complete text online</a></li></ul></li> <li>Dreyer, Edward L. <i>China at War, 1901–1949.</i> (1995). 422 pp. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Eastman Lloyd. <i>Seeds of Destruction: Nationalist China in War and Revolution, 1937–1945.</i> (1984)</li> <li>Eastman Lloyd, et al. <i>The Nationalist Era in China, 1927–1949</i> (1991) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Fairbank, John K., ed. <i>The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 12, Republican China 1912–1949. Part 1.</i> (1983). 1001 pp.</li> <li>Fairbank, John K. and Feuerwerker, Albert, eds. <i>The Cambridge History of China. Vol. 13: Republican China, 1912–1949, Part 2.</i> (1986). 1092 pp.</li> <li>Fogel, Joshua A. <i>The Nanjing Massacre in History and Historiography</i> (2000)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFung2000" class="citation book cs1">Fung, Edmund S. K. (2000). <i>In Search of Chinese Democracy: Civil Opposition in Nationalist China, 1929–1949</i>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521771242" title="Special:BookSources/0521771242"><bdi>0521771242</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Chinese+Democracy%3A+Civil+Opposition+in+Nationalist+China%2C+1929%E2%80%931949&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0521771242&rft.aulast=Fung&rft.aufirst=Edmund+S.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANationalist+government" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gordon, David M. "The China-Japan War, 1931–1945," <i>The Journal of Military History</i> v70#1 (2006) 137–182; major historiographical overview of all important books and interpretations; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/login?auth=0&type=summary&url=/journals/journal_of_military_history/v070/70.1gordon.html">online</a></li> <li>Hsiung, James C. and Steven I. Levine, eds. <i>China's Bitter Victory: The War with Japan, 1937–1945</i> (1992), essays by scholars <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Hsi-sheng, Ch'i. <i>Nationalist China at War: Military Defeats and Political Collapse, 1937–1945</i> (1982) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Hung, Chang-tai. <i>War and Popular Culture: Resistance in Modern China, 1937–1945</i> (1994) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/ft829008m5/?&query=&brand=ucpress">complete text online free</a></li> <li>Lara, Diana. <i>The Chinese People at War: Human Suffering and Social Transformation, 1937–1945</i> (2010) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Rubinstein, Murray A., ed. <i>Taiwan: A New History</i> (2006), 560 pp <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Shiroyama, Tomoko. <i>China during the Great Depression: Market, State, and the World Economy, 1929–1937</i> (2008) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Shuyun, Sun. <i>The Long March: The True History of Communist China's Founding Myth</i> (2007) <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Taylor, Jay. <i>The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China.</i> (2009) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03338-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03338-2">978-0-674-03338-2</a></li> <li>Westad, Odd Arne. <i>Decisive Encounters: The Chinese Civil War, 1946–1950.</i> (2003). 413 pages. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nationalist_government&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nationalist_Government_(China)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nationalist Government (China)">Nationalist Government (China)</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Beiyang_government" title="Beiyang government">Beiyang government</a><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(1912–1928)</span></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Nationalist government </b><br />1927–1948 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Government of the Republic of China">Government of the Republic of China</a></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(1948–present)</span></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Chinese_history" title="Timeline of Chinese history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_historiography" title="Chinese historiography">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_China" title="Military history of China">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_language" title="History of the Chinese language">Language</a></li> <li>Economic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_before_1912" title="Economic history of China before 1912">before 1912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Economic history of China (1912–1949)">1912–1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1949%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of China (1949–present)">1949–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Chinese_history" title="Ethnic groups in Chinese history">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_foreign_relations_of_China" title="History of foreign relations of China">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">Dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_monarchs" title="List of Chinese monarchs">Monarchs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_China" title="Prehistory of China">Prehistoric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paleolithic_sites_in_China" title="List of Paleolithic sites in China">Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">Neolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_River_civilization" title="Yellow River civilization">Yellow River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_civilization" title="Yangtze civilization">Yangtze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_civilization" title="Liao civilization">Liao</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Ancient_China" title="History of China">Ancient</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xia_dynasty" title="Xia dynasty">Xia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Shang" title="Late Shang">Late</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Zhou" title="Western Zhou">Western Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_period" title="Spring and Autumn period">Spring and Autumn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Imperial_China" title="History of China">Imperial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Wei" title="Cao Wei">Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_Han" title="Shu Han">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_Han" title="Shu Han">Wu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Jin dynasty (266–420)">Jin (266–420)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteen_Kingdoms" title="Sixteen Kingdoms">Sixteen Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_dynasties" title="Northern and Southern dynasties">Northern and Southern dynasties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_dynasty_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jin dynasty (1115–1234)">Jin (1115–1234)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Qing_era" title="High Qing era">High Qing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Century_of_humiliation" title="Century of humiliation">Century of humiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Modern_China" title="History of China">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">1911 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="History of the People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">Tiananmen Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_mainland_China" title="COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">persecution of Uyghurs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_China" title="Geography of China">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_China" title="Borders of China">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_China" title="List of extreme points of China">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_China" title="Geology of China">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_disasters_in_China" title="Natural disasters in China">Natural disasters</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_China" title="List of regions of China">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_China" title="East China">East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_China" title="North China">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Central_China" title="South Central China">South Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_China" title="Central China">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China" title="South China">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_China" title="Western China">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_China" title="Northwestern China">Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_China" title="Southwestern China">Southwestern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Terrain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bays_of_China" title="Category:Bays of China">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canyons_and_gorges_of_China" title="Category:Canyons and gorges of China">Canyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Caves_of_China" title="Category:Caves of China">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deserts_of_China" title="Category:Deserts of China">Deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Grasslands_of_China" title="Category:Grasslands of China">Grasslands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hills_of_China" title="Category:Hills of China">Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_China" title="List of islands of China">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountains_of_China" title="Category:Mountains of China">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_China" title="Category:Mountain ranges of China">ranges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_passes_of_China" title="Category:Mountain passes of China">passes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Peninsulas_of_China" title="Category:Peninsulas of China">Peninsulas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China_Plain" title="Northeast China Plain">Northeast</a> / <a href="/wiki/North_China_Plain" title="North China Plain">North</a> / <a href="/wiki/Zhongyuan" title="Zhongyuan">Central Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Valleys_of_China" title="Category:Valleys of China">Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_China" title="List of volcanoes in China">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canals_in_China" title="Category:Canals in China">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_China" title="List of lakes of China">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_China" title="List of rivers of China">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waterfalls_of_China" title="Category:Waterfalls of China">Waterfalls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wetlands_of_China" title="Category:Wetlands of China">Wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_of_China" title="Water resources of China">Water resources</a></li> <li>Seas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bohai_Sea" title="Bohai Sea">Bohai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_China_Sea" title="East China Sea">East China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_China" title="Environment of China">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_China" title="Climate change in China">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_policy_of_China" title="Climate policy of China">Climate policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China" title="Environmental issues in China">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_in_China" title="Environmental policy in China">Environmental policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_China" title="List of protected areas of China">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_China" title="List of national parks of China">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nature_reserves_in_China" title="Category:Nature reserves in China">Nature reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UNESCO_Biosphere_Reserves_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of UNESCO Biosphere Reserves in China">UNESCO Biosphere Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_China" title="Wildlife of China">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Fauna of China">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_China" title="Flora of China">Flora</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_China" title="Administrative divisions of China">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baselines_of_the_Chinese_territorial_sea" title="Baselines of the Chinese territorial sea">Baseline islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Border_crossings_of_China" title="Category:Border crossings of China">Border crossings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_China" title="List of cities in China">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_China" title="Administrative divisions of China">Province-level subdivisions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_China" title="Politics of China">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Law" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Law of the People's Republic of China">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_China" title="Judicial system of China">Judicial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in China">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Tibet" title="Human rights in Tibet">in Tibet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_China" title="Law enforcement in China">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">Penal system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_laws_in_China" title="Naming laws in China">Naming laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationality_law_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationality law of China">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_China" title="Terrorism in China">Terrorism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_China" title="Government of China">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_service_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Civil service of the People's Republic of China">Civil service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_China" title="Constitution of China">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_China" title="Democracy in China">Democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_democracy_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese democracy movement">Pro-democratisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_China" title="Elections in China">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_policy_in_China" title="Environmental policy in China">Environmental policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_China" title="Foreign relations of China">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Congress" title="National People's Congress">National People's Congress</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">Standing Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_security_of_China" title="National security of China">National security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_China" title="List of political parties in China">Political parties and movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_front_(China)" title="United front (China)">United front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Political Consultative Conference</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_stage_of_socialism" title="Primary stage of socialism">Primary stage of socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_China" title="Vice President of China">Vice President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_China" title="Premier of China">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_Premier_of_China" title="Vice Premier of China">Vice Premier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">One country, two systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of China">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_military_history_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Outline of the military history of the People's Republic of China">Outline of military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(China)" title="Ministry of National Defense (China)">Ministry of National Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Ground_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Ground Force">Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Navy" title="People's Liberation Army Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Air_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Air Force">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Rocket_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Rocket Force">Rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Strategic_Support_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Strategic Support Force">Strategic Support</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police" title="People's Armed Police">People's Armed Police</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Coast_Guard" title="China Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia_(China)" title="Militia (China)">Militia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Militia" title="Maritime Militia">Maritime Militia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_China" title="Economy of China">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_China" title="Agriculture in China">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_China" title="Aquaculture in China">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_China" title="Banking in China">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Bank_of_China" title="People's Bank of China">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renminbi" title="Renminbi">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1949%E2%80%93present)" title="Economic history of China (1949–present)">Economic history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zones_of_China" title="Special economic zones of China">Special economic zones</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-commerce_in_China" title="E-commerce in China">E-commerce</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_advertising_in_China" title="Online advertising in China">Online advertising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_China" title="Energy policy of China">Energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_in_China" title="Coal in China">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_China" title="Petroleum industry in China">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_China" title="Renewable energy in China">Renewable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_China" title="Foreign aid to China">Foreign aid received</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_foreign_aid" title="Chinese foreign aid">Foreign aid program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_GDP_of_China" title="Historical GDP of China">Historical GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_China" title="Industry of China">Industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry_in_China" title="Chemical industry in China">Chemical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining_in_China" title="Gold mining in China">Gold mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_industry_in_China" title="Semiconductor industry in China">Semiconductors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_industry_in_China" title="Steel industry in China">Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_China" title="Textile industry in China">Textiles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_China" title="Poverty in China">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_China" title="Standard of living in China">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_China" title="Taxation in China">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_China" title="Tourism in China">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_trade_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="History of trade of the People's Republic of China">Trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture in China">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Housing_in_China" title="Housing in China">Housing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_China" title="Telecommunications in China">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_China" title="Internet in China">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_China" title="Water supply and sanitation in China">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_China" title="Transport in China">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_China" title="Automotive industry in China">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_in_China" title="Civil aviation in China">Civil aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_China" title="Rail transport in China">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_industry_of_China" title="Shipping industry of China">Shipping industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">Space program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_China" title="Category:Society of China">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_China" title="Abortion in China">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_China" title="Censorship in China">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Dream" title="Chinese Dream">Chinese Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_China" title="Crime in China">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_China" title="Corruption in China">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_China" title="Prostitution in China">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_China" title="Sex trafficking in China">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_China" title="Education in China">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literacy_in_China" title="Literacy in China">Literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonious_Society" title="Harmonious Society">Harmonious Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_China" title="Health in China">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_in_China" title="Food safety in China">Food safety</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_safety_incidents_in_China" title="Food safety incidents in China">incidents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_China" title="HIV/AIDS in China">HIV/AIDS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_intellectualism" title="Chinese intellectualism">Intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Written Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_China" title="Propaganda in China">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_China" title="Public holidays in China">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_society_in_China" title="Rural society in China">Rural society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_China" title="Science and technology in China">Science and technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Technological_and_industrial_history_of_China" title="Technological and industrial history of China">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_China" title="Sexuality in China">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_China" title="Social issues in China">Social issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy_in_China" title="Patriarchy in China">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_China" title="Racism in China">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_discrimination_in_China" title="Regional discrimination in China">Regional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_China" title="Suicide in China">Suicide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_social_relations" title="Chinese social relations">Social relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_structure_of_China" title="Social structure of China">Structure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_China" title="Time in China">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_society_in_China" title="Urban society in China">Urban society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_in_China" title="Welfare in China">Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of China">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_China" title="Archaeology of China">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archives_in_China" title="Archives in China">Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy" title="Chinese calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_China" title="Cinema of China">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_China" title="Dance in China">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libraries_in_China" title="Libraries in China">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_literature" title="Chinese literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_poetry" title="Chinese poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_martial_arts" title="Chinese martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_China" title="Mass media in China">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_China" title="Music of China">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_China" title="Names of China">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_China" title="Smoking in China">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_China" title="Sport in China">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_tea_culture" title="Chinese tea culture">Tea culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_variety_art" title="Chinese variety art">Variety art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_Historical_and_Cultural_Site_Protected_at_the_National_Level" class="mw-redirect" title="Major Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the National Level">Major Historical and Cultural Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_China" title="List of World Heritage Sites in China">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Fours_of_China" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Fours of China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Treasures_of_the_Study" title="Four Treasures of the Study">Four Treasures of the Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Great_Inventions" title="Four Great Inventions">Four Great Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Gentlemen" title="Four Gentlemen">Four Gentlemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowers_of_the_Four_Seasons" title="Flowers of the Four Seasons">Flowers of the Four Seasons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Beauties" title="Four Beauties">Four Beauties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Chinese_Novels" title="Classic Chinese Novels">Four Classic Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_arts" title="Four arts">Four arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Symbols" title="Four Symbols">Four Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Beasts" title="Four Holy Beasts">Four Holy Beasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Pillars_of_Destiny" title="Four Pillars of Destiny">Four Pillars of Destiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Paragons_of_the_Early_Tang" title="Four Paragons of the Early Tang">Four Paragons of the Early Tang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Masters_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Four Masters of the Ming dynasty">Four Masters of the Ming dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Masters_of_the_Yuan_dynasty" title="Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty">Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Wangs" title="Four Wangs">Four Wangs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Pests_campaign" title="Four Pests campaign">Four Pests campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_China" title="Demographics of China">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_emigration" title="Chinese emigration">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="List of ethnic groups in China">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunuchs_in_China" title="Eunuchs in China">Eunuchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_in_China" title="Migration in China">Internal migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_China" title="Languages of China">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_administrative_divisions_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Chinese administrative divisions by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Statistics_of_China" title="National Bureau of Statistics of China">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_China" title="Population history of China">Population history</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Post-80s" title="Post-80s">Post-80s</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Post-90s" title="Post-90s">Post-90s</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urbanization_in_China" title="Urbanization in China">Urbanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_China" title="Women in China">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_China" title="Christianity in China">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_China" title="Catholic Church in China">Catholic Church in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_China" title="Protestantism in China">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_China" title="Freedom of religion in China">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion_in_China" title="History of religion in China">History of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_China" title="Irreligion in China">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_China" title="National symbols of China">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Volunteers" title="March of the Volunteers">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Emblem_of_China" title="National Emblem of China">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_China" title="Flag of China">Flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_China" title="Outline of China">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_China" title="Outline of China">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:China" title="Category:China">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taiwan_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taiwan_topics" title="Template:Taiwan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Taiwan_topics" title="Template talk:Taiwan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Taiwan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Taiwan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Taiwan_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Taiwan-related_articles" title="Index of Taiwan-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:95%;"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taiwan" title="History of Taiwan">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Taiwanese_history" title="Timeline of Taiwanese history">Timeline of Taiwanese history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Taiwan" title="Prehistory of Taiwan">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Taiwan" title="List of archaeological sites in Taiwan">archaeological sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Chinese_contact_with_Taiwan" title="Early Chinese contact with Taiwan">Early Chinese contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Middag" title="Kingdom of Middag">Kingdom of Middag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Formosa" title="Dutch Formosa">Dutch Formosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Spanish Formosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Kingdom of Tungning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Qing_rule" title="Taiwan under Qing rule">Taiwan under Qing rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Formosa" title="Republic of Formosa">Republic of Formosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Taiwan under Japanese rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taiwan_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Taiwan (1945–present)">Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_the_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Retreat of the Republic of China to Taiwan">Retreat to Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanbi_policy" title="Guanbi policy">Guanbi policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Taiwan)" title="White Terror (Taiwan)">White Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Taiwan" title="Martial law in Taiwan">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Policy_in_Taiwan%27s_White_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="Language Policy in Taiwan's White Terror">Mandarin policy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:95%;"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan" title="Geography of Taiwan">Geography</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Taiwan" title="List of beaches in Taiwan">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Taiwan" title="List of cities in Taiwan">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan#Climate" title="Geography of Taiwan">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Taiwan" title="Deforestation in Taiwan">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Taiwan" title="List of earthquakes in Taiwan">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endemic_species_of_Taiwan" title="List of endemic species of Taiwan">Endemic species</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_species_in_Taiwan" title="List of protected species in Taiwan">Protected species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_hot_springs" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese hot springs">Hot springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Taiwan" title="List of islands of Taiwan">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Taiwan" title="List of lakes of Taiwan">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Taiwan" title="List of mountains in Taiwan">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Taiwan" title="National parks of Taiwan">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Taiwan" title="List of rivers of Taiwan">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_scenic_areas_in_Taiwan" title="List of national scenic areas in Taiwan">Scenic areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_superlatives" title="List of Taiwanese superlatives">Superlatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Taiwan" title="List of volcanoes in Taiwan">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:95%;"><div id="GovernmentPoliticsEconomy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Government of the Republic of China">Government</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Taiwan" title="Politics of Taiwan">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Taiwan" title="Economy of Taiwan">Economy</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Government of the Republic of China">Government</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Taiwan" title="Politics of Taiwan">politics</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Yuan" title="Executive Yuan">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Premier of the Republic of China">Premier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Taiwan" title="Censorship in Taiwan">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_in_Taiwan" title="Civil defense in Taiwan">Civil defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Additional_Articles_of_the_Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China">Additional Articles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Taiwan" title="Elections in Taiwan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Taiwan" title="Human rights in Taiwan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Taiwan">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Bureau_(Taiwan)" title="National Security Bureau (Taiwan)">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Taiwan" title="Law of Taiwan">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Taiwan" title="Law enforcement in Taiwan">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Armed_Forces" title="Republic of China Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Taiwan" title="Military history of Taiwan">Military history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Yuan" title="Legislative Yuan">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="President of the Republic of China">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_President_(Taiwan)" title="Office of the President (Taiwan)">Office of the President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_to_the_President_(Republic_of_China)" title="Secretary-General to the President (Republic of China)">Secretary-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Vice President of the Republic of China">Vice President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Taiwan" title="List of political parties in Taiwan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Republic_of_China" title="Propaganda in the Republic of China">Propaganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Taiwan" title="Regions of Taiwan">Regions of Taiwan</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Taiwan" title="Administrative divisions of Taiwan">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_municipality_(Taiwan)" title="Special municipality (Taiwan)">Special municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_(Taiwan)" class="mw-redirect" title="County (Taiwan)">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_city_(Taiwan)" title="Provincial city (Taiwan)">Cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrative_divisions_of_Taiwan" title="List of administrative divisions of Taiwan">List of administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Taiwan" title="List of metropolitan areas in Taiwan">Metropolitan areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em">Political issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Taiwan" title="Conscription in Taiwan">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Strait relations">Cross-Strait relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification" title="Chinese unification">Chinese unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Taipei" title="Chinese Taipei">Chinese Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dang_Guo" title="Dang Guo">Dang Guo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Sinicization" title="De-Sinicization">De-Sinicization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Taiwan" title="Foreign relations of Taiwan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_divide_in_Taiwan" title="North–South divide in Taiwan">North–South divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Country_on_Each_Side" title="One Country on Each Side">One Country on Each Side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_on_Taiwanese_identity" title="Opinion polling on Taiwanese identity">Opinion polling on Taiwanese identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">Political status of Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_non-state-to-state_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Special non-state-to-state relations">Special non-state-to-state relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Chinas" title="Two Chinas">Two Chinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalism" title="Taiwanese nationalism">Taiwanese nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement" title="Taiwan independence movement">Taiwan independence movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Taiwan" title="Economy of Taiwan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Taiwan" title="Agriculture in Taiwan">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Taiwan" title="Aquaculture in Taiwan">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Taiwan" title="Floriculture in Taiwan">Floriculture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Taiwan" title="Automotive industry in Taiwan">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Taiwan" title="Banking in Taiwan">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Taiwan" title="List of banks in Taiwan">List of banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Republic_of_China_(Taiwan)" title="Central Bank of the Republic of China (Taiwan)">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Taiwan" title="List of companies of Taiwan">Companies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_companies_in_Taiwan" title="List of largest companies in Taiwan">Largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="State-owned enterprises of Taiwan">State-owned enterprises</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Taiwan" title="Defense industry of Taiwan">Defense industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Taiwan_dollar" title="New Taiwan dollar">Dollar <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Taiwan" title="Economic history of Taiwan">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Taiwan" title="Energy in Taiwan">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Taiwan" title="Forestry in Taiwan">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_industries_of_Taiwan" title="Maritime industries of Taiwan">Maritime industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Taiwan" title="Mining in Taiwan">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_industry_in_Taiwan" title="Semiconductor industry in Taiwan">Semiconductor industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Stock_Exchange" title="Taiwan Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Miracle" title="Taiwan Miracle">Taiwan Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Taiwan" title="Taxation in Taiwan">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Taiwan" title="Telecommunications in Taiwan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_Taiwan" title="Textile industry in Taiwan">Textile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Taiwan" title="Tourism in Taiwan">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Taiwan" title="Transportation in Taiwan">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Invoice_lottery" title="Uniform Invoice lottery">Uniform Invoice lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Taiwan" title="Water supply and sanitation in Taiwan">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:95%;"><div id="National_SymbolsPeopleSocietyCulture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>National Symbols</li><li>People</li><li>Society</li><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Taiwan" title="Culture of Taiwan">Culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="National symbols">National symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="National Anthem of the Republic of China">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblem of Taiwan">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Flag of the Republic of China">Flag</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proposed_flags_of_Taiwan" title="Proposed flags of Taiwan">proposed</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Flower_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="National Flower of the Republic of China">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Seals_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="National Seals of the Republic of China">Seals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Taiwan" title="Demographics of Taiwan">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_people" title="Taiwanese people">Taiwanese people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Taiwanese indigenous peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_Taiwan" title="List of Indigenous peoples of Taiwan">Ethnic groups</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Taiwanese" title="Han Taiwanese">Hans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_Taiwanese" title="Hoklo Taiwanese">Hoklos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Taiwanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka Taiwanese">Hakkas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waishengren" title="Waishengren">Waishengren</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Taiwan" title="Languages of Taiwan">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amis_language" title="Amis language">Amis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atayal_language" title="Atayal language">Atayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunun_language" title="Bunun language">Bunun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanakanavu_language" title="Kanakanavu language">Kanakanavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavalan_language" title="Kavalan language">Kavalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiwan_language" title="Paiwan language">Paiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puyuma_language" title="Puyuma language">Puyuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukai_language" title="Rukai language">Rukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saaroa_language" title="Saaroa language">Saaroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saisiyat_language" title="Saisiyat language">Saisiyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakizaya_language" title="Sakizaya language">Sakizaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seediq_language" title="Seediq language">Seediq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thao_language" title="Thao language">Thao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsou_language" title="Tsou language">Tsou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yami_language" title="Yami language">Yami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hakka" title="Taiwanese Hakka">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsu_dialect" title="Matsu dialect">Matsu dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Sign Language">Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Taiwan" title="Architecture of Taiwan">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Taiwan" title="Crime in Taiwan">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organized_crime_in_Taiwan" title="Organized crime in Taiwan">Organized crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Taiwan" title="Sex trafficking in Taiwan">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Taiwan" title="Education in Taiwan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Taiwan" title="Healthcare in Taiwan">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Taiwanese inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Taiwan" title="Prostitution in Taiwan">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Taiwan" title="Public holidays in Taiwan">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing_in_Taiwan" title="Public housing in Taiwan">Public housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Taiwan" title="Squatting in Taiwan">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_superlatives" title="List of Taiwanese superlatives">Superlatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_studies" title="Taiwan studies">Taiwan studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Taiwan" title="Waste management in Taiwan">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Taiwan" title="Women in Taiwan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Taiwan" title="Culture of Taiwan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_animation" title="Taiwanese animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_art" title="Taiwanese art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Taiwan" title="Cinema of Taiwan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_cuisine" title="Taiwanese cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_wine" title="Taiwanese wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_Taiwan" title="Cultural history of Taiwan">Cultural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese drama">Drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Taiwan" title="Gambling in Taiwan">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glove_puppetry" title="Glove puppetry">Glove puppetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_literature" title="Taiwanese literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Taiwan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Taiwan" title="Music of Taiwan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_opera" title="Taiwanese opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_markets_in_Taiwan" title="Night markets in Taiwan">Night markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_Taiwan" title="Philosophy in Taiwan">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Taiwan" title="Photography in Taiwan">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Taiwan" title="Smoking in Taiwan">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports in Taiwan">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-Beauty" title="T-Beauty">T-Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_wave" title="Taiwanese wave">Taiwanese wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_tea" title="Taiwanese tea">Tea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_tea_culture" title="Taiwanese tea culture">tea culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Taiwan" title="List of tourist attractions in Taiwan">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Taiwan" title="Category:Taiwan">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Taiwan" title="Portal:Taiwan">Portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Taiwan" title="Outline of Taiwan">Outline</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinese_Civil_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks plainlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_Civil_War" title="Template:Chinese Civil War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_Civil_War" title="Template talk:Chinese Civil War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_Civil_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese Civil War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinese_Civil_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background: none;"><div> <dl><dt>Principal belligerents and <a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Chinese_Civil_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Chinese Civil War">campaigns</a></dt></dl> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/20px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/30px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/40px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Nationalist Party</a> / <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">National Government</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a>) <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">→</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Government of the Republic of China">Constitutional ROC Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Armed_Forces" title="Republic of China Armed Forces">ROC Armed Forces</a>) <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_the_government_of_the_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan" title="Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan">→</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China on Taiwan</a><hr /> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Danghui_(pre-1996).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Danghui_%28pre-1996%29.svg/20px-Danghui_%28pre-1996%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Danghui_%28pre-1996%29.svg/30px-Danghui_%28pre-1996%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Danghui_%28pre-1996%29.svg/40px-Danghui_%28pre-1996%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="305" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party</a> / <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg/20px-National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg/30px-National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg/40px-National_Flag_of_Chinese_Soviet_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Soviet Republic</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg/20px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg/30px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg/40px-%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%B7%A5%E8%BE%B2%E7%B4%85%E8%BB%8D%E8%BB%8D%E6%97%97.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="229" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Red_Army" title="Chinese Red Army">Red Army</a>) <a href="/wiki/Second_United_Front" title="Second United Front">→</a> <a href="/wiki/Communist-controlled_China_(1927%E2%80%931949)" title="Communist-controlled China (1927–1949)">Liberated Area</a> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Route_Army" title="Eighth Route Army">8th Route Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Fourth_Army" title="New Fourth Army">New Fourth Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Militia_(China)" title="Militia (China)">etc.</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">→</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Liberation_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a>) <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Proclamation of the People's Republic of China">→</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> </p> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;">Pre-1945</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Kuomintang-Communist_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Kuomintang-Communist Civil War">Post-1945</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align: left;width:10em;"><div> <table style="line-height: 1.3em;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1923</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Sun%E2%80%93Joffe_Manifesto" title="Sun–Joffe Manifesto">Sun–Joffe Manifesto</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1924</td><td> <a href="/wiki/First_United_Front" title="First United Front">First United Front</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1926</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Canton_Coup" title="Canton Coup">Canton Coup</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1927–1949</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1927</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Nanking_incident_of_1927" title="Nanking incident of 1927">Nanking incident</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Commune_of_1927" title="Shanghai Commune of 1927">Shanghai Commune</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_massacre" title="Shanghai massacre">Shanghai massacre</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nanjing%E2%80%93Wuhan_split" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanjing–Wuhan split">Nanjing–Wuhan split</a><br /><a href="/wiki/July_15_Incident" title="July 15 Incident">715 Incident</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Little_Long_March" title="Little Long March">Little Long March</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nanchang_uprising" title="Nanchang uprising">Nanchang uprising</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Autumn_Harvest_Uprising" title="Autumn Harvest Uprising">Autumn Harvest Uprising</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Guangzhou_Uprising" title="Guangzhou Uprising">Guangzhou Uprising</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1930–1934</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Encirclement_campaigns_(Chinese_Civil_War)" title="Encirclement campaigns (Chinese Civil War)">Encirclement campaigns</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1931–1934</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Chinese Soviet Republic</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1933–1934</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Fujian_People%27s_Government" title="Fujian People's Government">Fujian People's Government</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1934–1936</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Long_March" title="Long March">Long March</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1936</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Incident" title="Xi'an Incident">Xi'an Incident</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1937–1946</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Second_United_Front" title="Second United Front">Second United Front</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wartime_perception_of_the_Chinese_Communists" title="Wartime perception of the Chinese Communists">Wartime perception of the Chinese Communists</a>)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1941</td><td> <a href="/wiki/New_Fourth_Army_incident" title="New Fourth Army incident">New Fourth Army incident</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1944</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Dixie_Mission" title="Dixie Mission">Dixie Mission</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align: left;width:10em;"><div> <table style="line-height: 1.3em"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1945</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Chongqing_Negotiations" title="Chongqing Negotiations">Chongqing Negotiations</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Double_Tenth_Agreement" title="Double Tenth Agreement">Double Tenth Agreement</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Retrocession_of_Taiwan" title="Retrocession of Taiwan">Retrocession of Taiwan</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1946</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Jiaochangkou_incident" title="Jiaochangkou incident">Jiaochangkou Incident</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shen_Chong_case" title="Shen Chong case">Peiping rape case</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1945–1947</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Mission" title="Marshall Mission">Marshall Mission</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1945–1949</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Beleaguer" title="Operation Beleaguer">Operation <i>Beleaguer</i></a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1947</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Yu_Zisan_Incident" title="Yu Zisan Incident">Yu Zisan Incident</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1948</td><td> <a href="/wiki/SS_Kiangya" title="SS Kiangya">SS <i>Kiangya</i> incident</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Liaoshen_campaign" title="Liaoshen campaign">Liaoshen campaign</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1948–1949</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Huaihai_campaign" title="Huaihai campaign">Huaihai campaign</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pingjin_campaign" title="Pingjin campaign">Pingjin campaign</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1949</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Taiping_(steamer)" title="Taiping (steamer)"><i>Taiping Steamer</i> Incident</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River_Crossing_campaign" title="Yangtze River Crossing campaign">Yangtze River Crossing campaign</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Amethyst_incident" title="Amethyst incident"><i>Amethyst</i> Incident</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_the_government_of_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Retreat of the government of Republic of China to Taiwan">ROC Government retreat to Taiwan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_Xinjiang_into_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China">PRC incorporation of Xinjiang</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1949–1953</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Shanghai_(1949-1953)" title="Bombing of Shanghai (1949-1953)">Bombing of Shanghai</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1950</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hainan_Island" title="Battle of Hainan Island">Hainan Island campaign</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Wanshan_Archipelago_Campaign" title="Wanshan Archipelago Campaign">Wanshan Archipelago Campaign</a><br /></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1950–1958</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang_Islamic_insurgency" title="Kuomintang Islamic insurgency">Kuomintang Islamic insurgency</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right: 0.7em;"> 1961–1972</td><td> <a href="/wiki/Project_National_Glory" title="Project National Glory">Project National Glory</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Second_Sino-Japanese_War_(1937–1945)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;;background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Template:Second Sino-Japanese War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Template talk:Second Sino-Japanese War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Second Sino-Japanese War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Second_Sino-Japanese_War_(1937–1945)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> (1937–1945)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Background" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Background</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_decade" title="Nanjing decade">Nanjing decade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Japanese invasion of Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Manchukuo" title="Pacification of Manchukuo">Pacification of Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_28_incident" title="January 28 incident">January 28 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_the_Great_Wall" title="Defense of the Great Wall">Defense of the Great Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rehe" title="Battle of Rehe">Battle of Rehe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanggu_Truce" title="Tanggu Truce">Tanggu Truce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actions_in_Inner_Mongolia_(1933%E2%80%931936)" title="Actions in Inner Mongolia (1933–1936)">Inner Mongolia Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_currency_reform" title="1935 currency reform">1935 currency reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Chahar_incident" title="North Chahar incident">North Chahar incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He%E2%80%93Umezu_Agreement" title="He–Umezu Agreement">He–Umezu Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chin%E2%80%93Doihara_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Chin–Doihara Agreement">Chin–Doihara Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_1_Declaration" title="August 1 Declaration">August 1 Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_9th_Movement" title="December 9th Movement">December 9th Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebei%E2%80%93Chahar_Political_Council" title="Hebei–Chahar Political Council">Hebei–Chahar Political Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayaobu_Manifesto" title="Wayaobu Manifesto">Wayaobu Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suiyuan_campaign" title="Suiyuan campaign">Suiyuan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Incident" title="Xi'an Incident">Xi'an Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_United_Front" title="Second United Front">Second United Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Marco Polo Bridge Incident">Marco Polo Bridge Incident</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Participants" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Participants</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Governments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Chinese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist-controlled_China_(1927%E2%80%931949)" title="Communist-controlled China (1927–1949)">Communist China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Japanese and collaborators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Hebei_Autonomous_Government" title="East Hebei Autonomous Government">East Hebei Autonomous Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Way_Government" title="Great Way Government">Great Way Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1937%E2%80%931940)" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1937–1940)">Provisional Chinese Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Reformed Government of the Republic of China">Reformed Chinese Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Combatants_of_the_Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Combatants of the Second Sino-Japanese War">Armed Forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Chinese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">Nationalist Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Army" title="Republic of China Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Air_Force" title="Republic of China Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Navy" title="Republic of China Navy">Navy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Marine_Corps" title="Republic of China Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">Communist Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Route_Army" title="Eighth Route Army">Eighth Route Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Fourth_Army" title="New Fourth Army">New Fourth Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Japanese and collaborators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Armed_Forces" title="Imperial Japanese Armed Forces">Imperial Japanese Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Army Air Service">Army Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service">Navy Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japanese Marines">Naval Infantry</a></li></ul></li> <li>Manchukuo Armed Forces <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo_Imperial_Army" title="Manchukuo Imperial Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo_Imperial_Air_Force" title="Manchukuo Imperial Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo_Imperial_Navy" title="Manchukuo Imperial Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo_Imperial_Guards" title="Manchukuo Imperial Guards">Guards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_Army" title="Inner Mongolian Army">Inner Mongolian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Hebei_Army" title="East Hebei Army">East Hebei Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborationist_Chinese_Army" title="Collaborationist Chinese Army">Collaborationist Chinese Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Chinese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Sen" title="Lin Sen">Lin Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kung_Hsiang-hsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kung Hsiang-hsi">Kung Hsiang-hsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soong_Tse-ven" class="mw-redirect" title="Soong Tse-ven">Soong Tse-ven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Yingqin" title="He Yingqin">He Yingqin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Cheng" title="Chen Cheng">Chen Cheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Wentian" title="Zhang Wentian">Zhang Wentian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Ruofei" title="Wang Ruofei">Wang Ruofei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren_Bishi" title="Ren Bishi">Ren Bishi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Japanese and collaborators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Hirohito" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Hirohito">Emperor Hirohito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fumimaro_Konoe" title="Fumimaro Konoe">Fumimaro Konoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiichir%C5%8D_Hiranuma" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiichirō Hiranuma">Kiichirō Hiranuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobuyuki_Abe" title="Nobuyuki Abe">Nobuyuki Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsumasa_Yonai" title="Mitsumasa Yonai">Mitsumasa Yonai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideki_Tojo" title="Hideki Tojo">Hideki Tojo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuniaki_Koiso" title="Kuniaki Koiso">Kuniaki Koiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantar%C5%8D_Suzuki" title="Kantarō Suzuki">Kantarō Suzuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naruhiko_Higashikuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Naruhiko Higashikuni">Naruhiko Higashikuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seishir%C5%8D_Itagaki" title="Seishirō Itagaki">Seishirō Itagaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunroku_Hata" title="Shunroku Hata">Shunroku Hata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korechika_Anami" title="Korechika Anami">Korechika Anami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsumasa_Yonai" title="Mitsumasa Yonai">Mitsumasa Yonai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zengo_Yoshida" title="Zengo Yoshida">Zengo Yoshida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigetar%C5%8D_Shimada" title="Shigetarō Shimada">Shigetarō Shimada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puyi" title="Puyi">Puyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jinghui" title="Zhang Jinghui">Zhang Jinghui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Zhishan" title="Yu Zhishan">Yu Zhishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demchugdongrub" title="Demchugdongrub">Demchugdongrub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Gongbo" title="Chen Gongbo">Chen Gongbo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chi_Zongmo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chi Zongmo (page does not exist)">Chi Zongmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Kemin" title="Wang Kemin">Wang Kemin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Hongzhi" title="Liang Hongzhi">Liang Hongzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren_Yuandao" title="Ren Yuandao">Ren Yuandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bao_Wenyue" title="Bao Wenyue">Bao Wenyue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Chinese</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bai_Chongxi" title="Bai Chongxi">Bai Chongxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Xishan" title="Yan Xishan">Yan Xishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Li-jen" title="Sun Li-jen">Sun Li-jen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Zhanshan" title="Ma Zhanshan">Ma Zhanshan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Japanese and collaborators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Kan%27in_Kotohito" title="Prince Kan'in Kotohito">Prince Kan'in Kotohito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajime_Sugiyama" title="Hajime Sugiyama">Hajime Sugiyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshijir%C5%8D_Umezu" title="Yoshijirō Umezu">Yoshijirō Umezu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Fushimi_Hiroyasu" title="Prince Fushimi Hiroyasu">Prince Fushimi Hiroyasu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osami_Nagano" title="Osami Nagano">Osami Nagano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soemu_Toyoda" title="Soemu Toyoda">Soemu Toyoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koshir%C5%8D_Oikawa" title="Koshirō Oikawa">Koshirō Oikawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Shouxin" title="Li Shouxin">Li Shouxin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ye_Peng" title="Ye Peng">Ye Peng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Kuiyi" title="Yang Kuiyi">Yang Kuiyi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Course_of_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Course of War</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Campaigns" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanghai" title="Battle of Shanghai">Battle of Shanghai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jianqiao" title="Battle of Jianqiao">Battle of Jianqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Saturday_(Shanghai)" title="Bloody Saturday (Shanghai)">Bloody Saturday</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taiyuan" title="Battle of Taiyuan">Battle of Taiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nanjing" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Nanjing">Battle of Nanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Chongqing" title="Bombing of Chongqing">Bombing of Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_and_Eastern_Henan" title="Battle of Northern and Eastern Henan">Battle of Northern and Eastern Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wuhan" title="Battle of Wuhan">Battle of Wuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Xuzhou" title="Battle of Xuzhou">Battle of Xuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nanchang" title="Battle of Nanchang">Battle of Nanchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Suixian%E2%80%93Zaoyang" title="Battle of Suixian–Zaoyang">Battle of Suixian–Zaoyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">1939 Changsha campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">First Guangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">1941 Changsha campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">1941-1942 Changsha campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnan_Campaign" title="Linnan Campaign">Linnan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944)" title="Burma campaign (1944)">1944 Burma campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">Operation Ichi-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">1944-1945 Burma campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Henan%E2%80%93North_Hubei" title="Battle of West Henan–North Hubei">West Henan–North Hubei campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">Zhijiang campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lanfeng" title="Battle of Lanfeng">Battle of Lanfeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">Battle of Central Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1944)" title="Battle of Changsha (1944)">1944 Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Myitkyina" title="Siege of Myitkyina">Siege of Myitkyina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Song" title="Battle of Mount Song">Battle of Mount Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hengyang" title="Battle of Hengyang">Battle of Hengyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guilin%E2%80%93Liuzhou" title="Battle of Guilin–Liuzhou">Battle of Guilin–Liuzhou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tientsin_Incident_(1931)" title="Tientsin Incident (1931)">Tientsin Incident (1931)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_28_incident" title="January 28 incident">January 28 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pingdingshan_massacre" title="Pingdingshan massacre">Pingdingshan massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Chahar_incident" title="North Chahar incident">North Chahar incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_Incident" title="Xi'an Incident">Xi'an Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Pamela_Werner" title="Murder of Pamela Werner">Murder of Pamela Werner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Marco Polo Bridge Incident">Marco Polo Bridge Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beiping%E2%80%93Tianjin" title="Battle of Beiping–Tianjin">Langfang Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanganmen_incident" title="Guanganmen incident">Guanganmen incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongzhou_mutiny" title="Tongzhou mutiny">Tongzhou mutiny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengding_Missionary_Murder" title="Zhengding Missionary Murder">Zhengding Missionary Murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanking_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanking Massacre">Nanking Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Panay_incident" title="USS Panay incident">USS Panay incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kweilin_incident" title="Kweilin incident">Kweilin incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_Dalfram_dispute" title="1938 Dalfram dispute">1938 Dalfram dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tientsin_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Tientsin Incident">Tientsin Incident (1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaimingjie_germ_weapon_attack" title="Kaimingjie germ weapon attack">Kaimingjie germ weapon attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Yiguang" title="Huang Yiguang">Execution of Huang Yiguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Fourth_Army_incident" title="New Fourth Army incident">New Fourth Army incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panjiayu_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Panjiayu massacre">Panjiayu massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doolittle_Raid" title="Doolittle Raid">Rape of Nancheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changjiao_massacre" title="Changjiao massacre">Changjiao massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gegenmiao_massacre" title="Gegenmiao massacre">Gegenmiao massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Power_Treaty_Conference" title="Nine Power Treaty Conference">Nine Power Treaty Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konoe_Declarations" class="mw-redirect" title="Konoe Declarations">Konoe Declarations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan%27an_Rectification_Movement" title="Yan'an Rectification Movement">Yan'an Rectification Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Conference" title="Cairo Conference">Cairo Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_International_Organization" title="United Nations Conference on International Organization">United Nations Conference on International Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_Treaty_of_Friendship_and_Alliance" title="Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance">Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirohito_surrender_broadcast" title="Hirohito surrender broadcast">Hirohito surrender broadcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongqing_Negotiations" title="Chongqing Negotiations">Chongqing Negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Aftermath" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Tenth_Agreement" title="Double Tenth Agreement">Double Tenth Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrocession_of_Taiwan" title="Retrocession of Taiwan">Retrocession of Taiwan</a></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retrocession_Day" title="Retrocession Day">Retrocession Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Revolution" title="Chinese Communist Revolution">Chinese Communist Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_Treaty_of_Friendship,_Alliance_and_Mutual_Assistance" title="Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance">Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance and Mutual Assistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Francisco" title="Treaty of San Francisco">Treaty of San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Taipei" title="Treaty of Taipei">Treaty of Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murayama_Statement" title="Murayama Statement">Murayama Statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_hyperinflation" title="Chinese hyperinflation">Chinese hyperinflation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Related topics</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_engagements_of_the_Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Aerial engagements of the Second Sino-Japanese War">Aerial engagements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_groups_of_the_National_Revolutionary_Army" title="Army groups of the National Revolutionary Army">Army groups of the National Revolutionary Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_aircraft_in_use_during_the_Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="List of Japanese aircraft in use during the Second Sino-Japanese War">Japanese Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_armoured_fighting_vehicles_used_by_the_Imperial_Japanese_Army_in_the_Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="List of armoured fighting vehicles used by the Imperial Japanese Army in the Second Sino-Japanese War">Japanese armoured fighting vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_campaigns_of_the_Second_Sino-Japanese_War" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Japanese campaigns of the Second Sino-Japanese War">Japanese campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_infantry_weapons_used_in_the_Second-Sino_Japanese_War" title="List of Japanese infantry weapons used in the Second-Sino Japanese War">Japanese infantry weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_engagements_of_the_Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="List of military engagements of the Second Sino-Japanese War">Military engagements</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_resistance_volunteers_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Japanese resistance volunteers in China">Anti-Japanese resistance volunteers in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Volunteer_Group" title="American Volunteer Group">American Volunteer Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Tigers" title="Flying Tigers">Flying Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Volunteer_Group" title="Soviet Volunteer Group">Soviet Volunteer Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Soviet invasion of Manchuria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Nazi_Germany_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="China–Nazi Germany relations">Sino-German cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_China_(Second_Sino-Japanese_War)" title="Free China (Second Sino-Japanese War)">Free China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_by_United_Nations" title="Declaration by United Nations">Declaration by United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Japan_during_the_Second_Sino-Japanese_War_and_World_War_II" title="Propaganda in Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II">Japanese propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Rebellion" title="Kumul Rebellion">Kumul Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Practice" title="On Practice">On Practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_war" title="People's war">People's war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Protracted_War" title="On Protracted War">On Protracted War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Muslims_in_the_Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Chinese Muslims in the Second Sino-Japanese War">Chinese Muslims in the Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_the_Chinese_resistance_to_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan">Japanese in the Chinese resistance to the Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ip_Man" title="Ip Man">Ip Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_Japanese_expedition_to_Tibet" title="1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet">1939 Japanese expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Japanese occupation of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixie_Mission" title="Dixie Mission">Dixie Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_perception_of_the_Chinese_Communists" title="Wartime perception of the Chinese Communists">Wartime perception of the Chinese Communists</a></li> <li>Stubborn Army</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" 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