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data-action="close:qbsearch-input#handleDialogClose cancel:qbsearch-input#handleDialogClose" id="feedback-dialog" aria-modal="true" aria-labelledby="feedback-dialog-title" aria-describedby="feedback-dialog-description" data-view-component="true" class="Overlay Overlay-whenNarrow Overlay--size-medium Overlay--motion-scaleFade Overlay--disableScroll"> <div data-view-component="true" class="Overlay-header"> <div class="Overlay-headerContentWrap"> <div class="Overlay-titleWrap"> <h1 class="Overlay-title " id="feedback-dialog-title"> Provide feedback </h1> </div> <div class="Overlay-actionWrap"> <button data-close-dialog-id="feedback-dialog" aria-label="Close" type="button" data-view-component="true" class="close-button Overlay-closeButton"><svg aria-hidden="true" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" data-view-component="true" class="octicon octicon-x"> <path d="M3.72 3.72a.75.75 0 0 1 1.06 0L8 6.94l3.22-3.22a.749.749 0 0 1 1.275.326.749.749 0 0 1-.215.734L9.06 8l3.22 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dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch1 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eContributing guidelines\u003c/h1\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-contributing-guidelines\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Contributing guidelines\" href=\"#contributing-guidelines\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eBefore contributing\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-before-contributing\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Before contributing\" href=\"#before-contributing\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWelcome to \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python\"\u003eTheAlgorithms/Python\u003c/a\u003e! Before submitting your pull requests, please ensure that you \u003cstrong\u003eread the whole guidelines\u003c/strong\u003e. If you have any doubts about the contributing guide, please feel free to \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/issues/new\"\u003estate it clearly in an issue\u003c/a\u003e or ask the community on \u003ca href=\"https://gitter.im/TheAlgorithms/community\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eGitter\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch2 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eContributing\u003c/h2\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-contributing\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Contributing\" href=\"#contributing\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eContributor\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-contributor\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Contributor\" href=\"#contributor\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWe are delighted that you are considering implementing algorithms and data structures for others! This repository is referenced and used by learners from all over the globe. By being one of our contributors, you agree and confirm that:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYou did your work - no plagiarism allowed.\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAny plagiarized work will not be merged.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYour work will be distributed under \u003ca href=\"/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/LICENSE.md\"\u003eMIT License\u003c/a\u003e once your pull request is merged.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYour submitted work fulfills or mostly fulfills our styles and standards.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNew implementation\u003c/strong\u003e is welcome! For example, new solutions for a problem, different representations for a graph data structure or algorithm designs with different complexity, but \u003cstrong\u003eidentical implementation\u003c/strong\u003e of an existing implementation is not allowed. Please check whether the solution is already implemented or not before submitting your pull request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eImproving comments\u003c/strong\u003e and \u003cstrong\u003ewriting proper tests\u003c/strong\u003e are also highly welcome.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch3 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eContribution\u003c/h3\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-contribution\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Contribution\" href=\"#contribution\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWe appreciate any contribution, from fixing a grammar mistake in a comment to implementing complex algorithms. Please read this section if you are contributing your work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eYour contribution will be tested by our \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/actions\"\u003eautomated testing on GitHub Actions\u003c/a\u003e to save time and mental energy. After you have submitted your pull request, you should see the GitHub Actions tests start to run at the bottom of your submission page. If those tests fail, then click on the \u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003edetails\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e button to read through the GitHub Actions output to understand the failure. If you do not understand, please leave a comment on your submission page and a community member will try to help.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eIssues\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-issues\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Issues\" href=\"#issues\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf you are interested in resolving an \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/issues\"\u003eopen issue\u003c/a\u003e, simply make a pull request with your proposed fix. \u003cstrong\u003eWe do not assign issues in this repo\u003c/strong\u003e so please do not ask for permission to work on an issue.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDo not\u003c/strong\u003e create an issue to contribute an algorithm. Please submit a pull request instead.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ePlease help us keep our issue list small by adding \u003ccode\u003eFixes #{$ISSUE_NUMBER}\u003c/code\u003e to the description of pull requests that resolve open issues.\nFor example, if your pull request fixes issue #10, then please add the following to its description:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"Fixes #10\"\u003e\u003cpre class=\"notranslate\"\u003e\u003ccode\u003eFixes #10\n\u003c/code\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eGitHub will use this tag to \u003ca href=\"https://docs.github.com/en/issues/tracking-your-work-with-issues/linking-a-pull-request-to-an-issue\"\u003eauto-close the issue\u003c/a\u003e if and when the PR is merged.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eWhat is an Algorithm?\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-what-is-an-algorithm\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: What is an Algorithm?\" href=\"#what-is-an-algorithm\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAn Algorithm is one or more functions (or classes) that:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003etake one or more inputs,\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eperform some internal calculations or data manipulations,\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ereturn one or more outputs,\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ehave minimal side effects (Ex. \u003ccode\u003eprint()\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003eplot()\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003eread()\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003ewrite()\u003c/code\u003e).\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAlgorithms should be packaged in a way that would make it easy for readers to put them into larger programs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAlgorithms should:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ehave intuitive class and function names that make their purpose clear to readers\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003euse Python naming conventions and intuitive variable names to ease comprehension\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ebe flexible to take different input values\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ehave Python type hints for their input parameters and return values\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eraise Python exceptions (\u003ccode\u003eValueError\u003c/code\u003e, etc.) on erroneous input values\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ehave docstrings with clear explanations and/or URLs to source materials\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003econtain doctests that test both valid and erroneous input values\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ereturn all calculation results instead of printing or plotting them\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAlgorithms in this repo should not be how-to examples for existing Python packages. Instead, they should perform internal calculations or manipulations to convert input values into different output values. Those calculations or manipulations can use data types, classes, or functions of existing Python packages but each algorithm in this repo should add unique value.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003ePre-commit plugin\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-pre-commit-plugin\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Pre-commit plugin\" href=\"#pre-commit-plugin\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eUse \u003ca href=\"https://pre-commit.com/#installation\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003epre-commit\u003c/a\u003e to automatically format your code to match our coding style:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"python3 -m pip install pre-commit # only required the first time\npre-commit install\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003epython3 -m pip install pre-commit \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e#\u003c/span\u003e only required the first time\u003c/span\u003e\npre-commit install\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThat's it! The plugin will run every time you commit any changes. If there are any errors found during the run, fix them and commit those changes. You can even run the plugin manually on all files:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"pre-commit run --all-files --show-diff-on-failure\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003epre-commit run --all-files --show-diff-on-failure\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eCoding Style\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-coding-style\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Coding Style\" href=\"#coding-style\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWe want your work to be readable by others; therefore, we encourage you to note the following:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ePlease write in Python 3.13+. For instance: \u003ccode\u003eprint()\u003c/code\u003e is a function in Python 3 so \u003ccode\u003eprint \"Hello\"\u003c/code\u003e will \u003cem\u003enot\u003c/em\u003e work but \u003ccode\u003eprint(\"Hello\")\u003c/code\u003e will.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ePlease focus hard on the naming of functions, classes, and variables. Help your reader by using \u003cstrong\u003edescriptive names\u003c/strong\u003e that can help you to remove redundant comments.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSingle letter variable names are \u003cem\u003eold school\u003c/em\u003e so please avoid them unless their life only spans a few lines.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eExpand acronyms because \u003ccode\u003egcd()\u003c/code\u003e is hard to understand but \u003ccode\u003egreatest_common_divisor()\u003c/code\u003e is not.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePlease follow the \u003ca href=\"https://pep8.org/#prescriptive-naming-conventions\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePython Naming Conventions\u003c/a\u003e so variable_names and function_names should be lower_case, CONSTANTS in UPPERCASE, ClassNames should be CamelCase, etc.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWe encourage the use of Python \u003ca href=\"https://realpython.com/python-f-strings/#f-strings-a-new-and-improved-way-to-format-strings-in-python\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ef-strings\u003c/a\u003e where they make the code easier to read.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ePlease consider running \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/python/black\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003epsf/black\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/a\u003e on your Python file(s) before submitting your pull request. This is not yet a requirement but it does make your code more readable and automatically aligns it with much of \u003ca href=\"https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePEP 8\u003c/a\u003e. There are other code formatters (autopep8, yapf) but the \u003cstrong\u003eblack\u003c/strong\u003e formatter is now hosted by the Python Software Foundation. To use it,\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"python3 -m pip install black # only required the first time\nblack .\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003epython3 -m pip install black \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e#\u003c/span\u003e only required the first time\u003c/span\u003e\nblack \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAll submissions will need to pass the test \u003ccode\u003eruff .\u003c/code\u003e before they will be accepted so if possible, try this test locally on your Python file(s) before submitting your pull request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"python3 -m pip install ruff # only required the first time\nruff check\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003epython3 -m pip install ruff \u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e#\u003c/span\u003e only required the first time\u003c/span\u003e\nruff check\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eOriginal code submission require docstrings or comments to describe your work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eMore on docstrings and comments:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf you used a Wikipedia article or some other source material to create your algorithm, please add the URL in a docstring or comment to help your reader.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe following are considered to be bad and may be requested to be improved:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-python notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"x = x + 2\t# increased by 2\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ex\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ex\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e+\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\t\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e# increased by 2\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThis is too trivial. Comments are expected to be explanatory. For comments, you can write them above, on or below a line of code, as long as you are consistent within the same piece of code.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWe encourage you to put docstrings inside your functions but please pay attention to the indentation of docstrings. The following is a good example:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-python notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"def sum_ab(a, b):\n \u0026quot;\u0026quot;\u0026quot;\n Return the sum of two integers a and b.\n \u0026quot;\u0026quot;\u0026quot;\n return a + b\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003edef\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003esum_ab\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e):\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"\"\"\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e Return the sum of two integers a and b.\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e \"\"\"\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ereturn\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e+\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWrite tests (especially \u003ca href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003edoctests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/a\u003e) to illustrate and verify your work. We highly encourage the use of \u003cem\u003edoctests on all functions\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-python notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"def sum_ab(a, b):\n \u0026quot;\u0026quot;\u0026quot;\n Return the sum of two integers a and b\n \u0026gt;\u0026gt;\u0026gt; sum_ab(2, 2)\n 4\n \u0026gt;\u0026gt;\u0026gt; sum_ab(-2, 3)\n 1\n \u0026gt;\u0026gt;\u0026gt; sum_ab(4.9, 5.1)\n 10.0\n \u0026quot;\u0026quot;\u0026quot;\n return a + b\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003edef\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003esum_ab\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e):\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"\"\"\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e Return the sum of two integers a and b\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e \u0026gt;\u0026gt;\u0026gt; sum_ab(2, 2)\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e 4\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e \u0026gt;\u0026gt;\u0026gt; sum_ab(-2, 3)\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e 1\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e \u0026gt;\u0026gt;\u0026gt; sum_ab(4.9, 5.1)\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e 10.0\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e \"\"\"\u003c/span\u003e\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ereturn\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e+\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThese doctests will be run by pytest as part of our automated testing so please try to run your doctests locally and make sure that they are found and pass:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"python3 -m doctest -v my_submission.py\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003epython3 -m doctest -v my_submission.py\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe use of the Python built-in \u003ccode\u003einput()\u003c/code\u003e function is \u003cstrong\u003enot\u003c/strong\u003e encouraged:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-python notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"input('Enter your input:')\n# Or even worse...\ninput = eval(input(\u0026quot;Enter your input: \u0026quot;))\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003einput\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e'Enter your input:'\u003c/span\u003e)\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-c\"\u003e# Or even worse...\u003c/span\u003e\n\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003einput\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eeval\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003einput\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"Enter your input: \"\u003c/span\u003e))\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eHowever, if your code uses \u003ccode\u003einput()\u003c/code\u003e then we encourage you to gracefully deal with leading and trailing whitespace in user input by adding \u003ccode\u003e.strip()\u003c/code\u003e as in:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-python notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"starting_value = int(input(\u0026quot;Please enter a starting value: \u0026quot;).strip())\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003estarting_value\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e=\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003eint\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003einput\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s\"\u003e\"Please enter a starting value: \"\u003c/span\u003e).\u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003estrip\u003c/span\u003e())\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe use of \u003ca href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003ePython type hints\u003c/a\u003e is encouraged for function parameters and return values. Our automated testing will run \u003ca href=\"http://mypy-lang.org\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003emypy\u003c/a\u003e so run that locally before making your submission.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"highlight highlight-source-python notranslate position-relative overflow-auto\" dir=\"auto\" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content=\"def sum_ab(a: int, b: int) -\u0026gt; int:\n return a + b\"\u003e\u003cpre\u003e\u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003edef\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-en\"\u003esum_ab\u003c/span\u003e(\u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eint\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e: \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eint\u003c/span\u003e) \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e-\u0026gt;\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eint\u003c/span\u003e:\n \u003cspan class=\"pl-k\"\u003ereturn\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003ea\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-c1\"\u003e+\u003c/span\u003e \u003cspan class=\"pl-s1\"\u003eb\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/pre\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eInstructions on how to install mypy can be found \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/python/mypy\"\u003ehere\u003c/a\u003e. Please use the command \u003ccode\u003emypy --ignore-missing-imports .\u003c/code\u003e to test all files or \u003ccode\u003emypy --ignore-missing-imports path/to/file.py\u003c/code\u003e to test a specific file.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ca href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/datastructures.html#list-comprehensions\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eList comprehensions and generators\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/a\u003e are preferred over the use of \u003ccode\u003elambda\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003emap\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003efilter\u003c/code\u003e, \u003ccode\u003ereduce\u003c/code\u003e but the important thing is to demonstrate the power of Python in code that is easy to read and maintain.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAvoid importing external libraries for basic algorithms. Only use those libraries for complicated algorithms.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf you need a third-party module that is not in the file \u003cstrong\u003erequirements.txt\u003c/strong\u003e, please add it to that file as part of your submission.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"markdown-heading\" dir=\"auto\"\u003e\u003ch4 tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"heading-element\" dir=\"auto\"\u003eOther Requirements for Submissions\u003c/h4\u003e\u003ca id=\"user-content-other-requirements-for-submissions\" class=\"anchor\" aria-label=\"Permalink: Other Requirements for Submissions\" href=\"#other-requirements-for-submissions\"\u003e\u003csvg class=\"octicon octicon-link\" viewBox=\"0 0 16 16\" version=\"1.1\" width=\"16\" height=\"16\" aria-hidden=\"true\"\u003e\u003cpath d=\"m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z\"\u003e\u003c/path\u003e\u003c/svg\u003e\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf you are submitting code in the \u003ccode\u003eproject_euler/\u003c/code\u003e directory, please also read \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/README.md\"\u003ethe dedicated Guideline\u003c/a\u003e before contributing to our Project Euler library.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eThe file extension for code files should be \u003ccode\u003e.py\u003c/code\u003e. Jupyter Notebooks should be submitted to \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Jupyter\"\u003eTheAlgorithms/Jupyter\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eStrictly use snake_case (underscore_separated) in your file_name, as it will be easy to parse in future using scripts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003ePlease avoid creating new directories if at all possible. Try to fit your work into the existing directory structure.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf possible, follow the standard \u003cem\u003ewithin\u003c/em\u003e the folder you are submitting to.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf you have modified/added code work, make sure the code compiles before submitting.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eIf you have modified/added documentation work, ensure your language is concise and contains no grammar errors.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eDo not update the README.md or DIRECTORY.md file which will be periodically autogenerated by our GitHub Actions processes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAdd a corresponding explanation to \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Algorithms-Explanation\"\u003eAlgorithms-Explanation\u003c/a\u003e (Optional but recommended).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eAll submissions will be tested with \u003ca href=\"http://www.mypy-lang.org\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003emypy\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/a\u003e so we encourage you to add \u003ca href=\"https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePython type hints\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/a\u003e where it makes sense to do so.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eMost importantly,\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul dir=\"auto\"\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBe consistent in the use of these guidelines when submitting.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eJoin\u003c/strong\u003e us on \u003ca href=\"https://discord.com/invite/c7MnfGFGa6\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eDiscord\u003c/a\u003e and \u003ca href=\"https://gitter.im/TheAlgorithms/community\" rel=\"nofollow\"\u003eGitter\u003c/a\u003e \u003cstrong\u003enow!\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHappy coding!\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp dir=\"auto\"\u003eWriter \u003ca href=\"https://github.com/poyea\"\u003e@poyea\u003c/a\u003e, Jun 2019.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/article\u003e","renderedFileInfo":null,"shortPath":null,"symbolsEnabled":true,"tabSize":8,"topBannersInfo":{"overridingGlobalFundingFile":false,"globalPreferredFundingPath":"/TheAlgorithms/.github/blob/f390c1da84ac148784ff3c26a49f58f4411dd72a/FUNDING.yml","showInvalidCitationWarning":false,"citationHelpUrl":"https://docs.github.com/github/creating-cloning-and-archiving-repositories/creating-a-repository-on-github/about-citation-files","actionsOnboardingTip":null},"truncated":false,"viewable":true,"workflowRedirectUrl":null,"symbols":{"timed_out":false,"not_analyzed":false,"symbols":[{"name":"Contributing guidelines","kind":"section_1","ident_start":2,"ident_end":25,"extent_start":0,"extent_end":11427,"fully_qualified_name":"Contributing guidelines","ident_utf16":{"start":{"line_number":0,"utf16_col":2},"end":{"line_number":0,"utf16_col":25}},"extent_utf16":{"start":{"line_number":0,"utf16_col":0},"end":{"line_number":193,"utf16_col":0}}},{"name":"Before 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is an Algorithm?","kind":"section_4","ident_start":2959,"ident_end":2980,"extent_start":2954,"extent_end":4298,"fully_qualified_name":"What is an Algorithm?","ident_utf16":{"start":{"line_number":40,"utf16_col":5},"end":{"line_number":40,"utf16_col":26}},"extent_utf16":{"start":{"line_number":40,"utf16_col":0},"end":{"line_number":62,"utf16_col":0}}},{"name":"Pre-commit plugin","kind":"section_4","ident_start":4303,"ident_end":4320,"extent_start":4298,"extent_end":4797,"fully_qualified_name":"Pre-commit plugin","ident_utf16":{"start":{"line_number":62,"utf16_col":5},"end":{"line_number":62,"utf16_col":22}},"extent_utf16":{"start":{"line_number":62,"utf16_col":0},"end":{"line_number":75,"utf16_col":0}}},{"name":"Coding Style","kind":"section_4","ident_start":4802,"ident_end":4814,"extent_start":4797,"extent_end":9701,"fully_qualified_name":"Coding 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1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Before contributing</h2><a id="user-content-before-contributing" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Before contributing" href="#before-contributing"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Welcome to <a href="https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python">TheAlgorithms/Python</a>! Before submitting your pull requests, please ensure that you <strong>read the whole guidelines</strong>. If you have any doubts about the contributing guide, please feel free to <a href="https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/issues/new">state it clearly in an issue</a> or ask the community on <a href="https://gitter.im/TheAlgorithms/community" rel="nofollow">Gitter</a>.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h2 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Contributing</h2><a id="user-content-contributing" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Contributing" href="#contributing"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Contributor</h3><a id="user-content-contributor" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Contributor" href="#contributor"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">We are delighted that you are considering implementing algorithms and data structures for others! This repository is referenced and used by learners from all over the globe. By being one of our contributors, you agree and confirm that:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>You did your work - no plagiarism allowed. <ul dir="auto"> <li>Any plagiarized work will not be merged.</li> </ul> </li> <li>Your work will be distributed under <a href="/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/LICENSE.md">MIT License</a> once your pull request is merged.</li> <li>Your submitted work fulfills or mostly fulfills our styles and standards.</li> </ul> <p dir="auto"><strong>New implementation</strong> is welcome! For example, new solutions for a problem, different representations for a graph data structure or algorithm designs with different complexity, but <strong>identical implementation</strong> of an existing implementation is not allowed. Please check whether the solution is already implemented or not before submitting your pull request.</p> <p dir="auto"><strong>Improving comments</strong> and <strong>writing proper tests</strong> are also highly welcome.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h3 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Contribution</h3><a id="user-content-contribution" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Contribution" href="#contribution"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">We appreciate any contribution, from fixing a grammar mistake in a comment to implementing complex algorithms. Please read this section if you are contributing your work.</p> <p dir="auto">Your contribution will be tested by our <a href="https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/actions">automated testing on GitHub Actions</a> to save time and mental energy. After you have submitted your pull request, you should see the GitHub Actions tests start to run at the bottom of your submission page. If those tests fail, then click on the <em><strong>details</strong></em> button to read through the GitHub Actions output to understand the failure. If you do not understand, please leave a comment on your submission page and a community member will try to help.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Issues</h4><a id="user-content-issues" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Issues" href="#issues"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">If you are interested in resolving an <a href="https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/issues">open issue</a>, simply make a pull request with your proposed fix. <strong>We do not assign issues in this repo</strong> so please do not ask for permission to work on an issue.</p> <p dir="auto"><strong>Do not</strong> create an issue to contribute an algorithm. Please submit a pull request instead.</p> <p dir="auto">Please help us keep our issue list small by adding <code>Fixes #{$ISSUE_NUMBER}</code> to the description of pull requests that resolve open issues. For example, if your pull request fixes issue #10, then please add the following to its description:</p> <div class="snippet-clipboard-content notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="Fixes #10"><pre class="notranslate"><code>Fixes #10 </code></pre></div> <p dir="auto">GitHub will use this tag to <a href="https://docs.github.com/en/issues/tracking-your-work-with-issues/linking-a-pull-request-to-an-issue">auto-close the issue</a> if and when the PR is merged.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">What is an Algorithm?</h4><a id="user-content-what-is-an-algorithm" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: What is an Algorithm?" href="#what-is-an-algorithm"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">An Algorithm is one or more functions (or classes) that:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>take one or more inputs,</li> <li>perform some internal calculations or data manipulations,</li> <li>return one or more outputs,</li> <li>have minimal side effects (Ex. <code>print()</code>, <code>plot()</code>, <code>read()</code>, <code>write()</code>).</li> </ul> <p dir="auto">Algorithms should be packaged in a way that would make it easy for readers to put them into larger programs.</p> <p dir="auto">Algorithms should:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>have intuitive class and function names that make their purpose clear to readers</li> <li>use Python naming conventions and intuitive variable names to ease comprehension</li> <li>be flexible to take different input values</li> <li>have Python type hints for their input parameters and return values</li> <li>raise Python exceptions (<code>ValueError</code>, etc.) on erroneous input values</li> <li>have docstrings with clear explanations and/or URLs to source materials</li> <li>contain doctests that test both valid and erroneous input values</li> <li>return all calculation results instead of printing or plotting them</li> </ul> <p dir="auto">Algorithms in this repo should not be how-to examples for existing Python packages. Instead, they should perform internal calculations or manipulations to convert input values into different output values. Those calculations or manipulations can use data types, classes, or functions of existing Python packages but each algorithm in this repo should add unique value.</p> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Pre-commit plugin</h4><a id="user-content-pre-commit-plugin" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Pre-commit plugin" href="#pre-commit-plugin"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">Use <a href="https://pre-commit.com/#installation" rel="nofollow">pre-commit</a> to automatically format your code to match our coding style:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="python3 -m pip install pre-commit # only required the first time pre-commit install"><pre>python3 -m pip install pre-commit <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">#</span> only required the first time</span> pre-commit install</pre></div> <p dir="auto">That's it! The plugin will run every time you commit any changes. If there are any errors found during the run, fix them and commit those changes. You can even run the plugin manually on all files:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="pre-commit run --all-files --show-diff-on-failure"><pre>pre-commit run --all-files --show-diff-on-failure</pre></div> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Coding Style</h4><a id="user-content-coding-style" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Coding Style" href="#coding-style"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <p dir="auto">We want your work to be readable by others; therefore, we encourage you to note the following:</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li> <p dir="auto">Please write in Python 3.13+. For instance: <code>print()</code> is a function in Python 3 so <code>print "Hello"</code> will <em>not</em> work but <code>print("Hello")</code> will.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto">Please focus hard on the naming of functions, classes, and variables. Help your reader by using <strong>descriptive names</strong> that can help you to remove redundant comments.</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li>Single letter variable names are <em>old school</em> so please avoid them unless their life only spans a few lines.</li> <li>Expand acronyms because <code>gcd()</code> is hard to understand but <code>greatest_common_divisor()</code> is not.</li> <li>Please follow the <a href="https://pep8.org/#prescriptive-naming-conventions" rel="nofollow">Python Naming Conventions</a> so variable_names and function_names should be lower_case, CONSTANTS in UPPERCASE, ClassNames should be CamelCase, etc.</li> </ul> </li> <li> <p dir="auto">We encourage the use of Python <a href="https://realpython.com/python-f-strings/#f-strings-a-new-and-improved-way-to-format-strings-in-python" rel="nofollow">f-strings</a> where they make the code easier to read.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto">Please consider running <a href="https://github.com/python/black"><strong>psf/black</strong></a> on your Python file(s) before submitting your pull request. This is not yet a requirement but it does make your code more readable and automatically aligns it with much of <a href="https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0008/" rel="nofollow">PEP 8</a>. There are other code formatters (autopep8, yapf) but the <strong>black</strong> formatter is now hosted by the Python Software Foundation. To use it,</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="python3 -m pip install black # only required the first time black ."><pre>python3 -m pip install black <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">#</span> only required the first time</span> black <span class="pl-c1">.</span></pre></div> </li> <li> <p dir="auto">All submissions will need to pass the test <code>ruff .</code> before they will be accepted so if possible, try this test locally on your Python file(s) before submitting your pull request.</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="python3 -m pip install ruff # only required the first time ruff check"><pre>python3 -m pip install ruff <span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">#</span> only required the first time</span> ruff check</pre></div> </li> <li> <p dir="auto">Original code submission require docstrings or comments to describe your work.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto">More on docstrings and comments:</p> <p dir="auto">If you used a Wikipedia article or some other source material to create your algorithm, please add the URL in a docstring or comment to help your reader.</p> <p dir="auto">The following are considered to be bad and may be requested to be improved:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-python notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="x = x + 2 # increased by 2"><pre><span class="pl-s1">x</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-s1">x</span> <span class="pl-c1">+</span> <span class="pl-c1">2</span> <span class="pl-c"># increased by 2</span></pre></div> <p dir="auto">This is too trivial. Comments are expected to be explanatory. For comments, you can write them above, on or below a line of code, as long as you are consistent within the same piece of code.</p> <p dir="auto">We encourage you to put docstrings inside your functions but please pay attention to the indentation of docstrings. The following is a good example:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-python notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="def sum_ab(a, b): """ Return the sum of two integers a and b. """ return a + b"><pre><span class="pl-k">def</span> <span class="pl-en">sum_ab</span>(<span class="pl-s1">a</span>, <span class="pl-s1">b</span>): <span class="pl-s">"""</span> <span class="pl-s"> Return the sum of two integers a and b.</span> <span class="pl-s"> """</span> <span class="pl-k">return</span> <span class="pl-s1">a</span> <span class="pl-c1">+</span> <span class="pl-s1">b</span></pre></div> </li> <li> <p dir="auto">Write tests (especially <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/doctest.html" rel="nofollow"><strong>doctests</strong></a>) to illustrate and verify your work. We highly encourage the use of <em>doctests on all functions</em>.</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-python notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="def sum_ab(a, b): """ Return the sum of two integers a and b >>> sum_ab(2, 2) 4 >>> sum_ab(-2, 3) 1 >>> sum_ab(4.9, 5.1) 10.0 """ return a + b"><pre><span class="pl-k">def</span> <span class="pl-en">sum_ab</span>(<span class="pl-s1">a</span>, <span class="pl-s1">b</span>): <span class="pl-s">"""</span> <span class="pl-s"> Return the sum of two integers a and b</span> <span class="pl-s"> >>> sum_ab(2, 2)</span> <span class="pl-s"> 4</span> <span class="pl-s"> >>> sum_ab(-2, 3)</span> <span class="pl-s"> 1</span> <span class="pl-s"> >>> sum_ab(4.9, 5.1)</span> <span class="pl-s"> 10.0</span> <span class="pl-s"> """</span> <span class="pl-k">return</span> <span class="pl-s1">a</span> <span class="pl-c1">+</span> <span class="pl-s1">b</span></pre></div> <p dir="auto">These doctests will be run by pytest as part of our automated testing so please try to run your doctests locally and make sure that they are found and pass:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-shell notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="python3 -m doctest -v my_submission.py"><pre>python3 -m doctest -v my_submission.py</pre></div> <p dir="auto">The use of the Python built-in <code>input()</code> function is <strong>not</strong> encouraged:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-python notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="input('Enter your input:') # Or even worse... input = eval(input("Enter your input: "))"><pre><span class="pl-en">input</span>(<span class="pl-s">'Enter your input:'</span>) <span class="pl-c"># Or even worse...</span> <span class="pl-s1">input</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-en">eval</span>(<span class="pl-en">input</span>(<span class="pl-s">"Enter your input: "</span>))</pre></div> <p dir="auto">However, if your code uses <code>input()</code> then we encourage you to gracefully deal with leading and trailing whitespace in user input by adding <code>.strip()</code> as in:</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-python notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="starting_value = int(input("Please enter a starting value: ").strip())"><pre><span class="pl-s1">starting_value</span> <span class="pl-c1">=</span> <span class="pl-en">int</span>(<span class="pl-en">input</span>(<span class="pl-s">"Please enter a starting value: "</span>).<span class="pl-en">strip</span>())</pre></div> <p dir="auto">The use of <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html" rel="nofollow">Python type hints</a> is encouraged for function parameters and return values. Our automated testing will run <a href="http://mypy-lang.org" rel="nofollow">mypy</a> so run that locally before making your submission.</p> <div class="highlight highlight-source-python notranslate position-relative overflow-auto" dir="auto" data-snippet-clipboard-copy-content="def sum_ab(a: int, b: int) -> int: return a + b"><pre><span class="pl-k">def</span> <span class="pl-en">sum_ab</span>(<span class="pl-s1">a</span>: <span class="pl-s1">int</span>, <span class="pl-s1">b</span>: <span class="pl-s1">int</span>) <span class="pl-c1">-></span> <span class="pl-s1">int</span>: <span class="pl-k">return</span> <span class="pl-s1">a</span> <span class="pl-c1">+</span> <span class="pl-s1">b</span></pre></div> <p dir="auto">Instructions on how to install mypy can be found <a href="https://github.com/python/mypy">here</a>. Please use the command <code>mypy --ignore-missing-imports .</code> to test all files or <code>mypy --ignore-missing-imports path/to/file.py</code> to test a specific file.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto"><a href="https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/datastructures.html#list-comprehensions" rel="nofollow"><strong>List comprehensions and generators</strong></a> are preferred over the use of <code>lambda</code>, <code>map</code>, <code>filter</code>, <code>reduce</code> but the important thing is to demonstrate the power of Python in code that is easy to read and maintain.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto">Avoid importing external libraries for basic algorithms. Only use those libraries for complicated algorithms.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto">If you need a third-party module that is not in the file <strong>requirements.txt</strong>, please add it to that file as part of your submission.</p> </li> </ul> <div class="markdown-heading" dir="auto"><h4 tabindex="-1" class="heading-element" dir="auto">Other Requirements for Submissions</h4><a id="user-content-other-requirements-for-submissions" class="anchor" aria-label="Permalink: Other Requirements for Submissions" href="#other-requirements-for-submissions"><svg class="octicon octicon-link" viewBox="0 0 16 16" version="1.1" width="16" height="16" aria-hidden="true"><path d="m7.775 3.275 1.25-1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1 4.95 4.95l-2.5 2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1-4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1 .018-1.042.751.751 0 0 1 1.042-.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l2.5-2.5a2.002 2.002 0 0 0-2.83-2.83l-1.25 1.25a.751.751 0 0 1-1.042-.018.751.751 0 0 1-.018-1.042Zm-4.69 9.64a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 2.83 0l1.25-1.25a.751.751 0 0 1 1.042.018.751.751 0 0 1 .018 1.042l-1.25 1.25a3.5 3.5 0 1 1-4.95-4.95l2.5-2.5a3.5 3.5 0 0 1 4.95 0 .751.751 0 0 1-.018 1.042.751.751 0 0 1-1.042.018 1.998 1.998 0 0 0-2.83 0l-2.5 2.5a1.998 1.998 0 0 0 0 2.83Z"></path></svg></a></div> <ul dir="auto"> <li> <p dir="auto">If you are submitting code in the <code>project_euler/</code> directory, please also read <a href="https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Python/blob/master/project_euler/README.md">the dedicated Guideline</a> before contributing to our Project Euler library.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto">The file extension for code files should be <code>.py</code>. Jupyter Notebooks should be submitted to <a href="https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Jupyter">TheAlgorithms/Jupyter</a>.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto">Strictly use snake_case (underscore_separated) in your file_name, as it will be easy to parse in future using scripts.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto">Please avoid creating new directories if at all possible. Try to fit your work into the existing directory structure.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto">If possible, follow the standard <em>within</em> the folder you are submitting to.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto">If you have modified/added code work, make sure the code compiles before submitting.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto">If you have modified/added documentation work, ensure your language is concise and contains no grammar errors.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto">Do not update the README.md or DIRECTORY.md file which will be periodically autogenerated by our GitHub Actions processes.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto">Add a corresponding explanation to <a href="https://github.com/TheAlgorithms/Algorithms-Explanation">Algorithms-Explanation</a> (Optional but recommended).</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto">All submissions will be tested with <a href="http://www.mypy-lang.org" rel="nofollow"><strong>mypy</strong></a> so we encourage you to add <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/typing.html" rel="nofollow"><strong>Python type hints</strong></a> where it makes sense to do so.</p> </li> <li> <p dir="auto">Most importantly,</p> <ul dir="auto"> <li><strong>Be consistent in the use of these guidelines when submitting.</strong></li> <li><strong>Join</strong> us on <a href="https://discord.com/invite/c7MnfGFGa6" rel="nofollow">Discord</a> and <a href="https://gitter.im/TheAlgorithms/community" rel="nofollow">Gitter</a> <strong>now!</strong></li> <li>Happy coding!</li> </ul> </li> </ul> <p dir="auto">Writer <a href="https://github.com/poyea">@poyea</a>, Jun 2019.</p> </article></div><button hidden=""></button></section></div></div></div> <!-- --> <!-- --> </div></div></div><div class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0"></div></div></div></div></div><div id="find-result-marks-container" class="Box-sc-g0xbh4-0 cCoXib"></div><button hidden="" data-testid="" data-hotkey-scope="read-only-cursor-text-area"></button><button hidden=""></button></div> <!-- --> <!-- --> <script type="application/json" 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