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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The formation of the Dal Khalsa and the Misls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_formation_of_the_Dal_Khalsa_and_the_Misls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_campaigns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_campaigns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Military campaigns</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Military_campaigns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Military campaigns subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Military_campaigns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nadir_Shah's_invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nadir_Shah's_invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Nadir Shah's invasion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nadir_Shah's_invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_raids_of_Ahmed_Shah_Abdali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_raids_of_Ahmed_Shah_Abdali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>The raids of Ahmed Shah Abdali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_raids_of_Ahmed_Shah_Abdali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikhs_and_Marathas_Expel_Afghans_(1758)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikhs_and_Marathas_Expel_Afghans_(1758)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Sikhs and Marathas Expel Afghans (1758)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikhs_and_Marathas_Expel_Afghans_(1758)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Help_of_Sikhs_to_Jats_of_Bharatpur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Help_of_Sikhs_to_Jats_of_Bharatpur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Help of Sikhs to Jats of Bharatpur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Help_of_Sikhs_to_Jats_of_Bharatpur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rescue_of_Maratha_women_by_Sikhs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rescue_of_Maratha_women_by_Sikhs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Rescue of Maratha women by Sikhs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rescue_of_Maratha_women_by_Sikhs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-issued_the_coins_in_Lahore,_November_1761" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#issued_the_coins_in_Lahore,_November_1761"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>issued the coins in Lahore, November 1761</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-issued_the_coins_in_Lahore,_November_1761-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Sixth_Abdali_Incursion,_1762" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Sixth_Abdali_Incursion,_1762"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>The Sixth Abdali Incursion, 1762</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Sixth_Abdali_Incursion,_1762-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-At_Anandpur,_March_1763" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#At_Anandpur,_March_1763"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>At Anandpur, March 1763</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-At_Anandpur,_March_1763-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquest_of_Jalandhar_and_Malerkotla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_of_Jalandhar_and_Malerkotla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Conquest of Jalandhar and Malerkotla</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_of_Jalandhar_and_Malerkotla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquest_of_Sirhind" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest_of_Sirhind"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Conquest of Sirhind</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest_of_Sirhind-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-At_Naraingarh,_January_1764" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#At_Naraingarh,_January_1764"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>At Naraingarh, January 1764</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-At_Naraingarh,_January_1764-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikh_Invasion_of_Ganga-Yamuna_1764" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikh_Invasion_of_Ganga-Yamuna_1764"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Sikh Invasion of Ganga-Yamuna 1764</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikh_Invasion_of_Ganga-Yamuna_1764-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ahmad_Shah_Durrani_Seventh_Invasion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ahmad_Shah_Durrani_Seventh_Invasion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13</span> <span>Ahmad Shah Durrani Seventh Invasion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ahmad_Shah_Durrani_Seventh_Invasion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_last_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani_Invasion,_1766-67" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_last_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani_Invasion,_1766-67"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.14</span> <span>In the last Ahmad Shah Durrani Invasion, 1766-67</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_last_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani_Invasion,_1766-67-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia's_Campaigns_in_the_Hill_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia's_Campaigns_in_the_Hill_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.15</span> <span>Jassa Singh Ahluwalia's Campaigns in the Hill States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia's_Campaigns_in_the_Hill_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emmity_with_Jassa_Singh_Ramgarhia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emmity_with_Jassa_Singh_Ramgarhia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.16</span> <span>Emmity with Jassa Singh Ramgarhia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emmity_with_Jassa_Singh_Ramgarhia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupation_of_Kapurthala,_1779" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupation_of_Kapurthala,_1779"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.17</span> <span>Occupation of Kapurthala, 1779</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occupation_of_Kapurthala,_1779-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Delhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Delhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.18</span> <span>Battle of Delhi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Delhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Death and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jassa_Singh_Aluwalia" title="Jassa Singh Aluwalia – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jassa Singh Aluwalia" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EC%82%AC_%EC%8B%B1_%EC%95%8C%EB%A3%A8%EC%99%88%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84" title="자사 싱 알루왈리아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자사 싱 알루왈리아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B9_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="जस्सा सिंह अहलुवालिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जस्सा सिंह अहलुवालिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%98_%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਜੱਸਾ ਸਿੰਘ ਆਹਲੂਵਾਲੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੱਸਾ ਸਿੰਘ ਆਹਲੂਵਾਲੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%BE_%D8%A7%DB%81%D9%84%D9%88_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="جسا سنگھ اہلو والیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جسا سنگھ اہلو والیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%85_%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Джасса Сингх Ахлувалия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Джасса Сингх Ахлувалия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia" title="Jassa Singh Ahluwalia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jassa Singh Ahluwalia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="జస్సా సింగ్ అహ్లూవాలియా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జస్సా సింగ్ అహ్లూవాలియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D2%91%D1%85_%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Джасса Сінґх Ахлувалія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джасса Сінґх Ахлувалія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%BE_%D8%A7%DB%81%D9%84%D9%88_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="جسا سنگھ اہلو والیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جسا سنگھ اہلو والیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia" title="Jassa Singh Ahluwalia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Jassa Singh Ahluwalia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1639665#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Jassa_Singh_Ramgarhia" title="Jassa Singh Ramgarhia">Jassa Singh Ramgarhia</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">Sardar</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Nawab" title="Nawab">Nawab</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan‐ul-Qaum</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Jassa Singh Ahluwalia</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Equestrian_painting_of_Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia_on_horseback_in-front_of_his_haveli_with_a_fly-whisk_attendant,_circa_late_18th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Equestrian_painting_of_Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia_on_horseback_in-front_of_his_haveli_with_a_fly-whisk_attendant%2C_circa_late_18th_century.jpg/220px-Equestrian_painting_of_Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia_on_horseback_in-front_of_his_haveli_with_a_fly-whisk_attendant%2C_circa_late_18th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Equestrian_painting_of_Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia_on_horseback_in-front_of_his_haveli_with_a_fly-whisk_attendant%2C_circa_late_18th_century.jpg/330px-Equestrian_painting_of_Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia_on_horseback_in-front_of_his_haveli_with_a_fly-whisk_attendant%2C_circa_late_18th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Equestrian_painting_of_Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia_on_horseback_in-front_of_his_haveli_with_a_fly-whisk_attendant%2C_circa_late_18th_century.jpg/440px-Equestrian_painting_of_Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia_on_horseback_in-front_of_his_haveli_with_a_fly-whisk_attendant%2C_circa_late_18th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="917" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Equestrian painting of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia on horseback in-front of his haveli with a fly-whisk attendant, circa late 18th century</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Jathedar_of_the_Akal_Takht" title="Jathedar of the Akal Takht">Jathedar of the Akal Takht</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />9 October 1753 – 23 October 1783</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Leader</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nawab_Kapur_Singh" title="Nawab Kapur Singh">Kapur Singh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Akali_Phula_Singh" title="Akali Phula Singh">Phula Singh</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">4th <a href="/wiki/Dal_Khalsa_(Sikh_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dal Khalsa (Sikh Army)">Jathedar of Buddha Dal</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />9 October 1753 – 23 October 1783</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nawab_Kapur_Singh" title="Nawab Kapur Singh">Kapur Singh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Akali_Naina_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Akali Naina Singh">Naina Singh</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Jassa Singh</div><br />3 May 1718<br />Ahlu, <a href="/wiki/Subah_of_Lahore" title="Subah of Lahore">Lahore Subah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(present-day <a href="/wiki/Lahore_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore district">Lahore district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">23 October 1783 (aged 65)<br /><a href="/wiki/Bandala" class="mw-redirect" title="Bandala">Bandala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Confederacy" title="Sikh Confederacy">Sikh Confederacy</a> <br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">(present-day <a href="/wiki/Amritsar_district" title="Amritsar district">Amritsar district</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">Cremated at the Dera Baba Attal, <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Mai Sahibji<br />Sadarani Raj Kaur Sahiba</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relations</th><td class="infobox-data">Bagh Singh (grand-nephew)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">Sardar</a> Badar Singh (father)</li><li>Mata Jeevan Kaur a sister of <a href="/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">Sardar</a> Bagh Singh Hallovalla<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align:center;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; background:#dbdbdb"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afghan-Sikh_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan-Sikh Wars">Afghan-Sikh Wars</a></b> <ul><li>Skirmish of Sarai Nurdin (1748)</li> <li>Skirmish of Verowal (1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mahilpur_(1757)" title="Battle of Mahilpur (1757)">Battle of Mahilpur (1757)</a></li> <li>Battle of Jalandhar (1757)</li> <li>Battle of Sirhind (1758)</li> <li>First Battle of Lahore (1758)</li> <li>Battle of Majitha (1758)</li> <li>Battle on the Chenab (1758)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Lahore_(1759)" title="Second Battle of Lahore (1759)">Second Battle of Lahore (1759)</a></li> <li>Rescue of Marathas (1761)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Occupation_of_Lahore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Occupation of Lahore">Sikh Occupation of Lahore</a> (1761)</li> <li>Siege of Jandiala (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kup" title="Battle of Kup">Battle of Kup</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harnaulgarh" title="Battle of Harnaulgarh">Battle of Harnaulgarh</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pipli_Sahib" title="Battle of Pipli Sahib">Battle of Pipli Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Urmar_Tanda" title="Battle of Urmar Tanda">Battle of Urmar Tanda</a> (1763)</li> <li>Battle of Jalandhar (1763)</li> <li>Battle of Katthgarh-Garshankar (1763)</li> <li>Battle of Malerkotla (1763)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Chamkaur_(1764)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Chamkaur (1764) (page does not exist)">Battle of Chamkaur (1764)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sirhind_(1764)" title="Battle of Sirhind (1764)">Battle of Sirhind (1764)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delhi_(1764)" title="Battle of Delhi (1764)">Battle of Delhi (1764)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_on_the_Sutlej&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle on the Sutlej (page does not exist)">Battle on the Sutlej</a> (1765)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_on_the_Beas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle on the Beas (page does not exist)">Battle on the Beas</a> (1765)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Amritsar_(1767)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Amritsar (1767) (page does not exist)">Battle of Amritsar (1767)</a></li> <li>Battle of Kasur (1771)</li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mughal-Sikh_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal-Sikh Wars">Mughal-Sikh Wars</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_raids_on_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh raids on Delhi">Sikh raids on Delhi</a></li> <li>Battle of Naurangabad (1745)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ror%C4%AB_Sahib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Rorī Sahib (page does not exist)">Battle of Rorī Sahib (1746)</a></li> <li>Battle of Kahnuwan (1746)</li> <li>Battle of Gujarwal (1746)</li> <li>Battle of Kasur (1747)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manupur_(1748)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Manupur (1748)">Battle of Manupur (1748)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sodhra_and_Badra" title="Battle of Sodhra and Badra">Battle of Sodhra and Badra</a> (1748)</li> <li>Battle of Khanpur (1748)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGanda_Singh199051_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGanda_Singh199051-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Battle of Hoshiarpur (1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Amritsar_(1748)" title="Siege of Amritsar (1748)">Siege of Amritsar (1748)</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._S._Singha200531_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._S._Singha200531-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ram_Rauni" title="Siege of Ram Rauni">Siege of Ram Rauni (1748)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Multan_(1749)" title="Battle of Multan (1749)">Battle of Multan (1749)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nadaun_(1752)" title="Battle of Nadaun (1752)">Battle of Nadaun (1752)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anandpur_(1753)" title="Battle of Anandpur (1753)">Battle of Anandpur (1753)</a></li> <li>Siege of Malikpur (1753)</li> <li>Battle of Jalandhar (1753)</li> <li>Battle of Kasaipura (1753)</li> <li>Battle of Khwaspur (1753)</li> <li>Occupation of Fatehabad (1753)</li> <li>Battle of Ambala (1754)</li> <li>Sack of Sirhind (1754)</li> <li>Battle of Kadar (1755)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Battle of Amritsar (1756)</li> <li>Battle of Khadur Sahib (1757)</li> <li>Second Battle of Lahore (1758)</li> <li>Occupation of Qadian (1759)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sikh_Invasion_of_Ganga-Yamuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sikh Invasion of Ganga-Yamuna (page does not exist)">Sikh Invasion of Ganga-Yamuna</a> 1764</li> <li>Siege of Lahore (1765)</li> <li>Battle of Shamli (1765)</li> <li>Battle of Ghazi-U-Din-Nagar (1768)</li> <li>Battle of Anupshahr (1768)</li> <li>Battle of Jalandhar (1769)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Battle_of_Panipat" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Battle of Panipat">Fourth Battle of Panipat</a> (1770)</li> <li>Battle of Raikot (1771)</li> <li>Establishing Independent Sikh state <a href="/wiki/Kapurthala_State" title="Kapurthala State">Kapurthala</a> (1772)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Patiala_(1779)" title="Siege of Patiala (1779)">Siege of Patiala (1779)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delhi_(1783)" title="Battle of Delhi (1783)">Battle of Delhi (1783)</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Others</b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Skirmish_of_Chenab_(1739)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skirmish of Chenab (1739)">Persian-Sikh War (1739)</a></b></li> <li><b>Battle of Morinda (1764)</b></li> <li><b>Battle of Dholpur (1766)</b></li> <li><b>Bharatpur-Sikh War (1770)</b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ahluwalia%E2%80%93Ramgarhia_War" title="Ahluwalia–Ramgarhia War">Ahluwalia–Ramgarhia War</a></b></li> <li><b>Occupation of Kapurthala (1779)</b></li></ul></li></ul></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> </div> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commander</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_Akali_flag.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sikh_Akali_flag.svg/20px-Sikh_Akali_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sikh_Akali_flag.svg/30px-Sikh_Akali_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Sikh_Akali_flag.svg/40px-Sikh_Akali_flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="254" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Dal_Khalsa_(Sikh_army)" title="Dal Khalsa (Sikh army)">Dal Khalsa</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid 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class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #FFC600; padding:0.2em; font-size:140%;"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Khanda_(Sikh_symbol)" title="Khanda"><img alt="Khanda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/100px-Khanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/150px-Khanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/200px-Khanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="632" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border-top:1px solid #FFC600;border-bottom:1px solid #FFC600;padding-bottom:.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhs" title="Category:Sikhs">Topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Sikhism" title="Outline of Sikhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Sikhism" title="Glossary of Sikhism">Glossary</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Sikh gurus</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Angad" title="Guru Angad">Guru Angad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Amar_Das" title="Guru Amar Das">Guru Amar Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das" title="Guru Ram Das">Guru Ram Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Hargobind" title="Guru Hargobind">Guru Hargobind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Rai" title="Guru Har Rai">Guru Har Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Krishan" title="Guru Har Krishan">Guru Har Krishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bhagat" title="Bhagat"> <span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Selected revered saints</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Bhagat Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Ravidas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagat Ravidas">Bhagat Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Farid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagat Farid">Bhagat Farid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Ramanand" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagat Ramanand">Bhagat Ramanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Beni" title="Bhagat Beni">Bhagat Beni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Bhagat Namdev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Sadhana" title="Bhagat Sadhana">Bhagat Sadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Bhikhan" title="Bhagat Bhikhan">Bhagat Bhikhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Parmanand" title="Bhagat Parmanand">Bhagat Parmanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Sain" title="Bhagat Sain">Bhagat Sain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Dhanna" title="Bhagat Dhanna">Bhagat Dhanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Pipa" title="Bhagat Pipa">Bhagat Pipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Bhagat Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayadeva" title="Jayadeva">Bhagat Jaidev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Trilochan" title="Bhagat Trilochan">Bhagat Trilochan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Kalshar" title="Bhatt Kalshar">Bhatt Kalshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Balh" title="Bhatt Balh">Bhatt Balh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Bhalh" title="Bhatt Bhalh">Bhatt Bhalh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Bhika" title="Bhatt Bhika">Bhatt Bhika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Gayand" title="Bhatt Gayand">Bhatt Gayand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Harbans" title="Bhatt Harbans">Bhatt Harbans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Jalap" title="Bhatt Jalap">Bhatt Jalap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Kirat" title="Bhatt Kirat">Bhatt Kirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Mathura" title="Bhatt Mathura">Bhatt Mathura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Nalh" title="Bhatt Nalh">Bhatt Nalh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Salh" title="Bhatt Salh">Bhatt Salh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Sunder" title="Baba Sunder">Baba Sundar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satta_Doom" title="Satta Doom">Satta Doom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balvand_Rai" title="Balvand Rai">Balvand Rai</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_religious_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh religious philosophy"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Philosophy</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Naam_Japo" title="Naam Japo">Naam Japo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Karo" title="Kirat Karo"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Kirat Karō</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vand_Chhako" title="Vand Chhako"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Vand Chakkō</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charhdi_Kala" class="mw-redirect" title="Charhdi Kala"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Charhdi Kalā</i></span></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guru_Maneyo_Granth" title="Guru Maneyo Granth">Guru Maneyo Granth</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Thieves" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Thieves">Five Thieves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Virtues" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Virtues">Five Virtues</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_practices" title="Category:Sikh practices"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Practices</span></a></div><div 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(Turban)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Karan" title="Naam Karan">Naam Karan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Sanskar" title="Amrit Sanskar">Amrit Sanskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Karaj" title="Anand Karaj">Anand Karaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antam_Sanskar" title="Antam Sanskar">Antam Sanskar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_scripture" title="Category:Sikh scripture"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Scripture</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarbloh_Granth" title="Sarbloh Granth">Sarbloh Granth</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Banis" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Banis">Five Banis</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_places" title="Category:Sikh places"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Places</span></a> and <a href="/wiki/Panj_Takht" title="Panj Takht"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Takhts</span></a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmandir Sahib">Harmandir Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Keshgarh_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Takht Sri Keshgarh Sahib">Keshgarh Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Damdama_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Damdama Sahib">Damdama Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Patna_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Patna Sahib">Patna Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Hazur_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Takht Sri Hazur Sahib">Hazur Sahib</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">General topics</a></span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Culture24" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_culture" title="Sikh culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list 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title="Criticism of Sikhism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jathedar_of_Akal_Takht" class="mw-redirect" title="Jathedar of Akal Takht">Jathedar of Akal Takht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharamyudh_(Sikhism)" title="Dharamyudh (Sikhism)">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#000">Sikhism and other religions</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism and Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Sikhism and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Sikhism" title="Jainism and Sikhism">Sikhism and Jainism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="border-top:1px solid #FFC600;border-bottom:1px solid #FFC600;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sikhism_sidebar" title="Template:Sikhism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sikhism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Sikhism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sikhism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sikhism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jassa Singh Ahluwalia</b> (3 May 1718 – 23 October 1783) was a <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> leader during the period of the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Confederacy" title="Sikh Confederacy">Sikh Confederacy</a>, being the supreme leader of the <a href="/wiki/Dal_Khalsa_(Sikh_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dal Khalsa (Sikh Army)">Dal Khalsa</a>. He was also Misldar of the <a href="/wiki/Ahluwalia_(misl)" title="Ahluwalia (misl)">Ahluwalia</a> <a href="/wiki/Misl" class="mw-redirect" title="Misl">Misl</a>. This period was an interlude, lasting roughly from the time of the death of <a href="/wiki/Banda_Bahadur" class="mw-redirect" title="Banda Bahadur">Banda Bahadur</a> in 1716 to the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a> in 1801. He founded the <a href="/wiki/Kapurthala_State" title="Kapurthala State">Kapurthala State</a> in 1772. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jassa Singh was born on 3 May 1718 CE in a Kalal Sikh family in the Ahlu village near <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._S._Singha2005111_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._S._Singha2005111-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Originally known as Jassa Singh Kalal,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he styled himself as Ahluwalia after his ancestral village.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jassa Singh is described as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Kalwar_(caste)" title="Kalwar (caste)">Kalal</a> or wine distiller caste.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the period of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kharak_Singh_of_Kapurthala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kharak Singh of Kapurthala (page does not exist)">Kharak Singh</a> (r. 1870-1877) a <a href="/wiki/Bhati" title="Bhati">Bhatti Rajput</a> origin story was also created.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to this tradition, one of the Bhatti Rajputs Rana Har Rai had to leave the throne of Jaisalmer for refusing to marry his niece to the Mughal emperor <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>. However, there is virtually no evidence of this account. According to this account, Har Rai migrated to Punjab, where his descendants married with the <a href="/wiki/Jats" title="Jats">Jats</a>, and gradually they became Jats.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGanda_Singh19901_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGanda_Singh19901-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting with Sadhu Singh (also called Sadho or Sadda Singh), they married with <a href="/wiki/Kalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalal">Kalals</a>, and the family came to be known as <a href="/wiki/Ahluwalia_(caste)" title="Ahluwalia (caste)">"Ahluwalia Kalal"</a>. British administrator <a href="/wiki/Lepel_Griffin" title="Lepel Griffin">Lepel Griffin</a>, who wrote an account of the rulers of Punjab, dismissed this tradition as fictitious.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGanda_Singh19904_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGanda_Singh19904-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the dynasty's account, Sadhu's Singh's great-grandson Badar Singh and his wife remained childless for a long time, and sought blessings from <a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a>. As a result, Jassa Singh was born to them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGanda_Singh19906_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGanda_Singh19906-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_formation_of_the_Dal_Khalsa_and_the_Misls">The formation of the Dal Khalsa and the Misls</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The formation of the Dal Khalsa and the Misls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Dal_Khalsa_(Sikh_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dal Khalsa (Sikh Army)">Dal Khalsa (Sikh Army)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahluwalia_(misl)" title="Ahluwalia (misl)">Ahluwalia (misl)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gilded_equestrian_painting_of_Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia,_Punjab_Plains,_ca.1859.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Gilded_equestrian_painting_of_Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia%2C_Punjab_Plains%2C_ca.1859.jpg/220px-Gilded_equestrian_painting_of_Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia%2C_Punjab_Plains%2C_ca.1859.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Gilded_equestrian_painting_of_Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia%2C_Punjab_Plains%2C_ca.1859.jpg/330px-Gilded_equestrian_painting_of_Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia%2C_Punjab_Plains%2C_ca.1859.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Gilded_equestrian_painting_of_Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia%2C_Punjab_Plains%2C_ca.1859.jpg/440px-Gilded_equestrian_painting_of_Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia%2C_Punjab_Plains%2C_ca.1859.jpg 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Gilded equestrian painting of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, Punjab Plains, circa 1850</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1733, <a href="/wiki/Zakariya_Khan_Bahadur" title="Zakariya Khan Bahadur">Zakariya Khan Bahadur</a> attempted to negotiate peace with the Sikhs by offering them a <a href="/wiki/Jagir" title="Jagir">jagir</a>, the title <a href="/wiki/Nawab" title="Nawab">Nawab</a> to their leader, and unimpeded access to the <a href="/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmandir Sahib">Harmandir Sahib</a>. After discussion at a <a href="/wiki/Sarbat_Khalsa" title="Sarbat Khalsa">Sarbat Khalsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nawab_Kapur_Singh" title="Nawab Kapur Singh">Kapur Singh</a> was elected leader of the Sikhs and took the title of Nawab. He combined the various Sikh militias into two groups; the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taruna_Dal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taruna Dal (page does not exist)">Taruna Dal</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Budda_Dal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Budda Dal (page does not exist)">Budda Dal</a>, which would collectively be known as the <a href="/wiki/Dal_Khalsa_(Sikh_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dal Khalsa (Sikh Army)">Dal Khalsa</a>. Sikh militias over 40 years of age would be part of the Budda Dal and Sikh militias under 40 years were part of the Taruna Dal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._S._Singha200537_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._S._Singha200537-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Taruna Dal was further divided in five <a href="/wiki/Jathas" class="mw-redirect" title="Jathas">jathas</a>, each with 1300 to 2000 men and a separate drum and banner.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The area of operations of each <i>Dal</i>, or army, was <a href="/wiki/Hari_ke_Pattan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hari ke Pattan">Hari ke Pattan</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/Sutlej" title="Sutlej">Sutlej</a> river and <a href="/wiki/Beas_River" title="Beas River">Beas River</a> meet; the Taruna Dal would control the area east of Hari ke Pattan while the Budha Dal would control the area west of it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._S._Singha200539_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._S._Singha200539-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purpose of the Budda Dal, the veteran group, was to protect <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwaras</a> and train the Taruna Dal, while the Taruna Dal would act as combat troops. However, in 1735, the agreement between Zakariya Khan and Nawab Kapur Singh broke down and the Dal Khalsa retreated to the <a href="/wiki/Sivalik_Hills" title="Sivalik Hills">Sivalik Hills</a> to regroup. Later the command of Dal Khalsa was taken by Jassa Singh Ahluwalia who was an able and powerful administrator, even displaced & brought Mughal’s centre of power at the time (<a href="/wiki/Red_Fort" title="Red Fort">Red Fort</a>) under <a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a> flag. He made the foundation of Khalsa firm for future generations to lead.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_campaigns">Military campaigns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Military campaigns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nadir_Shah's_invasion"><span id="Nadir_Shah.27s_invasion"></span>Nadir Shah's invasion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nadir Shah's invasion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah%27s_invasion_of_India" title="Nader Shah's invasion of India">Nader Shah's invasion of India</a></div> <p>In 1739, <a href="/wiki/Nadir_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Nadir Shah">Nadir Shah</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persian</a> ruler, invaded much of Northern India, including Punjab, defeating the Mughals at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karnal" title="Battle of Karnal">Battle of Karnal</a> in 1739, he plundered the city of Delhi (<a href="/wiki/Shahjahanabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahjahanabad">Shahjahanabad</a>) robbing it of treasures like the Peacock throne, the Kohinoor diamond and the Darya-i-Noor diamond. Meanwhile, all the Khalsa bands got together and passed a resolution that Nadir shah had plundered the city of Delhi and now he is taking Indian women as slaves to his country. Sikhs made a plan to free all the slaves. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was 21 years old at that time, he planned raids to free all slaves. He along with other Sikh bands attacked Nadir shah forces, freed all slaves and sent those slaves back to their families safely.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-saggu_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-saggu-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ahluwalia participated in many battles as well where he proved himself to be a natural leader. In a 1748 meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Sarbat_Khalsa" title="Sarbat Khalsa">Sarbat Khalsa</a>, Nawab Kapur Singh appointed him as his successor. His followers awarded him the title <i>Sultan-ul-Qaum</i> (King of the Nation).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._S._Singha2000111_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._S._Singha2000111-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_raids_of_Ahmed_Shah_Abdali">The raids of Ahmed Shah Abdali</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The raids of Ahmed Shah Abdali"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indian_campaign_of_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani">Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah">Nader Shah</a>'s seniormost general, succeeded to the throne of <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> when Shah was murdered in June 1747. He established his own dynasty, the <a href="/wiki/Sadozai_(Pastun_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadozai (Pastun tribe)">Sadozai</a>, which was the name of the <a href="/wiki/Pashtun_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pashtun people">Pashtun</a> <a href="/wiki/Khel_(clan)" title="Khel (clan)">khel</a> to which he belonged.<sup id="cite_ref-Gordon_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting from December 1747 till 1769, Abdali made a total of nine incursions into the north <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. His repeated invasions weakened the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal</a> administration of <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">Third Battle of Panipat</a>, he along with <a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Oudh" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab of Oudh">Nawab of Oudh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rohilla" title="Rohilla">Rohillas</a>, defeated the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Marathas</a>, who after a treaty signed in 1752 became the protector of the Mughal throne at Delhi and were controlling much of North India, and <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gordon_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However they were never able to subdue the Sikhs in the <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gordon_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gordon-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikhs_and_Marathas_Expel_Afghans_(1758)"><span id="Sikhs_and_Marathas_Expel_Afghans_.281758.29"></span>Sikhs and Marathas Expel Afghans (1758)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sikhs and Marathas Expel Afghans (1758)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1757, Ahmad Shah Durrani appointed his son, <a href="/wiki/Timur_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Timur Shah">Timur Shah</a>, as the governor of Punjab. Since Timur Shah was a minor, the Durrani commander-in-chief, Jahan Khan, assumed control of the administration. Jahan Khan's rule was harsh—he forced Adina Beg Khan, the governor of Jalandhar Doab, to retreat to the hills and persecuted Sodhi Wadbhag Singh of Kartarpur. Determined to retaliate, Adina Beg Khan allied with Jassa Singh Ahluwalia by paying a large tribute and permitting the Sikhs to plunder the <a href="/wiki/Jalandhar_Doab" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalandhar Doab">Jalandhar Doab</a> and defeated the Afghans at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mahilpur_(1757)" title="Battle of Mahilpur (1757)">Battle of Mahilpur (1757)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prince Taimur, determined to regain control, sent 20,000 horse and foot soldiers from Lahore to counterattack. However, the Sikhs emerged victorious once more, capturing guns and military equipment. The Afghan camp in Lahore was plagued by nightly Sikh raids, spreading fear and uncertainty. The contemporary historian Miskin wrote, "Every force sent in any direction came back defeated and vanquished."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1758, <a href="/wiki/Adina_Beg_Khan" title="Adina Beg Khan">Adina Beg Khan</a> became uneasy with the growing influence of the Sikhs. He sought help from the Marathas, who had gained control of Delhi after defeating the Mughals in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delhi_(1757)" title="Battle of Delhi (1757)">Battle of Delhi (1757)</a>. Adina Beg offered the Marathas a large daily payment to assist him in capturing Lahore. Additionally, he persuaded the Sikhs to join forces with the Marathas against the Afghans, The Maratha and Sikh forces then pursued the retreating Afghans on horseback, eventually capturing <a href="/wiki/Attock" title="Attock">Attock</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adina Beg Khan's sudden death in September 1758 ended his plans. The Sikhs, now the dominant force, no longer faced opposition from him.<sup id="cite_ref-HS_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HS-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sarbat Khalsa gathered to discuss occupying Lahore, considering potential threats from the Afghans and Marathas. They decided to assert control over the rest of Punjab. In March 1759, the Marathas re-entered Punjab, cautiously advancing through Malwa. The Sikhs allowed Sabaji Sindhia to occupy Lahore, and when General Jahan Khan attacked, the Sikhs and Marathas joined forces to defeat the Afghans once more.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Help_of_Sikhs_to_Jats_of_Bharatpur">Help of Sikhs to Jats of Bharatpur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Help of Sikhs to Jats of Bharatpur"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Suraj_Mal" title="Suraj Mal">Suraj Mal</a> (1707–63) was the founder of Jat State of Bharatpur. He was killed on 25 December 1763 near Delhi by <a href="/wiki/Najib_ad-Dawlah" title="Najib ad-Dawlah">Najib ul Daulah</a>, the Ruhilaa chief who had been appointed <a href="/wiki/Mir_Bakshi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir Bakshi">Mir Bakshi</a> and Regent at Delhi by Ahmed Shah Durrani. Suraj Mal’s son Jawahar Singh sought help from Sikhs who responded with a Sikh force of 40,000 under the command of Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia. The Sikhs crossed the Yamuna on 20 February 1764 and attacked the surrounding areas. Najib ul Daulah rushed back to Delhi thereby relieving the pressure on Bharatpur. Najib ul Daulah suffered another defeat at hands of Sikhs under Ahluwalia after a battle that lasted 20 days in the trans-Yamuna area at Barari Ghat, 20 km north of Delhi. He retired to Red Fort on 9 January 1765 and within a month Sikhs defeated Najib ul Daulah again in Nakhas (horse market) and in Sabzi Mandi.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1765, the Sikhs embarked on their usual expeditions, moving from Saharanpur to Delhi and then to Rewari, causing widespread destruction along the way. During this time, Jawahir Singh was engaged in a conflict with Raja Madho Singh of Jaipur. To strengthen his position, Jawahir Singh hired 25,000 Sikh soldiers led by Jassa Singh Ahluwalia. In response, Madho Singh sought help from the Marathas. Fearing a Maratha attack on Bharatpur, Jawahir Singh made peace with Jaipur, paid a subsidy to the Sikhs, and allowed them to leave. After resolving matters with Jaipur, Jawahir Singh attacked Dholpur, which was controlled by his step-brother Nahar Singh. To fight this battle, Jawahir Singh employed about 7,000 Sikhs, while Nahar Singh enlisted the help of the Marathas. A fierce battle occurred on March 13-14, 1766, in which the Marathas were heavily defeated and abandoned Nahar Singh. Left without support, Nahar Singh sought refuge with Madho Singh of Jaipur, who then bribed the Sikhs to leave Jawahir Singh and return to Punjab.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rima_Hooja_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rima_Hooja-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rescue_of_Maratha_women_by_Sikhs">Rescue of Maratha women by Sikhs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rescue of Maratha women by Sikhs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An account appearing in the 19th century texts, Munshi Kanhaiyya Lal's <i>Tareekh-e-Punjab</i> and Gian Singh's <i>Shamsher Khalsa</i>, credits Jassa Singh with rescuing Hindu women captured by <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">Third Battle of Panipat</a> in 1761. According to this account, after defeating the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Confederacy" title="Maratha Confederacy">Marathas</a>, Abdali captured thousands of prisoners, totaling around 22,000 captives in total, who were being taken to Afghanistan as slaves, including Hindu women destined for the Afghan harems.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Jassa Singh learned of it, he attacked the Afghan army at <a href="/wiki/Goindval" class="mw-redirect" title="Goindval">Goindval</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Sutlej_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutlej river">Sutlej river</a>, rescued over 2,000 of the captured women, and sent them back to their families.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thereafter, he was known as <i>Bandi chhor</i>, or the Liberator of captives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGanda_Singh1990106_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGanda_Singh1990106-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._S._Singha2000111_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._S._Singha2000111-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="issued_the_coins_in_Lahore,_November_1761"><span id="issued_the_coins_in_Lahore.2C_November_1761"></span>issued the coins in Lahore, November 1761</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: issued the coins in Lahore, November 1761"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In September 1761, Khawajah Abed Khan, the governor of Lahore, launched a surprise attack on <a href="/wiki/Charat_Singh" title="Charat Singh">Charat Singh</a> in Gujranwala. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia promptly led the Dal Khalsa to Charat Singh's aid, forcing Abed Khan to hastily flee to Lahore, abandoning his entire baggage train.<sup id="cite_ref-HS_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HS-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following Diwali festivities in November 1761, Jassa Singh directed the Dal Khalsa to launch a counterattack on Lahore. Abed Khan barricaded himself within the fort, while prominent local citizens sought an audience with Jassa Singh. These citizens proposed surrendering the city to the Sikhs, ensuring the inhabitants' safety and security in exchange for Sikh occupation. The Sikhs accepted, securing the city and then launching an assault on the fort.<sup id="cite_ref-HS_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HS-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> Abed Khan was killed in the battle, and the Sikhs successfully captured the fort. In triumph, they declared Jassa Singh "Padshah" (Emperor) and minted commemorative coins bearing his name. However, Ganesh Das Vadehra disputed this achievement, claiming Lahore's Maulvis minted the coins and sent them to Ahmad Shah Durrani in 1765. Contrarily, Ghulam Ali Azad's Khazana-e-Amira, written shortly after the coin's issuance, corroborates the Sikhs' version..<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ghulam Ali described the Sikhs' rebellion, their killing of Abed Khan, and Jassa Singh's proclamation as king: "They raised the standard of rebellion and disturbance, and killed his viceroy at Lahore. They raised a person named Jassa Singh from among themselves to the status of a king." This account is supported by Siyar-u-Mutakhirin (1782), Tarikh-e-Muzaffari (1787), Khushwaqt Rae (1811), and Ahmad Yadgar (1835)..<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ganesh Das's account, written after Punjab's annexation in 1849, is considered unreliable due to contemporary evidence. His claims contradict the accounts of multiple historians who lived closer to the events. Kartar Singh Tegh Khalsa confirms Jassa Singh struck the coins, but some were sent to Ahmad Shah Durrani to provoke him.<sup id="cite_ref-HS_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HS-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Sixth_Abdali_Incursion,_1762"><span id="The_Sixth_Abdali_Incursion.2C_1762"></span>The Sixth Abdali Incursion, 1762</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Sixth Abdali Incursion, 1762"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Print_of_a_painting_of_Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia,_as_published_in_the_Mahan_Kosh_(1930).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Print_of_a_painting_of_Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia%2C_as_published_in_the_Mahan_Kosh_%281930%29.jpg/220px-Print_of_a_painting_of_Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia%2C_as_published_in_the_Mahan_Kosh_%281930%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Print_of_a_painting_of_Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia%2C_as_published_in_the_Mahan_Kosh_%281930%29.jpg/330px-Print_of_a_painting_of_Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia%2C_as_published_in_the_Mahan_Kosh_%281930%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Print_of_a_painting_of_Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia%2C_as_published_in_the_Mahan_Kosh_%281930%29.jpg/440px-Print_of_a_painting_of_Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia%2C_as_published_in_the_Mahan_Kosh_%281930%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4005" data-file-height="5832" /></a><figcaption>Print of a painting of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, as published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Mahan_Kosh" title="Mahan Kosh">Mahan Kosh</a></i> (1930)</figcaption></figure> <p>In early 1762, Ahmad Shah Durrani invaded India to crush Sikhs power<sup id="cite_ref-Mehta_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mehta-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eos_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eos-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ahmad Shah Durrani with his Soldiers reached Malerkotla, west of Sirhind, then attacked a 20,000 Sikh army escorting 40,000 women and children, along with the elderly. In one of their worst defeats—known as <i><a href="/wiki/Vadda_Ghalughara" title="Vadda Ghalughara">Vadda Ghalughara</a></i>—the Sikhs lost perhaps 5–10,000+ soldiers and had 20,000 civilians massacred. The Afghan forces of Ahmad Shah Durrani came out victorious with the night ambush on the large convoy.<sup id="cite_ref-village_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-village-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="At_Anandpur,_March_1763"><span id="At_Anandpur.2C_March_1763"></span>At Anandpur, March 1763</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: At Anandpur, March 1763"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In March 1763, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, the renowned Sikh leader, joined forces with the Dal Khalsa at Anandpur to celebrate the festive occasion of Hola. However, the festivities were soon overshadowed by complaints from local Sikhs about the mistreatment they suffered at the hands of Gale Khan Rajput of Kathgarh and the zamindars of Shankargarh. Determined to protect his people, Jassa Singh embarked on an expedition against these oppressors, establishing Sikh military posts at Kathgarh and Balachaur to maintain order and discipline<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This strategic move not only secured the region but also paved the way for Jassa Singh to collect tribute from neighboring rulers, including the rajas of Bilaspur and Nalagarh, solidifying the Dal Khalsa's authority. As he returned to Fatahabad, Jassa Singh demonstrated his unwavering resolve by seizing Kot Isha Khan from Qadir Bakhsh, further expanding the Dal Khalsa's influence <sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquest_of_Jalandhar_and_Malerkotla">Conquest of Jalandhar and Malerkotla</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Conquest of Jalandhar and Malerkotla"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 1763, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia marched towards <a href="/wiki/Jalandhar" title="Jalandhar">Jalandhar</a>, Sadat Yar-Khan, the Governor of Jalandhar so much terrified he did not stir out of his capital, Jassa Singh sacked <a href="/wiki/Jalandhar" title="Jalandhar">Jalandhar</a>, In December 1763, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia defeated and Killed Bhikhan Khan, the Nawab of <a href="/wiki/Malerkotla" title="Malerkotla">Malerkotla</a>, and plundered Morinda.<sup id="cite_ref-HS_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HS-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquest_of_Sirhind">Conquest of Sirhind</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Conquest of Sirhind"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In January 1764, after sacking Morinda, the Sikhs, led by Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, launched an attack on <a href="/wiki/Sirhind" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirhind">Sirhind</a>. As the head of the Dal Khalsa, he commanded seven misls, including six from the Budha Dal and the Bhangi misl from the Taruna Dal. Alha Singh of Patiala also joined the campaign, aiming to capture <a href="/wiki/Sirhind" class="mw-redirect" title="Sirhind">Sirhind</a>. The battle took place near Ism, where Zain Khan was defeated and killed.<sup id="cite_ref-HS_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HS-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following their victory, the province of Sirhind was divided among the seven misls and Phulkian states. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia took control of 24 villages in the Ludhiana district, retaining eight under his direct control. He allocated 12 villages to the Bundalia Sikhs of his misl and four villages to the Sikhs of Rurki.<sup id="cite_ref-HS_29-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HS-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="At_Naraingarh,_January_1764"><span id="At_Naraingarh.2C_January_1764"></span>At Naraingarh, January 1764</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: At Naraingarh, January 1764"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After conquering Sarhind, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia marched to Naraingarh, 85 kilometers away, in January 1764. Bulaqi Mal, the Diwan of Raja Kirat Prakash of Nahan, presented Jassa Singh with a horse and Rs. 10,000 as a token of respect on behalf of his master, The regions of Bharog and <a href="/wiki/Naraingarh" title="Naraingarh">Naraingarh</a>, comprising 57 and 46 villages, respectively, were under the control of Muhammad Baqar, the Mir of Garhi Kotaha. Baqar offered Jassa Singh an elephant and a substantial sum of money. Rae Hoshiar Singh of Rani ka Raipur gifted him a horse and Rs. 1,000, while Gharib Das of Manimajra near Chandigarh paid him Rs. 25,000 as a nazrana<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Raja of Garhwal traveled from Srinagar to pay homage to Jassa Singh. Murar Singh, a jagirdar of Sultanwinds, served Jassa Singh, and his uncles, Dasaundha Singh and Hakumat Singh, were skilled horsemen. Jassa Singh appointed Hakumat Singh as his thanadar at Garhi Kotaha with 150 horsemen and 50 foot soldiers, Dasaundha Singh at Naraingarh, and Murar Singh at Bharog<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, Jassa Singh married his elder daughter to Murar Singh and declared him his deputy, entrusting him with 1,500 horsemen and 500 foot soldiers to maintain order in the region. However, Dasaundha Singh's tyrannical rule led to opposition from the people, who sought help from the neighboring Raja of Nahan. After Jassa Singh's death, Kanwar Kishan Singh seized Naraingarh, and Dasaundha Singh fled to Bharog, <sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following Murar Singh's death, his son Jawahir Singh took control but was killed in battle, leaving his young son Mahan Singh. The administration was then handled by Rae Singh and Dasaundha Singh, who ruled cruelly and corruptly, causing widespread discontent<sup id="cite_ref-HS_29-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HS-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikh_Invasion_of_Ganga-Yamuna_1764">Sikh Invasion of Ganga-Yamuna 1764</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sikh Invasion of Ganga-Yamuna 1764"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 1764, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia on hearing the ill treatment of the Hindus by Muslim led a strong body of the Dal Khalsa in to the upper Ganga Doab region, the Sikhs plundered several key cities, including <a href="/wiki/Saharanpur" title="Saharanpur">Saharanpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shamli" title="Shamli">Shamli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kandhla" title="Kandhla">Kandhla</a> Ambli, <a href="/wiki/Miranpur,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Miranpur, Uttar Pradesh">Miranpur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandi_Dabwali" title="Mandi Dabwali">Mandi Dabwali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muzaffarnagar" title="Muzaffarnagar">Muzaffarnagar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jawalapur" title="Jawalapur">Jawalapur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kankhal" title="Kankhal">Kankhal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landhaura" title="Landhaura">Landhaura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Najibabad" title="Najibabad">Najibabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagina" title="Nagina">Nagina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moradabad" title="Moradabad">Moradabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chandausi" title="Chandausi">Chandausi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anupshahar" title="Anupshahar">Anupshahar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Garhmukteshwar" title="Garhmukteshwar">Garhmukteshwar</a>. These cities were under the control of <a href="/wiki/Najib_ad-Dawlah" title="Najib ad-Dawlah">Najib ad-Dawlah</a>, the powerful dictator of <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> from 1761 to 1770. In response to the Sikh raids, <a href="/wiki/Najib_ad-Dawlah" title="Najib ad-Dawlah">Najib ad-Dawlah</a> mobilized his forces to punish the Sikhs. However, despite his efforts, the Sikhs employed guerrilla tactics, evading direct confrontation and continuing to harass the enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tahmas Khan Miskin, a contemporary historian who fought alongside Najib ad-Dawlah, described the Sikhs' unorthodox methods: "In that year, 40,000 of their horsemen crossed the <a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a> and disturbed and looted the <a href="/wiki/Saharanpur" title="Saharanpur">Saharanpur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meerut" title="Meerut">Meerut</a> districts. Nawab Najib Khan, for a month or two, moved in every direction where the Sikhs were reported to be roving, in order to protect the country, and fought and usually defeated them. As they did not make a firm stand anywhere to offer battle, he had to run back after them, but they did not give up their jackal tricks.", Eventually, Najib-ud-daulah recognized the futility of continued conflict and opted for a diplomatic solution. He offered the Sikhs a substantial bribe of eleven lakhs of rupees, effectively ending the hostilities.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The riches collected from Ganga Doab and Rohilkhand were immense, and Jassa Singh allocated one-tenth of the booty to rebuild Amritsar, which had been destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a>. This reconstruction project held great significance for the Sikh community. Jassa Singh entrusted the task to Sahib Rae Chaudhri and later Bhai Des Raj, overseeing the project himself for four years until its completion at a cost of 14 lakhs. He had previously demonstrated his commitment to Amritsar by building residential quarters, known as Katra Ahluwalian, in 1759.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ahmad_Shah_Durrani_Seventh_Invasion">Ahmad Shah Durrani Seventh Invasion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ahmad Shah Durrani Seventh Invasion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1765, <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a> invaded <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> for seventh time in the winter of 1764–1765, During this campaign he constantly harassed by <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a>, Qazi Nur Muhammad who was present in the Afghan army describes the numbers of engagements between Sikhs and Afghans, a battle was fought on the western bank of the Satluj opposite Rupar, it was morning and the Afghan army was hardly gone 3 km from the western bank of the <a href="/wiki/Satluj" class="mw-redirect" title="Satluj">Satluj</a>, when they attacked by the Sikhs, The Afghans immediately stopped marching and got into regular formation of battle, Ahmad Shah Durrani was in the center with 6,000 choice soldiers, Shah Vali Khan, Jahan Khan, Shah Pasand Khan, Anzala Khan and others at the head of 12,000 troops were on the right Nasir Khan with 12,000 Baluchis was on the left, The <a href="/wiki/Dal_Khalsa_(Sikh_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dal Khalsa (Sikh Army)">Dal Khalsa</a> also organised themselves in regular battle army Jassa Singh Ahluwalia <i>fearlessly stood like a mountain</i> in the center close by him was <a href="/wiki/Jassa_Singh_Ramgarhia" title="Jassa Singh Ramgarhia">Jassa Singh <i>Thokah</i></a>, looking like a lion in stature,<sup id="cite_ref-HS_29-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HS-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/Charat_Singh" title="Charat Singh">Charat Singh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jhanda_Singh_Dhillon" title="Jhanda Singh Dhillon">Jhanda Singh</a>, Lahna Singh and Jai Singh positioned themselves on the right, and <a href="/wiki/Hari_Singh_Dhillon" title="Hari Singh Dhillon">Hari Singh Bhangi</a>, Ram Das, Gulab Singh and <a href="/wiki/Gujjar_Singh_Banghi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujjar Singh Banghi">Gujar Singh</a> positioned on the left.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta1999221_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta1999221-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1959304_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1959304-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>furious battle took place with the Sikhs overpowering the right wing of the Durrani army after applying their usual tactic where Hari Singh dashed upon Shah Vali Khan and Jahan Khan and then retired to draw the Afghans to pursue them, where the Sikhs would then return and ambush the Afghans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1959304_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1959304-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta1999221_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta1999221-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ahmad Shah who was quite aware of the usual tactics of the Sikhs of hit and retiring and then returning to attack again, called and warned Nasir Khan about this stratagem of the Sikhs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1959304_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1959304-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta1999221_51-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta1999221-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But despite the warning, Nasir Khan and his soldiers rushed in pursue only for another contingent of Sikh soldiers to rush to position themselves in between, cutting off both Ahmad Shah and Nasir Khan and then circling the retreating <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baluchis army</a> where a close bloody combat took place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1959305_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1959305-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta1999222_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta1999222-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The whole battle ended due to nightfall with both parties retiring.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1959305_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1959305-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta1999222_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta1999222-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Next morning, with sunrise, the Afghans moved onward but right after 5 km, they again came across the Sikhs who attacked the Durranis from all sides.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1959305_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1959305-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta1999222_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta1999222-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The formation of the Sikhs was reversed whereas Ahmad Shah applied same formation as previous day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1959305_53-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1959305-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta1999222_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta1999222-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ahmad Shah told Nasir Khan and the whole army to not move a step without his order as he was aware of tactics of the Sikhs, and after waiting for some time, Ahmad Shah ordered an assault but the Sikhs resorted back to their tactics and retired, only for Afghans to pursue them for next 3 miles when the Sikhs returned, circled them and attacked them from all sides after scattering themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1959305_53-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1959305-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta1999222_54-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta1999222-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upset Ahmad Shah shouted at Nasir Khan to stick to his spot and attack the Sikhs only when they come closer to him and he advised all the remaining soldiers the same.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1959305_53-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1959305-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta1999222_54-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta1999222-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Again with the nightfall, the battle came to a close.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1959305_53-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1959305-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Throughout the march through the Jullundur Doab from the bank of Sutlej to <a href="/wiki/River_Chenab" class="mw-redirect" title="River Chenab">river Chenab</a>, the Durranis were harassed and assaulted for seven days where the Sikhs returned again and again only to retire in same prevalence, as this was their war tactic<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1959306_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1959306-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_the_last_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani_Invasion,_1766-67"><span id="In_the_last_Ahmad_Shah_Durrani_Invasion.2C_1766-67"></span>In the last Ahmad Shah Durrani Invasion, 1766-67</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In the last Ahmad Shah Durrani Invasion, 1766-67"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the winter of 1766, Ahmad Shah Durrani launched his final invasion of the Punjab. However, his campaign was marked by relentless harassment from the Sikhs, who refused to yield. Desperate to end the conflict, Ahmad Shah Durrani wrote letters to Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and other prominent Sikh sardars, urging them to meet with him and negotiate a peace treaty. But the Sikhs remained resolute, rejecting his overtures<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Undeterred, the Sikhs continued to employ guerrilla tactics, weakening Durrani's forces. Frustrated and defeated, Ahmad Shah Durrani retreated from the Punjab, ending his campaign at Ismailabad, 32 kilometers south of Ambala. This final invasion marked the decline of Durrani's empire and the rise of Sikh power in the region<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia's_Campaigns_in_the_Hill_States"><span id="Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia.27s_Campaigns_in_the_Hill_States"></span>Jassa Singh Ahluwalia's Campaigns in the Hill States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Jassa Singh Ahluwalia's Campaigns in the Hill States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Adina_Beg" class="mw-redirect" title="Adina Beg">Adina Beg</a>, the viceroy of Punjab, died in September 1758, the hill states that were tributary to him, including Kangra hills and <a href="/wiki/Jammu" title="Jammu">Jammu</a>, were left without a leader. Ahmad Shah Durrani seized this opportunity and appointed Raja Ghamand Chand of Kangra as governor of the <a href="/wiki/Jalandhar_Doab" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalandhar Doab">Jalandhar Doab</a> and the hill country between the Ravi and Satluj rivers in October 1759, However, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia defeated Ghamand Chand in the battle of Mahilpur near Hoshiarpur and forced him to pay tribute to the Dal Khalsa. Jassa Singh then sent a small contingent into the hills and collected nominal tribute from <a href="/wiki/Kangra,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Kangra, Himachal Pradesh">Kangra</a> states, including <a href="/wiki/Mandi,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Mandi, Himachal Pradesh">Mandi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kullu" title="Kullu">Kullu</a>. By March 1763, <a href="/wiki/Bilaspur,_Himachal_Pradesh" title="Bilaspur, Himachal Pradesh">Bilaspur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nalagarh" title="Nalagarh">Nalagarh</a> had also become tributary to the Dal Khalsa.<sup id="cite_ref-HS_29-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HS-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Raja Ranjit Dev of <a href="/wiki/Jammu" title="Jammu">Jammu</a>, who was a tributary to <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah Durrani</a>, paid his tribute to the Durrani when he returned to Afghanistan in 1765. However, this action was deeply resented by the Sikhs, who had gained the upper hand in the region. In response, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia led a section of the Dal Khalsa to march upon Jammu and imposed a fine of three lakhs and seventy-five thousand rupees on Ranjit Dev, making him tributary to the Dal Khalsa instead.<sup id="cite_ref-HS_29-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HS-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emmity_with_Jassa_Singh_Ramgarhia">Emmity with Jassa Singh Ramgarhia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Emmity with Jassa Singh Ramgarhia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Hari Singh's death in 1765, <a href="/wiki/Jassa_Singh_Ramgarhia" title="Jassa Singh Ramgarhia">Jassa Singh Ramgarhia</a> took over as the leader of the Taruna Dal. Despite their cooperation against Ahmad Shah Durrani, the two chiefs were often at odds with each other<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1775, tensions escalated when Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was traveling to Achal near <a href="/wiki/Batala" title="Batala">Batala</a> to attend a fair. Mali Singh Ramgarhia, Jassa Singh Ramgarhia's brother, was leading a contingent from <a href="/wiki/Sri_Hargobindpur" title="Sri Hargobindpur">Sri Hargobindpur</a> to <a href="/wiki/Batala" title="Batala">Batala</a>. The two groups clashed, and Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was shot and fell off his horse. Mali Singh put him in a litter and carried him to <a href="/wiki/Batala" title="Batala">Batala</a>, their headquarters. Jassa Singh Ramgarhia sincerely Apologised. During his two-day stay in Batala, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia remained withdrawn and uncommunicative. He refused food and drink<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the third day, Jassa Singh Ramgarhia, eager to make amends, sent Jassa Singh Ahluwalia to <a href="/wiki/Fatehabad,_Punjab" title="Fatehabad, Punjab">Fatehabad</a> with full honors and a proper escort. To achieve this, Jassa Singh Ahluwalia besieged the Ramgarhia town of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zahura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zahura (page does not exist)">Zahura</a>, located on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/River_Beas" class="mw-redirect" title="River Beas">River Beas</a>. During the battle, Jassa Singh Ramgarhia was wounded and forced to retreat. The town eventually fell to the Ahluwalias<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jassa Singh Ahluwalia then gifted Zahura to <a href="/wiki/Baghel_Singh" title="Baghel Singh">Baghel Singh</a> to secure his alliance. He formed a confederacy with the <a href="/wiki/Jai_Singh_Kanhaiya" title="Jai Singh Kanhaiya">Jai Singh Kanhaiya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahan_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahan Singh">Mahan Singh</a>, ultimately defeating Jassa Singh Ramgarhia and expelling him from Punjab in 1778.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occupation_of_Kapurthala,_1779"><span id="Occupation_of_Kapurthala.2C_1779"></span>Occupation of Kapurthala, 1779</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Occupation of Kapurthala, 1779"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 1779, Jassa Singh embarked on a decisive campaign to assert his authority over <a href="/wiki/Kapurthala" title="Kapurthala">Kapurthala</a>. This strategic region, nestled along the left bank of the River Beas, had been under the control of Rae Ibrahim Bhatti, Rae Ibrahim's failure to pay the annual tribute of one lakh rupees, which had been overdue for some time, sparked Jassa Singh's action. Furthermore, Ibrahim's construction of 13 forts around the town, including the strategically located Rae-ka-kot near Afghan colonies, raised concerns about his growing power<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jassa Singh had previously demonstrated his military prowess by capturing Rae-ka-kot in 1770 with the help of Murar Singh and Shaikh Karimulilah. He then appointed Chait Singh as the thanadar of the region. however, tensions escalated in 1777 when Jassa Singh's son-in-law, Mohar Singh, was tragically killed by a shot from one of the forts near Kapurthala. Despite Ibrahim's apologies and pleas of innocence, Jassa Singh demanded justice and eventually decided to take over Kapurthala<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon arriving at Kapurthala, Jassa Singh's forces clashed with Rae Ibrahim's, and the Bhatti chief retreated to the main fort. Jassa Singh set up camp at Shaikhpur village, while his cousin, Kanwar Bhag Singh, successfully captured several surrounding villages. These villages included Andresa, Dialpur, Bholath, Bhoian, Bohal, Brahmwal, Chakoke, Dainwind, Dala, Dhaliwal, Dhilwan, Hamira, Karael, Khakhrain, Kularan, Lakhanki, Lohian, Mullanwal, Nadali, Parveznagar, Ramidi, Sidhwan, and Wadalli. Rae Ibrahim soon realized the futility of resistance and sued for peace. He sent a horse as a gift and dispatched his officials, Diwan Lahori Mal and Bora Mal, to negotiate terms<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jassa Singh agreed to let Rae Ibrahim leave safely with his family and belongings. He also provided him with a place to live and a fixed allowance, demonstrating his magnanimity. In the end, Kapurthala became the headquarters of Kanwar Bhag Singh and the capital of the Ahluwalia misl. Jassa Singh continued to reside at Fatahabad, solidifying his leadership and the Ahluwalia misl's dominance in the region<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Delhi">Battle of Delhi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Battle of Delhi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sikh_attacks_on_Delhi" title="Sikh attacks on Delhi">Sikh attacks on Delhi</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delhi_(1783)" title="Battle of Delhi (1783)">Battle of Delhi (1783)</a></div> <p>In March 1783, <a href="/wiki/Dal_Khalsa_(Sikh_army)" title="Dal Khalsa (Sikh army)">Dal Khalsa</a> under Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and <a href="/wiki/Baghel_Singh" title="Baghel Singh">Baghel Singh</a> was advancing upon <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-SI_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SI-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sikhchic.com_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sikhchic.com-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jassa_Singh_Ramgarhia" title="Jassa Singh Ramgarhia">Jassa Singh Ramgarhia</a> Joined Dal Khalsa at 10 March 1783, and on 11 March, Dal Khalsa entered in the royal palaces in the red fort. In the Diwan-e-Am Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was placed on the throne of Delhi as Badshah Singh of Delhi by Sikhs, Through Ramgarhia was in minority, yet he challenged the Ahluwalia and called upon him to get down immediately. Both sides drew out swords and were about to pounce upon each other when Jassa Singh Ahluwalia at once renounced the honour<sup id="cite_ref-SI_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SI-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sikhchic.com_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sikhchic.com-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mughals agreed to construct 7 Sikh Gurudwaras in Delhi for Sikh Gurus.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._S._Singha2000_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._S._Singha2000-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photo_of_Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia%27s_haveli,_circa_early_20th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Photo_of_Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia%27s_haveli%2C_circa_early_20th_century.jpg/220px-Photo_of_Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia%27s_haveli%2C_circa_early_20th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Photo_of_Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia%27s_haveli%2C_circa_early_20th_century.jpg/330px-Photo_of_Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia%27s_haveli%2C_circa_early_20th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Photo_of_Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia%27s_haveli%2C_circa_early_20th_century.jpg/440px-Photo_of_Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia%27s_haveli%2C_circa_early_20th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1436" /></a><figcaption>Photo of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia's <i><a href="/wiki/Haveli" title="Haveli">haveli</a></i>, circa early 20th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Jassa Singh Ahluwalia died on 23 October 1783 in Amritsar. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>He (Jassa Singh Ahluwalia) had the great privilege of conquering Lahore and issuing his own coin ... [and] sitting on the throne of the Mughal Emperors in the Red Fort at Delhi [after conquering it]. He fought a number of times face to face with Ahmad Shah Durrani, the greatest Asian general of his days. The invader tried to win him over in vain. The Maharajas of Patiala and Jind stood before him in all reverence and humility. The Rajas of Nalagarh, Bilaspur, Kangra Hills and Jammu touched his knees. The Nawabs of Malerkotla and Kunjpura paid him homage. And yet he remained a humble and docile disciple of Guru Gobind Singh. In the person of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, the Guru actually made a sparrow kill hawks.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Hari_Ram_Gupta" title="Hari Ram Gupta">Hari Ram Gupta</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._R._Gupta198243_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._R._Gupta198243-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/NJSA_Government_College" title="NJSA Government College">Nawab Jassa Singh Ahluwalia Government College</a> (<a href="/wiki/NJSA_Government_College" title="NJSA Government College">NJSA Government College</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Kapurthala_State" title="Kapurthala State">Kapurthala</a>, established in 1856 by Raja Randhir Singh of Kaputhala is named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A commemorative postage stamp on Jassa Singh Ahluwalia was issued by <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a> on 4 April 1985. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In the 2010 historical TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Maharaja_Ranjit_Singh_(TV_series)" title="Maharaja Ranjit Singh (TV series)">Maharaja Ranjit Singh</a></i> telecasted on <a href="/wiki/DD_National" title="DD National">DD National</a>, the character of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Shahbaz_Khan_(actor)" title="Shahbaz Khan (actor)">Shahbaz Khan</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banda_Bahadur" class="mw-redirect" title="Banda Bahadur">Banda Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Deep_Singh" title="Baba Deep Singh">Baba Deep Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawab_Kapur_Singh_Virk" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawab Kapur Singh Virk">Nawab Kapur Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dal_Khalsa_(Sikh_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dal Khalsa (Sikh Army)">Dal Khalsa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rest of the quote: "Jassa Singh was a great warrior, mighty general and eminent organiser. He bore thirty-two scars of sword cuts and bullet marks on the front part of his body and none on his back. He was a giant in body. ... Qazi Nur Muhammad who saw him fighting against Ahmad Shah Durrani called him a mountain. He was a great warrior, mighty general and eminent organiser. He bore thirty-two scars of sword cuts and bullet marks on the front of his body and none on his back. He was a giant in body. His breakfast consisted of one kilogram of flour, one half kilogram of butter, one quarter kilogram of crystalline sugar slabs (<i> misri </i>), and one bucketful of butter-milk (lassi). One he-goat sufficed him for two meals…. These were the days of physical prowess, and only men possessed of indomitable will power could compete with ferocious Afghans on better footing. He was wheatish in colour, tall, fat, with a broad forehead, wide chest, loud and sonorous voice which could be clearly heard by an assemblage of 50,000 men….. The horses under him must have been the size of an elephant. This is why he could be clearly seen by Qazi Nur Muhammad in a body of fifty or sixty thousand men. His long arms came down to his knees. This enabled him to strike his sword right and left with equal valour."</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSingh1984" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Sewa (1984). <i>Baba Jassa Singh Ahluwalia (1718-1783)</i>. Punjab State Archives Department. p. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baba+Jassa+Singh+Ahluwalia+%281718-1783%29&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Punjab+State+Archives+Department&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Sewa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGanda_Singh199051-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGanda_Singh199051_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGanda_Singh1990">Ganda Singh 1990</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._S._Singha200531-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._S._Singha200531_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFH._S._Singha2005">H. S. Singha 2005</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaspreet_Kaur_Sandhu2000" class="citation book cs1">Jaspreet Kaur Sandhu (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LSVuAAAAMAAJ&q=kadr+1755+ahluwalia"><i>Sikh Ethos: Eighteenth Century Perspective</i></a>. Vision & Venture. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788186769126" title="Special:BookSources/9788186769126"><bdi>9788186769126</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikh+Ethos%3A+Eighteenth+Century+Perspective&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Vision+%26+Venture&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9788186769126&rft.au=Jaspreet+Kaur+Sandhu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLSVuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dkadr%2B1755%2Bahluwalia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChhabra1960" class="citation book cs1">Chhabra, G.S (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_7pMAAAAIAAJ&q=anupshahr+1768"><i>The Advanced Study in History of the Punjab: Guru and post-guru period upto Ranjit Singh</i></a>. Sharanjit. p. 470.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Advanced+Study+in+History+of+the+Punjab%3A+Guru+and+post-guru+period+upto+Ranjit+Singh&rft.pages=470&rft.pub=Sharanjit&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Chhabra&rft.aufirst=G.S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_7pMAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Danupshahr%2B1768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._S._Singha2005111-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._S._Singha2005111_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFH._S._Singha2005">H. S. Singha 2005</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhluwalia1989" class="citation book cs1">Ahluwalia, M. L. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FpBHAAAAMAAJ"><i>Life and Times of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia</i></a>. Publication Bureau, Punjabi University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+and+Times+of+Jassa+Singh+Ahluwalia&rft.pub=Publication+Bureau%2C+Punjabi+University&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Ahluwalia&rft.aufirst=M.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFpBHAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_Anthony_Low1968" class="citation book cs1">Donald Anthony Low (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WfD02m8q8eYC&pg=PA70"><i>Soundings in Modern South Asian History</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">70–</span>71. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/612533097">612533097</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soundings+in+Modern+South+Asian+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E70-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F612533097&rft.au=Donald+Anthony+Low&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWfD02m8q8eYC%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLow1968" class="citation book cs1">Low, D.A. (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nwlCAAAAIAAJ"><i>Soundings in Modern South Asian History</i></a>. University of California Press. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-00770-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-00770-3"><bdi>978-0-520-00770-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2022</span>. <q>With the rise to political power of Jassa Singh Kalal, the most famous Sikh chiefofthe eighteenth century, the importance of the Kalals had increased and there had been a tendency among them to abandon their degrading hereditary occupation…In addition to abandoning their hereditary occupation the Kalals tried to raise their status by changing their caste names and by claiming more respectable social origins. Jassa Singh Kalal had styled himself Ahllu- walia from the name of his ancestral village, a title which was still borne by his descendants, the royal family of the Native State of Kapurthala in British times; and one which the Sikh Kalals generally adopted as the name of their caste. By the early twentieth century some of the Ahlluwalias had gone further by claiming Khatri or Rajput origin.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soundings+in+Modern+South+Asian+History&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-520-00770-3&rft.aulast=Low&rft.aufirst=D.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnwlCAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGandhi1980" class="citation book cs1">Gandhi, S.S. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZxxuAAAAMAAJ"><i>Struggle of the Sikhs for Sovereignty</i></a>. Gur Das Kapur<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2022</span>. <q>The Ahluwalia Misl is also interesting for the same reason as it was led by Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, a member of Kalal caste, or distillers of palm wine . The Kalals rank among the artisans castes of the Sikhs</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Struggle+of+the+Sikhs+for+Sovereignty&rft.pub=Gur+Das+Kapur&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Gandhi&rft.aufirst=S.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZxxuAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta2001" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, H.R. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S1wwAQAAIAAJ"><i>History of the Sikhs: The Sikh commonwealth or Rise and fall of Sikh misls</i></a>. Munshiram Manoharlal. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0540-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0540-6"><bdi>978-81-215-0540-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2022</span>. <q>There lived a young man named Badar Singh of the Kalal caste known as distillers of wine...It was there that Badar Singh got a son in 1718, named Jassa Singh.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Sikhs%3A+The+Sikh+commonwealth+or+Rise+and+fall+of+Sikh+misls&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-215-0540-6&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=H.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS1wwAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._L._Ahluwalia1989" class="citation book cs1">M. L. Ahluwalia (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FpBHAAAAMAAJ"><i>Life and Times of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia</i></a>. Punjabi University. p. 3. <q>...the original homeland of Jassa Singh's ancestors was Mauza Mullu Sadhu-Ke in Majha. His <i>qaum</i> (caste) was Kalal alias <i>Tulsi</i> (sub-caste).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+and+Times+of+Jassa+Singh+Ahluwalia&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Punjabi+University&rft.date=1989&rft.au=M.+L.+Ahluwalia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFpBHAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis_E._FenechW._H._McLeod_Singh2014" class="citation book cs1">Louis E. Fenech; W. H. McLeod Singh, eds. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ"><i>Historical Dictionary of Sikhism</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1442236004" title="Special:BookSources/978-1442236004"><bdi>978-1442236004</bdi></a>. <q>...the ruling family of Kapurthala (the descendants of Jassa Singh Ahluvalia) was also Kalal. So successful have they been that today their Kalal antecedents have been largely forgotten [...] Jassa Singh Ahluvalia, though not a Jat, was regarded as the principal misl chieftain</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Sikhism&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1442236004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxajcAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrewal2007" class="citation book cs1">Grewal, J.S. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FYDXAAAAMAAJ"><i>Sikh Ideology Polity, and Social Order: From Guru Nanak to Maharaja Ranjit Singh</i></a>. Manohar. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-737-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-737-4"><bdi>978-81-7304-737-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2022</span>. <q>Nevertheless, differences of caste was discounted by the Jatts themselves. Sukha Singh, a Tarkhan, was 'brought up' by Shiam Singh, a Sandhu Jatt. Jassa Singh Ahluwalia, a Kalal, was similarly 'brought up' by Kapur Singh, a Virk Jatt.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikh+Ideology+Polity%2C+and+Social+Order%3A+From+Guru+Nanak+to+Maharaja+Ranjit+Singh&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Manohar&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-81-7304-737-4&rft.aulast=Grewal&rft.aufirst=J.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFYDXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSohan_Singh_Seetal1981" class="citation book cs1">Sohan Singh Seetal (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KD4uAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Sikh Misals and the Punjab States</i></a>. Lahore Book Shop. <q>Everybody had been dubbing the Kapoorthala dynasty as Kalaals, meaning wine vendors. But, during the time of Raja Kharak Singh, the penultimate chief of the state, an attempt was made to relate this dynasty to the Bhatti Rajput Rajput rulers of Jaisalmer in Rajasthan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikh+Misals+and+the+Punjab+States&rft.pub=Lahore+Book+Shop&rft.date=1981&rft.au=Sohan+Singh+Seetal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKD4uAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGanda_Singh19901-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGanda_Singh19901_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGanda_Singh1990">Ganda Singh 1990</a>, p. 1With the passing of time, they got mingled with the Jats who constituted at that time the majority community of this area. They began to enter into matrimonial alliances with them. Thus, gradually they also became Jats.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGanda_Singh19904-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGanda_Singh19904_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGanda_Singh1990">Ganda Singh 1990</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGanda_Singh19906-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGanda_Singh19906_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGanda_Singh1990">Ganda Singh 1990</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._S._Singha200537-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._S._Singha200537_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFH._S._Singha2005">H. S. Singha 2005</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarangGupta1969" class="citation book cs1">Narang, K. S.; Gupta, H. R. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q6oGRgAACAAJ"><i>History of Punjab: 1500 - 1558</i></a>. p. 216<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Punjab%3A+1500+-+1558&rft.pages=216&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Narang&rft.aufirst=K.+S.&rft.au=Gupta%2C+H.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq6oGRgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._S._Singha200539-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._S._Singha200539_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFH._S._Singha2005">H. S. Singha 2005</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajmohan_Gandhi1999" class="citation cs2">Rajmohan Gandhi (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OVqP54UEe4QC&pg=PA117"><i>Revenge and Reconciliation</i></a>, p. 118, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780140290455" title="Special:BookSources/9780140290455"><bdi>9780140290455</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revenge+and+Reconciliation&rft.pages=118&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780140290455&rft.au=Rajmohan+Gandhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOVqP54UEe4QC%26pg%3DPA117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-saggu-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-saggu_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaggu,_DS2018" class="citation book cs1">Saggu, DS (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ghlfDwAAQBAJ&dq=battle+of+lohgarh&pg=PT85"><i>Battle Tactics And War Manoeuvres of the Sikhs</i></a>. Notion Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781642490060" title="Special:BookSources/9781642490060"><bdi>9781642490060</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+Tactics+And+War+Manoeuvres+of+the+Sikhs&rft.pub=Notion+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781642490060&rft.au=Saggu%2C+DS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DghlfDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dbattle%2Bof%2Blohgarh%26pg%3DPT85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._S._Singha2000111-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._S._Singha2000111_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._S._Singha2000111_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFH._S._Singha2000">H. S. Singha 2000</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gordon-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gordon_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gordon_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gordon_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2007" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Stewart (February 2007). <i>The Marathas 1600–1818, Volume 2</i>. Cambridge University Press, 1993. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26883-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26883-7"><bdi>978-0-521-26883-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Marathas+1600%E2%80%931818%2C+Volume+2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press%2C+1993&rft.date=2007-02&rft.isbn=978-0-521-26883-7&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2004" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Khushwant (2004). <i>History of the Sikhs</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195673081" title="Special:BookSources/9780195673081"><bdi>9780195673081</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Sikhs&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780195673081&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Khushwant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHari_Ram_Gupta2001" class="citation book cs1">Hari Ram Gupta (October 2001). <i>The Sikhs Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of the Sikh Misls</i>. Munshilal Manoharlal Pvt.Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-215-0165-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-215-0165-2"><bdi>81-215-0165-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+Commonwealth+or+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Sikh+Misls&rft.pub=Munshilal+Manoharlal+Pvt.Ltd&rft.date=2001-10&rft.isbn=81-215-0165-2&rft.au=Hari+Ram+Gupta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHari_Ram_Gupta2001" class="citation book cs1">Hari Ram Gupta (October 2001). <i>The Sikhs Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of the Sikh Misls</i>. Munshilal Manoharlal Pvt.Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-215-0165-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-215-0165-2"><bdi>81-215-0165-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+Commonwealth+or+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Sikh+Misls&rft.pub=Munshilal+Manoharlal+Pvt.Ltd&rft.date=2001-10&rft.isbn=81-215-0165-2&rft.au=Hari+Ram+Gupta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HS-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HS_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HS_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HS_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HS_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HS_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HS_29-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HS_29-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HS_29-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HS_29-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HS_29-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HS_29-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hari_Ram_Gupta" title="Hari Ram Gupta">Gupta, Hari Ram</a>. <i>History Of The Sikhs Vol II Evolution of Sikh Confederacies</i>. Munshilal Manohorlal, Pvt Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+Of+The+Sikhs+Vol+II+Evolution+of+Sikh+Confederacies&rft.pub=Munshilal+Manohorlal%2C+Pvt+Ltd&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Hari+Ram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHari_Ram_Gupta2001" class="citation book cs1">Hari Ram Gupta (October 2001). <i>The Sikhs Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of the Sikh Misls</i>. Munshilal Manoharlal Pvt.Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-215-0165-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-215-0165-2"><bdi>81-215-0165-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+Commonwealth+or+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Sikh+Misls&rft.pub=Munshilal+Manoharlal+Pvt.Ltd&rft.date=2001-10&rft.isbn=81-215-0165-2&rft.au=Hari+Ram+Gupta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thesikhencyclopedia.com/the-sikh-empire-1799-1839/sikhs-relations-with-jats-of-bharatpur">"Sikh Relations with Jats of Bharatpur"</a>. <i>The sikh encyclopedia</i>. 19 December 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+sikh+encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Sikh+Relations+with+Jats+of+Bharatpur&rft.date=2000-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesikhencyclopedia.com%2Fthe-sikh-empire-1799-1839%2Fsikhs-relations-with-jats-of-bharatpur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gupta, Hari Ram. <i>History of the Sikhs, Vol. III: Sikh Domination of the Mughal Empire, 1764-1803</i>. Munshilal Manoharlal. ISBN 978-81-215-0213-9. Page 56. Accessed 8 January 2025.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerrli2004" class="citation book cs1">Herrli, Hans (2004) [1993]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TheCoinsOfTheSikhs/page/n4/mode/1up"><i>The Coins of the Sikhs</i></a> (2nd ed.). Munshiram Manoharlal publishers Pvt ltd, New Delhi. p. 233. <q>In December 1765 Jawahir singh marched against Jaipur with 25000 sikhs who were bought off by Raja Mado Singh, but in March 1768 Jawahir Singh, supported by 20000 Sikh mercenaries, again attacked and routed Mado Singh"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coins+of+the+Sikhs&rft.pages=233&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal+publishers+Pvt+ltd%2C+New+Delhi&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Herrli&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheCoinsOfTheSikhs%2Fpage%2Fn4%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rima_Hooja-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rima_Hooja_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooja2006" class="citation book cs1">Hooja, Rima (2006). <i>A History of Rajasthan</i>. New Delhi: Rupa Publication. pp. 726, 736.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Rajasthan&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=726%2C+736&rft.pub=Rupa+Publication&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Hooja&rft.aufirst=Rima&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1963" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Khushwant (1963). <i>A History of the Sikhs: 1469–1839 (Vol. 1)</i>. Princeton University Press. p. 151.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Sikhs%3A+1469%E2%80%931839+%28Vol.+1%29&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Khushwant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGanda_Singh1990106-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGanda_Singh1990106_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGanda_Singh1990">Ganda Singh 1990</a>, p. 106: "...he became famous as a Liberator of bonded women. (Ghanaya Lal, Tareekh-i-Punjab-100; Gian Singh, Shamsheer Khalsa, 145/507"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2004" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Khushwant (11 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MD9uAAAAMAAJ"><i>A History of the Sikhs: 1469–1838</i></a> (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-567308-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-567308-1"><bdi>978-0-19-567308-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Sikhs%3A+1469%E2%80%931838&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-10-11&rft.isbn=978-0-19-567308-1&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Khushwant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMD9uAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2004" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Khushwant (11 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MD9uAAAAMAAJ"><i>A History of the Sikhs: 1469–1838</i></a> (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-567308-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-567308-1"><bdi>978-0-19-567308-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Sikhs%3A+1469%E2%80%931838&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-10-11&rft.isbn=978-0-19-567308-1&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Khushwant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMD9uAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mehta-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mehta_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehta2005" class="citation book cs1">Mehta, J. L. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d1wUgKKzawoC&pg=PA250"><i>Advanced study in the history of modern India 1707–1813</i></a>. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 303. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932705-54-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932705-54-6"><bdi>978-1-932705-54-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+study+in+the+history+of+modern+India+1707%E2%80%931813&rft.pages=303&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishers+Pvt.+Ltd&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-932705-54-6&rft.aulast=Mehta&rft.aufirst=J.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd1wUgKKzawoC%26pg%3DPA250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eos-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eos_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhatia" class="citation web cs1">Bhatia, Sardar Singh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.learnpunjabi.org/eos/index.aspx">"Vadda Ghallurghara"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia of Sikhism</i>. Punjabi University Patiala<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Sikhism&rft.atitle=Vadda+Ghallurghara&rft.aulast=Bhatia&rft.aufirst=Sardar+Singh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.learnpunjabi.org%2Feos%2Findex.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-village-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-village_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacques,_Tony2007" class="citation book cs1">Jacques, Tony (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dh6jydKXikoC&pg=PA553"><i>Dictionary of Battles and Sieges</i></a>. Greenwood Press. p. 553. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33536-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33536-5"><bdi>978-0-313-33536-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Battles+and+Sieges&rft.pages=553&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33536-5&rft.au=Jacques%2C+Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDh6jydKXikoC%26pg%3DPA553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAwan1994" class="citation book cs1">Awan, Muhammad Tariq (1994). <i>History of India and Pakistan, Volume 2</i> (2 ed.). Ferozsons, 1994. pp. <span class="nowrap">502–</span>505. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789690100351" title="Special:BookSources/9789690100351"><bdi>9789690100351</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+India+and+Pakistan%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E502-%3C%2Fspan%3E505&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Ferozsons%2C+1994&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9789690100351&rft.aulast=Awan&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Tariq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2004" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Khushwant (2004). <i>History of the Sikhs</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195673081" title="Special:BookSources/9780195673081"><bdi>9780195673081</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Sikhs&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780195673081&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Khushwant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHari_Ram_Gupta2001" class="citation book cs1">Hari Ram Gupta (October 2001). <i>The Sikhs Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of the Sikh Misls</i>. Munshilal Manoharlal Pvt.Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-215-0165-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-215-0165-2"><bdi>81-215-0165-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+Commonwealth+or+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Sikh+Misls&rft.pub=Munshilal+Manoharlal+Pvt.Ltd&rft.date=2001-10&rft.isbn=81-215-0165-2&rft.au=Hari+Ram+Gupta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHari_Ram_Gupta2001" class="citation book cs1">Hari Ram Gupta (October 2001). <i>The Sikhs Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of the Sikh Misls</i>. Munshilal Manoharlal Pvt.Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-215-0165-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-215-0165-2"><bdi>81-215-0165-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+Commonwealth+or+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Sikh+Misls&rft.pub=Munshilal+Manoharlal+Pvt.Ltd&rft.date=2001-10&rft.isbn=81-215-0165-2&rft.au=Hari+Ram+Gupta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHari_Ram_Gupta2001" class="citation book cs1">Hari Ram Gupta (October 2001). <i>The Sikhs Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of the Sikh Misls</i>. Munshilal Manoharlal Pvt.Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-215-0165-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-215-0165-2"><bdi>81-215-0165-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+Commonwealth+or+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Sikh+Misls&rft.pub=Munshilal+Manoharlal+Pvt.Ltd&rft.date=2001-10&rft.isbn=81-215-0165-2&rft.au=Hari+Ram+Gupta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHari_Ram_Gupta2001" class="citation book cs1">Hari Ram Gupta (October 2001). <i>The Sikhs Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of the Sikh Misls</i>. Munshilal Manoharlal Pvt.Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-215-0165-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-215-0165-2"><bdi>81-215-0165-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+Commonwealth+or+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Sikh+Misls&rft.pub=Munshilal+Manoharlal+Pvt.Ltd&rft.date=2001-10&rft.isbn=81-215-0165-2&rft.au=Hari+Ram+Gupta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHari_Ram_Gupta2001" class="citation book cs1">Hari Ram Gupta (October 2001). <i>The Sikhs Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of the Sikh Misls</i>. Munshilal Manoharlal Pvt.Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-215-0165-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-215-0165-2"><bdi>81-215-0165-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+Commonwealth+or+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Sikh+Misls&rft.pub=Munshilal+Manoharlal+Pvt.Ltd&rft.date=2001-10&rft.isbn=81-215-0165-2&rft.au=Hari+Ram+Gupta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHari_Ram_Gupta2001" class="citation book cs1">Hari Ram Gupta (October 2001). <i>The Sikhs Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of the Sikh Misls</i>. Munshilal Manoharlal Pvt.Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-215-0165-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-215-0165-2"><bdi>81-215-0165-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+Commonwealth+or+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Sikh+Misls&rft.pub=Munshilal+Manoharlal+Pvt.Ltd&rft.date=2001-10&rft.isbn=81-215-0165-2&rft.au=Hari+Ram+Gupta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2004" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Khushwant (11 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MD9uAAAAMAAJ"><i>A History of the Sikhs: 1469–1838</i></a> (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-567308-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-567308-1"><bdi>978-0-19-567308-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Sikhs%3A+1469%E2%80%931838&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-10-11&rft.isbn=978-0-19-567308-1&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Khushwant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMD9uAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta1999221-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta1999221_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta1999221_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta1999221_51-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGupta1999">Gupta 1999</a>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1959304-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1959304_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1959304_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1959304_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh1959">Singh 1959</a>, p. 304.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1959305-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1959305_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1959305_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1959305_53-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1959305_53-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1959305_53-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1959305_53-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1959305_53-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh1959">Singh 1959</a>, p. 305.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGupta1999222-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta1999222_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta1999222_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta1999222_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta1999222_54-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta1999222_54-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGupta1999222_54-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGupta1999">Gupta 1999</a>, p. 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESingh1959306-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESingh1959306_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSingh1959">Singh 1959</a>, p. 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2004" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Khushwant (2004). <i>History of the Sikhs</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195673081" title="Special:BookSources/9780195673081"><bdi>9780195673081</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Sikhs&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780195673081&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Khushwant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHari_Ram_Gupta2001" class="citation book cs1">Hari Ram Gupta (October 2001). <i>The Sikhs Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of the Sikh Misls</i>. Munshilal Manoharlal Pvt.Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-215-0165-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-215-0165-2"><bdi>81-215-0165-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+Commonwealth+or+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Sikh+Misls&rft.pub=Munshilal+Manoharlal+Pvt.Ltd&rft.date=2001-10&rft.isbn=81-215-0165-2&rft.au=Hari+Ram+Gupta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2004" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Khushwant (2004). <i>History of the Sikhs</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195673081" title="Special:BookSources/9780195673081"><bdi>9780195673081</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Sikhs&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780195673081&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Khushwant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHari_Ram_Gupta2001" class="citation book cs1">Hari Ram Gupta (October 2001). <i>The Sikhs Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of the Sikh Misls</i>. Munshilal Manoharlal Pvt.Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-215-0165-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-215-0165-2"><bdi>81-215-0165-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+Commonwealth+or+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Sikh+Misls&rft.pub=Munshilal+Manoharlal+Pvt.Ltd&rft.date=2001-10&rft.isbn=81-215-0165-2&rft.au=Hari+Ram+Gupta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHari_Ram_Gupta2001" class="citation book cs1">Hari Ram Gupta (October 2001). <i>The Sikhs Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of the Sikh Misls</i>. Munshilal Manoharlal Pvt.Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-215-0165-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-215-0165-2"><bdi>81-215-0165-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+Commonwealth+or+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Sikh+Misls&rft.pub=Munshilal+Manoharlal+Pvt.Ltd&rft.date=2001-10&rft.isbn=81-215-0165-2&rft.au=Hari+Ram+Gupta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHari_Ram_Gupta2001" class="citation book cs1">Hari Ram Gupta (October 2001). <i>The Sikhs Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of the Sikh Misls</i>. Munshilal Manoharlal Pvt.Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-215-0165-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-215-0165-2"><bdi>81-215-0165-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+Commonwealth+or+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Sikh+Misls&rft.pub=Munshilal+Manoharlal+Pvt.Ltd&rft.date=2001-10&rft.isbn=81-215-0165-2&rft.au=Hari+Ram+Gupta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2004" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Khushwant (2004). <i>History of the Sikhs</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195673081" title="Special:BookSources/9780195673081"><bdi>9780195673081</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Sikhs&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780195673081&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Khushwant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHari_Ram_Gupta2001" class="citation book cs1">Hari Ram Gupta (October 2001). <i>The Sikhs Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of the Sikh Misls</i>. Munshilal Manoharlal Pvt.Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-215-0165-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-215-0165-2"><bdi>81-215-0165-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+Commonwealth+or+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Sikh+Misls&rft.pub=Munshilal+Manoharlal+Pvt.Ltd&rft.date=2001-10&rft.isbn=81-215-0165-2&rft.au=Hari+Ram+Gupta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHari_Ram_Gupta2001" class="citation book cs1">Hari Ram Gupta (October 2001). <i>The Sikhs Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of the Sikh Misls</i>. Munshilal Manoharlal Pvt.Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-215-0165-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-215-0165-2"><bdi>81-215-0165-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+Commonwealth+or+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Sikh+Misls&rft.pub=Munshilal+Manoharlal+Pvt.Ltd&rft.date=2001-10&rft.isbn=81-215-0165-2&rft.au=Hari+Ram+Gupta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHari_Ram_Gupta2001" class="citation book cs1">Hari Ram Gupta (October 2001). <i>The Sikhs Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of the Sikh Misls</i>. Munshilal Manoharlal Pvt.Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-215-0165-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-215-0165-2"><bdi>81-215-0165-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+Commonwealth+or+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Sikh+Misls&rft.pub=Munshilal+Manoharlal+Pvt.Ltd&rft.date=2001-10&rft.isbn=81-215-0165-2&rft.au=Hari+Ram+Gupta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHari_Ram_Gupta2001" class="citation book cs1">Hari Ram Gupta (October 2001). <i>The Sikhs Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of the Sikh Misls</i>. Munshilal Manoharlal Pvt.Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-215-0165-2" title="Special:BookSources/81-215-0165-2"><bdi>81-215-0165-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sikhs+Commonwealth+or+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Sikh+Misls&rft.pub=Munshilal+Manoharlal+Pvt.Ltd&rft.date=2001-10&rft.isbn=81-215-0165-2&rft.au=Hari+Ram+Gupta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SI-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SI_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SI_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghBarrier1999" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Pashaura; Barrier, Norman Gerald (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DIN0AAAAMAAJ&q=Ramgarhia+Bunga+golden+temple+jassa+singh"><i>Sikh Identity: Continuity and Change</i></a>. Manohar. p. 264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-236-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7304-236-2"><bdi>978-81-7304-236-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikh+Identity%3A+Continuity+and+Change&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=Manohar&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-81-7304-236-2&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Pashaura&rft.au=Barrier%2C+Norman+Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDIN0AAAAMAAJ%26q%3DRamgarhia%2BBunga%2Bgolden%2Btemple%2Bjassa%2Bsingh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sikhchic.com-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sikhchic.com_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sikhchic.com_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sikhchic.com/article-detail.php?id=2532&cat=14">"sikhchic.com | The Art and Culture of the Diaspora | Restoration of The Bunga Ramgharia"</a>. <i>www.sikhchic.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sikhchic.com&rft.atitle=sikhchic.com+%26%23124%3B+The+Art+and+Culture+of+the+Diaspora+%26%23124%3B+Restoration+of+The+Bunga+Ramgharia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sikhchic.com%2Farticle-detail.php%3Fid%3D2532%26cat%3D14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSethi" class="citation book cs1">Sethi, Jasbir Singh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6sg_9N_AHbMC&pg=PA89"><i>Views and Reviews</i></a>. Sanbun Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788190825986" title="Special:BookSources/9788190825986"><bdi>9788190825986</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Views+and+Reviews&rft.pub=Sanbun+Publishers&rft.isbn=9788190825986&rft.aulast=Sethi&rft.aufirst=Jasbir+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6sg_9N_AHbMC%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis_E._FenechW._H._McLeod2014" class="citation book cs1">Louis E. Fenech; W. H. McLeod (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xajcAwAAQBAJ"><i>Historical Dictionary of Sikhism</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3601-1"><bdi>978-1-4422-3601-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Sikhism&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-3601-1&rft.au=Louis+E.+Fenech&rft.au=W.+H.+McLeod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxajcAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._S._Singha2000-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._S._Singha2000_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFH._S._Singha2000">H. S. Singha 2000</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhagata1993" class="citation book cs1">Bhagata, Siṅgha (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BihuAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA271"><i>A History of the Sikh Misals</i></a>. Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. pp. <span class="nowrap">271–</span>282. <q>Baghel Singh, Baghel Singh took the leadership of karorisingha misl.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Sikh+Misals&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E271-%3C%2Fspan%3E282&rft.pub=Publication+Bureau%2C+Punjabi+University&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Bhagata&rft.aufirst=Si%E1%B9%85gha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBihuAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEH._R._Gupta198243-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEH._R._Gupta198243_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFH._R._Gupta1982">H. R. Gupta 1982</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tribuneindia.com/2006/20061001/society.htm#1">"College of excellence, 150 years ago"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Tribune_(Chandigarh)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Tribune (Chandigarh)">The Tribune</a></i>. 1 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tribune&rft.atitle=College+of+excellence%2C+150+years+ago&rft.date=2006-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tribuneindia.com%2F2006%2F20061001%2Fsociety.htm%231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jassa_Singh_Ahluwalia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1959" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Ganda (1959). <i>Ahmad Shah Durrani: Father of Modern Afghanistan</i>. Asia Publishing House and online by Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">303–</span>306.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ahmad+Shah+Durrani%3A+Father+of+Modern+Afghanistan&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E303-%3C%2Fspan%3E306&rft.pub=Asia+Publishing+House+and+online+by+Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Ganda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGupta1999" class="citation book cs1">Gupta, Hari Ram (1999). <i>Evolution of Sikh Confederacies</i>. Munshiram Manoharlal. pp. <span class="nowrap">223–</span>224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788121502481" title="Special:BookSources/9788121502481"><bdi>9788121502481</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+Sikh+Confederacies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E223-%3C%2Fspan%3E224&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9788121502481&rft.aulast=Gupta&rft.aufirst=Hari+Ram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanda_Singh1990" class="citation book cs1">Ganda Singh (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f4ZHAAAAMAAJ"><i>Sardar Jassa Singh Ahluwalia</i></a>. Punjabi University. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8173805042" title="Special:BookSources/978-8173805042"><bdi>978-8173805042</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sardar+Jassa+Singh+Ahluwalia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pub=Punjabi+University&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-8173805042&rft.au=Ganda+Singh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df4ZHAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._R._Gupta1982" class="citation book cs1">H. R. Gupta (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PRNDAAAAYAAJ"><i>History of the Sikhs. Vol. IV: The Sikh Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of Sikh Misls</i></a> (1st ed.). New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8121501651" title="Special:BookSources/978-8121501651"><bdi>978-8121501651</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Sikhs.+Vol.+IV%3A+The+Sikh+Commonwealth+or+Rise+and+Fall+of+Sikh+Misls&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Munshiram+Manoharlal&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-8121501651&rft.au=H.+R.+Gupta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPRNDAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._S._Singha2005" class="citation book cs1">H. S. Singha (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fa6B20l9AeQC&pg=PA31"><i>Sikh Studies</i></a>. Vol. 6. Hemkunt Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8170102588" title="Special:BookSources/8170102588"><bdi>8170102588</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sikh+Studies&rft.pub=Hemkunt+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=8170102588&rft.au=H.+S.+Singha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfa6B20l9AeQC%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJassa+Singh+Ahluwalia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._S._Singha2000" class="citation book cs1">H. S. Singha (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gqIbJz7vMn0C&pg=PA111"><i>The encyclopedia of Sikhism</i></a>. 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sikhism645" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sikhism" title="Template:Sikhism"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#000">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sikhism" title="Template talk:Sikhism"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#000">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sikhism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sikhism"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#000">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sikhism645" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;font-weight:bold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Sikhism" title="Glossary of Sikhism">Glossary</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">History</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus">Gurus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Angad" title="Guru Angad">Guru Angad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Amar_Das" title="Guru Amar Das">Guru Amar Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das" title="Guru Ram Das">Guru Ram Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Hargobind" title="Guru Hargobind">Guru Hargobind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Rai" title="Guru Har Rai">Guru Har Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Krishan" title="Guru Har Krishan">Guru Har Krishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a> (Sikh holy book)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh philosophy">Beliefs and principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Maneyo_Granth" title="Guru Maneyo Granth">Guru Maneyo Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Rehat_Maryada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Rehat Maryada">Sikh Rehat Maryada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_52_Hukams_of_Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="The 52 Hukams of Guru Gobind Singh">The 52 Hukams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitions_in_Sikhism" title="Prohibitions in Sikhism">Prohibitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_and_Sikhism" title="Cannabis and Sikhism">Cannabis and Sikhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Diet in Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_practices" title="Category:Sikh practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_practices" title="Sikh practices">Sikh practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_rites" title="Sikh rites">Sikh rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard%C4%81s" title="Ardās">Ardās</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langar_(Sikhism)" title="Langar (Sikhism)">Langar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Karan" title="Naam Karan">Naam Karan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Karaj" title="Anand Karaj">Anand Karaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Sanchar" class="mw-redirect" title="Amrit Sanchar">Amrit Sanchar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Vel%C4%81" title="Amrit Velā">Amrit Velā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antam_Sanskar" title="Antam Sanskar">Antam Sanskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_pillars_of_Sikhism" title="Three pillars of Sikhism">Three Pillars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Karo" title="Kirat Karo">Kirat Karo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Japo" title="Naam Japo">Naam Japo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vand_Chhako" title="Vand Chhako">Vand Chhako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Five_Ks" class="mw-redirect" title="The Five Ks">The Five Ks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Simran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seva_(Indian_religions)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seva (Indian religions)">Sewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charhdi_Kala" class="mw-redirect" title="Charhdi Kala">Charhdi Kala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasvand" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasvand">Dasvand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_scripture" title="Category:Sikh scripture">Scripture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarbloh_Granth" title="Sarbloh Granth">Sarbloh Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurbani" title="Gurbani">Gurbani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mul_Mantar" title="Mul Mantar">Mul Mantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japji_Sahib" title="Japji Sahib">Japji Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaupai_(Sikhism)" title="Chaupai (Sikhism)">Chaupai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaap_Sahib" title="Jaap Sahib">Jaap Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehras" title="Rehras">Rehras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhmani_Sahib" title="Sukhmani Sahib">Sukhmani Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tav-Prasad_Savaiye" class="mw-redirect" title="Tav-Prasad Savaiye">Tav-Prasad Savaiye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_architecture" title="Sikh architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Temple" title="Golden Temple">Harmandir Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Janam_Asthan" title="Gurdwara Janam Asthan">Janam Asthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara_Darbar_Sahib_Kartarpur" title="Gurdwara Darbar Sahib Kartarpur">Darbar Sahib Kartarpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras" title="List of gurdwaras">List</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Africa" title="List of gurdwaras">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Asia" title="List of gurdwaras">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#Europe" title="List of gurdwaras">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gurdwaras#North_America" title="List of gurdwaras">North America</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadurgarh_Fort" title="Bahadurgarh Fort">Bahadurgarh Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fateh_Burj" title="Fateh Burj">Fateh Burj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazuri_Bagh_Baradari" title="Hazuri Bagh Baradari">Hazuri Bagh Baradari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kesgarh_Qila" class="mw-redirect" title="Kesgarh Qila">Kesgarh Qila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanda_museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanda museum">Khanda museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moti_Bagh_Palace" title="Moti Bagh Palace">Moti Bagh Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanak_Shahi_bricks" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanak Shahi bricks">Nanak Shahi bricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pul_Kanjri" title="Pul Kanjri">Pul Kanjri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qila_Mubarak,_Patiala" title="Qila Mubarak, Patiala">Qila Mubarak, Patiala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramgarhia_Bunga" title="Ramgarhia Bunga">Ramgarhia Bunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi_of_Ranjit_Singh" title="Samadhi of Ranjit Singh">Samadhi of Ranjit Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_of_Dina_Nath" title="Well of Dina Nath">Well of Dina Nath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_by_country" title="Sikhism by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_diaspora" title="Sikh diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Sikhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Australia" title="Sikhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Austria" title="Sikhism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Sikhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Belgium" title="Sikhism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Canada" title="Sikhism in Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Greater_Vancouver" title="Sikhism in Greater Vancouver">Vancouver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_China" title="Sikhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Denmark" title="Sikhism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Fiji" title="Sikhism in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Finland" title="Sikhism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_France" title="Sikhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Germany" title="Sikhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Greece" title="Sikhism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_India" title="Sikhism in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Sikhism in Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Sikhs" title="Cochin Sikhs">Kochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Punjab,_India#Sikhism_in_Punjab" title="Demographics of Punjab, India">Punjab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Indonesia" title="Sikhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Iran" title="Sikhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Iraq" title="Sikhism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Italy" title="Sikhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Japan" title="Sikhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Malaysia" title="Sikhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Nepal" title="Sikhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Sikhism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Sikhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikhism in Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Norway" title="Sikhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Pakistan" title="Sikhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Panama" title="Sikhism in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Poland" title="Sikhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Singapore" title="Sikhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_South_Africa" title="Sikhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_South_Korea" title="Sikhism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Sweden" title="Sikhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Switzerland" title="Sikhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Thailand" title="Sikhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Sikhism in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Sikhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_England" title="Sikhism in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Scotland" title="Sikhism in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Wales" title="Sikhism in Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Sikhism in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_States" title="Sikhism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs_in_the_United_States_military" title="Sikhs in the United States military">U.S. Military</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Groups, sects<br />and communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects of Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mina_(Sikhism)" title="Mina (Sikhism)">Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdhari" title="Namdhari">Namdhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanakpanthi" title="Nanakpanthi">Nanakpanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihang" title="Nihang">Nihang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirankari" title="Nirankari">Nirankari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewapanthi" title="Sewapanthi">Sewapanthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirmala_(sect)" title="Nirmala (sect)">Nirmala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramraiya" title="Ramraiya">Ramraiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udasi" title="Udasi">Udasi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazhabi_Sikh" title="Mazhabi Sikh">Mazhabi Sikh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piara_Singh_Bhaniara" title="Piara Singh Bhaniara">Piara Singh Bhaniara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrahari_Sikh" title="Agrahari Sikh">Agrahari Sikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatha" title="Jatha">Jatha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damdami_Taksal" title="Damdami Taksal">Damdami Taksal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhand_Kirtani_Jatha" title="Akhand Kirtani Jatha">Akhand Kirtani Jatha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singh_Sabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Singh Sabha">Singh Sabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Contemporary Sant Mat movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3HO" title="3HO">3HO</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sikh_Empire" title="Template:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#000">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sikh_Empire" title="Template talk:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#000">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sikh Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#000">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sikh_Empire132" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Rulers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ranjit_Singh" title="Ranjit Singh">Ranjit Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharak_Singh" title="Kharak Singh">Kharak Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nau_Nihal_Singh" title="Nau Nihal Singh">Nau Nihal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chand_Kaur" title="Chand Kaur">Chand Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh" title="Sher Singh">Sher Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jind_Kaur" title="Jind Kaur">Jind Kaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duleep_Singh" title="Duleep Singh">Duleep Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Military<br />conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mughal-Sikh_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal-Sikh Wars">Mughal-Sikh Wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhangani" title="Battle of Bhangani">Battle of Bhangani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nadaun" title="Battle of Nadaun">Nadaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Basoli" title="Battle of Basoli">Basoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Anandpur" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Anandpur">1st Anandpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Anandpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Anandpur">2nd Anandpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chamkaur_(1704)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Chamkaur (1704)">Chamkaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarsa" title="Battle of Sarsa">Sarsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muktsar" title="Battle of Muktsar">Muktsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sonepat" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Sonepat">Sonepat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samana" title="Battle of Samana">Samana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sirhind" title="Siege of Sirhind">Sirhind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sadhaura" title="Battle of Sadhaura">Sadhaura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chappar_Chiri" title="Battle of Chappar Chiri">Chappar Chiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rahon_(1710)" title="Battle of Rahon (1710)">Rahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lohgarh" title="Battle of Lohgarh">Lohgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jalalabad_(1710)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jalalabad (1710)">Jalalabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jammu" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jammu">Jammu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gurdas_Nangal" title="Battle of Gurdas Nangal">Gurdas Nangal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delhi_(1783)" title="Battle of Delhi (1783)">Delhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afghan%E2%80%93Sikh_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Afghan–Sikh wars">Afghan–Sikh wars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attock" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Attock">Battle of Attock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Multan" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Multan">Battle of Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shopian" title="Battle of Shopian">Battle of Shopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nowshera" title="Battle of Nowshera">Battle of Nowshera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peshawar_(1834)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Peshawar (1834)">Battle of Peshawar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jamrud" title="Battle of Jamrud">Battle of Jamrud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Anglo-Sikh War">First Anglo-Sikh War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mudki" title="Battle of Mudki">Battle of Mudki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ferozeshah" title="Battle of Ferozeshah">Battle of Ferozeshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aliwal" title="Battle of Aliwal">Battle of Aliwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sobraon" title="Battle of Sobraon">Battle of Sobraon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ramnagar" title="Battle of Ramnagar">Battle of Ramnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chillianwala" title="Battle of Chillianwala">Battle of Chillianwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Multan_(1848%E2%80%931849)" title="Siege of Multan (1848–1849)">Siege of Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gujrat" title="Battle of Gujrat">Battle of Gujrat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepal–Sikh War">Nepal–Sikh War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dogra%E2%80%93Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogra–Tibetan War">Sino-Sikh war</a>, Katoch–Sikh War, Hill States–Sikh Wars, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Panchayati_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Panchayati Revolution (page does not exist)">Panchayati Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_involving_the_Sikh_Empire" title="List of battles involving the Sikh Empire">List of battles involving the Sikh Empire</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Military forces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Khalsa_Army" title="Sikh Khalsa Army">Sikh Khalsa Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauj-i-Khas" title="Fauj-i-Khas">Fauj-i-Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauj-i-Ain" title="Fauj-i-Ain">Fauj-i-Ain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampu-i-mu%27alla" title="Kampu-i-mu'alla">Kampu-i-mu'alla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Adversaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durrani_Empire" title="Durrani Empire">Durrani Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Afghanistan" title="Emirate of Afghanistan">Emirate of Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Kingdom of Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_States_of_India" title="Hill States of India">Hill States Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mankera" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Mankera">Kingdom of Mankera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namgyal_dynasty_of_Ladakh" title="Namgyal dynasty of Ladakh">Namgyal dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barakzai_dynasty" title="Barakzai dynasty">Barakzai dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudhan" title="Sudhan">Sudhans</a> of Poonch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqpon_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqpon Dynasty">Maqpon Dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Forts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamrud_Fort" title="Jamrud Fort">Jamrud Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multan_Fort" title="Multan Fort">Multan Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harkishangarh" class="mw-redirect" title="Harkishangarh">Harkishangarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorawar_Fort" title="Zorawar Fort">Zorawar Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahu_Fort" title="Bahu Fort">Bahu Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobindgarh_Fort" title="Gobindgarh Fort">Gobindgarh Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillaur_Fort" title="Phillaur Fort">Phillaur Fort</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Officials and warriors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Natives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhian_Singh" title="Dhian Singh">Dhian Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Dina_Nath" title="Diwan Dina Nath">Diwan Dina Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Bhawani_Das" title="Diwan Bhawani Das">Diwan Bhawani Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Buta_Singh" title="Diwan Buta Singh">Diwan Buta Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratap_Singh_(Sikh_prince)" title="Pratap Singh (Sikh prince)">Pratap Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misr_Diwan_Chand" title="Misr Diwan Chand">Misr Diwan Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Mulraj_Chopra" title="Diwan Mulraj Chopra">Diwan Mulraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hari_Singh_Nalwa" title="Hari Singh Nalwa">Hari Singh Nalwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahan_Singh_Mirpuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahan Singh Mirpuri">Mahan Singh Mirpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Mokham_Chand" title="Dewan Mokham Chand">Dewan Mokham Chand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushal_Singh_Jamadar" title="Khushal Singh Jamadar">Khushal Singh Jamadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorawar_Singh_(Dogra_general)" title="Zorawar Singh (Dogra general)">Zorawar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tej_Singh" title="Tej Singh">Tej Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Singh" title="Lal Singh">Lal Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulab_Singh" title="Gulab Singh">Gulab Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbhadra_Kunwar" title="Balbhadra Kunwar">Balbhadra Kunwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawahar_Singh_(wazir)" title="Jawahar Singh (wazir)">Jawahar Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehta_Basti_Ram" title="Mehta Basti Ram">Mehta Basti Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sham_Singh_Attariwalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Sham Singh Attariwalla">Sham Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Singh_Attariwalla" title="Sher Singh Attariwalla">Sher Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattar_Singh_Attariwalla" title="Chattar Singh Attariwalla">Chattar Singh Attariwalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desa_Singh_Majithia" title="Desa Singh Majithia">Desa Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amar_Singh_Majithia" title="Amar Singh Majithia">Amar Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehna_Singh_Majithia" title="Lehna Singh Majithia">Lehna Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjodh_Singh_Majithia" title="Ranjodh Singh Majithia">Ranjodh Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Singh" title="Surat Singh">Surat Singh Majithia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangal_Singh_Ramgarhia" title="Mangal Singh Ramgarhia">Mangal Singh Ramgarhia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akali_Phula_Singh" title="Akali Phula Singh">Akali Phula Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandu_Lal" title="Chandu Lal">Chandu Lal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajit_Singh_Sandhawalia" title="Ajit Singh Sandhawalia">Ajit Singh Sandhawalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahan_Singh_Nakai" title="Kahan Singh Nakai">Kahan Singh Nakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangat_Singh_Saini" title="Sangat Singh Saini">Sangat Singh Saini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Hukma_Singh" title="Sardar Hukma Singh">Hukma Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veer_Singh_Dhillon" title="Veer Singh Dhillon">Veer Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarnail_Ghaus_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarnail Ghaus Khan">Jarnail Ghaus Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilahi_Bakhsh" title="Ilahi Bakhsh">Ilahi Bakhsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakir_Azizuddin" title="Fakir Azizuddin">Fakir Azizuddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Mahmud_Khan" title="Sultan Mahmud Khan">Sultan Mahmud Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Fateh_Khan_Tiwana" title="Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana">Malik Fateh Khan Tiwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sohan_Lal_Suri" title="Sohan Lal Suri">Sohan Lal Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moti_Ram" title="Moti Ram">Moti Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Ram_Dayal" title="Diwan Ram Dayal">Diwan Ram Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_Kirpa_Ram" title="Diwan Kirpa Ram">Diwan Kirpa Ram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Foreigners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Allard" title="Jean-François Allard">Jean-François Allard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Ventura" title="Jean-Baptiste Ventura">Jean-Baptiste Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Auguste_Court" title="Claude Auguste Court">Claude Auguste Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Henri_Mouton" title="François Henri Mouton">François Henri Mouton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Gardner_(soldier)" title="Alexander Gardner (soldier)">Alexander Gardner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Avitabile" title="Paolo Avitabile">Paolo Avitabile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Harlan" title="Josiah Harlan">Josiah Harlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Martin_Honigberger" title="Johann Martin Honigberger">Johann Martin Honigberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lawrence_(Indian_Army_officer)" title="Henry Lawrence (Indian Army officer)">Henry Lawrence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Influential families</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sandhawalia" title="Sandhawalia">Sandhawalia family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majithia_family" title="Majithia family">Majithia family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwana_family_of_Shahpur" title="Tiwana family of Shahpur">Tiwana family</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amritsar_(1809)" title="Treaty of Amritsar (1809)">Treaty of Amritsar (1809)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Treaty_(1838)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripartite Treaty (1838)">Tripartite Treaty (1838)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chushul" title="Treaty of Chushul">Treaty of Chushul (1842)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lahore" title="Treaty of Lahore">Treaty of Lahore (1846)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amritsar_(1846)" title="Treaty of Amritsar (1846)">Treaty of Amritsar (1846)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa_Darbar_records" title="Khalsa Darbar records">Khalsa Darbar records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandi_Chhor_Divas" title="Bandi Chhor Divas">Bandi Chhor Divas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hola_Mohalla" title="Hola Mohalla">Hola Mohalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghi" title="Maghi">Maghi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mela_Maghi" title="Mela Maghi">Mela Maghi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_culture" title="Sikh culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_art" title="Sikh art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_music" title="Sikh music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_Sikhism" title="Category:Films about Sikhism">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_literature" title="Category:Sikh literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_music" title="Category:Sikh music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_names" title="Sikh names">Names</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">Other topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_Onkar" title="Ik Onkar">Ik Onkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Waheguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanda_(Sikh_symbol)" title="Khanda (Sikh symbol)">Khanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panj_Pyare" title="Panj Pyare">Panj Pyare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_places" title="Category:Sikh places">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_politics" title="Category:Sikh politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs_in_the_British_Indian_Army" title="Sikhs in the British Indian Army">Sikhs in the British Indian Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/11th_Sikh_Regiment" title="11th Sikh Regiment">11th Sikh Regiment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Regiment" title="Sikh Regiment">Sikh Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Light_Infantry" title="Sikh Light Infantry">Sikh Light Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fariduddin_Ganjshakar" class="mw-redirect" title="Fariduddin Ganjshakar">Fariduddin Ganjshakar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar" title="Sardar">Sardar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dastar" title="Dastar">Dastar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharamyudh_(Sikhism)" title="Dharamyudh (Sikhism)">Dharamyudh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Sikhism" title="Jainism and Sikhism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rama_in_Sikhism" title="Rama in Sikhism">Rama</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhs" title="Category:Sikhs">Sikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sikhism" title="Women in Sikhism">Women in Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_and_sexual_orientation" title="Sikhism and sexual orientation">Sikhism and sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fiction_about_Sikhism" title="Category:Fiction about Sikhism">In Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idolatry_in_Sikhism" title="Idolatry in Sikhism">Idolatry in Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Sikhism" title="Criticism of Sikhism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Punjab" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Punjab">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurmukhi script">Gurmukhī</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_in_Sikhism" title="Sacred trees in Sikhism">Sacred trees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Panj_Takht" title="Panj Takht">Takht</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Damdama_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Damdama Sahib">Damdama Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Kesgarh_Sahib" title="Takht Kesgarh Sahib">Kesgarh Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazur_Sahib_Nanded" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazur Sahib Nanded">Hazur Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Patna_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Patna Sahib">Patna Sahib</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFC600; color:#000;;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Sikhism" title="Outline of Sikhism">Outline</a> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Khalsa_Panth_Jathedars193" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#7C9ED9"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Khalsa_Panth_Jathedars" title="Template:Khalsa Panth Jathedars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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href="/wiki/Nawab_Kapur_Singh" title="Nawab Kapur Singh">Kapur Singh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jassa Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Naina_Singh" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Naina Singh">Naina Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akali_Phula_Singh" title="Akali Phula Singh">Phula Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jathedar_Baba_Hanuman_Singh_Nihang" class="mw-redirect" title="Jathedar Baba Hanuman Singh Nihang">Hanuman Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akali_Prahlad_Singh" title="Akali Prahlad Singh">Prahlad Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akali_Gian_Singh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akali Gian Singh (page does not exist)">Giana Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akali_Tej_Singh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akali Tej Singh (page does not exist)">Teja Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akali_Chet_Singh" title="Akali Chet Singh">Chet Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akali_Santa_Singh" title="Akali Santa Singh">Santa Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akali_Surjit_Singh" title="Akali Surjit Singh">Surjit Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akali_Joginder_Singh" title="Akali Joginder Singh">Joginder Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akali_Prem_Singh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akali Prem Singh (page does not exist)">Prem Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akali_Mann_Singh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akali Mann Singh (page does not exist)">Mann Singh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#7C9ED9;width:1%">Taruna Dal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Deep_Singh" title="Baba Deep Singh">Deep Singh</a></li> <li>Gurbakhsh Singh</li> <li>Sudha Singh</li> <li>Karam Singh</li> <li>Natha Singh</li> <li>Ram Singh Bedi</li> <li>Jassa Singh</li> <li>Nand Singh</li> <li>Ram Singh</li> <li>Gurmukh Singh</li> <li>Sadhu Singh</li> <li>Bishan Singh</li> <li>Kirtan Singh</li> <li>Makhan Singh</li> <li>Gajjan Singh</li> <li>Joga Singh</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#7C9ED9;width:1%">Bidhi Chand Dal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bidhi_Chand" title="Bidhi Chand">Bidhi Chand Chhina</a></li> <li>Lal Chand</li> <li>Gurdial Chand</li> <li>Hukam Chand</li> <li>Jeoun Singh</li> <li>Jaspat Singh</li> <li>Bhag Singh</li> <li>Labh Singh</li> <li>Natha Singh</li> <li>Sohan Singh</li> <li>Daya Singh Sur Singh</li> <li>Avtar Singh Sur Singh</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#7C9ED9;width:1%">Damdami Taksal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Deep_Singh" title="Baba Deep Singh">Deep Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Gurbaksh_Singh" title="Baba Gurbaksh Singh">Gurbaksh Singh</a></li> <li>Soorat Singh</li> <li>Gurdas Singh</li> <li>Sant Singh</li> <li>Daya Singh</li> <li>Bhagovan Singh</li> <li>Harnam Singh 'Bedi'</li> <li>Bishan Singh</li> <li>Sundar Singh</li> <li>Gurbachan Singh</li> <li>Kartar Singh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale" title="Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale">Jarnail Singh</a></li> <li>Thakur Singh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harnam_Singh_Khalsa" title="Harnam Singh Khalsa">Harnam Singh 'Dhumma'</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#7C9ED9"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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