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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paleo-Indians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleo-Indians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Paleo-Indians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paleo-Indians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaic_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaic_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Archaic periods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaic_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ceramic_periods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceramic_periods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Ceramic periods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceramic_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Archaeology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Artifacts_by_complex_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Artifacts_by_complex_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Artifacts by complex period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Artifacts_by_complex_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excavation_and_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excavation_and_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Excavation and studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excavation_and_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_significance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_significance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Historical significance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_significance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=LoDaisKa_site&params=39_37_39_N_105_11_38_W_type:landmark_region:US-CO"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°37′39″N</span> <span class="longitude">105°11′38″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.62750°N 105.19389°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.62750; -105.19389</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Archaeological site in Colorado, United States</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United States historic place</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:1px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="padding:0; border:none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="width:100%; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold;color: #202122; background: #A8EDEF; line-height:1.5">LoDaisKa site</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.5;color: #202122; background: #A8EDEF;"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">U.S. National Register of Historic Places</a></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:LoDaisKasiteSEP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/LoDaisKasiteSEP.jpg/250px-LoDaisKasiteSEP.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/LoDaisKasiteSEP.jpg/375px-LoDaisKasiteSEP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/LoDaisKasiteSEP.jpg/500px-LoDaisKasiteSEP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" 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.mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_Colorado_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="LoDaisKa site is located in Colorado"><img alt="LoDaisKa site is located in Colorado" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/USA_Colorado_location_map.svg/250px-USA_Colorado_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/USA_Colorado_location_map.svg/375px-USA_Colorado_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/USA_Colorado_location_map.svg/500px-USA_Colorado_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="783" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:35.739%;left:54.748%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="LoDaisKa site"><img alt="LoDaisKa site" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Colorado</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="LoDaisKa site is located in the United States"><img alt="LoDaisKa site is located in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/250px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/375px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/500px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:44.857%;left:34.738%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="LoDaisKa site"><img alt="LoDaisKa site" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of the United States</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">Off <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_285" title="U.S. Route 285">U.S. Route 285</a><sup id="cite_ref-ness_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ness-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Nearest city</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Morrison,_Colorado" title="Morrison, Colorado">Morrison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=LoDaisKa_site&params=39_37_39_N_105_11_38_W_type:landmark_region:US-CO"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">39°37′39″N</span> <span class="longitude">105°11′38″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">39.62750°N 105.19389°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">39.62750; -105.19389</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">3.4 acres (1.4 ha)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">NRHP reference <abbr title="number">No.</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/03000962">03000962</a><sup id="cite_ref-nris_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nris-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Added to NRHP</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">September 25, 2003</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>LoDaisKa site</b> is a prominent <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">archaeological site</a> in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">U.S. state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-nris_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nris-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> located within a <a href="/wiki/Rock_shelter" title="Rock shelter">rockshelter</a> near <a href="/wiki/Morrison,_Colorado" title="Morrison, Colorado">Morrison</a>. The rockshelter was first inhabited by people of the Archaic through the Middle Ceramic period, generally spanning 3000 BC to 1000 AD. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LoDaisKa_site&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Located near the town of <a href="/wiki/Morrison,_Colorado" title="Morrison, Colorado">Morrison</a>, off <a href="/wiki/U.S._Route_285" title="U.S. Route 285">U.S. Route 285</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ness_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ness-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nris_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nris-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the site is located in the southern Rocky Mountains foothills, at about 6,200 feet (1,900 m) elevation, where uplifted Dakota Sandstone formed a steep hogback. The rockshelter is sheltered by distinctive 60 foot "red rock" formation, caused by an uplift of Fountain Formation rock. The Morrison area is between the locations of two important early people: Desert societies of the Great Basin west of the Rocky Mountains and those of the Great Plains, which lies to the east of the Rocky Mountain foothills.<sup id="cite_ref-Irwin-LDK_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irwin-LDK-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10–12">: 10–12 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LoDaisKa_site&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within the Denver basin, prehistoric cultural periods are traditionally identified as: Paleo-Indian, Archaic and Ceramic periods.<sup id="cite_ref-nelson_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nelson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 65">: 65 </span></sup> Within the LoDaisKa site, five defined complexes were assigned from A to E by <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Irwin-Williams" title="Cynthia Irwin-Williams">Cynthia C. Irwin</a> (later Cynthia Irwin-Williams) and Henry Irwin, complex E being the oldest phase.<sup id="cite_ref-Irwin-MM_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irwin-MM-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11, 22">: 11, 22 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LoDaisKa_site&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Paleo-Indians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The period immediately preceding the first humans coming into Colorado was the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Ice Age</a> Summer starting about 16,000 years ago. For the next five thousand years the landscape would change dramatically and most of the large animals would become extinct. Receding and melting glaciers created the Plum and Monument Creeks, the Castle Rock mesas and unburied the <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a>. Large mammals, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mastodon" title="Mastodon">mastodon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mammoth" title="Mammoth">mammoth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camels</a>, giant <a href="/wiki/Sloth" title="Sloth">sloths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheetah" title="Cheetah">cheetah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bison_antiquus" title="Bison antiquus">bison antiquus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a> roamed the land. There were a few Paleo-Indian cultures, distinctive by the size of the tools they used and the animals they hunted. People in the first, Clovis complex period, had large tools to hunt the <a href="/wiki/Megafauna" title="Megafauna">megafauna</a> animals of the early Paleo-Indian period.<sup id="cite_ref-Waldman_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waldman-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With time, the climate warmed again and lakes and savannas receded. The land became drier, food became less abundant, and as a result of the giant mammals became extinct. People adapted by hunting smaller mammals and gathering wild plants to supplement their diet.<sup id="cite_ref-Griffin-Pierce_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffin-Pierce-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new cultural complex was born, the Folsom tradition,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with smaller projectile points to hunt smaller animals.<sup id="cite_ref-Waldman_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Waldman-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from hunting smaller mammals, people adapted by gathering wild plants to supplement their diet.<sup id="cite_ref-Griffin-Pierce_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griffin-Pierce-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="ref_a" class="reference"><a href="#cnote_a">[a]</a></sup> </p><p>The earliest <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artifacts</a> at the LoDaisKa <a href="/wiki/Rock_shelter" title="Rock shelter">rockshelter</a> date from the <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indian</a> period; the remains were from Complex E.<sup id="cite_ref-nelson_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nelson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 73">: 73 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaic_periods">Archaic periods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LoDaisKa_site&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Archaic periods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>People of the Archaic period (generally between 5500 and 1 BC) were hunters of small game, such as deer, antelope and rabbits, and gatherers of wild plants. The people moved seasonally to hunting and gathering sites. Late in the Archaic period, about AD 200–500, corn was introduced into the diet and pottery-making became an occupation for storing and caring food.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>LoDaisKa site is considered to be a <a href="/wiki/Mount_Albion_complex" title="Mount Albion complex">Mount Albion complex</a>, which was an Early Archaic culture of the Plains from about 4050 to 3050 BC, particularly distinguished by their Mount Albion corner-notched projectile. Magic Mountain, in the western foothills near Denver, and Mount Albion were both similar or related to the Albion Boarding House phase.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gunnerson_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gunnerson-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 28">: 28 </span></sup> A report published in 1966 found no correlation between the complexes.<sup id="cite_ref-Irwin-MM_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irwin-MM-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceramic_periods">Ceramic periods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LoDaisKa_site&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ceramic periods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Early Ceramic, or <a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Woodland</a>, period began in the Plains about AD 1 with the defining distinction of the creation of cordwrapped pottery, development of settlement areas, and use of smaller projectile points for bow and arrow technology.<sup id="cite_ref-Gunnerson_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gunnerson-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 41">: 41 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gilmore_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilmore-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10">: 10 </span></sup> Artifacts found reveal into the Middle Ceramic period. Few Colorado rockshelters have been shown to have been inhabited for such a long period of time.<sup id="cite_ref-coahp_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coahp-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LoDaisKa_site&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The LoDaisKa site artifacts include a hides, macrobotanical remains, wood artifacts, and a substantial collection of nonperishable artifacts<sup id="cite_ref-Gilmore_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilmore-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 16">: 16 </span></sup> from 3000 BC to AD 1000, which are classified into five site specific complex periods, from A through E.<sup id="cite_ref-Irwin-MM_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irwin-MM-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11">: 11 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Artifacts_by_complex_period">Artifacts by complex period</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LoDaisKa_site&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Artifacts by complex period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>LoDaisKa Archaeological Findings </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" width="200">Post-Pleistocene Period </th> <th scope="col" width="150">Time Period </th> <th scope="col" width="250">Culture traditions </th> <th scope="col" width="250">Comments </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Paleo-Indian </td> <td> </td> <td>LoDaisKa complex E. </td> <td>The earliest complex, contained a parallel flaked point and some chips, made from gravel below the rockshelter.<sup id="cite_ref-Irwin-MM_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irwin-MM-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 22">: 22 </span></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Archaic_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Archaic (North America)">Middle Archaic Period</a> </td> <td>3000 to 1500 BC. </td> <td>LoDaisKa complex D. Most closely related to the Great Basin Desert Culture, including Danger Cave in western Utah. Artifacts are also similar to the Uncompahgre of southwest Colorado and Ventana Cave in southern Arizona. </td> <td>Triangular projectile points similar to the Desert Culture. A wide variety of tools similar to Danger Cave, such as knives, choppers, scrapers, discoidal, Uncompahgre, drills, hammerstones and more tools of stone, antler and bone. In addition there are paint stones, beads, gaming pieces, balls and pendants. A four-plane mano is among the artifacts, but is not an item found at Danger Cave. The complex did some farming, as evidenced by pollen and macro-fossils found during other items from this phase.<sup id="cite_ref-Gunnerson_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gunnerson-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 33">: 33 </span></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td><a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic period in the Americas">Middle Archaic period</a> </td> <td>1500 to 1000 BC. </td> <td>LoDaisKa complex C. McKean complex of Wyoming and some Signal Butte complex in Nebraska </td> <td>In general the points are shouldered, concave base, stemmed dart points, most of which could be <a href="/w/index.php?title=Duncan_point&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duncan point (page does not exist)">Duncan points</a>. There are 2 expanding stem points that may be Hanna points. The largest of the projectile points is similar to the Signal Butte I point, or a little less similar to the smallest McKean Lanceolate points. Other tools made of Prismatic flakes include cutting tools, end scrapers, scrapers made similarly, but larger than McKean tools. Milling slabs and rock-filled hearths were also found at this site.<sup id="cite_ref-Irwin-MM_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irwin-MM-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11, 22">: 11, 22 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gunnerson_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gunnerson-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 32–33">: 32–33 </span></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Early and Middle Ceramic (<a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Woodland</a>) </td> <td>700 to 1000 AD </td> <td>LoDaisKa complex B. High Plains woodlands cultures, such as the Parker phase </td> <td>A new form of maize emerges, a 16 row popcorn-like maize, similar maize has also been found at the Lawson site in Nebraska. Like the maize, pottery found from this complex is from the Woodland phase. Charcoal was found spanning the AD 700-1000 time period.<sup id="cite_ref-nelson_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nelson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 104">: 104 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Irwin-MM_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irwin-MM-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11, 22">: 11, 22 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gunnerson_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gunnerson-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 52–55">: 52–55 </span></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Possibly Middle and <a href="/wiki/Late_Archaic_(North_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Archaic (North America)">Late Archaic</a> peoples </td> <td>After 90 AD </td> <td>LoDaisKa complex A. <a href="/wiki/Fremont_culture" title="Fremont culture">Fremont culture</a> of western CO and eastern UT<sup id="cite_ref-Irwin-MM_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irwin-MM-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 43">: 43 </span></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corncob" title="Corncob">corncobs</a> have also been found there.<sup id="cite_ref-nelson_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nelson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 92">: 92 </span></sup> Surviving <a href="/wiki/Dent_site" title="Dent site">Dent</a> maize, distinct from maize found in previous LoDaisKa complexes, closely resemble that found at the <a href="/wiki/Carlsbad_Caverns_National_Park" title="Carlsbad Caverns National Park">Bat Cave</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, which is known to be a Late Archaic (<a href="/wiki/Archaic_Southwest" title="Archaic Southwest">Desert Archaic</a>) site;<sup id="cite_ref-nelson_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nelson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 104">: 104 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Irwin-MM_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irwin-MM-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23">: 23 </span></sup> Both produced the "Chapalote" variety of the plant, which has been found in <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> form at LoDaisKa.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 45">: 45 </span></sup> The pottery is similar to Wormington's Turner Grey variety II.<sup id="cite_ref-Irwin-MM_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irwin-MM-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 46">: 46 </span></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Nelson also identified the general presence of seven lumps of red and yellow <a href="/wiki/Ochre" title="Ochre">ochre</a> stones,<sup id="cite_ref-nelson_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nelson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 74">: 74 </span></sup> possibly the paint stones in Complex D. Stone cists used to store seeds<sup id="cite_ref-nelson_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nelson-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 85">: 85 </span></sup> were also mentioned, the time and culture is unknown. </p><p>In 1961, researchers reported the results of <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dating</a> the site: they concluded that the earliest occupation of the site was around 3000 BC and that it was inhabited until at least AD 1000. As well, projectile points from LoDaisKa resemble and are contemporaneous with those found at such <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> sites such as the <a href="/wiki/McKean_site" title="McKean site">McKean site</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wyoming" title="Wyoming">Wyoming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Signal_Butte" title="Signal Butte">Signal Butte</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a>; all these sites were inhabited during the time known in the eastern United States as the <a href="/wiki/Woodland_period" title="Woodland period">Woodland period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Excavation_and_studies">Excavation and studies</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LoDaisKa_site&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Excavation and studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>LoDaisKa Excavations and Studies </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" width="100">Date </th> <th scope="col" width="250">Name </th> <th scope="col" width="500">Comments </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1931–1932 </td> <td>Dr. E. B. Renaud </td> <td>The first archaeological survey of sites in the Morrison area.<sup id="cite_ref-Irwin-LDK_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irwin-LDK-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10">: 10 </span></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Date prior to 1958 </td> <td>LoDaisKa Bethel </td> <td>First extensive survey of LoDaisKa site.<sup id="cite_ref-Irwin-LDK_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irwin-LDK-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10">: 10 </span></sup> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1958–1960 </td> <td>Henry J. and Cynthia C. Irwin </td> <td>Excavation and studies.<sup id="cite_ref-Irwin-MM_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irwin-MM-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23">: 23 </span></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_significance">Historical significance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LoDaisKa_site&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Historical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Findings by the earliest archaeologists to investigate LoDaisKa were highly influential: regional archaeologists often interpreted their findings in accordance with what was known of LoDaisKa, and many other sites were <a href="/wiki/Excavation_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Excavation (archaeology)">excavated</a> in part to answer questions that had resulted from research at LoDaisKa.<sup id="cite_ref-coahp_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coahp-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, the LoDaisKa site (designated site ID 5JF142) was listed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a>, qualifying because of the importance of the archaeological evidence found there.<sup id="cite_ref-nris_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nris-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LoDaisKa_site&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prehistoric_sites_in_Colorado" title="List of prehistoric sites in Colorado">List of prehistoric sites in Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Jefferson_County,_Colorado" title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Jefferson County, Colorado">National Register of Historic Places listings in Jefferson County, Colorado</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LoDaisKa_site&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span id="cnote_a"><b><a href="#ref_a">^</a></b></span> <b>a:</b> An alternate dating, possibly by examination of the article or by a scientific form of dating, by Wendorf places the artifact in the early Archaic period.<sup id="cite_ref-Irwin-MM_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irwin-MM-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 23">: 23 </span></sup><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=LoDaisKa_site&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nris-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nris_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nris_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nris_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nris_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP">"National Register Information System"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. March 13, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places&rft.atitle=National+Register+Information+System&rft.date=2009-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FNRHP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoDaisKa+site" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ness-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ness_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ness_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Ness, Meg. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tablemountains.org/pages/Activities/052601/vanness/earlyhistory.htm">The Early People of Where the Mountains Meet the Plains: The Prehistory of Jefferson County, Colorado</a>." Table Mountains Conservation Fund, n.d. Accessed 2011-02-15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Irwin-LDK-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Irwin-LDK_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Irwin-LDK_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Irwin-LDK_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Irwin, Henry J., and Cynthia C. Irwin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dmns.org/media/371064/pseries2,v8red1.pdf"><i>Excavations at LoDaisKa in the Denver, Colorado Area</i></a>. Denver Museum of Natural History Proceedings 8: 1959. Accessed 2011-10-02.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nelson-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nelson_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nelson_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nelson_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nelson_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nelson_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nelson_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nelson_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nelson, Sarah M. <i>Denver: An Archaeological History.</i> <a href="/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado" title="Boulder, Colorado">Boulder</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado" title="University of Colorado">Colorado UP</a>, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87081-935-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87081-935-3">978-0-87081-935-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Irwin-MM-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Irwin-MM_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Irwin-MM_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Irwin-MM_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Irwin-MM_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Irwin-MM_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Irwin-MM_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Irwin-MM_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Irwin-MM_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Irwin-MM_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Irwin-MM_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Irwin-MM_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Irwin, Henry J., and Cynthia C. Irwin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dmns.org/media/371275/pseries2,v12red1.pdf"><i>Excavations at Magic Mountain: A Diachronic Study of Plains-Southwest Relations</i></a>. Denver Museum of Natural History Proceedings 12: 1966. Accessed 2011-10-02.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Waldman-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Waldman_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Waldman_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Waldman, Carl. <i>Atlas of the North American.</i> <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: Facts on File, 2009, 5ISBN 978-0-8160-6858-6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Griffin-Pierce-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Griffin-Pierce_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Griffin-Pierce_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Trudy_Griffin-Pierce" title="Trudy Griffin-Pierce">Griffin-Pierce, Trudy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XCvXZKFqZy8C"><i>The Columbia Guide to American Indians of the Southwest</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia UP</a>, 2010, 130. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12790-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12790-5">978-0-231-12790-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson,_Kirk_R.Raynolds,_Robert_G.2006" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Kirk R.; Raynolds, Robert G. (2006). <i>Ancient Denvers: Scenes from the Past 300 Million Years of the Colorado Front Range</i>. Fulcrum Publishing for Denver Museum of Nature and Science. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55591-554-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-55591-554-X"><bdi>1-55591-554-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Denvers%3A+Scenes+from+the+Past+300+Million+Years+of+the+Colorado+Front+Range&rft.pub=Fulcrum+Publishing+for+Denver+Museum+of+Nature+and+Science&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-55591-554-X&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Kirk+R.&rft.au=Raynolds%2C+Robert+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALoDaisKa+site" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kipfer, Barbara Ann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XneTstDbcC0C"><i>Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology.</i></a> <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: Plenum Publisher, 2000, 341. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-46158-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-46158-7">0-306-46158-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibbon, Guy E., and Kenneth M. Ames. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_0u2y_SVnmoC"><i>Archaeology of Prehistoric Native America: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: Taylor and Francis, 1998, xlvii/11/488. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8153-0725-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8153-0725-X">0-8153-0725-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gunnerson-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gunnerson_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gunnerson_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gunnerson_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gunnerson_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gunnerson_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gunnerson, James H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4PeWIDIGBBQC"><i>Archaeology of the High Plains</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forest_Service" title="United States Forest Service">United States Forest Service</a>, 1987.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilmore-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gilmore_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gilmore_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilmore, Kevin P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portfolio.du.edu/portfolio/getportfoliofile?uid=150209"><i>National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Franktown Cave. Site 5DA272</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120424231006/https://portfolio.du.edu/portfolio/getportfoliofile?uid=150209">Archived</a> 2012-04-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>, 2005-01-31. Accessed 2011-09-27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-coahp-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-coahp_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-coahp_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coloradohistory-oahp.org/programareas/register/1503/cty/jf.htm">Jefferson County</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_Colorado" title="History Colorado">Colorado Historical Society</a> Office of Archaeology & Historic Preservation, n.d. Accessed 2011-02-15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irwin-Williams, Cynthia. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30247703">Reviews</a>." <i>Kiva</i> 51 (1985): 44-48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irwin, Henry J., and Cynthia C. Irwin. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/278246">Radiocarbon Dates from the LoDaisKa Site, Colorado</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/American_Antiquity" title="American Antiquity">American Antiquity</a></i> 27 (1961): 114-115.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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alt="Colorado" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/35px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Flag_of_Colorado.svg/45px-Flag_of_Colorado.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Colorado" title="Prehistory of Colorado">Prehistory of Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Colorado_prehistory" title="Outline of Colorado prehistory">Outline of Colorado prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Colorado_history" title="Timeline of Colorado history">Timeline of Colorado history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary peoples<br /> native to Colorado</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arapaho" title="Arapaho">Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheyenne people">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicarilla_Apache" title="Jicarilla Apache">Jicarilla Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiowa people">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshone_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoshone people">Shoshone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Ute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Reservations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colorado#Indigenous_People" title="Colorado">Colorado reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ute_Indian_Reservation" title="Southern Ute Indian Reservation">Southern Ute Indian Reservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_Mountain_Ute_Indian_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Ute Mountain Ute Indian Reservation">Ute Mountain Ute Indian Reservation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Major events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beecher_Island" title="Battle of Beecher Island">Battle of Beecher Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_War" title="Colorado War">Colorado War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Comanche Campaign">Comanche Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meeker_Massacre" title="Meeker Massacre">Meeker Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_Creek_massacre" title="Sand Creek massacre">Sand Creek massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precontact cultures<br /> in Colorado</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indian" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleo-Indian">Paleo-Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cody_complex" title="Cody complex">Cody complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_tradition" title="Folsom tradition">Folsom tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goshen_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Goshen complex">Goshen complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell_Gap_complex" title="Hell Gap complex">Hell Gap complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plainview_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Plainview complex">Plainview complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_cultures" title="Plano cultures">Plano cultures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em"><a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic period of the Americas">Archaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apex_complex" title="Apex complex">Apex complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_culture" title="Basketmaker culture">Basketmaker culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Albion_complex" title="Mount Albion complex">Mount Albion complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oshara_tradition" title="Oshara tradition">Oshara tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picosa_culture" title="Picosa culture">Picosa culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Post-<a href="/wiki/Archaic_period_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic period of the Americas">Archaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_Puebloans" title="Ancestral Puebloans">Ancestral Puebloans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apishapa_culture" title="Apishapa culture">Apishapa culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismal_River_culture" title="Dismal River culture">Dismal River culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_culture" title="Fremont culture">Fremont culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhandle_culture" title="Panhandle culture">Panhandle culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopris_phase" title="Sopris phase">Sopris phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipi_ring" title="Tipi ring">Tipi ring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em">Noted archaeologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Irwin-Williams" title="Cynthia Irwin-Williams">Cynthia Irwin-Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Sidney_Martin" title="Paul Sidney Martin">Paul Sidney Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldo_Rudolph_Wedel" title="Waldo Rudolph Wedel">Waldo Rudolph Wedel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Ben_Wheat" title="Joe Ben Wheat">Joe Ben Wheat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_dwellings_of_Pueblo_peoples_in_Colorado" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient dwellings of Pueblo peoples in Colorado">List of ancient dwellings of Pueblo peoples in Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prehistoric_sites_in_Colorado" title="List of prehistoric sites in Colorado">List of prehistoric sites in Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_the_Ancients" title="Trail of the 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