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aria-label="Przełącz stan spisu treści" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Przełącz stan spisu treści</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Argument (językoznawstwo)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Przejdź do artykułu w innym języku. Treść dostępna w 26 językach" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 języków</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B9%D9%84" title="أطراف الفعل – arabski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أطراف الفعل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Актант – białoruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Актант" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="białoruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82_(%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Актант (лінгвістыка) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Актант (лінгвістыка)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arguzenn_(yezhoniezh)" title="Arguzenn (yezhoniezh) – bretoński" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Arguzenn (yezhoniezh)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_(lingvistika)" title="Argument (lingvistika) – czeski" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Argument (lingvistika)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="czeski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_(Linguistik)" title="Argument (Linguistik) – niemiecki" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Argument (Linguistik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="niemiecki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_(keeleteadus)" title="Argument (keeleteadus) – estoński" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Argument (keeleteadus)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_(linguistics)" title="Argument (linguistics) – angielski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Argument (linguistics)" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angielski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argumento_verbal" title="Argumento verbal – hiszpański" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Argumento verbal" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="hiszpański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%B9_(%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="موضوع (زبان‌شناسی) – perski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موضوع (زبان‌شناسی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actant" title="Actant – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Actant" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argane_(grammeydys)" title="Argane (grammeydys) – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Argane (grammeydys)" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%BC%ED%95%AD" title="논항 – koreański" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="논항" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreański" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argomento_(linguistica)" title="Argomento (linguistica) – włoski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Argomento (linguistica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="włoski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Актант – kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Актант" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktantas" title="Aktantas – litewski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aktantas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litewski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/sumti" title="sumti – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="sumti" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_(taalkunde)" title="Argument (taalkunde) – niderlandzki" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Argument (taalkunde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderlandzki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A0%85_(%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E%E5%AD%A6)" title="項 (言語学) – japoński" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="項 (言語学)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argumento_(lingu%C3%ADstica)" title="Argumento (linguística) – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Argumento (linguística)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Актант – rosyjski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Актант" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rosyjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argument_(lingvistika)" title="Argument (lingvistika) – słowacki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Argument (lingvistika)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="słowacki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82" title="Актант – ukraiński" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Актант" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiński" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argom%C3%A9nto_verba%C5%82e" title="Argoménto verbałe – wenecki" 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class="noprint noexcerpt disambig navigation-not-searchable" style="line-height:1.5em; padding: 3px 6px; background-color: var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9fa); color: inherit; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1); font-size: 95%; margin-bottom: 1em; display: flex; gap: 4px; align-items: center;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Strona_ujednoznaczniaj%C4%85ca" title="Inne znaczenia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Disambig.svg/25px-Disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Disambig.svg/38px-Disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Disambig.svg/50px-Disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="230" data-file-height="183" /></a></span><span>Zobacz też: <a href="/wiki/Argument" class="mw-disambig" title="Argument">inne znaczenia wyrazu „argument”</a>.</span></div> <p><b>Argument</b> – wyrażenie, które uzupełnia znaczenie <a href="/wiki/Predykat" title="Predykat">predykatu</a>. Np. predykat <i>spać</i> uzupełniony o wyraz <i>Jan</i> tworzy zdanie <i>Jan śpi</i>. Predykat wraz z argumentami tworzy strukturę <b>predykatowo-argumentową</b>. Czasowniki mogą mieć 0 argumentów <i>(trzeba)</i>, 1 argument <i>(spacerować, spać, budzić się)</i>, 2 argumenty <i>(słyszeć, bić, kochać)</i>, 3 argumenty <i>(dać, kłaść)</i>. Niektóre czasowniki jako argumentów wymagają <a href="/wiki/Fraza_(j%C4%99zykoznawstwo)" title="Fraza (językoznawstwo)">fraz</a> przyimkowych (<i>polegać <b>na kimś</b></i>), lub zdań (<i>wiedzieć, <b>że</b>)</i>. Nie tylko liczba argumentów, ale także ich <a href="/wiki/Rola_semantyczna" title="Rola semantyczna">role semantyczne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Przypadek" title="Przypadek">przypadek</a> lub <a href="/wiki/Przyimek" title="Przyimek">przyimek</a>, który je wprowadza są uzależnione od czasownika. Jakkolwiek o argumentach mówi się przede wszystkim w kontekście czasowników, nie tylko one je wyznaczają. I tak np. przymiotniki w stopniu wyższym również otwierają pozycję dla argumentu <i>(wyższy <b>od kogoś</b>)</i>. </p><p>Od argumentów należy odróżnić okoliczniki, które nie są elementami obligatoryjnymi i zazwyczaj ich liczba i charakter jest niezależny do konkretnego czasownika. Tym niemniej granica między argumentem a okolicznikiem nie zawsze jest oczywista i bywa kwestią sporną<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zobacz_też"><span id="Zobacz_te.C5.BC"></span>Zobacz też</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argument_(j%C4%99zykoznawstwo)&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj sekcję: Zobacz też" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argument_(j%C4%99zykoznawstwo)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Zobacz też"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rola_semantyczna" title="Rola semantyczna">rola semantyczna</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Przypisy">Przypisy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argument_(j%C4%99zykoznawstwo)&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj sekcję: Przypisy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argument_(j%C4%99zykoznawstwo)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Przypisy"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="do-not-make-smaller refsection"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Adam Przepiórkowski: <i>Argumenty i modyfikatory w gramatyce i słowniku</i>. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, 2017, s. 218. <a href="/wiki/Specjalna:Ksi%C4%85%C5%BCki/9788323531111" title="Specjalna:Książki/9788323531111">ISBN <span class="isbn">978-83-235-3111-1</span></a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Argumenty+i+modyfikatory+w+gramatyce+i+s%C5%82owniku&rft.aulast=Przepi%C3%B3rkowski&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.date=2017&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Uniwersytetu+Warszawskiego&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pages=218&rft.isbn=978-83-235-3111-1"></span></cite></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argument_(j%C4%99zykoznawstwo)&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj sekcję: Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>edytuj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argument_(j%C4%99zykoznawstwo)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edytuj kod źródłowy sekcji: Bibliografia"><span>edytuj kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Van Valin: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontosy00jrro">An introduction to syntax</a></i>. 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