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data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Europe" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Europe" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-viewsource" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Europe&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.viewsource" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-viewsource"> View source </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the continent. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Europe_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Europe (disambiguation)">Europe (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Duplicated_citations plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-cleanup-link_rot" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article contains several duplicated citations. <div class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed">The reason given is: <a href="/wiki/User:Polygnotus/DuplicateReferences" title="User:Polygnotus/DuplicateReferences">DuplicateReferences</a> detected: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm">http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm</a> (refs: 327, 330)</li></ul></div> It is recommended to use <a href="/wiki/Help:Footnotes#WP:NAMEDREFS" title="Help:Footnotes">named references</a> to consolidate citations that are used multiple times. (September 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Europe is a <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a><a href="#cnote_t">[t]</a> located entirely in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a> and mostly in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hemisphere" title="Eastern Hemisphere">Eastern Hemisphere</a>. It is bordered by the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a> to the north, the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> to the west, the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> to the south, and <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> to the east. Europe shares the landmass of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> with Asia, and of <a href="/wiki/Afro-Eurasia" title="Afro-Eurasia">Afro-Eurasia</a> with both Asia and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-11">[11]</a> Europe is commonly considered to be <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_the_continents_of_Earth#Asia_and_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundaries between the continents of Earth">separated from Asia</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Drainage_divide" title="Drainage divide">watershed</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ural_(river)" title="Ural (river)">Ural River</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus" title="Greater Caucasus">Greater Caucasus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, and the waterway of the <a href="/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus">Bosporus Strait</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NatlGeoAtlas-12">[12]</a> <table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Europe</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_(with_borders).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/220px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/330px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg/440px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary_%28with_borders%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536"></a>Show national borders</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg/220px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg/330px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg/440px-Europe_orthographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="536"></a>Hide national borders</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">10,180,000 km2 (3,930,000 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Continent#Area_and_population" title="Continent">6th</a>)<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#endnote_footnote_a">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">745,173,774 (2021; <a href="/wiki/List_of_continents_and_continental_subregions_by_population#Distribution_of_populations_by_the_United_Nations_geoscheme" title="List of continents and continental subregions by population">3rd</a>)<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population density</th><td class="infobox-data">72.9/km2 (188/sq mi) (2nd)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">$33.62 trillion (2022 est; <a href="/wiki/List_of_continents_by_GDP#Continents_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of continents by GDP">2nd</a>)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">GDP (nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">$24.02 trillion (2022 est; <a href="/wiki/List_of_continents_by_GDP#Continents_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of continents by GDP">3rd</a>)<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">GDP per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">$34,230 (2022 est; <a href="/wiki/List_of_continents_by_GDP#Continents_by_GDP_per_capita_(nominal)" title="List of continents by GDP">3rd</a>)<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_footnote_c">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">HDI</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> 0.845<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religions</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Europe" title="Christianity in Europe">Christianity</a> (76.2%)<a href="#cite_note-Survey-8">[8]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Irreligion in Europe">No religion</a> (18.3%)<a href="#cite_note-Survey-8">[8]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Europe" title="Islam in Europe">Islam</a> (4.9%)<a href="#cite_note-Survey-8">[8]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Other</a> (0.6%)<a href="#cite_note-Survey-8">[8]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">European</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Countries</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe#UN_member_states_and_UNGA_non-member_observer_state" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">44–50</a>) <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">De facto</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe#De_facto_states" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">2–5</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dependencies</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">External</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe#Dependent_territories" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">5–6</a>) <a href="/wiki/List_of_administrative_divisions_by_country" title="List of administrative divisions by country">Internal</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe#Areas_of_special_sovereignty" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">3</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_languages_by_number_of_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European languages by number of speakers">Most common</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zones</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9201:00" title="UTC−01:00">UTC−1</a> to <a href="/wiki/UTC%2B05:00" title="UTC+05:00">UTC+5</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest cities</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_Europe" title="List of urban areas in Europe">Largest urban areas</a>:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_footnote_b">[b]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a>-<a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a><a href="#cite_note-Urban-9">[9]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/UN_M49" title="UN M49">UN M49</a> code</th><td class="infobox-data"><code>150</code> – Europe <code>001</code> – <a href="/wiki/World" title="World">World</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="text-align:left; border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="font-size:90%;"><ul><li>a. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_footnote_a">^</a> Figures include only European portions of transcontinental countries.<a href="#cnote_n">[n]</a></li><li>b. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_footnote_b">^</a> Includes Asian population. Istanbul is a transcontinental city which straddles both Asia and Europe.</li><li>c. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_footnote_c">^</a> "Europe" as defined by the International Monetary Fund</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Europe covers about 10.18 million km2 (3.93 million sq mi), or 2% of Earth's surface (6.8% of land area), making it the second-smallest continent (using the <a href="/wiki/Continent#Number" title="Continent">seven-continent model</a>). Politically, Europe is divided into about <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe#UN_member_states_and_UNGA_non-member_observer_state" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">fifty sovereign states</a>, of which <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_area" title="List of European countries by area">largest</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_population" title="List of European countries by population">most populous</a>, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population. Europe had a <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Europe" title="Demographics of Europe">total population</a> of about 745 million (about 10% of the <a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">world population</a>) in 2021; the <a href="/wiki/List_of_continents_and_continental_subregions_by_population" title="List of continents and continental subregions by population">third-largest</a> after Asia and Africa.<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-3">[3]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Europe" title="Climate of Europe">European climate</a> is affected by warm Atlantic currents, such as the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a>, which produce a <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate climate</a>, tempering winters and summers, on much of the continent. Further from the sea, seasonal differences are more noticeable producing more <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">continental climates</a>. <a href="/wiki/European_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="European culture">European culture</a> consists of a range of national and regional cultures, which form the central roots of the wider <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western civilisation</a>, and together commonly reference <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>, particularly through <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Europe" title="Christianity in Europe">their Christian successors</a>, as crucial and shared roots.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of the Western Roman Empire</a> in 476 CE, <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christian consolidation</a> of Europe in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a> marked the European <a href="/wiki/Post-classical" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-classical">post-classical</a> <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a> spread in the continent a <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">new humanist</a> interest in <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_Renaissance" title="Science in the Renaissance">science</a> which led to the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">modern era</a>. Since the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portugal</a>, Europe played a predominant role in global affairs with multiple explorations and conquests around the world. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, <a href="/wiki/List_of_former_European_colonies" title="List of former European colonies">European powers colonised</a> at various times the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, almost all of Africa and <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>, and the majority of Asia. The <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>, the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> shaped the continent culturally, politically, and economically from the end of the 17th century until the first half of the 19th century. The <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, which began in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> at the end of the 18th century, gave rise to radical economic, cultural, and social change in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> and eventually the wider world. Both <a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">world wars</a> began and were fought to a great extent in Europe, contributing to a decline in Western European dominance in world affairs by the mid-20th century as the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> took prominence and competed over dominance in Europe and globally.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo_534-15">[15]</a> The resulting <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> divided Europe along the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>, with <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Bloc" title="Western Bloc">West</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">East</a>. This divide ended with the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">fall of the Berlin Wall</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, which allowed <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a> to advance significantly. European integration is being advanced institutionally since 1948 with the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, and significantly through the realisation of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU), which represents today the majority of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-europaeu_1945-59-16">[16]</a> The European Union is a <a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">supranational</a> political entity that lies between a <a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">confederation</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</a> and is based on a system of <a href="/wiki/European_treaties" class="mw-redirect" title="European treaties">European treaties</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The EU originated in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> but has been <a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">expanding eastward</a> since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. A majority of its members have adopted a common currency, the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a>, and participate in the <a href="/wiki/European_single_market" title="European single market">European single market</a> and a <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" title="European Union Customs Union">customs union</a>. A large bloc of countries, the <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a>, have also abolished internal border and immigration controls. <a href="/wiki/Elections_to_the_European_Parliament" title="Elections to the European Parliament">Regular popular elections</a> take place every five years within the EU; they are considered to be the second-largest democratic elections in the world after <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_India" title="Elections in India">India's</a>. The EU is the third-largest economy in the world. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Name">1 Name</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Definition">2 Definition</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Contemporary_definition">2.1 Contemporary definition</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#History_of_the_concept">2.2 History of the concept</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Early_history">2.2.1 Early history</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Modern_definitions">2.2.2 Modern definitions</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#History">3 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Prehistory">3.1 Prehistory</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Classical_antiquity">3.2 Classical antiquity</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Early_Middle_Ages">3.3 Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#High_and_Late_Middle_Ages">3.4 High and Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Early_modern_period">3.5 Early modern period</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#18th_and_19th_centuries">3.6 18th and 19th centuries</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#20th_century_to_the_present">3.7 20th century to the present</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Geography">4 Geography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Climate">4.1 Climate</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Climate_change">4.2 Climate change</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Geology">4.3 Geology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Flora">4.4 Flora</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Fauna">4.5 Fauna</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Politics">5 Politics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#List_of_states_and_territories">6 List of states and territories</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Economy">7 Economy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Economic_history">7.1 Economic history</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Demographics">8 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Ethnic_groups">8.1 Ethnic groups</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Migration">8.2 Migration</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Languages">8.3 Languages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Religion">8.4 Religion</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Major_cities_and_urban_areas">8.5 Major cities and urban areas</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#Culture">9 Culture</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Sport">9.1 Sport</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Social_dimension">9.2 Social dimension</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#See_also">10 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#Notes">11 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#References">12 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#Sources">13 Sources</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#External_links">14 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Europa_(consort_of_Zeus)" title="Europa (consort of Zeus)">Europa (consort of Zeus)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anaximander_world_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Anaximander_world_map-en.svg/220px-Anaximander_world_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1063" data-file-height="1063"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Anaximander_world_map-en.svg/220px-Anaximander_world_map-en.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Anaximander_world_map-en.svg/330px-Anaximander_world_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Anaximander_world_map-en.svg/440px-Anaximander_world_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Reconstruction of an early <a href="/wiki/Early_world_maps" title="Early world maps">world map</a> made by <a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a> of the 6th century BCE, dividing the known world into three large landmasses, one of which was named Europe</figcaption></figure> The place name Evros was first used by the ancient Greeks to refer to their northernmost province, which bears the same name today. The principal river there – Evros (today's <a href="/wiki/Maritsa" title="Maritsa">Maritsa</a>) – flows through the fertile valleys of <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> which itself was also called Europe, before the term meant the continent.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_News_2013_o022-19">[19]</a> In classical <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europa_(consort_of_Zeus)" title="Europa (consort of Zeus)">Europa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: Εὐρώπη, Eurṓpē) was a <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenician</a> princess. One view is that her name derives from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> elements εὐρύς (eurús) 'wide, broad', and ὤψ (ōps, <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case"><abbr title="genitive">gen.</abbr></a> ὠπός, ōpós) 'eye, face, countenance', hence their composite Eurṓpē would mean 'wide-gazing' or 'broad of aspect'.<a href="#cite_note-WestWest2007-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FitzRoy2015-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Astour1967-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-etymonline-23">[23]</a> Broad has been an <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithet</a> of Earth herself in the reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European religion</a> and the poetry devoted to it.<a href="#cite_note-WestWest2007-20">[20]</a> An alternative view is that of <a href="/wiki/Robert_S._P._Beekes" title="Robert S. P. Beekes">Robert Beekes</a>, who has argued in favour of a pre-Indo-European origin for the name, explaining that a derivation from eurus would yield a different <a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">toponym</a> than Europa. Beekes has located toponyms related to that of Europa in the territory of ancient Greece, and localities such as that of <a href="/wiki/Europus_(Almopia)" title="Europus (Almopia)">Europos</a> in <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">ancient Macedonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Beekes-24">[24]</a> There have been attempts to connect Eurṓpē to a Semitic term for west, this being either <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> erebu meaning 'to go down, set' (said of the sun) or <a href="/wiki/Phoenician_language" title="Phoenician language">Phoenician</a> 'ereb 'evening, west',<a href="#cite_note-etymonline-23">[23]</a> which is at the origin of <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> maghreb and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> ma'arav. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">Martin Litchfield West</a> stated that "phonologically, the match between Europa's name and any form of the Semitic word is very poor",<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> while Beekes considers a connection to Semitic languages improbable.<a href="#cite_note-Beekes-24">[24]</a> Most major world languages use words derived from Eurṓpē or Europa to refer to the continent. Chinese, for example, uses the word Ōuzhōu (歐洲/欧洲), which is an abbreviation of the transliterated name Ōuluóbā zhōu (歐羅巴洲) (zhōu means "continent"); a similar Chinese-derived term Ōshū (欧州) is also sometimes used in Japanese such as in the Japanese name of the European Union, Ōshū Rengō (欧州連合), despite the <a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">katakana</a> Yōroppa (ヨーロッパ) being more commonly used. In some Turkic languages, the originally Persian name <a href="/wiki/Frangistan" title="Frangistan">Frangistan</a> ("land of the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>") is used casually in referring to much of Europe, besides official names such as Avrupa or Evropa.<a href="#cite_note-davison-26">[26]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_the_continents#Asia_and_Europe" title="Boundaries between the continents">Boundaries between the continents § Asia and Europe</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_transcontinental_countries" title="List of transcontinental countries">List of transcontinental countries</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_definition">Contemporary definition</h3></div> <div class="center"> <div class="thumbinner overflowbugx" style="overflow:auto;"> Clickable map of Europe, showing one of the most commonly used <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_the_continents_of_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundaries between the continents of Earth">continental boundaries</a><a href="#cnote_u">[u]</a> Key: blue: <a href="/wiki/List_of_transcontinental_countries" title="List of transcontinental countries">states which straddle the border between Europe and Asia</a>; green: countries not geographically in Europe, but closely associated with the continent </div> <div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 700px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_polar_stereographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Europe_polar_stereographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg/700px-Europe_polar_stereographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="700" height="545" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="545"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 700px;height: 545px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Europe_polar_stereographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg/700px-Europe_polar_stereographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="700" data-height="545" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Europe_polar_stereographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg/1050px-Europe_polar_stereographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Europe_polar_stereographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg/1400px-Europe_polar_stereographic_Caucasus_Urals_boundary.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:424.5px; top:457.5px"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Alb.</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:253px; top:419px"><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:361.5px; top:377px"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:659px; top:384px"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azer.</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:456px; top:307px"><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:302px; top:335px"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belg.</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:396.5px; top:422.5px"><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:456px; top:428.8px"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:239px; top:342px"><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Is.</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:379px; top:408.5px"><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:372px; top:352.5px"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Rep.</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:337px; top:293px"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:428px; top:254.5px"><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:421px; top:216px"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:270.5px; top:377px"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:186.5px; top:475px"><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gib. (UK)</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:333.5px; top:335px"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:603px; top:384px"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:442px; top:468px"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:400px; top:384.7px"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:232px; top:153px"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:211px; top:289.5px"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:386px; top:461px"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:253px; top:286px"><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">IoM </a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:351px; top:415.5px"><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Mar.</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:624px; top:279px"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:433.6px; top:436.5px"><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kos.</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:428px; top:272px"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:347.5px; top:387.5px"><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liech.</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:414px; top:289.5px"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:309px; top:349px"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Lux.</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:386px; top:519.8px"><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:473.5px; top:377px"><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:302px; top:419px"><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:400px; top:436.5px"><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Mont.</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:302px; top:321px"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:435px; top:447px"><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">N. Macedonia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:337px; top:230px"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:372px; top:58.5px"><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard (Nor)</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:400px; top:335px"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:162px; top:426px"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:445.5px; top:394.5px"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:526px; top:258px"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:449px; top:13px"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Land" title="Franz Josef Land">Franz Josef Land (Rus)</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:419.6px; top:412px"><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:400px; top:370px"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:365px; top:398px"><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:204px; top:447px"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:372px; top:251px"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:312.5px; top:384px"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switz- erland</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:540px; top:447px"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:484px; top:349px"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:253px; top:307px"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:267px; top:209px"><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Far. (Dk)</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:347.5px; top:447px"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:638px; top:398px"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:547px; top:503px"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:176px; top:62px"><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland (Dk)</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:375.5px; top:426px"><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adr-</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:379px; top:433.7px"><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">iatic</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:382.5px; top:441.4px"><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Sea</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:361.5px; top:13px"><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:400px; top:265px"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:470px; top:496px"><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:473.5px; top:506.5px"><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Sea</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:407px; top:104px"><a href="/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:218px; top:377px"><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:526px; top:401.5px"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:645px; top:344.1px"><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:211px; top:317.5px"><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Sea" title="Celtic Sea">Celtic Sea</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:162px; top:118px"><a href="/wiki/Greenland_Sea" title="Greenland Sea">Greenland Sea</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:78px; top:41px"><a href="/wiki/Baffin_Bay" title="Baffin Bay">Baffin Bay</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:145.9px; top:468px"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Gulf of Cádiz">Gulf of Cádiz</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:288px; top:433px"><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian Sea</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:288px; top:485.5px"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:120px; top:223px"><a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Ocean">North Atlantic Ocean</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:302px; top:279px"><a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:295px; top:181px"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sea" title="Norwegian Sea">Norwegian Sea</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:186.5px; top:486.2px"><a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a></div> </div> </div> The prevalent definition of Europe as a geographical term has been in use since the mid-19th century. Europe is taken to be bounded by large bodies of water to the north, west and south; Europe's limits to the east and north-east are usually taken to be the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ural_(river)" title="Ural (river)">Ural River</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>; to the south-east, the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, and the waterways connecting the Black Sea to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Encarta-27">[27]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Possible_definitions_of_the_boundary_between_Europe_and_Asia.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Possible_definitions_of_the_boundary_between_Europe_and_Asia.png/220px-Possible_definitions_of_the_boundary_between_Europe_and_Asia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="729" data-file-height="1129"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 341px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Possible_definitions_of_the_boundary_between_Europe_and_Asia.png/220px-Possible_definitions_of_the_boundary_between_Europe_and_Asia.png" data-width="220" data-height="341" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Possible_definitions_of_the_boundary_between_Europe_and_Asia.png/330px-Possible_definitions_of_the_boundary_between_Europe_and_Asia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Possible_definitions_of_the_boundary_between_Europe_and_Asia.png/440px-Possible_definitions_of_the_boundary_between_Europe_and_Asia.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Definitions used for the boundary between Asia and Europe in different periods of history.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T_and_O_map_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/T_and_O_map_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg/220px-T_and_O_map_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="864"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/T_and_O_map_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg/220px-T_and_O_map_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/T_and_O_map_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg/330px-T_and_O_map_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/T_and_O_map_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg/440px-T_and_O_map_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A medieval <a href="/wiki/T_and_O_map" title="T and O map">T and O map</a> printed by <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Zainer" title="Günther Zainer">Günther Zainer</a> in 1472, showing the three continents as domains of the sons of <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a> – Asia to Sem (<a href="/wiki/Shem" title="Shem">Shem</a>), Europe to Iafeth (<a href="/wiki/Japheth" title="Japheth">Japheth</a>) and Africa to Cham (<a href="/wiki/Ham_(son_of_Noah)" title="Ham (son of Noah)">Ham</a>)</figcaption></figure> Islands are generally grouped with the nearest continental landmass, hence <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> is considered to be part of Europe, while the nearby island of Greenland is usually assigned to <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, although politically belonging to Denmark. Nevertheless, there are some exceptions based on sociopolitical and cultural differences. Cyprus is closest to <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> (or Asia Minor), but is considered part of Europe politically<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> and it is a member state of the EU. Malta was considered an island of <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">North-western Africa</a> for centuries, but now it is considered to be part of Europe as well.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> "Europe", as used specifically in <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>, may also refer to <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Continental Europe</a> exclusively.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The term "continent" usually implies the <a href="/wiki/Physical_geography" title="Physical geography">physical geography</a> of a large land mass completely or almost completely surrounded by water at its borders. Prior to the adoption of the current convention that includes mountain divides, the border between Europe and Asia had been redefined several times since its first conception in <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a>, but always as a series of rivers, seas and straits that were believed to extend an unknown distance east and north from the Mediterranean Sea without the inclusion of any mountain ranges. Cartographer <a href="/wiki/Herman_Moll" title="Herman Moll">Herman Moll</a> suggested in 1715 Europe was bounded by a series of partly-joined waterways directed towards the Turkish straits, and the <a href="/wiki/Irtysh_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Irtysh River">Irtysh River</a> draining into the upper part of the <a href="/wiki/Ob_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ob River">Ob River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a>. In contrast, the present eastern boundary of Europe partially adheres to the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, which is somewhat arbitrary and inconsistent compared to any clear-cut definition of the term "continent". The current division of Eurasia into two continents now reflects <a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_dichotomy" title="East–West dichotomy">East-West</a> cultural, linguistic and ethnic differences which vary on a spectrum rather than with a sharp dividing line. The geographic border between Europe and Asia does not follow any state boundaries and now only follows a few bodies of water. Turkey is generally considered a <a href="/wiki/List_of_transcontinental_countries" title="List of transcontinental countries">transcontinental country</a> divided entirely by water, while <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> are only partly divided by waterways. France, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain are also transcontinental (or more properly, intercontinental, when oceans or large seas are involved) in that their main land areas are in Europe while pockets of their territories are located on other <a href="/wiki/Continents" class="mw-redirect" title="Continents">continents</a> separated from Europe by large bodies of water. Spain, for example, has territories south of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>—namely, <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a>—which are parts of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and share a border with Morocco. According to the current convention, Georgia and Azerbaijan are transcontinental countries where waterways have been completely replaced by mountains as the divide between continents. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_the_concept">History of the concept</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Boundary_between_Europe_and_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundary between Europe and Asia">Boundary between Europe and Asia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_history">Early history</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europa_Prima_Pars_Terrae_in_Forma_Virginis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Europa_Prima_Pars_Terrae_in_Forma_Virginis.jpg/270px-Europa_Prima_Pars_Terrae_in_Forma_Virginis.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="195" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1799" data-file-height="1300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 270px;height: 195px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Europa_Prima_Pars_Terrae_in_Forma_Virginis.jpg/270px-Europa_Prima_Pars_Terrae_in_Forma_Virginis.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="270" data-height="195" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Europa_Prima_Pars_Terrae_in_Forma_Virginis.jpg/405px-Europa_Prima_Pars_Terrae_in_Forma_Virginis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Europa_Prima_Pars_Terrae_in_Forma_Virginis.jpg/540px-Europa_Prima_Pars_Terrae_in_Forma_Virginis.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Depiction of <a href="/wiki/Europa_regina" title="Europa regina">Europa regina</a> ('Queen Europe') in 1582</figcaption></figure> The first recorded usage of Eurṓpē as a geographic term is in the <a href="/wiki/Homeric_Hymn" class="mw-redirect" title="Homeric Hymn">Homeric Hymn</a> to <a href="/wiki/Delian_Apollo" class="mw-redirect" title="Delian Apollo">Delian Apollo</a>, in reference to the western shore of the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a>. As a name for a part of the known world, it is first used in the 6th century BCE by <a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hecataeus_of_Miletus" title="Hecataeus of Miletus">Hecataeus</a>. Anaximander placed the boundary between Asia and Europe along the Phasis River (the modern <a href="/wiki/Rioni_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Rioni River">Rioni River</a> on the territory of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>) in the Caucasus, a convention still followed by <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> in the 5th century BCE.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Herodotus mentioned that the world had been divided by unknown persons into three parts—Europe, Asia, and Libya (Africa)—with the <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> and the Phasis forming their boundaries—though he also states that some considered the <a href="/wiki/Don_River_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Don River (Russia)">River Don</a>, rather than the Phasis, as the boundary between Europe and Asia.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Europe's eastern frontier was defined in the 1st century by geographer <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> at the River Don.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Jubilees" class="mw-redirect" title="Jubilees">Book of Jubilees</a> described the continents as the lands given by <a href="/wiki/Noah" title="Noah">Noah</a> to his three sons; Europe was defined as stretching from the <a href="/wiki/Pillars_of_Hercules" title="Pillars of Hercules">Pillars of Hercules</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Gibraltar" title="Strait of Gibraltar">Strait of Gibraltar</a>, separating it from <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest Africa">Northwest Africa</a>, to the Don, separating it from Asia.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The convention received by the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> and surviving into modern usage is that of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman era">Roman era</a> used by Roman-era authors such as <a href="/wiki/Posidonius" title="Posidonius">Posidonius</a>,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> who took the Tanais (the modern Don River) as the boundary. The Roman Empire did not attach a strong identity to the concept of continental divisions. However, following the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">culture that developed in its place</a>, linked to Latin and the Catholic church, began to associate itself with the concept of "Europe".<a href="#cite_note-Pocock2002-38">[38]</a> The term "Europe" is first used for a cultural sphere in the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Renaissance" title="Carolingian Renaissance">Carolingian Renaissance</a> of the 9th century. From that time, the term designated the sphere of influence of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Church">Western Church</a>, as opposed to both the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> churches and to the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic world">Islamic world</a>. A cultural definition of Europe as the lands of <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Latin Christendom</a> coalesced in the 8th century, signifying the new cultural condominium created through the confluence of Germanic traditions and Christian-Latin culture, defined partly in contrast with <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, and limited to northern <a href="/wiki/Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberia">Iberia</a>, the British Isles, France, Christianised western Germany, the Alpine regions and northern and central Italy.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The concept is one of the lasting legacies of the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Renaissance" title="Carolingian Renaissance">Carolingian Renaissance</a>: Europa often[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Europe#Dubious" title="Talk:Europe">discuss</a>] figures in the letters of Charlemagne's court scholar, <a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The transition of Europe to being a cultural term as well as a geographic one led to the borders of Europe being affected by cultural considerations in the East, especially relating to areas under Byzantine, Ottoman, and Russian influence. Such questions were affected by the positive connotations associated with the term Europe by its users. Such cultural considerations were not applied to the Americas, despite their conquest and settlement by European states. Instead, the concept of "Western civilization" emerged as a way of grouping together Europe and these colonies.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_definitions">Modern definitions</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Europe" title="Regions of Europe">Regions of Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Continental_Europe" title="Continental Europe">Continental Europe</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herman_Moll_A_New_Map_of_Europe_According_to_the_Newest_Observations_1721.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Herman_Moll_A_New_Map_of_Europe_According_to_the_Newest_Observations_1721.JPG/270px-Herman_Moll_A_New_Map_of_Europe_According_to_the_Newest_Observations_1721.JPG" decoding="async" width="270" height="191" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1061"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 270px;height: 191px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Herman_Moll_A_New_Map_of_Europe_According_to_the_Newest_Observations_1721.JPG/270px-Herman_Moll_A_New_Map_of_Europe_According_to_the_Newest_Observations_1721.JPG" data-width="270" data-height="191" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Herman_Moll_A_New_Map_of_Europe_According_to_the_Newest_Observations_1721.JPG/405px-Herman_Moll_A_New_Map_of_Europe_According_to_the_Newest_Observations_1721.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Herman_Moll_A_New_Map_of_Europe_According_to_the_Newest_Observations_1721.JPG/540px-Herman_Moll_A_New_Map_of_Europe_According_to_the_Newest_Observations_1721.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A New Map of Europe According to the Newest Observations (1721) by Hermann Moll draws the eastern boundary of Europe along the Don River flowing south-west and the Tobol, Irtysh and Ob rivers flowing north.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1916_political_map_of_Europe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/1916_political_map_of_Europe.jpg/270px-1916_political_map_of_Europe.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="204" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3276" data-file-height="2475"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 270px;height: 204px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/1916_political_map_of_Europe.jpg/270px-1916_political_map_of_Europe.jpg" data-width="270" data-height="204" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/1916_political_map_of_Europe.jpg/405px-1916_political_map_of_Europe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/1916_political_map_of_Europe.jpg/540px-1916_political_map_of_Europe.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>1916 political map of Europe showing most of Moll's waterways replaced by von Strahlenberg's Ural Mountains and Freshfield's Caucasus crest, land features of a type that normally defines a subcontinent</figcaption></figure> The question of defining a precise eastern boundary of Europe arises in the Early Modern period, as the eastern extension of <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Muscovy</a> began to include <a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a>. Throughout the Middle Ages and into the 18th century, the traditional division of the landmass of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> into two continents, Europe and Asia, followed Ptolemy, with the boundary following the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Straits">Turkish Straits</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kerch_Strait" title="Kerch Strait">Kerch Strait</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Don_River_(Russia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Don River (Russia)">Don</a> (ancient <a href="/wiki/Tanais" title="Tanais">Tanais</a>). But maps produced during the 16th to 18th centuries tended to differ in how to continue the boundary beyond the Don bend at <a href="/wiki/Kalach-na-Donu" title="Kalach-na-Donu">Kalach-na-Donu</a> (where it is closest to the Volga, now joined with it by the <a href="/wiki/Volga%E2%80%93Don_Canal" title="Volga–Don Canal">Volga–Don Canal</a>), into territory not described in any detail by the ancient geographers. Around 1715, <a href="/wiki/Herman_Moll" title="Herman Moll">Herman Moll</a> produced a map showing the northern part of the <a href="/wiki/Ob_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ob River">Ob River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Irtysh_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Irtysh River">Irtysh River</a>, a major tributary of the Ob, as components of a series of partly-joined waterways taking the boundary between Europe and Asia from the Turkish Straits, and the Don River all the way to the Arctic Ocean. In 1721, he produced a more up to date map that was easier to read. However, his proposal to adhere to major rivers as the line of demarcation was never taken up by other geographers who were beginning to move away from the idea of water boundaries as the only legitimate divides between Europe and Asia. Four years later, in 1725, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Johan_von_Strahlenberg" title="Philip Johan von Strahlenberg">Philip Johan von Strahlenberg</a> was the first to depart from the classical Don boundary. He drew a new line along the <a href="/wiki/Volga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga River">Volga</a>, following the Volga north until the <a href="/wiki/Samara_Bend" title="Samara Bend">Samara Bend</a>, along <a href="/wiki/Obshchy_Syrt" title="Obshchy Syrt">Obshchy Syrt</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Drainage_divide" title="Drainage divide">drainage divide</a> between the Volga and <a href="/wiki/Ural_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ural River">Ural Rivers</a>), then north and east along the latter waterway to its source in the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a>. At this point he proposed that mountain ranges could be included as boundaries between continents as alternatives to nearby waterways. Accordingly, he drew the new boundary north along <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a> rather than the nearby and parallel running Ob and Irtysh rivers.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> This was endorsed by the Russian Empire and introduced the convention that would eventually become commonly accepted. However, this did not come without criticism. <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>, writing in 1760 about <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a>'s efforts to make Russia more European, ignored the whole boundary question with his claim that neither Russia, Scandinavia, northern Germany, nor Poland were fully part of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Pocock2002-38">[38]</a> Since then, many modern analytical geographers like <a href="/wiki/Halford_Mackinder" title="Halford Mackinder">Halford Mackinder</a> have declared that they see little validity in the Ural Mountains as a boundary between continents.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The mapmakers continued to differ on the boundary between the lower Don and Samara well into the 19th century. The <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Atlas_of_Russian_Empire._1745_year" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Atlas of Russian Empire. 1745 year">1745 atlas</a> published by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russian Academy of Sciences</a> has the boundary follow the Don beyond Kalach as far as <a href="/wiki/Serafimovich_(town)" title="Serafimovich (town)">Serafimovich</a> before cutting north towards <a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a>, while other 18th- to 19th-century mapmakers such as <a href="/wiki/John_Cary" title="John Cary">John Cary</a> followed Strahlenberg's prescription. To the south, the <a href="/wiki/Kuma%E2%80%93Manych_Depression" title="Kuma–Manych Depression">Kuma–Manych Depression</a> was identified <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1773 by a German naturalist, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Simon_Pallas" title="Peter Simon Pallas">Peter Simon Pallas</a>, as a valley that once connected the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea,<a href="#cite_note-oren-icn.ru-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> and subsequently was proposed as a natural boundary between continents. By the mid-19th century, there were three main conventions, one following the Don, the <a href="/wiki/Volga%E2%80%93Don_Canal" title="Volga–Don Canal">Volga–Don Canal</a> and the Volga, the other following the Kuma–Manych Depression to the Caspian and then the Ural River, and the third abandoning the Don altogether, following the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus_watershed" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Caucasus watershed">Greater Caucasus watershed</a> to the Caspian. The question was still treated as a "controversy" in geographical literature of the 1860s, with <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Freshfield" title="Douglas Freshfield">Douglas Freshfield</a> advocating the Caucasus crest boundary as the "best possible", citing support from various "modern geographers".<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, the boundary along the Kuma–Manych Depression was the most commonly used as early as 1906.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> In 1958, the Soviet Geographical Society formally recommended that the boundary between the Europe and Asia be drawn in textbooks from <a href="/wiki/Baydaratskaya_Bay" title="Baydaratskaya Bay">Baydaratskaya Bay</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Kara_Sea" title="Kara Sea">Kara Sea</a>, along the eastern foot of Ural Mountains, then following the <a href="/wiki/Ural_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ural River">Ural River</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Mugodzhar_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Mugodzhar Hills">Mugodzhar Hills</a>, and then the <a href="/wiki/Emba_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Emba River">Emba River</a>; and Kuma–Manych Depression,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> thus placing the Caucasus entirely in Asia and the Urals entirely in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Flora_Europaea" title="Flora Europaea">Flora Europaea</a> adopted a boundary along the <a href="/wiki/Terek_(river)" title="Terek (river)">Terek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuban_(river)" title="Kuban (river)">Kuban</a> rivers, so southwards from the Kuma and the Manych, but still with the Caucasus entirely in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> However, most geographers in the Soviet Union favoured the boundary along the Caucasus crest,<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> and this became the common convention in the later 20th century, although the Kuma–Manych boundary remained in use in some 20th-century maps. Some view the separation of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> into Asia and Europe as a residue of <a href="/wiki/Eurocentrism" title="Eurocentrism">Eurocentrism</a>: "In physical, cultural and historical diversity, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> are comparable to the entire European landmass, not to a single European country. [...]."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewisWigen1997?-54">[54]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of Europe</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistoric Europe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe20000ya.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Europe20000ya.png/220px-Europe20000ya.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1264"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Europe20000ya.png/220px-Europe20000ya.png" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Europe20000ya.png/330px-Europe20000ya.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Europe20000ya.png/440px-Europe20000ya.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum_refugia" title="Last Glacial Maximum refugia">Last Glacial Maximum refugia</a>, c. 20,000 years ago <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean</a> culture</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Epigravettian" title="Epigravettian">Epigravettian</a> culture<a href="#cite_note-Nature-2023-55">[55]</a></div> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lascaux_painting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Lascaux_painting.jpg/220px-Lascaux_painting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="472"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 144px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Lascaux_painting.jpg/220px-Lascaux_painting.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="144" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Lascaux_painting.jpg/330px-Lascaux_painting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Lascaux_painting.jpg/440px-Lascaux_painting.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Paleolithic cave paintings from <a href="/wiki/Lascaux" title="Lascaux">Lascaux</a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 15,000 BCE)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stonehenge,_Condado_de_Wiltshire,_Inglaterra,_2014-08-12,_DD_09.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Stonehenge%2C_Condado_de_Wiltshire%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-12%2C_DD_09.JPG/220px-Stonehenge%2C_Condado_de_Wiltshire%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-12%2C_DD_09.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5406" data-file-height="2379"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 97px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Stonehenge%2C_Condado_de_Wiltshire%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-12%2C_DD_09.JPG/220px-Stonehenge%2C_Condado_de_Wiltshire%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-12%2C_DD_09.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="97" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Stonehenge%2C_Condado_de_Wiltshire%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-12%2C_DD_09.JPG/330px-Stonehenge%2C_Condado_de_Wiltshire%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-12%2C_DD_09.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Stonehenge%2C_Condado_de_Wiltshire%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-12%2C_DD_09.JPG/440px-Stonehenge%2C_Condado_de_Wiltshire%2C_Inglaterra%2C_2014-08-12%2C_DD_09.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (Late Neolithic from 3000 to 2000 BCE)</figcaption></figure> During the 2.5 million years of the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>, numerous cold phases called <a href="/wiki/Glacial_period" title="Glacial period">glacials</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">Quaternary ice age</a>), or significant advances of continental ice sheets, in Europe and North America, occurred at intervals of approximately 40,000 to 100,000 years. The long glacial periods were separated by more temperate and shorter <a href="/wiki/Interglacial" title="Interglacial">interglacials</a> which lasted about 10,000–15,000 years. The last cold episode of the <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">last glacial period</a> ended about 10,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Earth is currently in an interglacial period of the Quaternary, called the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Homo_erectus_georgicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo erectus georgicus">Homo erectus georgicus</a>, which lived roughly 1.8 million years ago in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, is the earliest <a href="/wiki/Hominini" title="Hominini">hominin</a> to have been discovered in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <a href="/wiki/Homo_antecessor" title="Homo antecessor">Other</a> hominin remains, dating back roughly 1 million years, have been discovered in <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Site_of_Atapuerca" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeological Site of Atapuerca">Atapuerca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Neanderthal_man" class="mw-redirect" title="Neanderthal man">Neanderthal man</a> (named after the <a href="/wiki/Neandertal_(valley)" title="Neandertal (valley)">Neandertal valley</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>) appeared in Europe 150,000 years ago (115,000 years ago it is found already in the territory of present-day <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a>) and disappeared from the fossil record about 40,000 years ago,<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> with their final refuge being the Iberian Peninsula. The Neanderthals were supplanted by modern humans (<a href="/wiki/Cro-Magnons" class="mw-redirect" title="Cro-Magnons">Cro-Magnons</a>), who seem to have appeared in Europe around 43,000 to 40,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo_21-62">[62]</a> However, there is also evidence that Homo sapiens arrived in Europe around 54,000 years ago, some 10,000 years earlier than previously thought.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The earliest sites in Europe dated 48,000 years ago are <a href="/wiki/Riparo_Mochi" class="mw-redirect" title="Riparo Mochi">Riparo Mochi</a> (Italy), <a href="/wiki/Geissenkl%C3%B6sterle" title="Geissenklösterle">Geissenklösterle</a> (Germany) and <a href="/wiki/Isturitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Isturitz">Isturitz</a> (France).<a href="#cite_note-range-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="European Neolithic">European Neolithic</a> period—marked by the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock, increased numbers of settlements and the widespread use of pottery—began around 7000 BCE in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, probably influenced by earlier farming practices in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Borza-66">[66]</a> It spread from the Balkans along the valleys of the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear Pottery culture</a>), and along the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean coast">Mediterranean coast</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cardial_Ware" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardial Ware">Cardial culture</a>). Between 4500 and 3000 BCE, these central European neolithic cultures developed further to the west and the north, transmitting newly acquired skills in producing copper artifacts. In Western Europe the Neolithic period was characterised not by large agricultural settlements but by field monuments, such as <a href="/wiki/Causewayed_enclosure" title="Causewayed enclosure">causewayed enclosures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burial_mound" class="mw-redirect" title="Burial mound">burial mounds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Megalithic_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic tomb">megalithic tombs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware" class="mw-redirect" title="Corded Ware">Corded Ware</a> cultural horizon flourished at the transition from the Neolithic to the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a>. During this period giant <a href="/wiki/Megalithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic">megalithic</a> monuments, such as the <a href="/wiki/Megalithic_Temples_of_Malta" title="Megalithic Temples of Malta">Megalithic Temples of Malta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a>, were constructed throughout Western and Southern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The modern native populations of Europe largely descend from three distinct lineages:<a href="#cite_note-Indo-European-70">[70]</a> Mesolithic <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a>, descended from populations associated with the Paleolithic <a href="/wiki/Epigravettian" title="Epigravettian">Epigravettian</a> culture;<a href="#cite_note-Nature-2023-55">[55]</a> Neolithic <a href="/wiki/Early_European_Farmers" title="Early European Farmers">Early European Farmers</a> who migrated from Anatolia during the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> 9,000 years ago;<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders" title="Western Steppe Herders">Steppe herders</a> who expanded into Europe from the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a> of Ukraine and southern Russia in the context of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European migrations</a> 5,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Indo-European-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="European Bronze Age">European Bronze Age</a> began c. 3200 BCE in Greece with the <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilisation</a> on <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, the first advanced civilisation in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The Minoans were followed by the <a href="/wiki/Mycenean_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycenean Greece">Myceneans</a>, who collapsed suddenly around 1200 BCE, ushering the <a href="/wiki/European_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="European Iron Age">European Iron Age</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Iron Age colonisation by the <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phoenicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicians">Phoenicians</a> gave rise to early <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_basin" title="Mediterranean basin">Mediterranean</a> cities. Early <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Italy">Iron Age Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Greece</a> from around the 8th century BCE gradually gave rise to historical Classical antiquity, whose beginning is sometimes dated to 776 BCE, the year of the first <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_antiquity">Classical antiquity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Parthenon_in_Athens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/The_Parthenon_in_Athens.jpg/220px-The_Parthenon_in_Athens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="804"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/The_Parthenon_in_Athens.jpg/220px-The_Parthenon_in_Athens.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/The_Parthenon_in_Athens.jpg/330px-The_Parthenon_in_Athens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/The_Parthenon_in_Athens.jpg/440px-The_Parthenon_in_Athens.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> (432 BCE)</figcaption></figure> Ancient Greece was the founding culture of Western civilisation. Western <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalist culture</a> are often attributed to Ancient Greece.<a href="#cite_note-Daly2013-76">[76]</a> The Greek city-state, the <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">polis</a>, was the fundamental political unit of classical Greece.<a href="#cite_note-Daly2013-76">[76]</a> In 508 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Cleisthenes" title="Cleisthenes">Cleisthenes</a> instituted the world's first <a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">democratic</a> system of government in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BKDunn1992-77">[77]</a> The Greek political ideals were rediscovered in the late 18th century by European philosophers and idealists. Greece also generated many cultural contributions: in <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalism</a> under <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a>; in <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">history</a> with <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a>; in dramatic and narrative verse, starting with the epic poems of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>;<a href="#cite_note-natgeo_76-78">[78]</a> in drama with <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>; in medicine with <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galen" title="Galen">Galen</a>; and in science with <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Euclid" title="Euclid">Euclid</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Archimedes" title="Archimedes">Archimedes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Heath-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heath_Vol_2-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In the course of the 5th century BCE, several of the Greek <a href="/wiki/City_states" class="mw-redirect" title="City states">city states</a> would ultimately check the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Persian</a> advance in Europe through the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Greco-Persian Wars</a>, considered a pivotal moment in world history,<a href="#cite_note-Strauss2005-82">[82]</a> as the 50 years of peace that followed are known as <a href="/wiki/Fifth-century_Athens" title="Fifth-century Athens">Golden Age of Athens</a>, the seminal period of ancient Greece that laid many of the foundations of Western civilisation. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Republic_Empire_map.gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Roman_Republic_Empire_map.gif/220px-Roman_Republic_Empire_map.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="595"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 209px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Roman_Republic_Empire_map.gif/220px-Roman_Republic_Empire_map.gif" data-width="220" data-height="209" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Roman_Republic_Empire_map.gif/330px-Roman_Republic_Empire_map.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Roman_Republic_Empire_map.gif/440px-Roman_Republic_Empire_map.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Animation showing the growth and division of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> (years CE)</figcaption></figure> Greece was followed by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a>, which left its mark on <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman engineering">engineering</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman architecture">architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centralized_government" title="Centralized government">government</a>, and many more key aspects in western civilisation.<a href="#cite_note-Daly2013-76">[76]</a> By 200 BCE, Rome had conquered <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italy</a> and over the following two centuries it conquered <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>), the <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North African</a> coast, much of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> (<a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britannia</a> (<a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>). Expanding from their base in central Italy beginning in the third century BCE, the Romans gradually expanded to eventually rule the entire Mediterranean basin and Western Europe by the turn of the millennium. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> ended in 27 BCE, when <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>. The two centuries that followed are known as the <a href="/wiki/Pax_romana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pax romana">pax romana</a>, a period of unprecedented peace, prosperity and political stability in most of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-mieawl-83">[83]</a> The empire continued to expand under emperors such as <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a>, who spent time on the Empire's northern border fighting <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picts" title="Picts">Pictish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a> tribes.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo_123-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> was <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">legalised</a> by <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a> in 313 CE after three centuries of <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_early_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of early Christians in the Roman Empire">imperial persecution</a>. Constantine also permanently moved the capital of the empire from Rome to the city of <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>) which was renamed <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> in his honour in 330 CE. Christianity became the sole official religion of the empire in 380 CE, and in 391–392 CE the emperor <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius</a> outlawed pagan religions.<a href="#cite_note-FriellWilliams2005-86">[86]</a> This is sometimes considered to mark the end of antiquity; alternatively antiquity is considered to end with the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of the Western Roman Empire</a> in 476 CE; the closure of the pagan <a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Platonic Academy of Athens</a> in 529 CE;<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> or the rise of Islam in the early 7th century CE. During most of its existence, the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> was one of the most powerful economic, cultural, and military forces in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Middle_Ages">Early Middle Ages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)" title="Dark Ages (historiography)">Dark Ages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Migrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of Migrations">Age of Migrations</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:244px;max-width:244px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_around_650.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Europe_around_650.jpg/240px-Europe_around_650.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="148" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3891" data-file-height="2392"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 148px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Europe_around_650.jpg/240px-Europe_around_650.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="240" data-height="148" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Europe_around_650.jpg/360px-Europe_around_650.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Europe_around_650.jpg/480px-Europe_around_650.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Europe c. 650</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Frankish_Empire_481_to_814-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Frankish_Empire_481_to_814-en.svg/240px-Frankish_Empire_481_to_814-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="182" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1591" data-file-height="1205"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 182px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Frankish_Empire_481_to_814-en.svg/240px-Frankish_Empire_481_to_814-en.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="240" data-height="182" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Frankish_Empire_481_to_814-en.svg/360px-Frankish_Empire_481_to_814-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Frankish_Empire_481_to_814-en.svg/480px-Frankish_Empire_481_to_814-en.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Charlemagne's empire</a> in 814: Francia, Tributaries</div></div></div></div> During the <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of the Roman Empire">decline of the Roman Empire</a>, Europe entered a long period of change arising from what historians call the "<a href="/wiki/Age_of_Migrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of Migrations">Age of Migrations</a>". There were numerous invasions and migrations amongst the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Magyars" class="mw-redirect" title="Magyars">Magyars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mieawl-83">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> thinkers such as <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a> would later refer to this as the "Dark Ages".<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Isolated monastic communities were the only places to safeguard and compile written knowledge accumulated previously; apart from this, very few written records survive. Much literature, philosophy, mathematics, and other thinking from the classical period disappeared from Western Europe, though they were preserved in the east, in the Byzantine Empire.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> While the Roman empire in the west continued to decline, Roman traditions and the Roman state remained strong in the predominantly Greek-speaking <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. During most of its existence, the Byzantine Empire was the most powerful economic, cultural, and military force in Europe. Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> presided over Constantinople's first golden age: he established a <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Justinian" title="Code of Justinian">legal code</a> that forms the basis of many modern legal systems, funded the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> and brought the Christian church under state control.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo_135-91">[91]</a> From the 7th century onwards, as the Byzantines and neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Sasanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasanids">Sasanid Persians</a> were severely weakened due to the protracted, centuries-lasting and frequent <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine–Sasanian wars">Byzantine–Sasanian wars</a>, the Muslim Arabs began to make inroads into historically Roman territory, taking the Levant and North Africa and making inroads into <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>. In the mid-7th century, following the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Persia</a>, Islam penetrated into the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Over the next centuries Muslim forces took <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Cyprus in the Middle Ages">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Crete" title="Emirate of Crete">Crete</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Sicily">Sicily</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">parts of southern Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Between 711 and 720, most of the lands of the <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberia</a> were brought under <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> rule—save for small areas in the northwest (<a href="/wiki/Asturias" title="Asturias">Asturias</a>) and largely <a href="/wiki/Basque_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque people">Basque</a> regions in the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>. This territory, under the Arabic name <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>, became part of the expanding <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a>. The unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(717%E2%80%93718)" title="Siege of Constantinople (717–718)">second siege of Constantinople</a> (717) weakened the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad">Umayyad dynasty</a> and reduced their prestige. The Umayyads were then defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel" title="Charles Martel">Charles Martel</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tours" title="Battle of Tours">Battle of Poitiers</a> in 732, which ended their northward advance. In the remote regions of north-western Iberia and the middle <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> the power of the Muslims in the south was scarcely felt. It was here that the foundations of the Christian kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Asturias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Leon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Leon">Leon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Galicia</a> were laid and from where the reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula would start. However, no coordinated attempt would be made to drive the <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a> out. The Christian kingdoms were mainly focused on their own internal power struggles. As a result, the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a> took the greater part of eight hundred years, in which period a long list of Alfonsos, Sanchos, Ordoños, Ramiros, Fernandos, and Bermudos would be fighting their Christian rivals as much as the Muslim invaders. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_843ad_viking_incursions_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Europe_843ad_viking_incursions_map.png/250px-Europe_843ad_viking_incursions_map.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="135" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2621" data-file-height="1414"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 135px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Europe_843ad_viking_incursions_map.png/250px-Europe_843ad_viking_incursions_map.png" data-width="250" data-height="135" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Europe_843ad_viking_incursions_map.png/375px-Europe_843ad_viking_incursions_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Europe_843ad_viking_incursions_map.png/500px-Europe_843ad_viking_incursions_map.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> raids and division of the Frankish Empire at the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a> in 843</figcaption></figure> During the Dark Ages, the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> fell under the control of various tribes. The Germanic and Slav tribes established their domains over Western and Eastern Europe, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo_143-94">[94]</a> Eventually the Frankish tribes were united under <a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo_162-95">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, a Frankish king of the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian" class="mw-redirect" title="Carolingian">Carolingian</a> dynasty who had conquered most of Western Europe, was anointed "<a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a>" by the Pope in 800. This led in 962 to the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, which eventually became centred in the German principalities of central Europe.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo_166-96">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/East_Central_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="East Central Europe">East Central Europe</a> saw the creation of the first Slavic states and the adoption of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1000 CE). The powerful <a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavic</a> state of <a href="/wiki/Great_Moravia" title="Great Moravia">Great Moravia</a> spread its territory all the way south to the Balkans, reaching its largest territorial extent under <a href="/wiki/Svatopluk_I_of_Moravia" title="Svatopluk I of Moravia">Svatopluk I</a> and causing a series of armed conflicts with <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a>. Further south, the first <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavic states</a> emerged in the late 7th and 8th century and adopted <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>: the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia_(early_medieval)" title="Principality of Serbia (early medieval)">Serbian Principality</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia_(medieval)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbia (medieval)">Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Empire</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Croatia" title="Duchy of Croatia">Duchy of Croatia</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Croatia_(925%E2%80%931102)" title="Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)">Kingdom of Croatia</a>). To the east, <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> expanded from its capital in <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a> to become the largest state in Europe by the 10th century. In 988, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_the_Great" title="Vladimir the Great">Vladimir the Great</a> adopted <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christianity</a> as the religion of state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullietCrossleyHeadrickHirsch2011250-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownAnatoliosPalmer200966-98">[98]</a> Further east, <a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgaria" title="Volga Bulgaria">Volga Bulgaria</a> became an Islamic state in the 10th century, but was eventually absorbed into Russia several centuries later.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_and_Late_Middle_Ages">High and Late Middle Ages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Medieval_demography" title="Medieval demography">Medieval demography</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mappa_delle_Repubbliche_marinare_italiane_con_stemmi_civici.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mappa_delle_Repubbliche_marinare_italiane_con_stemmi_civici.svg/180px-Mappa_delle_Repubbliche_marinare_italiane_con_stemmi_civici.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="219" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3245" data-file-height="3948"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 219px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mappa_delle_Repubbliche_marinare_italiane_con_stemmi_civici.svg/180px-Mappa_delle_Repubbliche_marinare_italiane_con_stemmi_civici.svg.png" data-width="180" data-height="219" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mappa_delle_Repubbliche_marinare_italiane_con_stemmi_civici.svg/270px-Mappa_delle_Repubbliche_marinare_italiane_con_stemmi_civici.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Mappa_delle_Repubbliche_marinare_italiane_con_stemmi_civici.svg/360px-Mappa_delle_Repubbliche_marinare_italiane_con_stemmi_civici.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">maritime republics</a> of medieval <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> reestablished contacts between Europe, Asia and Africa with extensive trade networks and colonies across the Mediterranean, and had an essential role in the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a></figcaption></figure> The period between the year 1000 and 1250 is known as the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a>, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a> until c. 1500. During the High Middle Ages the population of Europe experienced significant growth, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_of_the_12th_century" title="Renaissance of the 12th century">Renaissance of the 12th century</a>. Economic growth, together with the lack of safety on the mainland trading routes, made possible the development of major commercial routes along the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Seas</a>. The growing wealth and independence acquired by some coastal cities gave the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime Republics">Maritime Republics</a> a leading role in the European scene. The Middle Ages on the mainland were dominated by the two upper echelons of the social structure: the nobility and the clergy. <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a> developed in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> in the Early Middle Ages, and soon spread throughout Europe.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo_158-102">[102]</a> A struggle for influence between the <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a> in England led to the writing of <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a> and the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">parliament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo_186-103">[103]</a> The primary source of culture in this period came from the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>. Through monasteries and <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_school" title="Cathedral school">cathedral schools</a>, the Church was responsible for education in much of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo_158-102">[102]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philip_II_and_Tancred_meeting_in_Messina_-_British_Library_Royal_MS_16_G_vi_f350r_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Philip_II_and_Tancred_meeting_in_Messina_-_British_Library_Royal_MS_16_G_vi_f350r_%28detail%29.jpg/200px-Philip_II_and_Tancred_meeting_in_Messina_-_British_Library_Royal_MS_16_G_vi_f350r_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="204" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="750"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 204px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Philip_II_and_Tancred_meeting_in_Messina_-_British_Library_Royal_MS_16_G_vi_f350r_%28detail%29.jpg/200px-Philip_II_and_Tancred_meeting_in_Messina_-_British_Library_Royal_MS_16_G_vi_f350r_%28detail%29.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="204" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Philip_II_and_Tancred_meeting_in_Messina_-_British_Library_Royal_MS_16_G_vi_f350r_%28detail%29.jpg/300px-Philip_II_and_Tancred_meeting_in_Messina_-_British_Library_Royal_MS_16_G_vi_f350r_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Philip_II_and_Tancred_meeting_in_Messina_-_British_Library_Royal_MS_16_G_vi_f350r_%28detail%29.jpg/400px-Philip_II_and_Tancred_meeting_in_Messina_-_British_Library_Royal_MS_16_G_vi_f350r_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tancred_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Tancred of Sicily">Tancred of Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II of France</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Third_Crusade" title="Third Crusade">Third Crusade</a> (1189–1192)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">Papacy</a> reached the height of its power during the High Middle Ages. An <a href="/wiki/East-West_Schism" class="mw-redirect" title="East-West Schism">East-West Schism</a> in 1054 split the former Roman Empire religiously, with the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> and the Roman Catholic Church in the former Western Roman Empire. In 1095 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a> called for a <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">crusade</a> against <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> occupying <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo_192-104">[104]</a> In Europe itself, the Church organised the <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a> against heretics. In the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a> concluded with the <a href="/wiki/Granada_War#Last_stand_at_Granada" title="Granada War">fall of Granada in 1492</a>, ending over seven centuries of Islamic rule in the south-western peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo_199-105">[105]</a> In the east, a resurgent Byzantine Empire recaptured Crete and Cyprus from the Muslims, and reconquered the Balkans. Constantinople was the largest and wealthiest city in Europe from the 9th to the 12th centuries, with a population of approximately 400,000.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> The Empire was weakened following the defeat at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manzikert" title="Battle of Manzikert">Manzikert</a>, and was weakened considerably by the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Constantinople_(1204)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Constantinople (1204)">sack of Constantinople in 1204</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DuikerSpielvogel2010-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Findlay2006-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Browning1992-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Byfield2008-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Golna2004-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Powell2001-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-Irvin2002-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Frucht2004-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-DuikerSpielvogel2010v2-115">[115]</a> Although it would recover Constantinople in 1261, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantium</a> <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fell in 1453</a> when <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Constantinople was taken</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo_211-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peters2006-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chronicles-118">[118]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mongols_suzdal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mongols_suzdal.jpg/170px-Mongols_suzdal.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="272" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1282"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 272px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mongols_suzdal.jpg/170px-Mongols_suzdal.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="272" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mongols_suzdal.jpg/255px-Mongols_suzdal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mongols_suzdal.jpg/340px-Mongols_suzdal.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The sacking of <a href="/wiki/Suzdal" title="Suzdal">Suzdal</a> by <a href="/wiki/Batu_Khan" title="Batu Khan">Batu Khan</a> in 1238, during the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion of Europe</a> (1220s–1240s)</figcaption></figure> In the 11th and 12th centuries, constant incursions by nomadic <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a> tribes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Pechenegs" title="Pechenegs">Pechenegs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cuman-Kipchak_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuman-Kipchak Confederation">Cuman-Kipchaks</a>, caused a massive migration of <a href="/wiki/Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic peoples">Slavic</a> populations to the safer, heavily forested regions of the north, and temporarily halted the expansion of the Rus' state to the south and east.<a href="#cite_note-Klyuch1-119">[119]</a> Like many other parts of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>, these territories were <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Rus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion of Rus">overrun by the Mongols</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> The invaders, who became known as <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a>, were mostly Turkic-speaking peoples under Mongol suzerainty. They established the state of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> with headquarters in Crimea, which later adopted Islam as a religion, and ruled over modern-day southern and central Russia for more than three centuries.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> After the collapse of Mongol dominions, the first Romanian states (principalities) emerged in the 14th century: <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Walachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Walachia">Walachia</a>. Previously, these territories were under the successive control of Pechenegs and Cumans.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> From the 12th to the 15th centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duchy of Moscow">Grand Duchy of Moscow</a> grew from a small principality under Mongol rule to the largest state in Europe, overthrowing the Mongols in 1480, and eventually becoming the <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a>. The state was consolidated under <a href="/wiki/Ivan_III_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan III the Great">Ivan III the Great</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Ivan the Terrible">Ivan the Terrible</a>, steadily expanding to the east and south over the next centuries. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_1315%E2%80%931317" title="Great Famine of 1315–1317">Great Famine of 1315–1317</a> was the first <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Late_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Crisis of the Late Middle Ages">crisis</a> that would strike Europe in the late Middle Ages.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> The period between 1348 and 1420 witnessed the heaviest loss. The population of <a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">France</a> was reduced by half.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Medieval Britain was afflicted by 95 famines,<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> and France suffered the effects of 75 or more in the same period.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Europe was devastated in the mid-14th century by the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a>, one of the most deadly <a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">pandemics</a> in human history which killed an estimated 25 million people in Europe alone—a third of the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_demography" title="Medieval demography">European population</a> at the time.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> The plague had a devastating effect on Europe's social structure; it induced people to live for the moment as illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Giovanni Boccaccio</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Decameron" title="The Decameron">The Decameron</a> (1353). It was a serious blow to the Roman Catholic Church and led to increased <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">persecution of Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beggars" class="mw-redirect" title="Beggars">beggars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leper" class="mw-redirect" title="Leper">lepers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo_223-130">[130]</a> The plague is thought to have returned every generation with varying <a href="/wiki/Virulence" title="Virulence">virulence</a> and mortalities until the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> During this period, more than 100 plague <a href="/wiki/List_of_epidemics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of epidemics">epidemics</a> swept across Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Revill-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_modern_period">Early modern period</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">Early modern period</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_scuola_di_Atene.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/La_scuola_di_Atene.jpg/260px-La_scuola_di_Atene.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="185" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="2277"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 185px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/La_scuola_di_Atene.jpg/260px-La_scuola_di_Atene.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="185" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/La_scuola_di_Atene.jpg/390px-La_scuola_di_Atene.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/La_scuola_di_Atene.jpg/520px-La_scuola_di_Atene.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/School_of_Athens" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Athens">The School of Athens</a> by <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a> (1511): Contemporaries, such as <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> (centre), are portrayed as classical scholars of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Renaissance was a period of cultural change originating in <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, and later spreading to the rest of Europe. The rise of a <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">new humanism</a> was accompanied by the recovery of forgotten <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">classical Greek</a> and Arabic knowledge from <a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">monastic</a> libraries, often translated from Arabic into <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Barrett-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> The Renaissance spread across Europe between the 14th and 16th centuries: it saw the flowering of <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_science_in_the_Renaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science in the Renaissance">sciences</a>, under the joint patronage of <a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">royalty</a>, the nobility, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> and an emerging merchant class.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo_254-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Patrons in Italy, including the <a href="/wiki/Medici" class="mw-redirect" title="Medici">Medici</a> family of Florentine bankers and the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Popes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, funded prolific <a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">quattrocento</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">cinquecento</a> artists such as <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo_292-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Political intrigue within the Church in the mid-14th century caused the <a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Western Schism</a>. During this forty-year period, two popes—one in <a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a> and one in Rome—claimed rulership over the Church. Although the schism was eventually healed in 1417, the papacy's spiritual authority had suffered greatly.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo_193-141">[141]</a> In the 15th century, Europe started to extend itself beyond its geographic frontiers. Spain and Portugal, the greatest naval powers of the time, took the lead in exploring the world.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-natgeo_296-143">[143]</a> Exploration reached the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a> in the Atlantic and the southern tip of Africa. <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> reached the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> in 1492, and <a href="/wiki/Vasco_da_Gama" title="Vasco da Gama">Vasco da Gama</a> opened the ocean route to the <a href="/wiki/Orient" title="Orient">East</a> linking the Atlantic and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Oceans</a> in 1498. The Portuguese-born explorer <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a> reached Asia westward across the Atlantic and the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Oceans</a> in a Spanish expedition, resulting in the first <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Magellan%27s_circumnavigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Magellan's circumnavigation">circumnavigation of the globe</a>, completed by the Spaniard <a href="/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Elcano" title="Juan Sebastián Elcano">Juan Sebastián Elcano</a> (1519–1522). Soon after, the Spanish and Portuguese began establishing large global empires in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, Asia, Africa and Oceania.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo_338-144">[144]</a> France, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and England soon followed in building large colonial empires with vast holdings in Africa, the Americas and Asia. In 1588, a <a href="/wiki/Spanish_armada" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish armada">Spanish armada</a> failed to invade England. A year later <a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">England tried unsuccessfully to invade Spain</a>, allowing <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a> to maintain his dominant war capacity in Europe. This English disaster also allowed the Spanish fleet to retain its capability to wage war for the next decades. However, two more Spanish armadas failed to invade England (<a href="/wiki/2nd_Spanish_Armada" title="2nd Spanish Armada">2nd Spanish Armada</a> and <a href="/wiki/3rd_Spanish_Armada" title="3rd Spanish Armada">3rd Spanish Armada</a>).<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Habsburg_dominions_1700.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Habsburg_dominions_1700.png/260px-Habsburg_dominions_1700.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="183" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="812"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 183px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Habsburg_dominions_1700.png/260px-Habsburg_dominions_1700.png" data-width="260" data-height="183" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Habsburg_dominions_1700.png/390px-Habsburg_dominions_1700.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Habsburg_dominions_1700.png/520px-Habsburg_dominions_1700.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg dominions</a> in the centuries following their partition by <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a>. The principal military base of Philip II in Europe was the Spanish road stretching from the Netherlands to the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Duchy of Milan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a></figcaption></figure> The Church's power was further weakened by the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> in 1517 when German theologian <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> nailed his <a href="/wiki/Ninety-five_Theses" title="Ninety-five Theses">Ninety-five Theses</a> criticising the selling of indulgences to the church door. He was subsequently excommunicated in the papal bull <a href="/wiki/Exsurge_Domine" title="Exsurge Domine">Exsurge Domine</a> in 1520 and his followers were condemned in the 1521 <a href="/wiki/Diet_of_Worms" title="Diet of Worms">Diet of Worms</a>, which divided German princes between <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> and Roman Catholic faiths.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo_256-150">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">Religious fighting and warfare</a> spread with Protestantism.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> The plunder of the empires of the Americas allowed Spain to finance <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">religious persecution</a> in Europe for over a century.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> (1618–1648) crippled the Holy Roman Empire and devastated much of <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_history_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern history of Germany">Germany</a>, killing between 25 and 40 percent of its population.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a>, France rose to predominance within Europe.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo_269-154">[154]</a> The defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Turks</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna" title="Battle of Vienna">Battle of Vienna</a> in 1683 marked the historic end of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_wars_in_Europe" title="Ottoman wars in Europe">Ottoman expansion into Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> The 17th century in Central and parts of Eastern Europe was a period of general <a href="/wiki/The_General_Crisis" title="The General Crisis">decline</a>;<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> the region experienced more than 150 famines in a 200-year period between 1501 and 1700.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> From the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Krewo" title="Union of Krewo">Union of Krewo</a> (1385) east-central Europe was dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1385%E2%80%931569)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)">Kingdom of Poland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">hegemony</a> of the vast <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> had ended with the devastation brought by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Northern War">Second Northern War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swedish_Deluge" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Deluge">Deluge</a>) and subsequent conflicts;<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> the state itself was <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">partitioned</a> and ceased to exist at the end of the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> From the 15th to 18th centuries, when the disintegrating khanates of the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a> were conquered by Russia, <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Tatars</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a> frequently <a href="/wiki/Crimean-Nogai_raids_into_East_Slavic_lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean-Nogai raids into East Slavic lands">raided</a> Eastern Slavic lands to <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Slavery in the Ottoman Empire">capture slaves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Further east, the <a href="/wiki/Nogai_Horde" title="Nogai Horde">Nogai Horde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Khanate" title="Kazakh Khanate">Kazakh Khanate</a> frequently raided the Slavic-speaking areas of contemporary Russia and Ukraine for hundreds of years, until the Russian expansion and conquest of most of northern Eurasia (i.e. Eastern Europe, Central Asia and Siberia). The Renaissance and the <a href="/wiki/New_Monarchs" title="New Monarchs">New Monarchs</a> marked the start of an Age of Discovery, a period of exploration, invention and scientific development.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> Among the great figures of the Western <a href="/wiki/Scientific_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific revolution">scientific revolution</a> of the 16th and 17th centuries were <a href="/wiki/Copernicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Copernicus">Copernicus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kepler" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler">Kepler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galileo" class="mw-redirect" title="Galileo">Galileo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> According to Peter Barrett, "It is widely accepted that 'modern science' arose in the Europe of the 17th century (towards the end of the Renaissance), introducing a new understanding of the natural world."<a href="#cite_note-Barrett-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_and_19th_centuries">18th and 19th centuries</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Modern_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern history">Modern history</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_1815_map_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Europe_1815_map_en.png/220px-Europe_1815_map_en.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2284" data-file-height="1503"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 145px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Europe_1815_map_en.png/220px-Europe_1815_map_en.png" data-width="220" data-height="145" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Europe_1815_map_en.png/330px-Europe_1815_map_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Europe_1815_map_en.png/440px-Europe_1815_map_en.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The national boundaries within Europe set by the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> brought to an end the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Alliance_(League_of_Augsburg)" title="Grand Alliance (League of Augsburg)">"Old System" of alliances in Europe</a>. Consequently, when the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> turned into a global war between 1778 and 1783, Britain found itself opposed by a strong coalition of European powers, and lacking any substantial ally.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> The Age of Enlightenment was a powerful intellectual movement during the 18th century promoting scientific and reason-based thoughts.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-natgeo_255-166">[166]</a> Discontent with the aristocracy and clergy's monopoly on political power in France resulted in the French Revolution, and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First Republic</a> as a result of which the monarchy and many of the nobility perished during the initial <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">reign of terror</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> rose to power in the aftermath of the French Revolution, and established the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a> that, during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, grew to encompass large parts of Europe before collapsing in 1815 with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo_360-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic Empire">Napoleonic rule</a> resulted in the further dissemination of the ideals of the French Revolution, including that of the <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a>, as well as the widespread adoption of the French models of <a href="/wiki/Centralised_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralised government">administration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic code">law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Education_in_France" title="Education in France">education</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-natgeo_350-172">[172]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>, convened after Napoleon's downfall, established a new <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">balance of power</a> in Europe centred on the five "<a href="/wiki/Great_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Power">Great Powers</a>": the UK, France, <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a> and Russia.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo_367-173">[173]</a> This balance would remain in place until the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a>, during which liberal uprisings affected all of Europe except for Russia and the UK. These revolutions were eventually put down by conservative elements and few reforms resulted.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo_371-174">[174]</a> The year 1859 saw the unification of Romania, as a nation state, from smaller principalities. In 1867, the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian empire">Austro-Hungarian empire</a> was <a href="/wiki/Ausgleich" class="mw-redirect" title="Ausgleich">formed</a>; 1871 saw the unifications of both <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Germany</a> as nation-states from smaller principalities.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> In parallel, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Question">Eastern Question</a> grew more complex ever since the Ottoman defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%931774)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)">Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)</a>. As the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire seemed imminent, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Power">Great Powers</a> struggled to safeguard their strategic and commercial interests in the Ottoman domains. The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> stood to benefit from the decline, whereas the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg Empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a> perceived the preservation of the Ottoman Empire to be in their best interests. Meanwhile, the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Revolution" title="Serbian Revolution">Serbian Revolution</a> (1804) and <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a> (1821) marked the beginning of the end of Ottoman rule in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>, which ended with the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> in 1912–1913.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Formal recognition of the de facto independent principalities of <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> ensued at the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a> in 1878. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marshall%27s_flax-mill,_Holbeck,_Leeds_-_interior_-_c.1800.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Marshall%27s_flax-mill%2C_Holbeck%2C_Leeds_-_interior_-_c.1800.jpg/220px-Marshall%27s_flax-mill%2C_Holbeck%2C_Leeds_-_interior_-_c.1800.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1254" data-file-height="957"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 168px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Marshall%27s_flax-mill%2C_Holbeck%2C_Leeds_-_interior_-_c.1800.jpg/220px-Marshall%27s_flax-mill%2C_Holbeck%2C_Leeds_-_interior_-_c.1800.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="168" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Marshall%27s_flax-mill%2C_Holbeck%2C_Leeds_-_interior_-_c.1800.jpg/330px-Marshall%27s_flax-mill%2C_Holbeck%2C_Leeds_-_interior_-_c.1800.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Marshall%27s_flax-mill%2C_Holbeck%2C_Leeds_-_interior_-_c.1800.jpg/440px-Marshall%27s_flax-mill%2C_Holbeck%2C_Leeds_-_interior_-_c.1800.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Marshall's <a href="/wiki/Temple_Works" title="Temple Works">Temple Works</a> (1840); the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> started in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> started in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> in the last part of the 18th century and spread throughout Europe. The invention and implementation of new technologies resulted in rapid urban growth, mass employment and the rise of a new working class.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Reforms in social and economic spheres followed, including the <a href="/wiki/Factory_Acts" title="Factory Acts">first laws</a> on <a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">child labour</a>, the legalisation of <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a>,<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">abolition of slavery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> In Britain, the <a href="/wiki/Public_Health_Act_of_1875" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Health Act of 1875">Public Health Act of 1875</a> was passed, which significantly improved living conditions in many British cities.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> Europe's population increased from about 100 million in 1700 to 400 million by 1900.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> The last major famine recorded in Western Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine of Ireland</a>, caused death and mass emigration of millions of Irish people.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> In the 19th century, 70 million people left Europe in migrations to various European colonies abroad and to the United States.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> The industrial revolution also led to large population growth, and the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_world#Shares_of_world_population,_AD_1%E2%80%931998_(%_of_world_total)" title="Demographics of the world">share of the world population living in Europe</a> reached a peak of slightly above 25% around the year 1913.<a href="#cite_note-ggdc.net-184">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-World_Population_Growth,_1950%E2%80%932050-185">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century_to_the_present">20th century to the present</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">Modern era</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of Europe</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History of the European Union</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colonisation_1914.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Colonisation_1914.png/260px-Colonisation_1914.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="114" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="625"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 114px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Colonisation_1914.png/260px-Colonisation_1914.png" data-width="260" data-height="114" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Colonisation_1914.png/390px-Colonisation_1914.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Colonisation_1914.png/520px-Colonisation_1914.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Map of European <a href="/wiki/Colonial_empire" title="Colonial empire">colonial empires</a> throughout the world in 1914</figcaption></figure> Two world wars and an economic depression dominated the first half of the 20th century. The First World War was fought between 1914 and 1918. It started when <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria">Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria</a> was assassinated by the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav nationalism">Yugoslav nationalist</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gavrilo_Princip" title="Gavrilo Princip">Gavrilo Princip</a>.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo_407-187">[187]</a> Most European nations were drawn into the war, which was fought between the <a href="/wiki/Entente_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Entente Powers">Entente Powers</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, Portugal, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, and the United States) and the <a href="/wiki/Central_Powers" title="Central Powers">Central Powers</a> (<a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>). The war left more than 16 million civilians and military dead.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo_440-188">[188]</a> Over 60 million European soldiers were mobilised from 1914 to 1918.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alliances_militaires_en_Europe_1914-1918-fr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Alliances_militaires_en_Europe_1914-1918-fr.svg/220px-Alliances_militaires_en_Europe_1914-1918-fr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="593"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 131px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Alliances_militaires_en_Europe_1914-1918-fr.svg/220px-Alliances_militaires_en_Europe_1914-1918-fr.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="131" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Alliances_militaires_en_Europe_1914-1918-fr.svg/330px-Alliances_militaires_en_Europe_1914-1918-fr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Alliances_militaires_en_Europe_1914-1918-fr.svg/440px-Alliances_militaires_en_Europe_1914-1918-fr.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Map depicting the military alliances of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> in 1914–1918</figcaption></figure> Russia was plunged into the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>, which threw down the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Tsarist monarchy</a> and replaced it with the <a href="/wiki/Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist">communist</a> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>,<a href="#cite_note-natgeo_480-190">[190]</a> leading also to the independence of many former <a href="/wiki/Governorate_(Russia)" title="Governorate (Russia)">Russian governorates</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, as new European countries.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> and the Ottoman Empire collapsed and broke up into separate nations, and many other nations had their borders redrawn. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a>, which officially ended the First World War in 1919, was harsh towards Germany, upon whom it placed full responsibility for the war and imposed heavy sanctions.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo_443-192">[192]</a> Excess deaths in Russia over the course of the First World War and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> (including the postwar <a href="/wiki/Russian_famine_of_1921" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian famine of 1921">famine</a>) amounted to a combined total of 18 million.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> In 1932–1933, under <a href="/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalin</a>'s leadership, confiscations of grain by the Soviet authorities contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_famine_of_1932-1933" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet famine of 1932-1933">second Soviet famine</a> which caused millions of deaths;<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> surviving <a href="/wiki/Kulak" title="Kulak">kulaks</a> were persecuted and many sent to <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulags</a> to do <a href="/wiki/Unfree_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfree labour">forced labour</a>. Stalin was also responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> of 1937–38 in which the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> executed 681,692 people;<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> millions of people were <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">deported and exiled</a> to remote areas of the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Serbiancolumnretreat1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Serbiancolumnretreat1915.jpg/220px-Serbiancolumnretreat1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="397"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Serbiancolumnretreat1915.jpg/220px-Serbiancolumnretreat1915.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Serbiancolumnretreat1915.jpg/330px-Serbiancolumnretreat1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Serbiancolumnretreat1915.jpg/440px-Serbiancolumnretreat1915.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Campaign_of_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian Campaign of World War I">Serbian war efforts</a> (1914–1918) cost the country one quarter of its population.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mussolini_and_Hitler_1940_(retouched).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Mussolini_and_Hitler_1940_%28retouched%29.jpg/170px-Mussolini_and_Hitler_1940_%28retouched%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2415" data-file-height="3500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 246px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Mussolini_and_Hitler_1940_%28retouched%29.jpg/170px-Mussolini_and_Hitler_1940_%28retouched%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="246" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Mussolini_and_Hitler_1940_%28retouched%29.jpg/255px-Mussolini_and_Hitler_1940_%28retouched%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Mussolini_and_Hitler_1940_%28retouched%29.jpg/340px-Mussolini_and_Hitler_1940_%28retouched%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> began the devastating Second World War in Europe by its leader, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>. Here Hitler, on the right, with his closest ally, the Italian dictator <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, in 1940.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">social revolutions</a> sweeping through Russia also affected other European nations following <a href="/wiki/The_Great_War" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great War">The Great War</a>: in 1919, with the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> in Germany and the <a href="/wiki/First_Austrian_Republic" title="First Austrian Republic">First Austrian Republic</a>; in 1922, with <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a>'s one-party <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist</a> government in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk" class="mw-redirect" title="Atatürk">Atatürk</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish Republic</a>, adopting the Western alphabet and state <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a>. Economic instability, caused in part by debts incurred in the First World War and 'loans' to Germany played havoc in Europe in the late 1920s and 1930s. This, and the <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a>, brought about the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>. Helped by the economic crisis, social instability and the threat of communism, <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascist movements</a> developed throughout Europe placing <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> in power of what became <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hobsbawn-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-natgeo_438-203">[203]</a> In 1933, Hitler became the leader of Germany and began to work towards his goal of building Greater Germany. Germany re-expanded and took back the <a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> in 1935 and 1936. In 1938, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> became a part of Germany following the <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a> signed by Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and Italy, later in 1938 Germany annexed the <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a>, which was a part of <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> inhabited by ethnic Germans. In early 1939, the remainder of Czechoslovakia was split into the <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a>, controlled by Germany and the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a>. At the time, the United Kingdom and France preferred a policy of <a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">appeasement</a>. With tensions mounting between Germany and <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a> over the future of <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Danzig</a>, the Germans turned to the Soviets and signed the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a>, which allowed the Soviets to invade the Baltic states and parts of Poland and Romania. Germany <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invaded Poland</a> on 1 September 1939, prompting France and the United Kingdom to declare war on Germany on 3 September, opening the <a href="/wiki/European_Theatre_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="European Theatre of World War II">European Theatre of the Second World War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-reich-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-natgeo_465-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviet invasion of Poland</a> started on 17 September and Poland fell soon thereafter. On 24 September, the Soviet Union attacked the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">Baltic countries</a> and, on 30 November, Finland, the latter of which was followed by the devastating <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a> for the Red Army.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> The British hoped to land at <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Narvik" title="Battles of Narvik">Narvik</a> and send troops to aid Finland, but their primary objective in the landing was to encircle Germany and cut the Germans off from Scandinavian resources. Around the same time, Germany moved troops into Denmark. The <a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a> continued. In May 1940, Germany <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">attacked France</a> through the Low Countries. France capitulated in June 1940. By August, Germany had begun a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">bombing offensive against the United Kingdom</a> but failed to convince the Britons to give up.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo_510-208">[208]</a> In 1941, Germany invaded the Soviet Union in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo_532-209">[209]</a> On 7 December 1941 <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a> drew the United States into the conflict as allies of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">allied</a> forces.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo_511-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-natgeo_519-211">[211]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yalta_Conference_(Churchill,_Roosevelt,_Stalin)_(B%26W).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg/220px-Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2720" data-file-height="2239"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 181px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg/220px-Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="181" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg/330px-Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg/440px-Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The "<a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Big Three</a>" at the <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a> in 1945; seated (from the left): <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></figcaption></figure> After the staggering <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a> in 1943, the German offensive in the Soviet Union turned into a continual fallback. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a>, which involved the largest <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prokhorovka" title="Battle of Prokhorovka">tank battle</a> in history, was the last major German offensive on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a>. In June 1944, British and American forces invaded France in the <a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">D-Day landings</a>, opening a new front against Germany. Berlin finally <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">fell in 1945</a>, ending the Second World War in Europe. The war was the largest and most destructive in human history, with <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">60 million dead across the world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo_439-212">[212]</a> More than 40 million people in Europe had died as a result of the Second World War,<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> including between 11 and 17 million people who perished during <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> The Soviet Union <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="World War II casualties of the Soviet Union">lost around 27 million people</a> (mostly civilians) during the war, about half of all Second World War casualties.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> By the end of the Second World War, Europe had more than 40 million <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a>.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> Several <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_evacuation_and_expulsion" title="World War II evacuation and expulsion">post-war expulsions</a> in Central and Eastern Europe displaced a total of about 20 million people.<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> The First World War, and especially the Second World War, diminished the eminence of Western Europe in world affairs. After the Second World War the map of Europe was redrawn at the <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a> and divided into two blocs, the Western countries and the communist Eastern bloc, separated by what was later called by <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> an "<a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>". The United States and Western Europe established the <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> alliance and, later, the Soviet Union and Central Europe established the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a>.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo_530-220">[220]</a> Particular hot spots after the Second World War were <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>, whereby the <a href="/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste" title="Free Territory of Trieste">Free Territory of Trieste</a>, founded in 1947 with the UN, was dissolved in 1954 and 1975, respectively. The <a href="/wiki/Berlin_blockade" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin blockade">Berlin blockade</a> in 1948 and 1949 and the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> in 1961 were one of the great international crises of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a> The two new <a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">superpowers</a>, the United States and the Soviet Union, became locked in a fifty-year-long Cold War, centred on <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_proliferation" title="Nuclear proliferation">nuclear proliferation</a>. At the same time <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Decolonisation">decolonisation</a>, which had already started after the First World War, gradually resulted in the independence of most of the European colonies in Asia and Africa.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo_534-15">[15]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/220px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/220px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/330px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/440px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Europe" title="Flag of Europe">Flag of Europe</a>, adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> in 1955 as the flag for the whole of Europe<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a></figcaption></figure> In the 1980s the <a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">reforms</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> movement in Poland weakened the previously rigid communist system. The opening of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Pan-European_Picnic" title="Pan-European Picnic">Pan-European Picnic</a> then set in motion a peaceful chain reaction, at the end of which the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern bloc">Eastern bloc</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">communist states collapsed</a>, and the Cold War ended.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> Germany was reunited, after the symbolic <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall#Fall_of_the_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">fall of the Berlin Wall</a> in 1989 and the maps of Central and Eastern Europe were redrawn once more.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> This made old previously interrupted cultural and economic relationships possible, and previously isolated cities such as <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> were now again in the centre of Europe.<a href="#cite_note-hobsbawn-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a> also grew after the Second World War. In 1949 the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> was founded, following a speech by Sir <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, with the idea of unifying Europe<a href="#cite_note-europaeu_1945-59-16">[16]</a> to achieve common goals. It includes all European states except for <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rome" title="Treaty of Rome">Treaty of Rome</a> in 1957 established the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> between six Western European states with the goal of a unified economic policy and common market.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo_536-233">[233]</a> In 1967 the EEC, <a href="/wiki/European_Coal_and_Steel_Community" title="European Coal and Steel Community">European Coal and Steel Community</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Euratom" title="Euratom">Euratom</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community</a>, which in 1993 became the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>. The EU established a <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">parliament</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">court</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Central_Bank" title="European Central Bank">central bank</a>, and introduced the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> as a unified currency.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo_537-234">[234]</a> Between 2004 and 2013, more Central European countries began joining, <a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_European_Union" title="Enlargement of the European Union">expanding the EU</a> to 28 European countries and once more making Europe a major economical and political centre of power.<a href="#cite_note-natgeo_535-235">[235]</a> However, the United Kingdom withdrew from the EU on 31 January 2020, as a result of a <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">June 2016 referendum on EU membership</a>.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian conflict</a>, which has been ongoing since 2014, steeply escalated when Russia launched a <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">full-scale invasion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> on 24 February 2022, marking the largest humanitarian and refugee crisis in Europe since the Second World War<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Europe" title="Geography of Europe">Geography of Europe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_topographic_map_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Europe_topographic_map_2024.jpg/220px-Europe_topographic_map_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3658" data-file-height="3282"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 197px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Europe_topographic_map_2024.jpg/220px-Europe_topographic_map_2024.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="197" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Europe_topographic_map_2024.jpg/330px-Europe_topographic_map_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Europe_topographic_map_2024.jpg/440px-Europe_topographic_map_2024.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>General topographic map of Europe showing physical, political and population characteristics, as per 2024</figcaption></figure> Europe makes up the western fifth of the <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasian</a> landmass.<a href="#cite_note-Encarta-27">[27]</a> It has a higher ratio of coast to landmass than any other continent or subcontinent.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> Its maritime borders consist of the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west and the Mediterranean, Black and Caspian Seas to the south.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> Land relief in Europe shows great variation within relatively small areas. The southern regions are more mountainous, while moving north the terrain descends from the high <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carpathians" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathians">Carpathians</a>, through hilly uplands, into broad, low northern plains, which are vast in the east. This extended lowland is known as the <a href="/wiki/Great_European_Plain" class="mw-redirect" title="Great European Plain">Great European Plain</a> and at its heart lies the <a href="/wiki/North_German_Plain" title="North German Plain">North German Plain</a>. An arc of uplands also exists along the north-western seaboard, which begins in the western parts of the islands of Britain and Ireland, and then continues along the mountainous, <a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">fjord</a>-cut spine of Norway. This description is simplified. Subregions such as the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a> contain their own complex features, as does mainland Central Europe itself, where the relief contains many plateaus, river valleys and basins that complicate the general trend. Sub-regions like <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, Britain and Ireland are special cases. The former is a land unto itself in the northern ocean that is counted as part of Europe, while the latter are upland areas that were once joined to the mainland until <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">rising sea levels</a> cut them off. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Europe" title="Climate of Europe">Climate of Europe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vegetation_Europe.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Vegetation_Europe.png/220px-Vegetation_Europe.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="158"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 121px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Vegetation_Europe.png/220px-Vegetation_Europe.png" data-width="220" data-height="121" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Vegetation_Europe.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">Biomes</a> of Europe and surrounding regions: <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a> <a href="/wiki/Alpine_tundra" title="Alpine tundra">alpine tundra</a> <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taiga</a> <a href="/wiki/Montane_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Montane forest">montane forest</a> <a href="/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate broadleaf forest">temperate broadleaf forest</a> <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean forest">mediterranean forest</a> <a href="/wiki/Temperate_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate steppe">temperate steppe</a> <a href="/wiki/Dry_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry steppe">dry steppe</a> </figcaption></figure> Europe lies mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> climate zone of the northern hemisphere, where the <a href="/wiki/Prevailing_westerlies" class="mw-redirect" title="Prevailing westerlies">prevailing wind direction is from the west</a>. The climate is milder in comparison to other areas of the same latitude around the globe due to the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a>, an ocean current which carries warm water from the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> to Europe.<a href="#cite_note-climate-241">[241]</a> The Gulf Stream is nicknamed "Europe's central heating", because it makes Europe's climate warmer and wetter than it would otherwise be. The Gulf Stream not only carries warm water to Europe's coast but also warms up the prevailing westerly winds that blow across the continent from the Atlantic Ocean. Therefore, the average temperature throughout the year of <a href="/wiki/Aveiro,_Portugal" title="Aveiro, Portugal">Aveiro</a> is 16 °C (61 °F), while it is only 13 °C (55 °F) in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> which is almost on the same latitude, bordering the same ocean. Berlin, Germany; Calgary, Canada; and Irkutsk, in far south-eastern Russia, lie on around the same latitude; January temperatures in Berlin average around 8 °C (14 °F) higher than those in Calgary and they are almost 22 °C (40 °F) higher than average temperatures in Irkutsk.<a href="#cite_note-climate-241">[241]</a> The large water masses of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, which equalise the temperatures on an annual and daily average, are also of particular importance. The water of the Mediterranean extends from the <a href="/wiki/Sahara_desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahara desert">Sahara desert</a> to the Alpine arc in its northernmost part of the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> near <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> In general, Europe is not just colder towards the north compared to the south, but it also gets colder from the west towards the east. The climate is more oceanic in the west and less so in the east. This can be illustrated by the following table of average temperatures at locations roughly following the 64th, 60th, 55th, 50th, 45th and 40th <a href="/wiki/Latitudes" class="mw-redirect" title="Latitudes">latitudes</a>. None of them is located at high altitude; most of them are close to the sea. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_Europe_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Koppen-Geiger_Map_Europe_present.svg/650px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_Europe_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="650" height="304" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1816" data-file-height="850"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 650px;height: 304px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Koppen-Geiger_Map_Europe_present.svg/650px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_Europe_present.svg.png" data-width="650" data-height="304" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Koppen-Geiger_Map_Europe_present.svg/975px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_Europe_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Koppen-Geiger_Map_Europe_present.svg/1300px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_Europe_present.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen-Geiger climate classification</a> map for Europe<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Temperatures in °C </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Location</th> <th>Latitude</th> <th>Longitude</th> <th>Coldest month</th> <th>Hottest month</th> <th>Annual average </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a></td> <td>64 N</td> <td>22 W</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>11.2</td> <td>4.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ume%C3%A5" title="Umeå">Umeå</a></td> <td>64 N</td> <td>20 E</td> <td>−6.2</td> <td>16.0</td> <td>3.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu">Oulu</a></td> <td>65 N</td> <td>25.5 E</td> <td>−9.6</td> <td>16.5</td> <td>2.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a></td> <td>64.5 N</td> <td>40.5 E</td> <td>−12.7</td> <td>16.3</td> <td>1.3 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="000000"> <td colspan="6"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lerwick" title="Lerwick">Lerwick</a></td> <td>60 N</td> <td>1 W</td> <td>3.5</td> <td>12.4</td> <td>7.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></td> <td>59.5 N</td> <td>19 E</td> <td>−1.7</td> <td>18.4</td> <td>7.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></td> <td>60 N</td> <td>25 E</td> <td>−4.7</td> <td>17.8</td> <td>5.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></td> <td>60 N</td> <td>30 E</td> <td>−5.8</td> <td>18.8</td> <td>5.8 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="000000"> <td colspan="6"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></td> <td>55.5 N</td> <td>3 W</td> <td>4.2</td> <td>15.3</td> <td>9.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a></td> <td>55.5 N</td> <td>12 E</td> <td>1.4</td> <td>18.1</td> <td>9.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da" title="Klaipėda">Klaipėda</a></td> <td>55.5 N</td> <td>21 E</td> <td>−1.3</td> <td>17.9</td> <td>8.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></td> <td>55.5 N</td> <td>30 E</td> <td>−6.5</td> <td>19.2</td> <td>5.8 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="000000"> <td colspan="6"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly" title="Isles of Scilly">Isles of Scilly</a></td> <td>50 N</td> <td>6 W</td> <td>7.9</td> <td>16.9</td> <td>11.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></td> <td>50.5 N</td> <td>4 E</td> <td>3.3</td> <td>18.4</td> <td>10.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a></td> <td>50 N</td> <td>20 E</td> <td>−2.0</td> <td>19.2</td> <td>8.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a></td> <td>50.5 N</td> <td>30 E</td> <td>−3.5</td> <td>20.5</td> <td>8.4 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="000000"> <td colspan="6"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a></td> <td>45 N</td> <td>0</td> <td>6.6</td> <td>21.4</td> <td>13.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a></td> <td>45.5 N</td> <td>12 E</td> <td>3.3</td> <td>23.0</td> <td>13.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a></td> <td>45 N</td> <td>20 E</td> <td>1.4</td> <td>23.0</td> <td>12.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a></td> <td>46 N</td> <td>48 E</td> <td>−3.7</td> <td>25.6</td> <td>10.5 </td></tr> <tr bgcolor="000000"> <td colspan="6"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Coimbra" title="Coimbra">Coimbra</a></td> <td>40 N</td> <td>8 W</td> <td>9.9</td> <td>21.9</td> <td>16.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a></td> <td>39.5 N</td> <td>0</td> <td>11.9</td> <td>26.1</td> <td>18.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a></td> <td>40.5 N</td> <td>14 E</td> <td>8.7</td> <td>24.9</td> <td>15.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></td> <td>41 N</td> <td>29 E</td> <td>5.5</td> <td>23.4</td> <td>13.9 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> It is notable how the average temperatures for the coldest month, as well as the annual average temperatures, drop from the west to the east. For instance, Edinburgh is warmer than Belgrade during the coldest month of the year, although Belgrade is around 10° of latitude farther south. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change">Climate change</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Europe" title="Climate change in Europe">Climate change in Europe</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Climate_change_in_Europe&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Increase_of_average_yearly_temperature_in_Europe_(1900-2017).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Increase_of_average_yearly_temperature_in_Europe_%281900-2017%29.png/330px-Increase_of_average_yearly_temperature_in_Europe_%281900-2017%29.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="331" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1205"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 330px;height: 331px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Increase_of_average_yearly_temperature_in_Europe_%281900-2017%29.png/330px-Increase_of_average_yearly_temperature_in_Europe_%281900-2017%29.png" data-width="330" data-height="331" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Increase_of_average_yearly_temperature_in_Europe_%281900-2017%29.png/495px-Increase_of_average_yearly_temperature_in_Europe_%281900-2017%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Increase_of_average_yearly_temperature_in_Europe_%281900-2017%29.png/660px-Increase_of_average_yearly_temperature_in_Europe_%281900-2017%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Increase of average yearly temperature (2000-2017) above the 20th century average in selected cities in Europe <a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> has resulted in an increase in temperature of 2.3 °C (4.14 °F) (2022) in Europe compared to pre-industrial levels. Europe is the fastest warming continent in the world.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Europe" title="Climate of Europe">Europe's climate</a> is getting warmer due to <a href="/wiki/Anthropogenic_greenhouse_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropogenic greenhouse gas">anthropogenic activity</a>. According to international climate experts, global temperature rise should not exceed 2 <a href="/wiki/%C2%B0C" class="mw-redirect" title="°C">°C</a> to prevent the most dangerous <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">consequences of climate change</a>; without reduction in <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a>, this could happen before 2050.<a href="#cite_note-Climate_change_in_Europe_:5-247">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> has implications for all regions of Europe, with the extent and nature of impacts varying across the continent. Impacts on European countries include warmer weather and increasing frequency and intensity of <a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">extreme weather</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">heat waves</a>, bringing <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_human_health" title="Effects of climate change on human health">health risks</a> and impacts on ecosystems. European countries are major contributors to global greenhouse gas emissions, although the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> and governments of several countries have outlined plans to implement <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change mitigation</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Energy_transition" title="Energy transition">energy transition</a> in the 21st century, the <a href="/wiki/European_Green_Deal" title="European Green Deal">European Green Deal</a> being one of these. The <a href="/wiki/European_Commissioner_for_Climate_Action" title="European Commissioner for Climate Action">European Union commissioner of climate action</a> is <a href="/wiki/Frans_Timmermans" title="Frans Timmermans">Frans Timmermans</a> since 1 December 2019.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Europe" title="Geology of Europe">Geology of Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Europe" title="Geological history of Europe">Geological history of Europe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_geological_map-en.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Europe_geological_map-en.jpg/260px-Europe_geological_map-en.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="265" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5408" data-file-height="5504"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 265px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Europe_geological_map-en.jpg/260px-Europe_geological_map-en.jpg" data-width="260" data-height="265" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Europe_geological_map-en.jpg/390px-Europe_geological_map-en.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Europe_geological_map-en.jpg/520px-Europe_geological_map-en.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Surficial geology of Europe</figcaption></figure> The geological history of Europe traces back to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Shield" title="Baltic Shield">Baltic Shield</a> (Fennoscandia) and the <a href="/wiki/Sarmatian_craton" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarmatian craton">Sarmatian craton</a>, both around 2.25 billion years ago, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Volgo%E2%80%93Uralia" title="Volgo–Uralia">Volgo–Uralia</a> shield, the three together leading to the <a href="/wiki/East_European_craton" class="mw-redirect" title="East European craton">East European craton</a> (≈ <a href="/wiki/Baltica" title="Baltica">Baltica</a>) which became a part of the <a href="/wiki/Supercontinent" title="Supercontinent">supercontinent</a> <a href="/wiki/Columbia_(supercontinent)" title="Columbia (supercontinent)">Columbia</a>. Around 1.1 billion years ago, Baltica and Arctica (as part of the <a href="/wiki/Laurentia" title="Laurentia">Laurentia</a> block) became joined to <a href="/wiki/Rodinia" title="Rodinia">Rodinia</a>, later resplitting around 550 million years ago to reform as Baltica. Around 440 million years ago <a href="/wiki/Euramerica" title="Euramerica">Euramerica</a> was formed from Baltica and Laurentia; a further joining with <a href="/wiki/Gondwana" title="Gondwana">Gondwana</a> then leading to the formation of <a href="/wiki/Pangea" class="mw-redirect" title="Pangea">Pangea</a>. Around 190 million years ago, Gondwana and <a href="/wiki/Laurasia" title="Laurasia">Laurasia</a> split apart due to the widening of the Atlantic Ocean. Finally and very soon afterwards, Laurasia itself split up again, into Laurentia (North America) and the Eurasian continent. The land connection between the two persisted for a considerable time, via <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>, leading to interchange of animal species. From around 50 million years ago, rising and falling sea levels have determined the actual shape of Europe and its connections with continents such as Asia. Europe's present shape dates to the <a href="/wiki/Late_Tertiary" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Tertiary">late Tertiary</a> period about five million years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica-250">[250]</a> The geology of Europe is hugely varied and complex and gives rise to the wide variety of landscapes found across the continent, from the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish Highlands</a> to the rolling <a href="/wiki/Plain" title="Plain">plains</a> of Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> Europe's most significant feature is the dichotomy between highland and mountainous <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a> and a vast, partially underwater, northern plain ranging from Ireland in the west to the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a> in the east. These two halves are separated by the mountain chains of the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>/<a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathians</a>. The northern plains are delimited in the west by the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Mountains" title="Scandinavian Mountains">Scandinavian Mountains</a> and the mountainous parts of the British Isles. Major shallow water bodies submerging parts of the northern plains are the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Sea" title="Celtic Sea">Celtic Sea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> complex and <a href="/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a>. The northern plain contains the old geological continent of <a href="/wiki/Baltica" title="Baltica">Baltica</a> and so may be regarded geologically as the "main continent", while peripheral highlands and mountainous regions in the south and west constitute fragments from various other geological continents. Most of the older geology of western Europe existed as part of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Microcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Microcontinent">microcontinent</a> <a href="/wiki/Avalonia" title="Avalonia">Avalonia</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora">Flora</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_land_use_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Europe_land_use_map.png/260px-Europe_land_use_map.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="192" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1004" data-file-height="740"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 192px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Europe_land_use_map.png/260px-Europe_land_use_map.png" data-width="260" data-height="192" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Europe_land_use_map.png/390px-Europe_land_use_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Europe_land_use_map.png/520px-Europe_land_use_map.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Land use map of Europe with arable farmland (yellow), forest (dark green), pasture (light green) and tundra, or bogs, in the north (dark yellow)</figcaption></figure> Having lived side by side with agricultural peoples for millennia, Europe's animals and plants have been profoundly affected by the presence and activities of humans. With the exception of <a href="/wiki/Fennoscandia" title="Fennoscandia">Fennoscandia</a> and northern Russia, few areas of untouched wilderness are currently found in Europe, except for various <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">national parks</a>. The main natural vegetation cover in Europe is mixed <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forest</a>. The conditions for growth are very favourable. In the north, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Current" title="North Atlantic Current">North Atlantic Drift</a> warm the continent. Southern Europe has a warm but mild climate. There are frequent summer droughts in this region. Mountain ridges also affect the conditions. Some of these, such as the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a>, are oriented east–west and allow the wind to carry large masses of water from the ocean in the interior. Others are oriented south–north (<a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Mountains" title="Scandinavian Mountains">Scandinavian Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinaric_Alps" title="Dinaric Alps">Dinarides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a>) and because the rain falls primarily on the side of mountains that is oriented towards the sea, forests grow well on this side, while on the other side, the conditions are much less favourable. Few corners of mainland Europe have not been grazed by <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> at some point in time, and the cutting down of the preagricultural forest habitat caused disruption to the original plant and animal ecosystems. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Floristic_regions_in_Europe_(english).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Floristic_regions_in_Europe_%28english%29.png/260px-Floristic_regions_in_Europe_%28english%29.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="208" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1797" data-file-height="1435"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 208px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Floristic_regions_in_Europe_%28english%29.png/260px-Floristic_regions_in_Europe_%28english%29.png" data-width="260" data-height="208" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Floristic_regions_in_Europe_%28english%29.png/390px-Floristic_regions_in_Europe_%28english%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Floristic_regions_in_Europe_%28english%29.png/520px-Floristic_regions_in_Europe_%28english%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Floristic regions of Europe and neighbouring areas, according to Wolfgang Frey and Rainer Lösch</figcaption></figure> Possibly 80 to 90 percent of Europe was once covered by forest.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> It stretched from the Mediterranean Sea to the Arctic Ocean. Although over half of Europe's original forests disappeared through the centuries of <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, Europe still has over one quarter of its land area as forest, such as the <a href="/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate broadleaf and mixed forest">broadleaf and mixed</a> forests, <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taiga</a> of Scandinavia and Russia, mixed <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforests</a> of the Caucasus and the <a href="/wiki/Cork_oak" class="mw-redirect" title="Cork oak">Cork oak</a> forests in the western Mediterranean. During recent times, deforestation has been slowed and many trees have been planted. However, in many cases monoculture <a href="/wiki/Plantation" title="Plantation">plantations</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pinophyta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinophyta">conifers</a> have replaced the original mixed natural forest, because these grow quicker. The plantations now cover vast areas of land, but offer poorer habitats for many European forest dwelling species which require a mixture of tree species and diverse forest structure. The amount of natural forest in Western Europe is just 2–3% or less, while in its Western Russia its 5–10%. The European country with the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_forest_area" title="List of countries by forest area">smallest percentage of forested area</a> is <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> (1%), while the most forested country is Finland (77%).<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> In temperate Europe, mixed forest with both <a href="/wiki/Flowering_plant" title="Flowering plant">broadleaf</a> and coniferous trees dominate. The most important species in central and western Europe are <a href="/wiki/Beech" title="Beech">beech</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a>. In the north, the taiga is a mixed <a href="/wiki/Spruce" title="Spruce">spruce</a>–<a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a>–<a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a> forest; further north within Russia and extreme northern Scandinavia, the taiga gives way to <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a> as the Arctic is approached. In the Mediterranean, many <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olive</a> trees have been planted, which are very well adapted to its arid climate; <a href="/wiki/Cupressus_sempervirens" title="Cupressus sempervirens">Mediterranean Cypress</a> is also widely planted in southern Europe. The semi-arid Mediterranean region hosts much scrub forest. A narrow east–west tongue of Eurasian <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grassland</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a>) extends westwards from <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> and southern Russia and ends in Hungary and traverses into taiga to the north. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna">Fauna</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Europe" title="Fauna of Europe">Fauna of Europe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_biogeography_countries_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Europe_biogeography_countries_en.svg/260px-Europe_biogeography_countries_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="183" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3535" data-file-height="2491"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 260px;height: 183px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Europe_biogeography_countries_en.svg/260px-Europe_biogeography_countries_en.svg.png" data-width="260" data-height="183" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Europe_biogeography_countries_en.svg/390px-Europe_biogeography_countries_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Europe_biogeography_countries_en.svg/520px-Europe_biogeography_countries_en.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeographic regions</a> of Europe and bordering regions</figcaption></figure> Glaciation during the <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">most recent ice age</a> and the presence of humans affected the distribution of <a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Europe" title="Fauna of Europe">European fauna</a>. As for the animals, in many parts of Europe most large animals and top <a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predator</a> species have been hunted to extinction. The <a href="/wiki/Woolly_mammoth" title="Woolly mammoth">woolly mammoth</a> was extinct before the end of the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period. Today <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolves</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivores</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Bear" title="Bear">bears</a> (<a href="/wiki/Omnivore" title="Omnivore">omnivores</a>) are endangered. Once they were found in most parts of Europe. However, deforestation and hunting caused these animals to withdraw further and further. By the Middle Ages the bears' habitats were limited to more or less inaccessible mountains with sufficient forest cover. Today, the <a href="/wiki/European_brown_bear" class="mw-redirect" title="European brown bear">brown bear</a> lives primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Balkan" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan">Balkan peninsula</a>, Scandinavia and Russia; a small number also persist in other countries across Europe (Austria, Pyrenees etc.), but in these areas brown bear populations are fragmented and marginalised because of the destruction of their habitat. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">polar bears</a> may be found on <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a>, a Norwegian archipelago far north of Scandinavia. The <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_wolf" title="Eurasian wolf">wolf</a>, the second-largest predator in Europe after the brown bear, can be found primarily in <a href="/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</a> and in the Balkans, with a handful of packs in pockets of <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> (Scandinavia, Spain, etc.). <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Neandertal_-_Wisent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Neandertal_-_Wisent.jpg/220px-Neandertal_-_Wisent.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Neandertal_-_Wisent.jpg/220px-Neandertal_-_Wisent.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Neandertal_-_Wisent.jpg/330px-Neandertal_-_Wisent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Neandertal_-_Wisent.jpg/440px-Neandertal_-_Wisent.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Once roaming the great temperate forests of Eurasia, <a href="/wiki/European_bison" title="European bison">European bison</a> now live in nature preserves in <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82owie%C5%BCa_Forest" title="Białowieża Forest">Białowieża Forest</a>, on the border between <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a></figcaption></figure> Other carnivores include the <a href="/wiki/European_wildcat" title="European wildcat">European wildcat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_fox" title="Red fox">red fox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arctic_fox" title="Arctic fox">arctic fox</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Golden_jackal" title="Golden jackal">golden jackal</a>, different species of <a href="/wiki/Marten" title="Marten">martens</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_hedgehog" title="European hedgehog">European hedgehog</a>, different species of reptiles (like snakes such as vipers and grass snakes) and amphibians, as well as different birds (<a href="/wiki/Owl" title="Owl">owls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawk" title="Hawk">hawks</a> and other birds of prey). Important European herbivores are snails, larvae, fish, different birds and mammals, like rodents, deer and roe deer, boars and living in the mountains, marmots, steinbocks, chamois among others. A number of insects, such as the <a href="/wiki/Small_tortoiseshell" title="Small tortoiseshell">small tortoiseshell</a> butterfly, add to the biodiversity.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> Sea creatures are also an important part of European flora and fauna. The sea flora is mainly <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a>. Important animals that live in European seas are <a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">zooplankton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mollusc" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollusc">molluscs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">echinoderms</a>, different <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squid" title="Squid">squids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Octopuses" class="mw-redirect" title="Octopuses">octopuses</a>, fish, <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whales" class="mw-redirect" title="Whales">whales</a>. Biodiversity is protected in Europe through the Council of Europe's <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Conservation_of_European_Wildlife_and_Natural_Habitats" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats">Bern Convention</a>, which has also been signed by the <a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community</a> as well as non-European states. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Europe" title="Politics of Europe">Politics of Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Europe" title="Democracy in Europe">Democracy in Europe</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_organisations_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="International organisations in Europe">International organisations in Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Europe" title="Regions of Europe">Regions of Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></div> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:300px;"> <figure class="mw-halign-none noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-top-right" typeof="mw:File"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Supranational_European_Bodies.svg/300px-Supranational_European_Bodies.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="194" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1205" data-file-height="780" usemap="#ImageMap_3868f0cd2cf21fad" resource="/wiki/File:Supranational_European_Bodies-en.svg"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 194px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Supranational_European_Bodies.svg/300px-Supranational_European_Bodies.svg.png" data-width="300" data-height="194" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Supranational_European_Bodies.svg/450px-Supranational_European_Bodies.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Supranational_European_Bodies.svg/600px-Supranational_European_Bodies.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element" data-usemap="#ImageMap_3868f0cd2cf21fad"> <map name="ImageMap_3868f0cd2cf21fad"><area href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" shape="rect" coords="15,5,108,12" alt="European Political Community" title="European Political Community"><area href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" shape="rect" coords="11,19,57,25" alt="Schengen Area" title="Schengen Area"><area href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" shape="rect" coords="188,17,244,24" alt="Council of Europe" title="Council of Europe"><area href="/wiki/European_Union" shape="rect" coords="39,47,88,55" alt="European Union" title="European Union"><area href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" shape="rect" coords="14,136,29,142" alt="European Economic Area" title="European Economic Area"><area href="/wiki/Eurozone" shape="rect" coords="41,152,72,158" alt="Eurozone" title="Eurozone"><area href="/wiki/European_Union_Customs_Union" shape="rect" coords="41,175,100,183" alt="European Union Customs Union" title="European Union Customs Union"><area href="/wiki/European_Free_Trade_Association" shape="rect" coords="12,91,31,97" alt="European Free Trade Association" title="European Free Trade Association"><area href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" shape="rect" coords="56,75,81,88" alt="Nordic Council" title="Nordic Council"><area href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" shape="rect" coords="88,75,118,90" alt="Visegrád Group" title="Visegrád Group"><area href="/wiki/Baltic_Assembly" shape="rect" coords="47,107,97,114" alt="Baltic Assembly" title="Baltic Assembly"><area href="/wiki/Benelux" shape="rect" coords="58,134,86,141" alt="Benelux" title="Benelux"><area href="/wiki/GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development" shape="rect" coords="198,36,219,44" alt="GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development" title="GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development"><area href="/wiki/Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement" shape="rect" coords="230,61,253,68" alt="Central European Free Trade Agreement" title="Central European Free Trade Agreement"><area href="/wiki/Open_Balkan" shape="rect" coords="212,77,234,91" alt="Open Balkan" title="Open Balkan"><area href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" shape="rect" coords="276,31,296,37" alt="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation"><area href="/wiki/Union_State" shape="rect" coords="276,123,296,136" alt="Union State" title="Union State"><area href="/wiki/Common_Travel_Area" shape="rect" coords="208,128,244,141" alt="Common Travel Area" title="Common Travel Area"><area href="/wiki/International_status_and_usage_of_the_euro#Sovereign_states" shape="rect" coords="187,172,250,184" alt="International status and usage of the euro#Sovereign states" title="International status and usage of the euro#Sovereign states"><area href="/wiki/Switzerland" shape="rect" coords="15,30,30,40" alt="Switzerland" title="Switzerland"><area href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" shape="rect" coords="15,45,30,55" alt="Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein"><area href="/wiki/Iceland" shape="rect" coords="15,62,30,72" alt="Iceland" title="Iceland"><area href="/wiki/Norway" shape="rect" coords="15,77,30,87" alt="Norway" title="Norway"><area href="/wiki/Sweden" shape="rect" coords="40,62,54,72" alt="Sweden" title="Sweden"><area href="/wiki/Denmark" shape="rect" coords="61,62,75,72" alt="Denmark" title="Denmark"><area href="/wiki/Finland" shape="rect" coords="40,77,54,87" alt="Finland" title="Finland"><area href="/wiki/Poland" shape="rect" coords="88,62,103,72" alt="Poland" title="Poland"><area href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" shape="rect" coords="105,62,119,72" alt="Czech Republic" title="Czech Republic"><area href="/wiki/Hungary" shape="rect" coords="121,62,136,72" alt="Hungary" title="Hungary"><area href="/wiki/Slovakia" shape="rect" coords="121,77,136,87" alt="Slovakia" title="Slovakia"><area href="/wiki/Bulgaria" shape="rect" coords="144,47,159,57" alt="Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><area href="/wiki/Romania" shape="rect" coords="144,62,159,72" alt="Romania" title="Romania"><area href="/wiki/Greece" shape="rect" coords="144,95,159,105" alt="Greece" title="Greece"><area href="/wiki/Estonia" shape="rect" coords="49,96,63,106" alt="Estonia" title="Estonia"><area href="/wiki/Latvia" shape="rect" coords="65,96,80,106" alt="Latvia" title="Latvia"><area href="/wiki/Lithuania" shape="rect" coords="82,96,96,106" alt="Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><area href="/wiki/Belgium" shape="rect" coords="49,122,63,132" alt="Belgium" title="Belgium"><area href="/wiki/Netherlands" shape="rect" coords="65,122,80,132" alt="Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><area href="/wiki/Luxembourg" shape="rect" coords="82,122,96,132" alt="Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg"><area href="/wiki/Italy" shape="rect" coords="106,97,121,108" alt="Italy" title="Italy"><area href="/wiki/France" shape="rect" coords="106,112,121,122" alt="France" title="France"><area href="/wiki/Spain" shape="rect" coords="106,126,121,136" alt="Spain" title="Spain"><area href="/wiki/Austria" shape="rect" coords="124,97,139,108" alt="Austria" title="Austria"><area href="/wiki/Germany" shape="rect" coords="124,112,139,122" alt="Germany" title="Germany"><area href="/wiki/Portugal" shape="rect" coords="124,126,139,136" alt="Portugal" title="Portugal"><area href="/wiki/Slovenia" shape="rect" coords="143,112,158,122" alt="Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><area href="/wiki/Malta" shape="rect" coords="143,126,158,136" alt="Malta" title="Malta"><area href="/wiki/Croatia" shape="rect" coords="124,147,139,157" alt="Croatia" title="Croatia"><area href="/wiki/Cyprus" shape="rect" coords="164,112,179,122" alt="Cyprus" title="Cyprus"><area href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" shape="rect" coords="165,129,180,139" alt="Republic of Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><area href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" shape="rect" coords="189,129,204,139" alt="United Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><area href="/wiki/Turkey" shape="rect" coords="164,30,179,40" alt="Turkey" title="Turkey"><area href="/wiki/Monaco" shape="rect" coords="133,173,147,183" alt="Monaco" title="Monaco"><area href="/wiki/Andorra" shape="rect" coords="149,173,164,183" alt="Andorra" title="Andorra"><area href="/wiki/San_Marino" shape="rect" coords="165,173,180,183" alt="San Marino" title="San Marino"><area href="/wiki/Vatican_City" shape="rect" coords="279,173,294,183" alt="Vatican City" title="Vatican City"><area href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" shape="rect" coords="192,46,205,56" alt="Georgia (country)" title="Georgia (country)"><area href="/wiki/Ukraine" shape="rect" coords="192,61,205,72" alt="Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><area href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" shape="rect" coords="210,46,225,56" alt="Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan"><area href="/wiki/Moldova" shape="rect" coords="210,61,225,72" alt="Moldova" title="Moldova"><area href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" shape="rect" coords="214,111,229,121" alt="Bosnia and Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina"><area href="/wiki/Armenia" shape="rect" coords="234,46,249,56" alt="Armenia" title="Armenia"><area href="/wiki/Montenegro" shape="rect" coords="234,111,249,121" alt="Montenegro" title="Montenegro"><area href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" shape="rect" coords="234,92,249,102" alt="North Macedonia" title="North Macedonia"><area href="/wiki/Albania" shape="rect" coords="234,78,249,88" alt="Albania" title="Albania"><area href="/wiki/Serbia" shape="rect" coords="214,92,229,102" alt="Serbia" title="Serbia"><area href="/wiki/Kosovo" shape="rect" coords="256,111,271,121" alt="Kosovo" title="Kosovo"><area href="/wiki/Russia" shape="rect" coords="279,95,294,105" alt="Russia" title="Russia"><area href="/wiki/Belarus" shape="rect" coords="279,111,294,121" alt="Belarus" title="Belarus"></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="thumbcaption">An <a href="/wiki/Euler_diagram" title="Euler diagram">Euler diagram</a> showing the relationships between various multinational European organisations and agreements <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float:right"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Supranational_European_Bodies" title="Template:Supranational European Bodies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Supranational_European_Bodies" title="Template talk:Supranational European Bodies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Supranational_European_Bodies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Supranational European Bodies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div></div></div> The political map of Europe is substantially derived from the re-organisation of Europe following the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> in 1815. The prevalent form of government in Europe is <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary democracy">parliamentary democracy</a>, in most cases in the form of <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>; in 1815, the prevalent form of government was still the <a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Europe" title="Monarchies in Europe">monarchy</a>. Europe's remaining eleven monarchies<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> are <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional</a>. <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a> is the process of political, legal, economic (and in some cases social and cultural) integration of European states as it has been pursued by the powers sponsoring the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> has been the focus of economic integration on the continent since its foundation in 1993. More recently, the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a> has been established as a counterpart comprising former Soviet states. 27 European states are members of the politico-economic European Union, 26 of the border-free <a href="/wiki/Schengen_Area" title="Schengen Area">Schengen Area</a> and 20 of the monetary union <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a>. Among the smaller European organisations are the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Assembly" title="Baltic Assembly">Baltic Assembly</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group</a>. The least <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Europe" title="Democracy in Europe">democratic countries in Europe</a> are <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> in 2024 according to the <a href="/wiki/V-Dem_Democracy_indices" class="mw-redirect" title="V-Dem Democracy indices">V-Dem Democracy indices</a>.<a href="#cite_note-report-258">[258]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="List_of_states_and_territories">List of states and territories</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Europe" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe">List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Area_and_population_of_European_countries" title="Area and population of European countries">Area and population of European countries</a></div> This list includes all internationally recognised sovereign countries falling even partially under any <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Europe" title="Regions of Europe">common geographical or political definitions of Europe</a>. <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:lightcyan; border:1px solid #aaa; width:2em;">* </td> <td>= Member state of the EU<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="line-height:95%; width:2em" class="unsortable"><a href="/wiki/Armorial_of_Europe" title="Armorial of Europe">Arms</a> </th> <th style="line-height:95%; width:2em" class="unsortable"><a href="/wiki/Flag" title="Flag">Flag</a> </th> <th>Name </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by area">Area</a> (km2) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by population">Population</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_density" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by population density">Population density</a> (per km2) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">Name(s) in official language(s)</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><noscript><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="31" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="383"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 31px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png" data-alt="Albania" data-width="20" data-height="31" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania"><noscript><img alt="Albania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" data-alt="Albania" data-width="21" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">28,748 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,876,591 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">98.5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a> </td> <td>Shqipëria </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra"><noscript><img alt="Andorra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Arms_of_Andorra.svg/20px-Arms_of_Andorra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="911"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Arms_of_Andorra.svg/20px-Arms_of_Andorra.svg.png" data-alt="Andorra" data-width="20" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Arms_of_Andorra.svg/30px-Arms_of_Andorra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Arms_of_Andorra.svg/40px-Arms_of_Andorra.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra"><noscript><img alt="Andorra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/22px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/22px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png" data-alt="Andorra" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/33px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Andorra.svg/43px-Flag_of_Andorra.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">468 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">77,281 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">179.8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andorra_la_Vella" title="Andorra la Vella">Andorra la Vella</a> </td> <td>Andorra </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><noscript><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Arms_of_Armenia.svg/20px-Arms_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="192"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 23px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Arms_of_Armenia.svg/20px-Arms_of_Armenia.svg.png" data-alt="Armenia" data-width="20" data-height="23" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Arms_of_Armenia.svg/30px-Arms_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Arms_of_Armenia.svg/40px-Arms_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><noscript><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" data-alt="Armenia" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a><a href="#cnote_j">[j]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">29,743 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,924,816 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">101.5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a> </td> <td>Հայաստան (Hayastan) </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightcyan;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><noscript><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Austria_coat_of_arms_official.svg/20px-Austria_coat_of_arms_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="132" data-file-height="180"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Austria_coat_of_arms_official.svg/20px-Austria_coat_of_arms_official.svg.png" data-alt="Austria" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Austria_coat_of_arms_official.svg/30px-Austria_coat_of_arms_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Austria_coat_of_arms_official.svg/40px-Austria_coat_of_arms_official.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><noscript><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" data-alt="Austria" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>* </td> <td style="text-align:right;">83,858 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8,823,054 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">104 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> </td> <td>Österreich </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan"><noscript><img alt="Azerbaijan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg/20px-Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="444"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg/20px-Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" data-alt="Azerbaijan" data-width="20" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg/30px-Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg/40px-Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan"><noscript><img alt="Azerbaijan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" data-alt="Azerbaijan" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a><a href="#cnote_k">[k]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">86,600 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9,911,646 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">113 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a> </td> <td>Azərbaycan </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus"><noscript><img alt="Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_%282020%E2%80%93present%29.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_%282020%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="601"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_%282020%E2%80%93present%29.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_%282020%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" data-alt="Belarus" data-width="20" data-height="20" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_%282020%E2%80%93present%29.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_%282020%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_%282020%E2%80%93present%29.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_%282020%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus"><noscript><img alt="Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" data-alt="Belarus" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">207,560 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9,504,700 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">45.8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a> </td> <td>Беларусь (Belaruś) </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightcyan;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><noscript><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Royal_Arms_of_Belgium.svg/20px-Royal_Arms_of_Belgium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="367"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Royal_Arms_of_Belgium.svg/20px-Royal_Arms_of_Belgium.svg.png" data-alt="Belgium" data-width="20" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Royal_Arms_of_Belgium.svg/30px-Royal_Arms_of_Belgium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Royal_Arms_of_Belgium.svg/40px-Royal_Arms_of_Belgium.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><noscript><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" data-alt="Belgium" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>* </td> <td style="text-align:right;">30,528 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,358,357 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">372.06 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> </td> <td>België/Belgique/Belgien </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina"><noscript><img alt="Bosnia and Herzegovina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Coat_of_arms_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="584"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 23px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Coat_of_arms_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" data-alt="Bosnia and Herzegovina" data-width="20" data-height="23" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Coat_of_arms_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Coat_of_arms_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina"><noscript><img alt="Bosnia and Herzegovina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" data-alt="Bosnia and Herzegovina" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">51,129 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,531,159 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">68.97 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a> </td> <td>Bosna i Hercegovina/Боснa и Херцеговина </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightcyan;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><noscript><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria_%28version_by_constitution%29.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria_%28version_by_constitution%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="423"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria_%28version_by_constitution%29.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria_%28version_by_constitution%29.svg.png" data-alt="Bulgaria" data-width="20" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria_%28version_by_constitution%29.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria_%28version_by_constitution%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria_%28version_by_constitution%29.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Bulgaria_%28version_by_constitution%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria"><noscript><img alt="Bulgaria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" data-alt="Bulgaria" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>* </td> <td style="text-align:right;">110,910 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7,101,859 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">64.9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a> </td> <td>България (Bǎlgariya) </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightcyan;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><noscript><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1386" data-file-height="1844"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg.png" data-alt="Croatia" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia"><noscript><img alt="Croatia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" data-alt="Croatia" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>* </td> <td style="text-align:right;">56,594 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,871,833 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">68.4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a> </td> <td>Hrvatska </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightcyan;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus"><noscript><img alt="Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Arms_of_Cyprus.svg/20px-Arms_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="350"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Arms_of_Cyprus.svg/20px-Arms_of_Cyprus.svg.png" data-alt="Cyprus" data-width="20" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Arms_of_Cyprus.svg/30px-Arms_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Arms_of_Cyprus.svg/40px-Arms_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus"><noscript><img alt="Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png" data-alt="Cyprus" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>*<a href="#cnote_d">[d]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9,251 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,170,125 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">123.4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a> </td> <td>Κύπρος (Kýpros)/Kıbrıs </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightcyan;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><noscript><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Small_coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/20px-Small_coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1009" data-file-height="1234"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Small_coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/20px-Small_coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" data-alt="Czech Republic" data-width="20" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Small_coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/30px-Small_coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Small_coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/40px-Small_coat_of_arms_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"><noscript><img alt="Czech Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" data-alt="Czech Republic" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>* </td> <td style="text-align:right;">78,866 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,610,947 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">134 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> </td> <td>Česko </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightcyan;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><noscript><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/National_Coat_of_arms_of_Denmark_no_crown.svg/20px-National_Coat_of_arms_of_Denmark_no_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="331"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/National_Coat_of_arms_of_Denmark_no_crown.svg/20px-National_Coat_of_arms_of_Denmark_no_crown.svg.png" data-alt="Denmark" data-width="20" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/National_Coat_of_arms_of_Denmark_no_crown.svg/30px-National_Coat_of_arms_of_Denmark_no_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/National_Coat_of_arms_of_Denmark_no_crown.svg/40px-National_Coat_of_arms_of_Denmark_no_crown.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark"><noscript><img alt="Denmark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" data-alt="Denmark" data-width="20" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>* </td> <td style="text-align:right;">43,094 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,748,796 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">133.9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> </td> <td>Danmark </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightcyan;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia"><noscript><img alt="Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Small_coat_of_arms_of_Estonia.svg/20px-Small_coat_of_arms_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="365"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Small_coat_of_arms_of_Estonia.svg/20px-Small_coat_of_arms_of_Estonia.svg.png" data-alt="Estonia" data-width="20" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Small_coat_of_arms_of_Estonia.svg/30px-Small_coat_of_arms_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Small_coat_of_arms_of_Estonia.svg/40px-Small_coat_of_arms_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia"><noscript><img alt="Estonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" data-alt="Estonia" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>* </td> <td style="text-align:right;">45,226 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,328,439 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">30.5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a> </td> <td>Eesti </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightcyan;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><noscript><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Coat_of_Arms_of_Finland_Alternative_style.svg/20px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Finland_Alternative_style.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 25px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Coat_of_Arms_of_Finland_Alternative_style.svg/20px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Finland_Alternative_style.svg.png" data-alt="Finland" data-width="20" data-height="25" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Coat_of_Arms_of_Finland_Alternative_style.svg/30px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Finland_Alternative_style.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Coat_of_Arms_of_Finland_Alternative_style.svg/40px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Finland_Alternative_style.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><noscript><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" data-alt="Finland" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>* </td> <td style="text-align:right;">338,455 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,509,717 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">16 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a> </td> <td>Suomi/Finland </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightcyan;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><noscript><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Arms_of_the_French_Republic.svg/20px-Arms_of_the_French_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="364"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Arms_of_the_French_Republic.svg/20px-Arms_of_the_French_Republic.svg.png" data-alt="France" data-width="20" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Arms_of_the_French_Republic.svg/30px-Arms_of_the_French_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Arms_of_the_French_Republic.svg/40px-Arms_of_the_French_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><noscript><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="France" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>*<a href="#cnote_g">[g]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">547,030 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">67,348,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">116 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> </td> <td>France </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><noscript><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arms_of_Georgia.svg/20px-Arms_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="26" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="383"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 26px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arms_of_Georgia.svg/20px-Arms_of_Georgia.svg.png" data-alt="Georgia (country)" data-width="20" data-height="26" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arms_of_Georgia.svg/30px-Arms_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Arms_of_Georgia.svg/40px-Arms_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)"><noscript><img alt="Georgia (country)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" data-alt="Georgia (country)" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a><a href="#cnote_l">[l]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">69,700 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,718,200 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">53.5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a> </td> <td>საქართველო (Sakartvelo) </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightcyan;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><noscript><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="26" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="510"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 26px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="Germany" data-width="20" data-height="26" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><noscript><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="Germany" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>* </td> <td style="text-align:right;">357,168 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">82,800,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">232 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> </td> <td>Deutschland </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightcyan;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><noscript><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Greece.svg/20px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="203" data-file-height="229"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 23px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Greece.svg/20px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Greece.svg.png" data-alt="Greece" data-width="20" data-height="23" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Greece.svg/30px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Greece.svg/40px-Lesser_coat_of_arms_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece"><noscript><img alt="Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" data-alt="Greece" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>* </td> <td style="text-align:right;">131,957 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,297,760 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">82 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> </td> <td>Ελλάδα (Elláda) </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightcyan;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><noscript><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Arms_of_Hungary.svg/20px-Arms_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="26" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1314"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 26px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Arms_of_Hungary.svg/20px-Arms_of_Hungary.svg.png" data-alt="Hungary" data-width="20" data-height="26" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Arms_of_Hungary.svg/30px-Arms_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Arms_of_Hungary.svg/40px-Arms_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary"><noscript><img alt="Hungary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" data-alt="Hungary" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>* </td> <td style="text-align:right;">93,030 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9,797,561 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">105.3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> </td> <td>Magyarország </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland"><noscript><img alt="Iceland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Arms_of_Iceland.svg/20px-Arms_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="26" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="390"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 26px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Arms_of_Iceland.svg/20px-Arms_of_Iceland.svg.png" data-alt="Iceland" data-width="20" data-height="26" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Arms_of_Iceland.svg/30px-Arms_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Arms_of_Iceland.svg/40px-Arms_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland"><noscript><img alt="Iceland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="900"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/21px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png" data-alt="Iceland" data-width="21" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Iceland.svg/42px-Flag_of_Iceland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">103,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">350,710 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a> </td> <td>Ísland </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightcyan;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland"><noscript><img alt="Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Arms_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland.svg/20px-Arms_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="26" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="391"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 26px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Arms_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland.svg/20px-Arms_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland.svg.png" data-alt="Ireland" data-width="20" data-height="26" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Arms_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland.svg/30px-Arms_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Arms_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland.svg/40px-Arms_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><noscript><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" data-alt="Republic of Ireland" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>* </td> <td style="text-align:right;">70,280 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,761,865 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">67.7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> </td> <td>Éire/Ireland </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightcyan;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><noscript><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Emblem_of_Italy.svg/20px-Emblem_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="808"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 23px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Emblem_of_Italy.svg/20px-Emblem_of_Italy.svg.png" data-alt="Italy" data-width="20" data-height="23" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Emblem_of_Italy.svg/30px-Emblem_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Emblem_of_Italy.svg/40px-Emblem_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><noscript><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" data-alt="Italy" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>* </td> <td style="text-align:right;">301,338 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">58,968,501 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">195.7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> </td> <td>Italia </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan"><noscript><img alt="Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg/20px-Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg/20px-Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg.png" data-alt="Kazakhstan" data-width="20" data-height="20" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg/30px-Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg/40px-Emblem_of_Kazakhstan_latin.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan"><noscript><img alt="Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" data-alt="Kazakhstan" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><a href="#cnote_i">[i]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">148,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">20,075,271 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a> </td> <td>Қазақстан (Qazaqstan) </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightcyan;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia"><noscript><img alt="Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Latvijas_Republikas_mazais_%C4%A3erbonis.svg/20px-Latvijas_Republikas_mazais_%C4%A3erbonis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="31" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 31px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Latvijas_Republikas_mazais_%C4%A3erbonis.svg/20px-Latvijas_Republikas_mazais_%C4%A3erbonis.svg.png" data-alt="Latvia" data-width="20" data-height="31" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Latvijas_Republikas_mazais_%C4%A3erbonis.svg/30px-Latvijas_Republikas_mazais_%C4%A3erbonis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Latvijas_Republikas_mazais_%C4%A3erbonis.svg/40px-Latvijas_Republikas_mazais_%C4%A3erbonis.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia"><noscript><img alt="Latvia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" data-alt="Latvia" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>* </td> <td style="text-align:right;">64,589 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,862,700 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">29 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> </td> <td>Latvija </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein"><noscript><img alt="Liechtenstein" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Lesser_arms_of_Liechtenstein.svg/20px-Lesser_arms_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="352"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 23px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Lesser_arms_of_Liechtenstein.svg/20px-Lesser_arms_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png" data-alt="Liechtenstein" data-width="20" data-height="23" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Lesser_arms_of_Liechtenstein.svg/30px-Lesser_arms_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Lesser_arms_of_Liechtenstein.svg/40px-Lesser_arms_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein"><noscript><img alt="Liechtenstein" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/23px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png" data-alt="Liechtenstein" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/35px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg/46px-Flag_of_Liechtenstein.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">160 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">38,111 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">227 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vaduz" title="Vaduz">Vaduz</a> </td> <td>Liechtenstein </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightcyan;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><noscript><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Coat_of_arms_of_Lithuania.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 23px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Coat_of_arms_of_Lithuania.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lithuania.svg.png" data-alt="Lithuania" data-width="20" data-height="23" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Coat_of_arms_of_Lithuania.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Coat_of_arms_of_Lithuania.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania"><noscript><img alt="Lithuania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" data-alt="Lithuania" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>* </td> <td style="text-align:right;">65,300 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,800,667 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">45.8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> </td> <td>Lietuva </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightcyan;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg"><noscript><img alt="Luxembourg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/EU_Member_States%27_CoA_Series-_Luxembourg.svg/20px-EU_Member_States%27_CoA_Series-_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="360"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/EU_Member_States%27_CoA_Series-_Luxembourg.svg/20px-EU_Member_States%27_CoA_Series-_Luxembourg.svg.png" data-alt="Luxembourg" data-width="20" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/EU_Member_States%27_CoA_Series-_Luxembourg.svg/30px-EU_Member_States%27_CoA_Series-_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/EU_Member_States%27_CoA_Series-_Luxembourg.svg/40px-EU_Member_States%27_CoA_Series-_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg"><noscript><img alt="Luxembourg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" data-alt="Luxembourg" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/35px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/46px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>* </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,586 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">602,005 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">233.7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg City</a> </td> <td>Lëtzebuerg/Luxemburg/Luxembourg </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightcyan;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta"><noscript><img alt="Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Arms_of_Malta.svg/20px-Arms_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="350"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 23px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Arms_of_Malta.svg/20px-Arms_of_Malta.svg.png" data-alt="Malta" data-width="20" data-height="23" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Arms_of_Malta.svg/30px-Arms_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Arms_of_Malta.svg/40px-Arms_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta"><noscript><img alt="Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" data-alt="Malta" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>* </td> <td style="text-align:right;">316 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">445,426 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,410 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a> </td> <td>Malta </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova"><noscript><img alt="Moldova" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Arms_of_Moldova.svg/20px-Arms_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="306" data-file-height="338"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Arms_of_Moldova.svg/20px-Arms_of_Moldova.svg.png" data-alt="Moldova" data-width="20" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Arms_of_Moldova.svg/30px-Arms_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Arms_of_Moldova.svg/40px-Arms_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova"><noscript><img alt="Moldova" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" data-alt="Moldova" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a><a href="#cnote_a">[a]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">33,846 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,434,547 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">101.5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a> </td> <td>Moldova </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco"><noscript><img alt="Monaco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Blason_pays_Monaco.svg/20px-Blason_pays_Monaco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="588"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Blason_pays_Monaco.svg/20px-Blason_pays_Monaco.svg.png" data-alt="Monaco" data-width="20" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Blason_pays_Monaco.svg/30px-Blason_pays_Monaco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Blason_pays_Monaco.svg/40px-Blason_pays_Monaco.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco"><noscript><img alt="Monaco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/19px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/19px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png" data-alt="Monaco" data-width="19" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/29px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Flag_of_Monaco.svg/38px-Flag_of_Monaco.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2.020 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">38,400 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18,713 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> </td> <td>Monaco </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro"><noscript><img alt="Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Arms_of_Montenegro.svg/20px-Arms_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="356"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 23px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Arms_of_Montenegro.svg/20px-Arms_of_Montenegro.svg.png" data-alt="Montenegro" data-width="20" data-height="23" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Arms_of_Montenegro.svg/30px-Arms_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Arms_of_Montenegro.svg/40px-Arms_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro"><noscript><img alt="Montenegro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png" data-alt="Montenegro" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Montenegro.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13,812 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">642,550 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">45.0 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Podgorica</a> </td> <td>Crna Gora/Црна Гора </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightcyan;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><noscript><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Royal_Arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg/20px-Royal_Arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="282" data-file-height="305"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Royal_Arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg/20px-Royal_Arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" data-alt="Netherlands" data-width="20" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Royal_Arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg/30px-Royal_Arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Royal_Arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg/40px-Royal_Arms_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands"><noscript><img alt="Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" data-alt="Netherlands" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>*<a href="#cnote_h">[h]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">41,543 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">17,271,990 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">414.9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> </td> <td>Nederland </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia"><noscript><img alt="North Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Coat_of_arms_of_North_Macedonia.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="799"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 21px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Coat_of_arms_of_North_Macedonia.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" data-alt="North Macedonia" data-width="20" data-height="21" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Coat_of_arms_of_North_Macedonia.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Coat_of_arms_of_North_Macedonia.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia"><noscript><img alt="North Macedonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png" data-alt="North Macedonia" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">25,713 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,103,721 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">80.1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a> </td> <td>Северна Македонија (Severna Makedonija) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><noscript><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Royal_arms_of_Norway.svg/20px-Royal_arms_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="362"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Royal_arms_of_Norway.svg/20px-Royal_arms_of_Norway.svg.png" data-alt="Norway" data-width="20" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Royal_arms_of_Norway.svg/30px-Royal_arms_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Royal_arms_of_Norway.svg/40px-Royal_arms_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway"><noscript><img alt="Norway" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" data-alt="Norway" data-width="21" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">385,203 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,295,619 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">15.8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a> </td> <td>Norge/Noreg/Norga </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightcyan;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><noscript><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/20px-Herb_Polski.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3158" data-file-height="3716"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/20px-Herb_Polski.svg.png" data-alt="Poland" data-width="20" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/30px-Herb_Polski.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/40px-Herb_Polski.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><noscript><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" data-alt="Poland" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>* </td> <td style="text-align:right;">312,685 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">38,422,346 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">123.5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> </td> <td>Polska </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightcyan;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><noscript><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Shield_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_%281481-1910%29.png/20px-Shield_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_%281481-1910%29.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="360"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Shield_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_%281481-1910%29.png/20px-Shield_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_%281481-1910%29.png" data-alt="Portugal" data-width="20" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Shield_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_%281481-1910%29.png/30px-Shield_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_%281481-1910%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Shield_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_%281481-1910%29.png/40px-Shield_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_%281481-1910%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><noscript><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" data-alt="Portugal" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>*<a href="#cnote_e">[e]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">92,212 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,379,537 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">115 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> </td> <td>Portugal </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightcyan;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><noscript><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="29" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="970"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 29px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg.png" data-alt="Romania" data-width="20" data-height="29" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania"><noscript><img alt="Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" data-alt="Romania" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>* </td> <td style="text-align:right;">238,397 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18,999,642 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">84.4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a> </td> <td>România </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><noscript><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/20px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="517"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/20px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png" data-alt="Russia" data-width="20" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/30px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/40px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><noscript><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="Russia" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><a href="#cnote_b">[b]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,969,100 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">144,526,636 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8.4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> </td> <td>Россия (Rossiya) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino"><noscript><img alt="San Marino" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Insigne_Sancti_Marini.svg/20px-Insigne_Sancti_Marini.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="363"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Insigne_Sancti_Marini.svg/20px-Insigne_Sancti_Marini.svg.png" data-alt="San Marino" data-width="20" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Insigne_Sancti_Marini.svg/30px-Insigne_Sancti_Marini.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Insigne_Sancti_Marini.svg/40px-Insigne_Sancti_Marini.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino"><noscript><img alt="San Marino" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/20px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/20px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png" data-alt="San Marino" data-width="20" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/31px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Flag_of_San_Marino.svg/40px-Flag_of_San_Marino.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">61.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">33,285 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">520 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/City_of_San_Marino" title="City of San Marino">San Marino</a> </td> <td>San Marino </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia"><noscript><img alt="Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_small.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="772"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_small.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_small.svg.png" data-alt="Serbia" data-width="20" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_small.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_small.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_small.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia"><noscript><img alt="Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" data-alt="Serbia" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a><a href="#cnote_f">[f]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">88,361 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7,040,272 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">91.1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a> </td> <td>Srbija/Србија </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightcyan;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia"><noscript><img alt="Slovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Coat_of_arms_of_Slovakia.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="640"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 25px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Coat_of_arms_of_Slovakia.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Slovakia.svg.png" data-alt="Slovakia" data-width="20" data-height="25" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Coat_of_arms_of_Slovakia.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Coat_of_arms_of_Slovakia.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia"><noscript><img alt="Slovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" data-alt="Slovakia" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>* </td> <td style="text-align:right;">49,035 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,435,343 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">111.0 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a> </td> <td>Slovensko </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightcyan;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><noscript><img alt="Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="26" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="511"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 26px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg.png" data-alt="Slovenia" data-width="20" data-height="26" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia"><noscript><img alt="Slovenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" data-alt="Slovenia" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>* </td> <td style="text-align:right;">20,273 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,066,880 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">101.8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a> </td> <td>Slovenija </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightcyan;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><noscript><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Arms_of_Spain.svg/20px-Arms_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="950"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Arms_of_Spain.svg/20px-Arms_of_Spain.svg.png" data-alt="Spain" data-width="20" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Arms_of_Spain.svg/30px-Arms_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Arms_of_Spain.svg/40px-Arms_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><noscript><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" data-alt="Spain" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>* </td> <td style="text-align:right;">505,990 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">48,946,035 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">97 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> </td> <td>España </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightcyan;"> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><noscript><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Shield_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg/20px-Shield_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="26" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="308"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 26px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Shield_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg/20px-Shield_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg.png" data-alt="Sweden" data-width="20" data-height="26" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Shield_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg/30px-Shield_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Shield_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg/40px-Shield_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><noscript><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" data-alt="Sweden" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>* </td> <td style="text-align:right;">450,295 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,151,588 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">22.5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> </td> <td>Sverige </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland"><noscript><img alt="Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/20px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="669"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/20px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" data-alt="Switzerland" data-width="20" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/40px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland"><noscript><img alt="Switzerland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" data-alt="Switzerland" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">41,285 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8,401,120 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">202 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a> </td> <td>Schweiz/Suisse/Svizzera/Svizra </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey"><noscript><img alt="Turkey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" data-alt="Turkey" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a><a href="#cnote_m">[m]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">23,764 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">84,680,273 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">106.7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> </td> <td>Türkiye </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><noscript><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg/20px-Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="461"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg/20px-Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg.png" data-alt="Ukraine" data-width="20" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg/30px-Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg/40px-Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><noscript><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" data-alt="Ukraine" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a><a href="#cnote_s">[s]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">603,628 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">42,418,235 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">73.8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> </td> <td>Україна (Ukraina) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><noscript><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/20px-Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 23px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/20px-Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" data-alt="United Kingdom" data-width="20" data-height="23" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/40px-Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><noscript><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" data-alt="United Kingdom" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">244,820 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">66,040,229 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">270.7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> </td> <td>United Kingdom </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City"><noscript><img alt="Vatican City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1137" data-file-height="1266"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" data-alt="Vatican City" data-width="20" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City"><noscript><img alt="Vatican City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" data-alt="Vatican City" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Vatican_City_%282023%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.44 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,000 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,272 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> </td> <td>Città del Vaticano/Civitas Vaticana </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom" style="font-weight:bold;"> <td colspan="2">Total </td> <td style="text-align:right;">50 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,180,000<a href="#cnote_n">[n]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">743,000,000<a href="#cnote_n">[n]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">73 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> Within the above-mentioned states are several <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> independent countries with <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">limited to no international recognition</a>. None of them are members of the UN: <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="line-height:95%; width:2em" class="unsortable"><a href="/wiki/National_symbol" title="National symbol">Symbol</a> </th> <th style="line-height:95%; width:2em" class="unsortable"><a href="/wiki/Flag" title="Flag">Flag</a> </th> <th>Name </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by area">Area</a> (km2) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by population">Population</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_density" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by population density">Population density</a> (per km2) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Capital_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital (political)">Capital</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia"><noscript><img alt="Abkhazia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Coat_of_arms_of_Abkhazia.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Abkhazia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 25px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Coat_of_arms_of_Abkhazia.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Abkhazia.svg.png" data-alt="Abkhazia" data-width="20" data-height="25" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Coat_of_arms_of_Abkhazia.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Coat_of_arms_of_Abkhazia.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia"><noscript><img alt="Abkhazia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png" data-alt="Abkhazia" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Abkhazia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a><a href="#cnote_p">[p]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8,660 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">243,206 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">28 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Sukhumi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo"><noscript><img alt="Kosovo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo.svg/20px-Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="729"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo.svg/20px-Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo.svg.png" data-alt="Kosovo" data-width="20" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo.svg/30px-Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo.svg/40px-Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo"><noscript><img alt="Kosovo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/21px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png" data-alt="Kosovo" data-width="21" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/32px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Kosovo.svg/42px-Flag_of_Kosovo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a><a href="#cnote_o">[o]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,908 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,920,079 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">159 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus"><noscript><img alt="Northern Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Arms_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/20px-Arms_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="334"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Arms_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/20px-Arms_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png" data-alt="Northern Cyprus" data-width="20" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Arms_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/30px-Arms_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Arms_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/40px-Arms_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus"><noscript><img alt="Northern Cyprus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png" data-alt="Northern Cyprus" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><a href="#cnote_d">[d]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,355 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">313,626 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">93 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a> (<a href="/wiki/North_Nicosia" title="North Nicosia">northern part</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia"><noscript><img alt="South Ossetia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Emblem_of_South_Ossetia.svg/20px-Emblem_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 20px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Emblem_of_South_Ossetia.svg/20px-Emblem_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png" data-alt="South Ossetia" data-width="20" data-height="20" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Emblem_of_South_Ossetia.svg/30px-Emblem_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Emblem_of_South_Ossetia.svg/40px-Emblem_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia"><noscript><img alt="South Ossetia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png" data-alt="South Ossetia" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg/46px-Flag_of_South_Ossetia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a><a href="#cnote_p">[p]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,900 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">53,532 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13.7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tskhinvali" title="Tskhinvali">Tskhinvali</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria"><noscript><img alt="Transnistria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Coat_of_arms_of_Transnistria.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Transnistria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1577" data-file-height="1704"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Coat_of_arms_of_Transnistria.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Transnistria.svg.png" data-alt="Transnistria" data-width="20" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Coat_of_arms_of_Transnistria.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Transnistria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Coat_of_arms_of_Transnistria.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Transnistria.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria"><noscript><img alt="Transnistria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg.png" data-alt="Transnistria" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a><a href="#cnote_a">[a]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,163 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">475,665 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">114 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tiraspol" title="Tiraspol">Tiraspol</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Several dependencies and similar territories with broad autonomy are also found within or close to Europe. This includes <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a> (an <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Counties of Finland">autonomous county</a> of Finland), two <a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">autonomous territories of the Kingdom of Denmark</a> (other than Denmark proper), three <a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a> and two <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a>. <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> is also included due to its unique status within Norway, although it is not autonomous. Not included are the three <a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">countries of the United Kingdom</a> with devolved powers and the two <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Regions_of_Portugal" title="Autonomous Regions of Portugal">Autonomous Regions of Portugal</a>, which despite having a unique degree of autonomy, are not largely self-governing in matters other than international affairs. Areas with little more than a unique tax status, such as the <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heligoland" title="Heligoland">Heligoland</a>, are also not included for this reason. <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background:lightcyan; border:1px solid #aaa; width:2em;">* </td> <td>= Part of the EU </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th style="line-height:95%; width:2em" class="unsortable"><a href="/wiki/National_symbol" title="National symbol">Symbol</a> </th> <th style="line-height:95%; width:2em" class="unsortable"><a href="/wiki/Flag" title="Flag">Flag</a> </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Sovereign state </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by area">Area</a> (km2) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by population">Population</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_population_density" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by population density">Population density</a> (per km2) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Capital_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital (political)">Capital</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia"><noscript><img alt="Akrotiri and Dhekelia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" data-alt="Akrotiri and Dhekelia" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a> </td> <td>UK </td> <td style="text-align:right;">255 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">7,700 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">30.2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Episkopi_Cantonment" title="Episkopi Cantonment">Episkopi Cantonment</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:lightcyan;"> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland"><noscript><img alt="Åland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Coat_of_arms_of_%C3%85land.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_%C3%85land.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="688"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Coat_of_arms_of_%C3%85land.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_%C3%85land.svg.png" data-alt="Åland" data-width="20" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Coat_of_arms_of_%C3%85land.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_%C3%85land.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Coat_of_arms_of_%C3%85land.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_%C3%85land.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland"><noscript><img alt="Åland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg/23px-Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="340"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg/23px-Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg.png" data-alt="Åland" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg/35px-Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg/46px-Flag_of_%C3%85land.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a>*</td> <td>Finland </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,580 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">29,489 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">18.36 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mariehamn" title="Mariehamn">Mariehamn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey"><noscript><img alt="Bailiwick of Guernsey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="29" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="264"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 29px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg.png" data-alt="Bailiwick of Guernsey" data-width="20" data-height="29" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Guernsey.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Guernsey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guernsey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Guernsey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guernsey.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Guernsey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guernsey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_Guernsey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Guernsey.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a><a href="#cnote_c">[c]</a></td> <td>UK </td> <td style="text-align:right;">78 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">65,849 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">844.0 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/St._Peter_Port" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Peter Port">St. Peter Port</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey"><noscript><img alt="Jersey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Jersey.svg/20px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Jersey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="25" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="271"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 25px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Jersey.svg/20px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Jersey.svg.png" data-alt="Jersey" data-width="20" data-height="25" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Jersey.svg/30px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Jersey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Jersey.svg/40px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Jersey.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey"><noscript><img alt="Jersey" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Jersey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jersey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Jersey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jersey.svg.png" data-alt="Jersey" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Jersey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jersey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Jersey.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jersey.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a><a href="#cnote_c">[c]</a></td> <td>UK </td> <td style="text-align:right;">118.2 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">100,080 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">819 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helier" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Helier">Saint Helier</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands"><noscript><img alt="Faroe Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="585"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 23px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png" data-alt="Faroe Islands" data-width="20" data-height="23" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands"><noscript><img alt="Faroe Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png" data-alt="Faroe Islands" data-width="21" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg/41px-Flag_of_the_Faroe_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></td> <td>Denmark </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,399 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">50,778 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">35.2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B3rshavn" title="Tórshavn">Tórshavn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar"><noscript><img alt="Gibraltar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Arms_of_Gibraltar_%28Variant%29.svg/20px-Arms_of_Gibraltar_%28Variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="511" data-file-height="609"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Arms_of_Gibraltar_%28Variant%29.svg/20px-Arms_of_Gibraltar_%28Variant%29.svg.png" data-alt="Gibraltar" data-width="20" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Arms_of_Gibraltar_%28Variant%29.svg/30px-Arms_of_Gibraltar_%28Variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Arms_of_Gibraltar_%28Variant%29.svg/40px-Arms_of_Gibraltar_%28Variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar"><noscript><img alt="Gibraltar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png" data-alt="Gibraltar" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Gibraltar.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></td> <td>UK </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6.7 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">32,194 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,328 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland"><noscript><img alt="Greenland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Coat_of_arms_of_Greenland.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Greenland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="29" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="574"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 29px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Coat_of_arms_of_Greenland.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Greenland.svg.png" data-alt="Greenland" data-width="20" data-height="29" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Coat_of_arms_of_Greenland.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Greenland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Coat_of_arms_of_Greenland.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Greenland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland"><noscript><img alt="Greenland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png" data-alt="Greenland" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_Greenland.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greenland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></td> <td>Denmark<a href="#cnote_r">[r]</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,166,086 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">55,877 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">0.028 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuuk" title="Nuuk">Nuuk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man"><noscript><img alt="Isle of Man" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Coat_of_arms_of_Isle_of_Man.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Isle_of_Man.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="439"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 22px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Coat_of_arms_of_Isle_of_Man.svg/20px-Coat_of_arms_of_Isle_of_Man.svg.png" data-alt="Isle of Man" data-width="20" data-height="22" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Coat_of_arms_of_Isle_of_Man.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Isle_of_Man.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Coat_of_arms_of_Isle_of_Man.svg/40px-Coat_of_arms_of_Isle_of_Man.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man"><noscript><img alt="Isle of Man" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg.png" data-alt="Isle of Man" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Isle_of_Man.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a><a href="#cnote_c">[c]</a></td> <td>UK </td> <td style="text-align:right;">572 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">83,314 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">148 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man" title="Douglas, Isle of Man">Douglas</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard"><noscript><img alt="Svalbard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" data-alt="Svalbard" data-width="21" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a></td> <td>Norway </td> <td style="text-align:right;">61,022 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,667 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Europe" title="Economy of Europe">Economy of Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal)">List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (PPP)">List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (PPP)</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_European_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Map_of_European_countries_by_GDP_%28PPP%29_per_capita.svg/300px-Map_of_European_countries_by_GDP_%28PPP%29_per_capita.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="218" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="469" data-file-height="341"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 218px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Map_of_European_countries_by_GDP_%28PPP%29_per_capita.svg/300px-Map_of_European_countries_by_GDP_%28PPP%29_per_capita.svg.png" data-width="300" data-height="218" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Map_of_European_countries_by_GDP_%28PPP%29_per_capita.svg/450px-Map_of_European_countries_by_GDP_%28PPP%29_per_capita.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Map_of_European_countries_by_GDP_%28PPP%29_per_capita.svg/600px-Map_of_European_countries_by_GDP_%28PPP%29_per_capita.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><div style="text-align:center">GDP (PPP) per capita of European countries</div> <table align="center" width="100%" style="width:100%; vertical-align:top; border:1px solid #ABD5F5; background-color:#F1F5FC; margin-top:2px;"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="text-align:center"></div> <table cellpadding="2"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td width="50%"> >$60,000 </td><td width="50%"> $50,000 – $60,000 </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td> $40,000 – $50,000 </td><td> $30,000 – $40,000 </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td> $20,000 – $30,000 </td><td> $10,000 – $20,000</td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td></td><td></td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top;"><td></td><td></td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> </figcaption></figure> As a continent, the economy of Europe is currently the largest on Earth and it is the richest region as measured by assets under management with over $32.7 trillion compared to North America's $27.1 trillion in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> In 2009 Europe remained the wealthiest region. Its $37.1 trillion in assets under management represented one-third of the world's wealth. It was one of several regions where wealth surpassed its precrisis year-end peak.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> As with other continents, Europe has a large <a href="/wiki/Wealth_gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Wealth gap">wealth gap</a> among its countries. The richer states tend to be in the <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">Northwest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">West</a> in general, followed by <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>, while most economies of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeastern Europe">Southeastern Europe</a> are still reemerging from the <a href="/wiki/Collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Collapse of the Soviet Union">collapse of the Soviet Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">breakup of Yugoslavia</a>. The model of the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Banana" title="Blue Banana">Blue Banana</a> was designed as an economic geographic representation of the respective economic power of the regions, which was further developed into the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Banana" title="Golden Banana">Golden Banana</a> or Blue Star. The trade between East and West, as well as towards Asia, which had been disrupted for a long time by the two world wars, new borders and the Cold War, increased sharply after 1989. In addition, there is new impetus from the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> towards Africa and Asia.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> The European Union, a political entity composed of 27 European states, comprises the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">largest single economic area</a> in the world. Nineteen EU <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">countries</a> share the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> as a common currency. Five European countries rank in the top ten of the world's largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">national economies in GDP (PPP)</a>. This includes (ranks according to the <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">CIA</a>): Germany (6), Russia (7), the United Kingdom (10), France (11) and Italy (13).<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> Some European countries are much richer than others. The richest in terms of nominal GDP is <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> with its US$185,829 per capita (2018) and the poorest is <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> with its US$3,659 per capita (2019).<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> As a whole, Europe's GDP per capita is US$21,767 according to a 2016 International Monetary Fund assessment.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right; float:left; border:1px solid #aaa; margin:10px"> <tbody><tr style="background:#dbdbdb;"> <th>Rank </th> <th>Country </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_IMF_ranked_countries_by_past_and_projected_GDP_(nominal)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of IMF ranked countries by past and projected GDP (nominal)">GDP</a> (nominal, Peak Year) millions of <a href="/wiki/International_dollar" title="International dollar">USD</a> </th> <th>Peak Year </th></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a><a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a></td> <td>19,403,162</td> <td>2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td>4,710,032</td> <td>2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>3,587,545</td> <td>2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>3,174,099</td> <td>2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>2,417,242</td> <td>2008 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a></td> <td>2,292,470</td> <td>2013 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td>1,731,469</td> <td>2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></td> <td>1,344,318</td> <td>2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td> <td>1,218,401</td> <td>2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></td> <td>942,265</td> <td>2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td>862,908</td> <td>2024 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: right; float:left; border:1px solid #aaa; margin:10px"> <tbody><tr style="background:#dbdbdb;"> <th>Rank </th> <th>Country </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_past_and_projected_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by past and projected GDP (PPP)">GDP</a> (PPP, Peak Year) millions of <a href="/wiki/International_dollar" title="International dollar">USD</a> </th> <th>Peak Year </th></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></td> <td>28,044,235</td> <td>2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td>6,909,381</td> <td>2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td>6,017,222</td> <td>2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td> <td>4,359,372</td> <td>2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td>4,282,173</td> <td>2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a><a href="#cite_note-WBGDPPPP-268">[268]</a></td> <td>3,767,230</td> <td>2023 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td>3,597,954</td> <td>2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></td> <td>2,665,230</td> <td>2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></td> <td>1,890,698</td> <td>2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td> <td>1,460,530</td> <td>2024 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td align="left"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a><a href="#cite_note-WBGDPPPP-268">[268]</a></td> <td>912,852</td> <td>2023 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_history">Economic history</h3></div> <dl><dt>Industrial growth (1760–1945)</dt></dl> Capitalism has been dominant in the Western world since the end of feudalism.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> From Britain, it gradually spread throughout Europe.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> started in Europe, specifically the United Kingdom in the late 18th century,<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> and the 19th century saw Western Europe industrialise. Economies were disrupted by the First World War, but by the beginning of the Second World War, they had recovered and were having to compete with the growing economic strength of the United States. The Second World War, again, damaged much of Europe's industries. <dl><dt>Cold War (1945–1991)</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg/220px-West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="498"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 166px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg/220px-West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="166" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg/330px-West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg/440px-West_and_East_Germans_at_the_Brandenburg_Gate_in_1989.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Fall of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> in 1989</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_zone_euro.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Carte_zone_euro.svg/220px-Carte_zone_euro.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="450"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 218px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Carte_zone_euro.svg/220px-Carte_zone_euro.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="218" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Carte_zone_euro.svg/330px-Carte_zone_euro.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Carte_zone_euro.svg/440px-Carte_zone_euro.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a> (blue colour)</figcaption></figure> After the Second World War the economy of the UK was in a state of ruin,<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> and continued to suffer relative economic decline in the following decades.<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> Italy was also in a poor economic condition but regained a high level of growth by the 1950s. West Germany <a href="/wiki/Wirtschaftswunder" title="Wirtschaftswunder">recovered quickly</a> and had doubled production from pre-war levels by the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> France also staged a remarkable comeback enjoying rapid growth and modernisation; later on Spain, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a>, also recovered and the nation recorded huge unprecedented economic growth beginning in the 1960s in what is called the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_miracle" title="Spanish miracle">Spanish miracle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> The majority of <a href="/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern European</a> states came under the control of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and thus were members of the <a href="/wiki/Council_for_Mutual_Economic_Assistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Council for Mutual Economic Assistance">Council for Mutual Economic Assistance</a> (COMECON).<a href="#cite_note-loc-cs-276">[276]</a> The states which retained a <a href="/wiki/Free-market" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market">free-market</a> system were given a large amount of aid by the United States under the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a> The western states moved to link their economies together, providing the basis for the EU and increasing cross border trade. This helped them to enjoy rapidly improving economies, while those states in COMECON were struggling in a large part due to the cost of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. Until 1990, the <a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community</a> was expanded from 6 founding members to 12. The emphasis placed on resurrecting the West German economy led to it overtaking the UK as Europe's largest economy. <dl><dt>Reunification (1991–present)</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trepca_Miners_(24876825).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Trepca_Miners_%2824876825%29.jpeg/220px-Trepca_Miners_%2824876825%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Trepca_Miners_%2824876825%29.jpeg/220px-Trepca_Miners_%2824876825%29.jpeg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Trepca_Miners_%2824876825%29.jpeg/330px-Trepca_Miners_%2824876825%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Trepca_Miners_%2824876825%29.jpeg/440px-Trepca_Miners_%2824876825%29.jpeg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>One of <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>'s main economical sources is <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>, because it has large reserves of lead, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, silver, <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>, copper, iron and <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> Miners at the <a href="/wiki/Trep%C4%8Da_Mines" title="Trepča Mines">Trepča Mines</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mitrovica,_Kosovo" title="Mitrovica, Kosovo">Mitrovica</a>, Kosovo in 2011.</figcaption></figure> With the fall of communism in Central and Eastern Europe in 1991, the post-socialist states underwent <a href="/wiki/Shock_therapy_(economics)" title="Shock therapy (economics)">shock therapy</a> measures to liberalise their economies and implement free market reforms. After <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East</a> and West Germany were reunited in 1990, the economy of West Germany struggled as it had to support and largely rebuild the infrastructure of East Germany, while the latter <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_German_reunification" title="Economic history of the German reunification">experienced sudden mass unemployment and plummeting of industrial production</a>. By the millennium change, the EU dominated the economy of Europe, comprising the five largest European economies of the time: Germany, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Spain. In 1999, 12 of the 15 members of the EU joined the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a>, replacing their national currencies by the <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a>. Figures released by <a href="/wiki/Eurostat" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a> in 2009 confirmed that the Eurozone had gone into <a href="/wiki/Late_2000s_recession_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Late 2000s recession in Europe">recession</a> in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a> It impacted much of the region.<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> In 2010, fears of a <a href="/wiki/European_sovereign-debt_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="European sovereign-debt crisis">sovereign debt crisis</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> developed concerning some countries in Europe, especially Greece, Ireland, Spain and Portugal.<a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a> As a result, measures were taken, especially for Greece, by the leading countries of the Eurozone.<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU-27</a> unemployment rate was 10.3% in 2012. For those aged 15–24 it was 22.4%.<a href="#cite_note-unemployment-284">[284]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Europe" title="Demographics of Europe">Demographics of Europe</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_population" title="List of European countries by population">List of European countries by population</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of European countries by life expectancy">List of European countries by life expectancy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ageing_of_Europe" title="Ageing of Europe">Ageing of Europe</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Demographics_of_Europe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Demographics_of_Europe.svg/220px-Demographics_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="520"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 168px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Demographics_of_Europe.svg/220px-Demographics_of_Europe.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="168" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Demographics_of_Europe.svg/330px-Demographics_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Demographics_of_Europe.svg/440px-Demographics_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">Population growth</a> in and around Europe in 2021<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a></figcaption></figure> The population of Europe was about 742 million in 2023 according to UN estimates.<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-3">[3]</a> This is slightly more than one ninth of the world's population.<a href="#cnote_v">[v]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Population_density" title="Population density">population density</a> of Europe (the number of people per area) is the second highest of any continent, behind Asia. The population of Europe is currently slowly decreasing, by about 0.2% per year,<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> because <a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility" title="Sub-replacement fertility">there are fewer births than deaths</a>. This natural decrease in population is reduced by the fact that more people <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Europe" title="Immigration to Europe">migrate to Europe</a> from other continents than vice versa. Southern Europe and Western Europe are the regions with the highest average number of elderly people in the world. In 2021, the percentage of people over 65 years old was 21% in Western Europe and Southern Europe, compared to 19% in all of Europe and 10% in the world.<a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a> Projections suggest that by 2050 Europe will reach 30%.<a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a> This is caused by the fact that the population has been <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">having children below replacement level</a> since the 1970s. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> predicts that Europe will decline in population between 2022 and 2050 by −7 per cent, without changing immigration movements.<a href="#cite_note-Results-289">[289]</a> According to a population projection of the UN Population Division, Europe's population may fall to between 680 and 720 million people by 2050, which would be 7% of the world population at that time.<a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a> Within this context, significant disparities exist between regions in relation to <a href="/wiki/Fertility_rates" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertility rates">fertility rates</a>. The average number of <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_by_fertility_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and territories by fertility rate">children per female</a> of child-bearing age is 1.52, far below the replacement rate.<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a> The UN predicts a steady <a href="/wiki/Population_decline" title="Population decline">population decline</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Central and Eastern Europe">Central and Eastern Europe</a> as a result of emigration and low birth rates.<a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Europe" title="Ethnic groups in Europe">Ethnic groups in Europe</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></div> Pan and Pfeil (2004) count 87 distinct "peoples of Europe", of which 33 form the majority population in at least one sovereign state, while the remaining 54 constitute <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minority" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic minority">ethnic minorities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migration">Migration</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Europe" title="Immigration to Europe">Immigration to Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="European diaspora">European diaspora</a></div> Europe is home to the highest number of migrants of all global regions at nearly 87 million people in 2020, according to the <a href="/wiki/International_Organisation_for_Migration" class="mw-redirect" title="International Organisation for Migration">International Organisation for Migration</a>.<a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> In 2005, the EU had an overall net gain from <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">immigration</a> of 1.8 million people. This accounted for almost 85% of Europe's total <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population growth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a> In 2021, 827,000 persons were given citizenship of an EU member state, an increase of about 14% compared with 2020.<a href="#cite_note-eurostatMigration-296">[296]</a> 2.3 million immigrants from non-EU countries entered the EU in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-eurostatMigration-296">[296]</a> Early modern <a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Emigration from Europe">emigration from Europe</a> began with Spanish and Portuguese settlers in the 16th century,<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-ppghis.ifcs.ufrj.br-298">[298]</a> and French and English settlers in the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a> But numbers remained relatively small until waves of mass emigration in the 19th century, when millions of poor families left Europe.<a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a> Today, <a href="/wiki/European_diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="European diaspora">large populations of European descent</a> are found on every continent. European ancestry predominates in North America and to a lesser degree in South America (particularly in <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, while most of the other <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin American</a> countries also have a considerable <a href="/wiki/White_Latin_American" class="mw-redirect" title="White Latin American">population of European origins</a>). <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> have large European-derived populations. Africa has no countries with European-derived majorities (or with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a> and probably <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a>, depending on context), but there are significant minorities, such as the <a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans" title="White South Africans">White South Africans</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. In Asia, European-derived populations, specifically <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>, predominate in <a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a> and some parts of Northern <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a> Also in Asia, Europeans, especially the Spanish are an influential <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Filipinos" title="Spanish Filipinos">minority population in the Philippines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Languages of Europe</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Simplified_Languages_of_Europe_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Simplified_Languages_of_Europe_map.svg/222px-Simplified_Languages_of_Europe_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="222" height="181" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1541" data-file-height="1253"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 222px;height: 181px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Simplified_Languages_of_Europe_map.svg/222px-Simplified_Languages_of_Europe_map.svg.png" data-width="222" data-height="181" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Simplified_Languages_of_Europe_map.svg/333px-Simplified_Languages_of_Europe_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Simplified_Languages_of_Europe_map.svg/444px-Simplified_Languages_of_Europe_map.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Distribution of major <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">languages of Europe</a></figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_languages_by_number_of_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of European languages by number of speakers">List of European languages by number of speakers</a></div> Europe has about 225 indigenous languages,<a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a> mostly falling within three <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> language groups: the <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, derived from the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a>, whose ancestor language came from southern Scandinavia; and the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica-250">[250]</a> Slavic languages are mostly spoken in Southern, Central and Eastern Europe. Romance languages are spoken primarily in Western and Southern Europe, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> in Central Europe and <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> in Eastern Europe. Germanic languages are spoken in Western, Northern and Central Europe as well as in <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> in Southern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica-250">[250]</a> Languages in adjacent areas show significant overlaps (such as in <a href="/wiki/English_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="English (language)">English</a>, for example). Other Indo-European languages outside the three main groups include the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_languages" title="Baltic languages">Baltic</a> group (<a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> group (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manx_language" title="Manx language">Manx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a><a href="#cite_note-Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica-250">[250]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a>. A distinct non-Indo-European family of <a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erzya_language" title="Erzya language">Erzya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Komi_language" title="Komi language">Komi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mari_language" title="Mari language">Mari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Udmurt_language" title="Udmurt language">Udmurt</a>) is spoken mainly in <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> and parts of Russia. <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a> include <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, in addition to smaller languages in Eastern and Southeast Europe (<a href="/wiki/Balkan_Gagauz_Turkish" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan Gagauz Turkish">Balkan Gagauz Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bashkir_language" title="Bashkir language">Bashkir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chuvash_language" title="Chuvash language">Chuvash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karachay-Balkar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karachay-Balkar language">Karachay-Balkar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumyk_language" title="Kumyk language">Kumyk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nogai_language" title="Nogai language">Nogai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tatar_language" title="Tatar language">Tatar</a>). <a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mingrelian_language" title="Mingrelian language">Mingrelian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Svan_language" title="Svan language">Svan</a>) are spoken primarily in <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>. Two other language families reside in the North Caucasus (termed <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a>, most notably including <a href="/wiki/Chechen_language" title="Chechen language">Chechen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avar_language" title="Avar language">Avar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lezgian_language" title="Lezgian language">Lezgin</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a>, most notably including <a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a>). <a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a> is the only <a href="/wiki/Semitic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Semitic language">Semitic language</a> that is official within the EU, while <a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a> is the only European <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolate</a>. Multilingualism and the protection of regional and minority languages are recognised political goals in Europe today. The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> <a href="/wiki/Framework_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_National_Minorities" title="Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities">Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities</a> and the Council of Europe's <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a> set up a legal framework for language rights in Europe. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Religion in Europe</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Pink; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 15915.284869129px; border-left-color:Chartreuse"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Chartreuse"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Chartreuse"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 7957.3282711643px; border-left-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Orange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 3978.035783976px; border-left-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Gold"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Gold"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 2651.3256287233px; border-left-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 277.7606853915px; border-left-color:#FFFFFF"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:#FFFFFF"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:#FFFFFF"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 7.5541426254377px; border-left-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Red"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religion in Europe according to the Global Religious Landscape survey by the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Forum</a>, 2016<a href="#cite_note-Survey-8">[8]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (76.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">No religion</a> (18.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (4.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> (0.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> (0.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Folk religion (0.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Other religions (0.1%)</div> </div> </div></div> The largest religion in Europe is <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, with 76.2% of Europeans considering themselves <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Christianity-305">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> and various <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> denominations. Among Protestants, the most popular are <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed faith">Reformed faith</a>. Smaller Protestant denominations include <a href="/wiki/Anabaptists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptists">Anabaptists</a> as well as denominations centered in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Protestants">Evangelicalism</a>. Although Christianity originated in the Middle East, its centre of mass shifted to Europe when it <a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">became the official religion of the Roman Empire</a> in the late 4th century. <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> played <a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">a prominent role in the development</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="European culture">European culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="European identity">identity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a> Today, a bit over 25% of the world's Christians live in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is the second most popular religion in Europe. Over 25 million, or roughly 5% of the population, adhere to it.<a href="#cite_note-pewresearch.org-311">[311]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, two countries in the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan peninsula">Balkan peninsula</a> in Southeastern Europe, Islam instead of Christianity is the majority religion. This is also the case in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Russia" title="Islam in Russia">certain parts of Russia</a>, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, all of which are at the border to Asia.<a href="#cite_note-pewresearch.org-311">[311]</a> Many countries in Europe are home to a sizeable Muslim minority, and <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Europe" title="Immigration to Europe">immigration to Europe</a> has increased the number of Muslim people in Europe in recent years. The <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> population in Europe was about 1.4 million people in 2020 (about 0.2% of the population).<a href="#cite_note-auto-312">[312]</a> There is a long <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">history of Jewish life in Europe</a>, beginning in antiquity. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the Russian Empire had the majority of the world's Jews living within its borders.<a href="#cite_note-313">[313]</a> In 1897, according to <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Empire Census">Russian census of 1897</a>, the total Jewish population of Russia was 5.1 million people, which was 4.13% of total population. Of this total, the vast majority lived within the <a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement" title="Pale of Settlement">Pale of Settlement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-314">[314]</a> In 1933, there were about 9.5 million Jewish people in Europe, representing 1.7% of the population,<a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a> but most were killed, and most of the rest displaced, during <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a>.<a href="#cite_note-316">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-312">[312]</a> In the 21st century, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> has the largest <a href="/wiki/Jewish_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish population">Jewish population</a> in Europe, followed by the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Survey-8">[8]</a> Other religions practiced in Europe include <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, which are minority religions, except in Russia's <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kalmykia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Kalmykia">Republic of Kalmykia</a>, where Tibetan Buddhism is the majority religion. A large and increasing number of people in Europe are <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligious</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnostic</a>. They are estimated to make up about 18.3% of Europe's population currently.<a href="#cite_note-Survey-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_cities_and_urban_areas">Major cities and urban areas</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_European_cities_by_population_within_city_limits" title="List of European cities by population within city limits">List of European cities by population within city limits</a></div> The three largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_urban_areas_in_Europe" title="List of urban areas in Europe">urban areas of Europe</a> are <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. All have over 10 million residents,<a href="#cite_note-UN_WUP_2016-317">[317]</a> and as such have been described as <a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">megacities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-318">[318]</a> While <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> has the highest total city population, it lies partly in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. 64.9% of the residents live on the European side and 35.1% on the Asian side. The next largest cities in order of population are <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> each having over three million residents.<a href="#cite_note-UN_WUP_2016-317">[317]</a> When considering the commuter belts or <a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Europe" title="List of metropolitan areas in Europe">metropolitan areas within Europe</a> (for which comparable data is available), Moscow covers the largest population, followed in order by Istanbul, London, Paris, Madrid, Milan, Ruhr Area, Saint Petersburg, Rhein-Süd, Barcelona and Berlin.<a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:872px;max-width:872px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:left/right/center">European <a href="/wiki/Megacity" title="Megacity">megacities</a></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Business_Centre_of_Moscow_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Moscow International Business Center" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Business_Centre_of_Moscow_2.jpg/200px-Business_Centre_of_Moscow_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 133px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Business_Centre_of_Moscow_2.jpg/200px-Business_Centre_of_Moscow_2.jpg" data-alt="Moscow International Business Center" data-width="200" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Business_Centre_of_Moscow_2.jpg/300px-Business_Centre_of_Moscow_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Business_Centre_of_Moscow_2.jpg/400px-Business_Centre_of_Moscow_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:239px;max-width:239px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Super_moon_over_City_of_London_from_Tate_Modern_2018-01-31_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="City of London" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Super_moon_over_City_of_London_from_Tate_Modern_2018-01-31_4.jpg/237px-Super_moon_over_City_of_London_from_Tate_Modern_2018-01-31_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="237" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4558" data-file-height="2564"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 237px;height: 133px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Super_moon_over_City_of_London_from_Tate_Modern_2018-01-31_4.jpg/237px-Super_moon_over_City_of_London_from_Tate_Modern_2018-01-31_4.jpg" data-alt="City of London" data-width="237" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Super_moon_over_City_of_London_from_Tate_Modern_2018-01-31_4.jpg/356px-Super_moon_over_City_of_London_from_Tate_Modern_2018-01-31_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Super_moon_over_City_of_London_from_Tate_Modern_2018-01-31_4.jpg/474px-Super_moon_over_City_of_London_from_Tate_Modern_2018-01-31_4.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:GrandeArche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/GrandeArche.jpg/230px-GrandeArche.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="3477"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 230px;height: 133px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/GrandeArche.jpg/230px-GrandeArche.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="230" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/GrandeArche.jpg/345px-GrandeArche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/GrandeArche.jpg/460px-GrandeArche.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:191px;max-width:191px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Levent_financial_district_from_Istanbul_Sapphire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Levent" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/View_of_Levent_financial_district_from_Istanbul_Sapphire.jpg/189px-View_of_Levent_financial_district_from_Istanbul_Sapphire.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2106"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 189px;height: 133px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/View_of_Levent_financial_district_from_Istanbul_Sapphire.jpg/189px-View_of_Levent_financial_district_from_Istanbul_Sapphire.jpg" data-alt="Levent" data-width="189" data-height="133" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/View_of_Levent_financial_district_from_Istanbul_Sapphire.jpg/284px-View_of_Levent_financial_district_from_Istanbul_Sapphire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/View_of_Levent_financial_district_from_Istanbul_Sapphire.jpg/378px-View_of_Levent_financial_district_from_Istanbul_Sapphire.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_footnote_b">[b]</a></div></div></div></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Europe" title="Culture of Europe">Culture of Europe</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/European_folklore" title="European folklore">European folklore</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_art" class="mw-redirect" title="European art">European art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grossgliederung_Europas-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Grossgliederung_Europas-en.svg/290px-Grossgliederung_Europas-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="301" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="709"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 301px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Grossgliederung_Europas-en.svg/290px-Grossgliederung_Europas-en.svg.png" data-width="290" data-height="301" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Grossgliederung_Europas-en.svg/435px-Grossgliederung_Europas-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Grossgliederung_Europas-en.svg/580px-Grossgliederung_Europas-en.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Map purportedly displaying the European continent split along cultural and state borders as proposed by the German organisation <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Committee_on_Geographical_Names_(Germany)" title="Permanent Committee on Geographical Names (Germany)">Ständiger Ausschuss für geographische Namen</a> (StAGN)</figcaption></figure> "Europe" as a cultural concept is substantially derived from the shared heritage of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> and its cultures. The boundaries of Europe were historically understood as those of <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a> (or more specifically <a href="/wiki/Latin_Christendom" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin Christendom">Latin Christendom</a>), as established or defended throughout the medieval and early modern history of Europe, especially <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">against Islam</a>, as in the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_wars_in_Europe" title="Ottoman wars in Europe">Ottoman wars in Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a> This shared cultural heritage is combined by overlapping indigenous national cultures and folklores, roughly divided into <a href="/wiki/Slavic_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic Europe">Slavic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romance-speaking_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Romance-speaking Europe">Latin (Romance)</a> and Germanic, but with several components not part of either of these groups (notably <a href="/wiki/Greek_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek culture">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basque_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Basque culture">Basque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Celtic Europe">Celtic</a>). Historically, special examples with overlapping cultures are <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a> with Latin (Romance) and Germanic, or <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> with Latin, Slavic and Germanic roots. Cultural contacts and mixtures shape a large part of the regional cultures of Europe. Europe is often described as "maximum cultural diversity with minimal geographical distances". Different cultural events are organised in Europe, with the aim of bringing different cultures closer together and raising awareness of their importance, such as the <a href="/wiki/European_Capital_of_Culture" title="European Capital of Culture">European Capital of Culture</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Region_of_Gastronomy" title="European Region of Gastronomy">European Region of Gastronomy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Youth_Capital" title="European Youth Capital">European Youth Capital</a> and the European Capital of Sport. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Europe" title="Sport in Europe">Sport in Europe</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sport_in_Europe&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barcelona_vs_Inter_2019_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Barcelona_vs_Inter_2019_2.jpg/220px-Barcelona_vs_Inter_2019_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Barcelona_vs_Inter_2019_2.jpg/220px-Barcelona_vs_Inter_2019_2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Barcelona_vs_Inter_2019_2.jpg/330px-Barcelona_vs_Inter_2019_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Barcelona_vs_Inter_2019_2.jpg/440px-Barcelona_vs_Inter_2019_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> is by far the most popular sport in Europe. This picture shows <a href="/wiki/Camp_Nou" title="Camp Nou">Camp Nou</a> in <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> before the 2023 renovation works started.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Europe" title="Sport in Europe">Sport in Europe</a> tends to be highly organized with many sports having professional leagues. The origins of many of the world's most popular sports today lie in the codification of many traditional games, especially in the United Kingdom. However, a paradoxical feature of European sport is the extent to which local, regional and national variations continue to exist, and even in some instances to predominate.<a href="#cite_note-321">[321]</a></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_dimension">Social dimension</h3></div> In Europe many people are unable to access basic social conditions, which makes it harder for them to thrive and flourish. Access to basic necessities can be compromised, for example 10% of Europeans spend at least 40% of household income on housing. 75 million Europeans feel <a href="/wiki/Social_isolation" title="Social isolation">socially isolated</a>. From the 1980s income inequality has been rising and wage shares have been falling. In 2016, the richest 20% of households earned over five times more than the poorest 20%. Many workers experience stagnant <a href="/wiki/Real_wages" title="Real wages">real wages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Precarious_work" title="Precarious work">precarious work</a> is common even for <a href="/wiki/Essential_workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Essential workers">essential workers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SustainableProsperity-322">[322]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" data-alt="map" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurodistrict" title="Eurodistrict">Eurodistrict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Games" title="European Games">European Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_as_a_potential_superpower" class="mw-redirect" title="European Union as a potential superpower">European Union as a potential superpower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euroregion" title="Euroregion">Euroregion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_and_social_rankings_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe" title="Financial and social rankings of sovereign states in Europe">Financial and social rankings of sovereign states in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Europe" title="Flags of Europe">Flags of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Europe" title="Healthcare in Europe">Healthcare in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_in_Europe_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal)">List of sovereign states in Europe by GDP (nominal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_television_stations" title="List of European television stations">List of European television stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_names_of_European_cities_in_different_languages" title="List of names of European cities in different languages">List of names of European cities in different languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Europe" title="List of villages in Europe">List of villages in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cities_in_Europe" title="Lists of cities in Europe">Lists of cities in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">Modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe_statistics" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe statistics">OSCE countries statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_identity" title="Pan-European identity">Pan-European identity</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <div style="column-width: 30em;"><ol class="references" style="list-style-type:upper-alpha;"> <li id="cnote_a">^ <a href="#ref_a_1">a</a> <a href="#ref_a_2">b</a> <div style="display:inline;" class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a>, internationally recognised as being a legal part of the <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Republic of Moldova</a>, although de facto control is exercised by its internationally unrecognised government which declared independence from Moldova in 1990</div></li> <li id="cnote_b"><a href="#ref_b_1">^</a> <div style="display:inline;" class="reference-text">Russia is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_transcontinental_countries" title="List of transcontinental countries">transcontinental country</a> spanning Eastern Europe and <a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a>. The vast majority of its population (80%) lives within its <a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European part</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vishnevsky-323">[323]</a> However, only the population figure includes the entire state.</div></li> <li id="cnote_c">^ <a href="#ref_c_1">a</a> <a href="#ref_c_2">b</a> <a href="#ref_c_3">c</a> <div style="display:inline;" class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a> are <a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. Other <a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands" title="Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a> legislated by the <a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a> include <a href="/wiki/Alderney" title="Alderney">Alderney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sark" title="Sark">Sark</a>.</div></li> <li id="cnote_d">^ <a href="#ref_d_1">a</a> <a href="#ref_d_2">b</a> <div style="display:inline;" class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> can be considered part of Europe or <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>; it has strong historical and sociopolitical connections with Europe. The population and area figures refer to the entire state, including the de facto independent part <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a> which is not recognised as a sovereign nation by the vast majority of sovereign nations, nor the UN.</div></li> <li id="cnote_e"><a href="#ref_e_1">^</a> <div style="display:inline;" class="reference-text">Figures for <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a> archipelagos, both in the North Atlantic.</div></li> <li id="cnote_f"><a href="#ref_f_1">^</a> <div style="display:inline;" class="reference-text">Area figure for <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> includes <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, a province that unilaterally declared its independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008, and whose sovereign status is unclear. Population and density figures are from the first results of 2011 census and are given without the disputed territory of <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>.</div></li> <li id="cnote_g"><a href="#ref_g_1">^</a> <div style="display:inline;" class="reference-text">Figures for <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> include only <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">metropolitan France</a>: some <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_France" title="Administrative divisions of France">politically integral parts of France</a> are geographically located outside Europe.</div></li> <li id="cnote_h"><a href="#ref_h_1">^</a> <div style="display:inline;" class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> population for November 2014. Population and area details include European portion only: Netherlands and three entities outside Europe (<a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>) constitute the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> is the official capital, while <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> is the administrative seat.</div></li> <li id="cnote_i"><a href="#ref_i_1">^</a> <div style="display:inline;" class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> is physiographically considered a transcontinental country, mostly in Central Asia (UN region), partly in Eastern Europe, with European territory west of the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ural_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Ural River">Ural River</a>. However, only the population figure refers to the entire country.</div></li> <li id="cnote_j"><a href="#ref_j_1">^</a> <div style="display:inline;" class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> can be considered part of Eastern Europe or <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>; it has strong historical and sociopolitical connections with Europe. The population and area figures include the entire state, respectively.</div></li> <li id="cnote_k"><a href="#ref_k_1">^</a> <div style="display:inline;" class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> is physiographically considered a transcontinental country, mostly in Western Asia. A small portion of its territory is located north of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Caucasus" title="Greater Caucasus">Greater Caucasus</a>, considered part of Eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-324">[324]</a> However the population and area figures are for the entire state. This includes the <a href="/wiki/Exclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclave">exclave</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic">Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic</a> and the region <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Nagorno-Karabakh">Nagorno-Karabakh</a>.</div></li> <li id="cnote_l"><a href="#ref_l_1">^</a> <div style="display:inline;" class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> can be considered part of Eastern Europe or <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>; it has strong historical and sociopolitical connections with Europe.<a href="#cite_note-325">[325]</a> The population and area figures include Georgian estimates for <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>, two regions that have declared and <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">achieved</a> independence. <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia#Positions_taken_by_states" title="International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia">International recognition</a>, however, is limited.</div></li> <li id="cnote_m"><a href="#ref_m_1">^</a> <div style="display:inline;" class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> is physiographically considered a transcontinental country, mostly in West Asia (the Middle East). Turkey has a small part of its territory (3%) in Southeast Europe called <a href="/wiki/East_Thrace" title="East Thrace">East Thrace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-326">[326]</a> However, only the population figure includes the entire state.</div></li> <li id="cnote_n">^ <a href="#ref_n_1">a</a> <a href="#ref_n_2">b</a> <a href="#ref_n_3">c</a> <a href="#ref_n_4">d</a> <div style="display:inline;" class="reference-text">The total figures for area and population include only European portions of transcontinental countries. The precision of these figures is compromised by the ambiguous geographical extent of Europe and the lack of references for European portions of transcontinental countries.</div></li> <li id="cnote_o"><a href="#ref_o_1">^</a> <div style="display:inline;" class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> unilaterally declared its independence from <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> on 17 February 2008. Its sovereign status is <a href="/wiki/International_reaction_to_the_2008_Kosovo_declaration_of_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="International reaction to the 2008 Kosovo declaration of independence">unclear</a>. Its population is July 2009 CIA estimate.</div></li> <li id="cnote_p">^ <a href="#ref_p_1">a</a> <a href="#ref_p_2">b</a> <div style="display:inline;" class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>, both of which can be considered part of Eastern Europe or <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a><a href="#cite_note-W.Asia-327">[327]</a> unilaterally declared their independence from <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> on 25 August 1990 and 28 November 1991, respectively. Their status as sovereign nations is <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia" title="International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia">not recognised</a> by a vast majority of sovereign nations, nor the UN. Population figures stated as of 2003 census and 2000 estimates, respectively.</div></li> <li id="cnote_q"><a href="#ref_q_1">^</a> <div style="display:inline;" class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Nagorno-Karabakh">Nagorno-Karabakh</a>, which can be considered part of Eastern Europe or <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>, unilaterally declared its independence from <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> on 6 January 1992. Its status as a sovereign nation is not recognised by any sovereign nation, nor the UN. Population figures stated as of 2003 census and 2000 estimates, respectively.</div></li> <li id="cnote_r"><a href="#ref_r_1">^</a> <div style="display:inline;" class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>, an autonomous constituent country within the <a href="/wiki/Danish_Realm" title="Danish Realm">Danish Realm</a>, is geographically a part of the continent of North America, but has been politically and culturally associated with Europe.</div></li> <li id="cnote_s">^ <a href="#ref_s_1">a</a> <a href="#ref_s_2">b</a> <div style="display:inline;" class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk People's Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk People's Republic</a> are internationally recognised as being a legal part of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, although de facto control is exercised by governments which declared independence from Ukraine in 2014.</div></li> <li id="cnote_t"><a href="#ref_t_1">^</a> <div style="display:inline;" class="reference-text">Europe is normally considered its own continent in the English-speaking world, which uses the seven continent model.<a href="#cite_note-328">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-329">[329]</a> Other models consider Europe as part of a Eurasian or Afro-Eurasian continent. See <a href="/wiki/Continent#Number" title="Continent">Continent § Number</a> for more information.</div></li> <li id="cnote_u"><a href="#ref_u_1">^</a> <div style="display:inline;" class="reference-text">The map shows one of the most commonly accepted delineations of the geographical boundaries of Europe, as used by <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Whether countries are considered in Europe or Asia can vary in sources, for example in the classification of the <a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a> or that of the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. Certain countries in Europe, such as France, have <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_spanning_more_than_one_continent#Non-contiguous" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries spanning more than one continent">territories lying geographically outside Europe</a>, but which are nevertheless considered integral parts of that country.</div></li> <li id="cnote_v"><a href="#ref_v_1">^</a> <div style="display:inline;" class="reference-text">This number includes Siberia, (about 38 million people) but excludes European Turkey (about 12 million).</div></li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/largest-countries-in-europe">"Largest Countries In Europe 2020"</a>. worldpopulationreview.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220708182613/https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/largest-countries-in-europe">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2022. 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Capstone. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4296-6831-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4296-6831-6"><bdi>978-1-4296-6831-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220727133725/https://books.google.com/books?id=KVMYJNvUiYkC&pg=PP5">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022. <q>Ancient Greece is often called the cradle of western civilization. ... 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Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+European+union%E2%80%94a+federation+or+a+confederation%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ies.ee%2Fiesp%2FNo11%2Farticles%2F03_Gabriel_Hazak.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dr_qrakh-thraciae-veteris-typus-ex-conatibus-geographicis-abrah-ortelij-cu-10001403">"Qrakh. Thraciae Veteris Typus. Ex conatibus Geographicis Abrah. Ortelij. Cum Imp. Et Belgico privilegio decennali. 1585"</a>. 15 February 1585.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Qrakh.+Thraciae+Veteris+Typus.+Ex+conatibus+Geographicis+Abrah.+Ortelij.+Cum+Imp.+Et+Belgico+privilegio+decennali.+1585.&rft.date=1585-02-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdr_qrakh-thraciae-veteris-typus-ex-conatibus-geographicis-abrah-ortelij-cu-10001403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_News_2013_o022-19"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_News_2013_o022_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-20970684">"Greek goddess Europa adorns new five-euro note"</a>. BBC News. 10 January 2013. 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OUP Oxford. p. 185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928075-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-928075-9"><bdi>978-0-19-928075-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122123919/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZXrJA_5LKlYC">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2021. 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(1817.), p. 50, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-113-68809-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-113-68809-2">1-113-68809-2</a> These islands Pliny, as well as Strabo and Ptolemy, included in the African sea </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=europe">"Europe – Noun"</a>. Princeton University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140715121246/http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=europe">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2014. 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Pontificium Institutum Biblicum. pp. 101–102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-7653-335-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-7653-335-8"><bdi>978-88-7653-335-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genesis+and+the+Jewish+antiquities+of+Flavius+Josephus&rft.pages=101-102&rft.pub=Pontificium+Institutum+Biblicum&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-88-7653-335-8&rft.aulast=Franxman&rft.aufirst=Thomas+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> W. Theiler, Posidonios. Die Fragmente, vol. 1. Berlin: De Gruyter, 1982, fragm. 47a. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> I. G. Kidd (ed.), Posidonius: The commentary, Cambridge University Press, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-60443-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-60443-7">978-0-521-60443-7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_iXs1aCr1ckC&pg=PA738">p. 738</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801115807/https://books.google.com/books?id=_iXs1aCr1ckC&pg=PA738">Archived</a> 1 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geographia</a> 7.5.6 (ed. Nobbe 1845, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vHMCAAAAQAAJ">vol. 2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200524011208/https://books.google.com/books?id=vHMCAAAAQAAJ">Archived</a> 24 May 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 178) Καὶ τῇ Εὐρώπῃ δὲ συνάπτει διὰ τοῦ μεταξὺ αὐχένος τῆς τε Μαιώτιδος λίμνης καὶ τοῦ Σαρματικοῦ Ὠκεανοῦ ἐπὶ τῆς διαβάσεως τοῦ Τανάϊδος ποταμοῦ. "And [Asia] is connected to Europe by the land-strait between Lake Maiotis and the Sarmatian Ocean where the river Tanais crosses through." </li> <li id="cite_note-Pocock2002-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pocock2002_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pocock2002_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._G._A._Pocock2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._G._A._Pocock" title="J. G. A. Pocock">J. G. A. Pocock</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/idea-of-europe/some-europes-in-their-history/261CF37C1E49E93280878F816D4483F1">"Some Europes in Their History"</a>. In Pagden, Anthony (ed.). The Idea of Europe From Antiquity to the European Union. Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511496813.003">10.1017/CBO9780511496813.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0511496813" title="Special:BookSources/978-0511496813"><bdi>978-0511496813</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220323132907/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/abs/idea-of-europe/some-europes-in-their-history/261CF37C1E49E93280878F816D4483F1">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Some+Europes+in+Their+History&rft.btitle=The+Idea+of+Europe+From+Antiquity+to+the+European+Union&rft.pages=57-61&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511496813.003&rft.isbn=978-0511496813&rft.au=J.+G.+A.+Pocock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fabs%2Fidea-of-europe%2Fsome-europes-in-their-history%2F261CF37C1E49E93280878F816D4483F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Norman_F._Cantor" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman F. Cantor">Norman F. Cantor</a>, The Civilization of the Middle Ages, 1993, ""Culture and Society in the First Europe", pp185ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawsonOlsen1961" class="citation book cs1">Dawson, Christopher; Olsen, Glenn (1961). Crisis in Western Education (reprint ed.). CUA Press. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-1683-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-1683-6"><bdi>978-0-8132-1683-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crisis+in+Western+Education&rft.pages=108&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=CUA+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=978-0-8132-1683-6&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Olsen%2C+Glenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Noted by Cantor, 1993:181. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._G._A._Pocock" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._G._A._Pocock" title="J. G. A. Pocock">J. G. A. Pocock</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unaoc.org/repository/9334Western%20Historiography%20and%20Problem%20of%20Western%20History%20-%20JGA%20Pocock.doc.pdf">"Western historiography and the problem of "Western" history"</a> (PDF). United Nations. pp. 5–6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220613222622/https://www.unaoc.org/repository/9334Western%20Historiography%20and%20Problem%20of%20Western%20History%20-%20JGA%20Pocock.doc.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 June 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Western+historiography+and+the+problem+of+%22Western%22+history&rft.pages=5-6&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.au=J.+G.+A.+Pocock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unaoc.org%2Frepository%2F9334Western%2520Historiography%2520and%2520Problem%2520of%2520Western%2520History%2520-%2520JGA%2520Pocock.doc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilipp_Johann_von_Strahlenberg1730" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Philipp Johann von Strahlenberg (1730). Das Nord-und Ostliche Theil von Europa und Asia (in German). p. 106.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Nord-und+Ostliche+Theil+von+Europa+und+Asia&rft.pages=106&rft.date=1730&rft.au=Philipp+Johann+von+Strahlenberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1996" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Norman (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jrVW9W9eiYMC&pg=PA8">Europe: A History</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820171-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820171-7"><bdi>978-0-19-820171-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801123242/https://books.google.com/books?id=jrVW9W9eiYMC&pg=PA8">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2020. Retrieved 23 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%3A+A+History&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820171-7&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjrVW9W9eiYMC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oren-icn.ru-45"><a href="#cite_ref-oren-icn.ru_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120108153922/http://oren-icn.ru/index.php/discussmenu/retrospectiva/685-eagraniza">"Boundary of Europe and Asia along Urals"</a> (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oren-icn.ru/index.php/discussmenu/retrospectiva/685-eagraniza">the original</a> on 8 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Boundary+of+Europe+and+Asia+along+Urals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foren-icn.ru%2Findex.php%2Fdiscussmenu%2Fretrospectiva%2F685-eagraniza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Peter Simon Pallas, Journey through various provinces of the Russian Empire, vol. 3 (1773) </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Douglas W. Freshfield, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ips8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA71">Journey in the Caucasus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801113249/https://books.google.com/books?id=ips8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA71">Archived</a> 2020-08-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society, Volumes 13–14, 1869. Cited as de facto convention by Baron von Haxthausen, Transcaucasia (1854); review <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_SN0EAAAAQAAJ/page/n152">Dublin University Magazine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dlib.rsl.ru/view.php?path=/rsl01004000000/rsl01004103000/rsl01004103489/rsl01004103489.pdf#?page=163">"Europe"</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍], <a href="/wiki/Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary" title="Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary">Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary</a>, 1906 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://velikijporog.narod.ru/st_evraz_gran.htm">"Do we live in Europe or in Asia?"</a> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180218073322/http://velikijporog.narod.ru/st_evraz_gran.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Do+we+live+in+Europe+or+in+Asia%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvelikijporog.narod.ru%2Fst_evraz_gran.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrlenok_V.1998" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Orlenok V. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111016212930/http://www.i-u.ru/biblio/archive/orlenok_fisicheskaja/06.aspx">"Physical Geography"</a> (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.i-u.ru/biblio/archive/orlenok_fisicheskaja/06.aspx">the original</a> on 16 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Physical+Geography&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Orlenok+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.i-u.ru%2Fbiblio%2Farchive%2Forlenok_fisicheskaja%2F06.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTutinHeywoodBurgesValentine1964" class="citation book cs1">Tutin, T.G.; Heywood, V.H.; Burges, N.A.; Valentine, D.H.; Walters, S.M.; Webb, D.A. (1964). Flora Europaea, Volume 1: Lycopodiaceae to Platanaceae. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-06661-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-06661-7"><bdi>978-0-521-06661-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flora+Europaea%2C+Volume+1%3A+Lycopodiaceae+to+Platanaceae&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=978-0-521-06661-7&rft.aulast=Tutin&rft.aufirst=T.G.&rft.au=Heywood%2C+V.H.&rft.au=Burges%2C+N.A.&rft.au=Valentine%2C+D.H.&rft.au=Walters%2C+S.M.&rft.au=Webb%2C+D.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTutin1993" class="citation book cs1">Tutin, Thomas Gaskell (1993). Flora Europaea, Volume 1: Psilotaceae to Platanaceae (2nd ed.). Cambridge New York Melbourne [etc.]: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41007-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-41007-6"><bdi>978-0-521-41007-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flora+Europaea%2C+Volume+1%3A+Psilotaceae+to+Platanaceae&rft.place=Cambridge+New+York+Melbourne+%5Betc.%5D&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-521-41007-6&rft.aulast=Tutin&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Gaskell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> E.M. Moores, R.W. 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Springer. pp. 157–184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-46258-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-46258-0"><bdi>978-0-306-46258-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=European+Megalithic&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Prehistory&rft.pages=157-184&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-306-46258-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Indo-European-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Indo-European_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Indo-European_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaakLazaridisPattersonRohland2015" class="citation journal cs1">Haak, Wolfgang; Lazaridis, Iosif; Patterson, Nick; Rohland, Nadin; Mallick, Swapan; Llamas, Bastien; Brandt, Guido; Nordenfelt, Susanne; Harney, Eadaoin; Stewardson, Kristin; Fu, Qiaomei (11 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5048219">"Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a>. 522 (7555): 207–211. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1502.02783">1502.02783</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015Natur.522..207H">2015Natur.522..207H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature14317">10.1038/nature14317</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5048219">5048219</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25731166">25731166</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Massive+migration+from+the+steppe+was+a+source+for+Indo-European+languages+in+Europe&rft.volume=522&rft.issue=7555&rft.pages=207-211&rft.date=2015-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5048219%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015Natur.522..207H&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1502.02783&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature14317&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25731166&rft.aulast=Haak&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft.au=Lazaridis%2C+Iosif&rft.au=Patterson%2C+Nick&rft.au=Rohland%2C+Nadin&rft.au=Mallick%2C+Swapan&rft.au=Llamas%2C+Bastien&rft.au=Brandt%2C+Guido&rft.au=Nordenfelt%2C+Susanne&rft.au=Harney%2C+Eadaoin&rft.au=Stewardson%2C+Kristin&rft.au=Fu%2C+Qiaomei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5048219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/when-the-first-farmers-arrived-in-europe-inequality-evolved/">"When the First Farmers Arrived in Europe, Inequality Evolved"</a>. 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L. Heath">Heath, Thomas Little</a> (1981). A History of Greek Mathematics, Volume II. Dover publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-24074-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-24074-9"><bdi>978-0-486-24074-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Greek+Mathematics%2C+Volume+II&rft.pub=Dover+publications&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-486-24074-9&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Little&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Pedersen, Olaf. Early Physics and Astronomy: A Historical Introduction. 2nd edition. 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Columbia University Press. pp. 273, 327. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-01767-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-01767-1"><bdi>978-0-231-01767-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220521051042/https://books.google.com/books?id=dOht3609JOMC&pg=PA273">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Greek+Literature&rft.pages=273%2C+327&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1950&rft.isbn=978-0-231-01767-1&rft.aulast=Hadas&rft.aufirst=Moses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdOht3609JOMC%26pg%3DPA273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaiouMorisson2007">Laiou & Morisson 2007</a>, pp. 130–131; <a href="#CITEREFPounds1979">Pounds 1979</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Journal of the History of Ideas, Vol. 4, No. 1. (January 1943), pp. 69–74. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Norman_Cantor" title="Norman Cantor">Norman F. Cantor</a>, The Medieval World 300 to 1300. </li> <li id="cite_note-natgeo_135-91"><a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_135_91-0">^</a> National Geographic, 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter2004" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, Shireen; et al. (2004). Islam in Russia: The Politics of Identity and Security. M.E. Sharpe. p. 3. <q>(..) It is difficult to establish exactly when Islam first appeared in Russia because the lands that Islam penetrated early in its expansion were not part of Russia at the time, but were later incorporated into the expanding Russian Empire. Islam reached the Caucasus region in the middle of the seventh century as part of the Arab <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">conquest</a> of the Iranian Sassanian Empire.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+Russia%3A+The+Politics+of+Identity+and+Security&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Shireen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Kennedy, Hugh (1995). "The Muslims in Europe". In McKitterick, Rosamund, The New Cambridge Medieval History: c. 500 – c. 700, pp. 249–272. Cambridge University Press. 052136292X. </li> <li id="cite_note-natgeo_143-94"><a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_143_94-0">^</a> National Geographic, 143–145. </li> <li id="cite_note-natgeo_162-95"><a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_162_95-0">^</a> National Geographic, 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-natgeo_166-96"><a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_166_96-0">^</a> National Geographic, 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBullietCrossleyHeadrickHirsch2011250-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBullietCrossleyHeadrickHirsch2011250_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBullietCrossleyHeadrickHirsch2011">Bulliet et al. 2011</a>, p. 250. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrownAnatoliosPalmer200966-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrownAnatoliosPalmer200966_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrownAnatoliosPalmer2009">Brown, Anatolios & Palmer 2009</a>, p. 66. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Gerald Mako, "The Islamization of the Volga Bulghars: A Question Reconsidered", Archivum Eurasiae Medii Aevi 18, 2011, 199–223. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Marc'Antonio Bragadin, Storia delle Repubbliche marinare, Odoya, Bologna 2010, 240 pp., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-6288-082-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-6288-082-4">978-88-6288-082-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> G. Benvenuti, Le Repubbliche Marinare. Amalfi, Pisa, Genova, Venezia, Newton & Compton editori, Roma 1989 </li> <li id="cite_note-natgeo_158-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_158_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_158_102-1">b</a> National Geographic, 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-natgeo_186-103"><a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_186_103-0">^</a> National Geographic, 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-natgeo_192-104"><a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_192_104-0">^</a> National Geographic, 192. </li> <li id="cite_note-natgeo_199-105"><a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_199_105-0">^</a> National Geographic, 199. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaiouMorisson2007">Laiou & Morisson 2007</a>, pp. 130–131; <a href="#CITEREFPounds1979">Pounds 1979</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-DuikerSpielvogel2010-107"><a href="#cite_ref-DuikerSpielvogel2010_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuikerSpielvogel2010" class="citation book cs1">Duiker, William J.; Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UJpI18JaEL0C&pg=PA330">The Essential World History</a>. Cengage Learning. p. 330. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-90227-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-90227-0"><bdi>978-0-495-90227-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511203023/http://books.google.com/books?id=UJpI18JaEL0C&pg=PA330">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2013. <q>The Byzantine Empire also interacted with the world of Islam to its east and the new European civilization of the west. Both interactions proved costly and ultimately fatal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essential+World+History&rft.pages=330&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-495-90227-0&rft.aulast=Duiker&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft.au=Spielvogel%2C+Jackson+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUJpI18JaEL0C%26pg%3DPA330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Findlay2006-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Findlay2006_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFindlay2006" class="citation book cs1">Findlay, Ronald (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VOE-sRivB6kC&pg=PA179">Eli Heckscher, International Trade, And Economic History</a>. MIT Press. pp. 178–179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-06251-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-06251-0"><bdi>978-0-262-06251-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511210105/http://books.google.com/books?id=VOE-sRivB6kC&pg=PA179">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2013. <q>These Christian allies did not accept the authority of Byzantium, and the Fourth Crusade that sacked Constantinople and established the so-called Latin Empire that lasted until 1261 was a fatal wound from which the empire never recovered until its fall at the hands of the Ottoman Turks in 1453 (Queller and Madden 1997).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eli+Heckscher%2C+International+Trade%2C+And+Economic+History&rft.pages=178-179&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-262-06251-0&rft.aulast=Findlay&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVOE-sRivB6kC%26pg%3DPA179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Browning1992-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Browning1992_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowning1992" class="citation book cs1">Browning, Robert (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/byzantineempire0000brow">The Byzantine Empire</a> (Revised ed.). CUA Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/byzantineempire0000brow/page/253">253</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-0754-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-0754-4"><bdi>978-0-8132-0754-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 January 2013. <q>And though the final blow was struck by the Ottoman Turks, it can plausibly be argued that the fatal injury was inflicted by the Latin crusaders in 1204.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Byzantine+Empire&rft.pages=253&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=CUA+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8132-0754-4&rft.aulast=Browning&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbyzantineempire0000brow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Byfield2008-110"><a href="#cite_ref-Byfield2008_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByfield2008" class="citation book cs1">Byfield, Ted (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o8hJgj5q5IEC&pg=PA136">A Glorious Disaster: A.D. 1100 to 1300: The Crusades: Blood, Valor, Iniquity, Reason, Faith</a>. Christian History Project. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9689873-7-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9689873-7-7"><bdi>978-0-9689873-7-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511204709/http://books.google.com/books?id=o8hJgj5q5IEC&pg=PA136">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2013. <q>continue to stand for another 250 before ultimately falling to the Muslim Turks, but it had been irrevocably weakened by the Fourth Crusade.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Glorious+Disaster%3A+A.D.+1100+to+1300%3A+The+Crusades%3A+Blood%2C+Valor%2C+Iniquity%2C+Reason%2C+Faith&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Christian+History+Project&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9689873-7-7&rft.aulast=Byfield&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do8hJgj5q5IEC%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Golna2004-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Golna2004_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolna2004" class="citation book cs1">Golna, Cornelia (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xHXGa8HSQIQC&pg=PA424">City of Man's Desire: A Novel of Constantinople</a>. Go-Bos Press. p. 424. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-804114-4-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-804114-4-9"><bdi>978-90-804114-4-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511214428/http://books.google.com/books?id=xHXGa8HSQIQC&pg=PA424">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2013. <q>1204 The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople, destroying and pillaging many of its treasures, fatally weakening the empire both economically and militarily</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+of+Man%27s+Desire%3A+A+Novel+of+Constantinople&rft.pages=424&rft.pub=Go-Bos+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-90-804114-4-9&rft.aulast=Golna&rft.aufirst=Cornelia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxHXGa8HSQIQC%26pg%3DPA424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Powell2001-112"><a href="#cite_ref-Powell2001_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell2001" class="citation book cs1">Powell, John (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lBYZAQAAIAAJ">Magill's Guide to Military History: A-Cor</a>. Salem Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89356-015-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89356-015-7"><bdi>978-0-89356-015-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511212456/http://books.google.com/books?id=lBYZAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2013. <q>However, the fifty-seven years of plunder that followed made the Byzantine Empire, even when it retook the capital in 1261, genuinely weak. Beginning in 1222, the empire was further weakened by a civil war that lasted until 1355. ... When the Ottomans overran their lands and besieged Constantinople in 1453, sheer poverty and weakness were the causes of the capital city's final fall.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magill%27s+Guide+to+Military+History%3A+A-Cor&rft.pub=Salem+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-89356-015-7&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlBYZAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Irvin2002-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Irvin2002_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrvin2002" class="citation book cs1">Irvin, Dale T. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C2akvQfa-QMC&pg=PA405">History of the World Christian Movement: Volume 1: Earliest Christianity To 1453</a>. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 405. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08866-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08866-6"><bdi>978-0-567-08866-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511205749/http://books.google.com/books?id=C2akvQfa-QMC&pg=PA405">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2013. <q>Not only did the fourth crusade further harden the resentments Greek-speaking Christians felt toward the Latin West, but it further weakened the empire of Constantinople, many say fatally so. After the restoration of Greek imperial rule the city survived as the capital of Byzantium for another two centuries, but it never fully recovered.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+World+Christian+Movement%3A+Volume+1%3A+Earliest+Christianity+To+1453&rft.pages=405&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-567-08866-6&rft.aulast=Irvin&rft.aufirst=Dale+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC2akvQfa-QMC%26pg%3DPA405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frucht2004-114"><a href="#cite_ref-Frucht2004_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrucht2004" class="citation book cs1">Frucht, Richard C. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C&pg=PA856">Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 856. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-800-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-800-6"><bdi>978-1-57607-800-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511213734/http://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C&pg=PA856">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2013. <q>Although the empire was revived, the events of 1204 had so weakened Byzantium that it was no longer a great power.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Europe%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+People%2C+Lands%2C+and+Culture&rft.pages=856&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-800-6&rft.aulast=Frucht&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlVBB1a0rC70C%26pg%3DPA856&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DuikerSpielvogel2010v2-115"><a href="#cite_ref-DuikerSpielvogel2010v2_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuikerSpielvogel2010" class="citation book cs1">Duiker, William J.; Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UJpI18JaEL0C&pg=PA386">The Essential World History</a>. Cengage Learning. p. 386. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-90227-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-90227-0"><bdi>978-0-495-90227-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511220210/http://books.google.com/books?id=UJpI18JaEL0C&pg=PA386">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2013. <q>Later they established themselves in the Anatolian peninsula at the expense of the Byzantine Empire. ... The Byzantines, however, had been severely weakened by the sack of Constantinople in the Fourth Crusade (in 1204) and the Western occupation of much of the empire for the next half century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essential+World+History&rft.pages=386&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-495-90227-0&rft.aulast=Duiker&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rft.au=Spielvogel%2C+Jackson+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUJpI18JaEL0C%26pg%3DPA386&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-natgeo_211-116"><a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_211_116-0">^</a> National Geographic, 211. </li> <li id="cite_note-Peters2006-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Peters2006_117-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters2006" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Ralph (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newgloryexpandin00pete">New Glory: Expanding America's Global Supremacy</a>. Sentinel. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59523-030-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59523-030-0"><bdi>978-1-59523-030-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 January 2013. <q>Western Christians, not Muslims, fatally crippled Byzantine power and opened Islam's path into the West.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Glory%3A+Expanding+America%27s+Global+Supremacy&rft.pub=Sentinel&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-59523-030-0&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewgloryexpandin00pete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chronicles-118"><a href="#cite_ref-Chronicles_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ay0RAQAAMAAJ">Chronicles</a>. Rockford Institute. 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511220240/http://books.google.com/books?id=Ay0RAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 20 January 2013. <q>two-and-a-half centuries to recover from the Fourth Crusade before the Ottomans finally took Constantinople in 1453, ... They fatally wounded Byzantium, which was the main cause of its weakened condition when the Muslim onslaught came. Even on the eve of its final collapse, the precondition for any Western help was submission in Florence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronicles&rft.pub=Rockford+Institute&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAy0RAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klyuch1-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Klyuch1_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlyuchevsky1987" class="citation book cs1">Klyuchevsky, Vasily (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kulichki.com/inkwell/text/special/history/kluch/kluch16.htm">The course of the Russian history</a>. "Myslʹ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-244-00072-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-244-00072-6"><bdi>978-5-244-00072-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071024124216/http://www.kulichki.com/inkwell/text/special/history/kluch/kluch16.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2007. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/citd/RussianHeritage/4.PEAS/4.L/12.III.5.html">the original</a> on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 10 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Destruction+of+Kyiv&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftspace.library.utoronto.ca%2Fcitd%2FRussianHeritage%2F4.PEAS%2F4.L%2F12.III.5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037242/Golden-Horde">Golden Horde</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080529001039/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9037242/Golden-Horde">Archived</a> 29 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", in <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080607055652/http://www.accd.edu/sac/history/keller/Mongols/states3.html">"Khanate of the Golden Horde (Kipchak)"</a>. 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The Romanians and the Turkic Nomads North of the Danube Delta from the Tenth to the Mid-Thirteenth Century, Brill, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17536-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17536-5">978-90-04-17536-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oglethorpe.edu/faculty/%7Eb_smith/ou/bs_foundations_chapter9.htm">The Late Middle Ages</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151102090226/http://www.oglethorpe.edu/faculty/~b_smith/ou/bs_foundations_chapter9.htm">Archived</a> 2 November 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Oglethorpe University. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Baumgartner, Frederic J. France in the Sixteenth Century. London: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan Publishers (United States)">Macmillan Publishers</a>, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-62088-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-62088-7">0-333-62088-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Don O'Reilly. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historynet.com/magazines/military_history/3031536.html">Hundred Years' War: Joan of Arc and the Siege of Orléans</a>". TheHistoryNet.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061109043743/http://www.historynet.com/magazines/military_history/3031536.html">Archived</a> 9 November 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/opinion/main.jhtml?xml=/opinion/2004/08/08/do0809.xml&sSheet=/opinion/2004/08/08/ixop.html">Poor studies will always be with us</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]. By James Bartholomew. Telegraph. 7 August. 2004. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/201392/famine">Famine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150507160730/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/201392/famine">Archived</a> 7 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120216182517/http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/health-and-human-body/human-diseases/plague-article.html">"Plague: The Black Death"</a>. National Geographic. 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Retrieved 1 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Plague%3A+The+Black+Death&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscience.nationalgeographic.com%2Fscience%2Fhealth-and-human-body%2Fhuman-diseases%2Fplague-article.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-natgeo_223-130"><a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_223_130-0">^</a> National Geographic, 223. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoplease.com/cig/dangerous-diseases-epidemics/bubonic-plague.html">"Epidemics of the Past: Bubonic Plague – Infoplease.com"</a>. Infoplease.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081021133412/http://www.infoplease.com/cig/dangerous-diseases-epidemics/bubonic-plague.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 3 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Epidemics+of+the+Past%3A+Bubonic+Plague+%E2%80%93+Infoplease.com&rft.pub=Infoplease.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoplease.com%2Fcig%2Fdangerous-diseases-epidemics%2Fbubonic-plague.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Revill-132"><a href="#cite_ref-Revill_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRevill2004" class="citation news cs1">Revill, Jo (16 May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/may/16/health.books">"Black Death blamed on man, not rats | UK news | The Observer"</a>. The Observer. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140212100811/http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/may/16/health.books">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2014. Retrieved 3 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=Black+Death+blamed+on+man%2C+not+rats+%26%23124%3B+UK+news+%26%23124%3B+The+Observer&rft.date=2004-05-16&rft.aulast=Revill&rft.aufirst=Jo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2004%2Fmay%2F16%2Fhealth.books&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barrett-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barrett_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barrett_133-1">b</a> Peter Barrett (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fwxViwX6KuMC&pg=PA14">Science and Theology Since Copernicus: The Search for Understanding</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220422182250/https://books.google.com/books?id=fwxViwX6KuMC&pg=PA14">Archived</a> 22 April 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pp. 14–18, <a href="/wiki/Continuum_International_Publishing_Group" title="Continuum International Publishing Group">Continuum International Publishing Group</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-08969-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-08969-X">0-567-08969-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Weiss" title="Roberto Weiss">Weiss, Roberto</a> (1969) The Renaissance Discovery of Classical Antiquity, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59740-150-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-59740-150-1">1-59740-150-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurckhardt1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Burckhardt" title="Jacob Burckhardt">Burckhardt, Jacob</a> (1990) [1878]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/civilizationofre00burc_0">The Civilisation of the Renaissance in Italy</a> (translation by S.G.C Middlemore ed.). London: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044534-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044534-3"><bdi>978-0-14-044534-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civilisation+of+the+Renaissance+in+Italy&rft.place=London&rft.edition=translation+by+S.G.C+Middlemore&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-14-044534-3&rft.aulast=Burckhardt&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcivilizationofre00burc_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-natgeo_254-136"><a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_254_136-0">^</a> National Geographic, 254. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Jensen, De Lamar (1992), Renaissance Europe, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-88947-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-88947-2">0-395-88947-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevey1967" class="citation book cs1">Levey, Michael (1967). Early Renaissance. Penguin Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Renaissance&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Levey&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-natgeo_292-139"><a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_292_139-0">^</a> National Geographic, 292. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevey1971" class="citation book cs1">Levey, Michael (1971). High Renaissance. Penguin Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+Renaissance&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Levey&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-natgeo_193-141"><a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_193_141-0">^</a> National Geographic, 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Morris_Roberts1997" class="citation book cs1">John Morris Roberts (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/penguinhistoryof00robe_1">Penguin History of Europe</a>. 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Europe and England in the sixteenth century. Routledge, p. 335. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-15041-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-15041-8">0-415-15041-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Rowse, A. L. (1969). Tudor Cornwall: portrait of a society. C. Scribner, p. 400 </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> "One decisive action might have forced Philip II to the negotiating table and avoided fourteen years of continuing warfare. Instead the King was able to use the brief respite to rebuild his naval forces and by the end of 1589 Spain once again had an Atlantic fleet strong enough to escort the American treasure ships home." The Mariner's Mirror, Volumes 76–77. Society for Nautical Research., 1990 </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamen" class="citation book cs1">Kamen, Henry. Spain's Road to Empire: The Making of a World Power, 1492–1763. p. 221.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spain%27s+Road+to+Empire%3A+The+Making+of+a+World+Power%2C+1492%E2%80%931763&rft.pages=221&rft.aulast=Kamen&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-natgeo_256-150"><a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_256_150-0">^</a> National Geographic, 256–257. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/European_History/Religious_Wars_in_Europe">"European History/Religious Wars in Europe – Wikibooks, open books for an open world"</a>. en.wikibooks.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220531224323/https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/European_History/Religious_Wars_in_Europe">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=en.wikibooks.org&rft.atitle=European+History%2FReligious+Wars+in+Europe+%E2%80%93+Wikibooks%2C+open+books+for+an+open+world&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikibooks.org%2Fwiki%2FEuropean_History%2FReligious_Wars_in_Europe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphreys" class="citation book cs1">Humphreys, Kenneth. Jesus Never Existed: An Introduction to the Ultimate Heresy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Never+Existed%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Ultimate+Heresy&rft.aulast=Humphreys&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/195896/history-of-Europe/58335/Demographics">History of Europe – Demographics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150101023616/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/195896/history-of-Europe/58335/Demographics">Archived</a> 1 January 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. </li> <li id="cite_note-natgeo_269-154"><a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_269_154-0">^</a> National Geographic, 269. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Virginia Aksan, Ottoman Wars, 1700–1860: An Empire Besieged, (Pearson Education Limited, 2007), 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libro.uca.edu/payne1/payne15.htm">"The Seventeenth-Century Decline"</a>. The Library of Iberian resources online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170327015606/http://libro.uca.edu/payne1/payne15.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Seventeenth-Century+Decline&rft.pub=The+Library+of+Iberian+resources+online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibro.uca.edu%2Fpayne1%2Fpayne15.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=juvbIDu9ARIC&pg=PA51">Food, Famine And Fertilisers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220417115352/https://books.google.com/books?id=juvbIDu9ARIC&pg=PA51">Archived</a> 2022-04-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Seshadri Kannan (2009). APH Publishing. p. 51. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-313-0356-X" title="Special:BookSources/81-313-0356-X">81-313-0356-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrost2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_I._Frost" title="Robert I. Frost">Frost, Robert I.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IfIbP8sfC0wC">After the Deluge; Poland-Lithuania and the Second Northern War, 1655–1660</a>. Cambridge: University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521544023" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521544023"><bdi>978-0521544023</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220730041935/https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/After_the_Deluge/IfIbP8sfC0wC?hl=en&gbpv=0">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+the+Deluge%3B+Poland-Lithuania+and+the+Second+Northern+War%2C+1655%E2%80%931660&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0521544023&rft.aulast=Frost&rft.aufirst=Robert+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIfIbP8sfC0wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLukowski2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Lukowski" title="Jerzy Lukowski">Lukowski, Jerzy</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zm3XAwAAQBAJ">The Partitions of Poland 1772, 1793, 1795</a>. New York: Taylor & Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317886945" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317886945"><bdi>978-1317886945</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220730041935/https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/The_Partitions_of_Poland_1772_1793_1795/Zm3XAwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Partitions+of+Poland+1772%2C+1793%2C+1795&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1317886945&rft.aulast=Lukowski&rft.aufirst=Jerzy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZm3XAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> W.G. Clarence-Smith (2006). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nQbylEdqJKkC">Islam And The Abolition Of Slavery</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160429200313/https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=nQbylEdqJKkC&f=false">Archived</a> 2016-04-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Oxford University Press. p. 13. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-522151-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-522151-6">0-19-522151-6</a> – "Lands to the north of the Black Sea probably yielded the most slaves to the Ottomans from 1450. A compilation of estimates indicates that Crimean Tartars seized about 1,750,000 Ukrainians, Poles, and Russians from 1468 to 1694." </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunt2003" class="citation book cs1">Hunt, Shelby D. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=07lchJbdWGgC&pg=PA18">Controversy in marketing theory: for reason, realism, truth, and objectivity</a>. M.E. Sharpe. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0932-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0932-8"><bdi>978-0-7656-0932-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319180326/https://books.google.com/books?id=07lchJbdWGgC&pg=PA18">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Controversy+in+marketing+theory%3A+for+reason%2C+realism%2C+truth%2C+and+objectivity&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-0932-8&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Shelby+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D07lchJbdWGgC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHatch" class="citation web cs1">Hatch, Robert A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.clas.ufl.edu//ufhatch/pages/03-Sci-Rev/SCI-REV-Home/05-sr-lng-timeline.htm">"Scientific Revolution: Chronological Timeline: Copernicus to Newton"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130723195302/http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/ufhatch/pages/03-Sci-Rev/SCI-REV-Home/05-sr-lng-timeline.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2013. Retrieved 24 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scientific+Revolution%3A+Chronological+Timeline%3A+Copernicus+to+Newton&rft.aulast=Hatch&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.clas.ufl.edu%2F%2Fufhatch%2Fpages%2F03-Sci-Rev%2FSCI-REV-Home%2F05-sr-lng-timeline.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGipson1950" class="citation journal cs1">Gipson, Lawrence Henry (1950). "The American Revolution as an Aftermath of the Great War for the Empire, 1754–1763". Political Science Quarterly. 65 (1): 86–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2144276">10.2307/2144276</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2144276">2144276</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+American+Revolution+as+an+Aftermath+of+the+Great+War+for+the+Empire%2C+1754%E2%80%931763&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=86-104&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2144276&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2144276%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gipson&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldieWokler2006" class="citation book cs1">Goldie, Mark; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wokler" title="Robert Wokler">Wokler, Robert</a> (2006). The Cambridge History of Eighteenth-Century Political Thought. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37422-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-37422-4"><bdi>978-0-521-37422-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Eighteenth-Century+Political+Thought&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-37422-4&rft.aulast=Goldie&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Wokler%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassirer1979" class="citation book cs1">Cassirer, Ernst (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/philosophyofenli0000cass_u2f3">The Philosophy of the Enlightenment</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01963-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-01963-5"><bdi>978-0-691-01963-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Philosophy+of+the+Enlightenment&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-691-01963-5&rft.aulast=Cassirer&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphilosophyofenli0000cass_u2f3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-natgeo_255-166"><a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_255_166-0">^</a> National Geographic, 255. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchama1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Schama" title="Simon Schama">Schama, Simon</a> (1989). <a href="/wiki/Citizens:_A_Chronicle_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution">Citizens: A Chronicle of the French Revolution</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Knopf</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-55948-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-55948-3"><bdi>978-0-394-55948-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizens%3A+A+Chronicle+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-394-55948-3&rft.aulast=Schama&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-natgeo_360-168"><a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_360_168-0">^</a> National Geographic, 360. </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcEvedy1972" class="citation book cs1">McEvedy, Colin (1972). The Penguin Atlas of Modern History. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-051153-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-051153-6"><bdi>978-0-14-051153-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+Atlas+of+Modern+History&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-14-051153-6&rft.aulast=McEvedy&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyons1994" class="citation book cs1">Lyons, Martyn (1994). Napoleon Bonaparte and the legacy of the French Revolution. <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-12123-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-12123-5"><bdi>978-0-312-12123-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon+Bonaparte+and+the+legacy+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-312-12123-5&rft.aulast=Lyons&rft.aufirst=Martyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrab2003" class="citation book cs1">Grab, Alexander (2003). Napoleon and the Transformation of Europe (European History in Perspective). Palgrave MacMillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-68275-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-68275-3"><bdi>978-0-333-68275-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon+and+the+Transformation+of+Europe+%28European+History+in+Perspective%29&rft.pub=Palgrave+MacMillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-333-68275-3&rft.aulast=Grab&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-natgeo_350-172"><a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_350_172-0">^</a> National Geographic, 350. </li> <li id="cite_note-natgeo_367-173"><a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_367_173-0">^</a> National Geographic, 367. </li> <li id="cite_note-natgeo_371-174"><a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_371_174-0">^</a> National Geographic, 371–373. </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1996" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Norman (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/europehistory00davi_0">Europe: A History</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820171-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820171-7"><bdi>978-0-19-820171-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%3A+A+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820171-7&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feuropehistory00davi_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=3044&HistoryID=ac79">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220126020326/http://www.historyworld.net/wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=3044&HistoryID=ac79">Archived</a> 26 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Ottoman Empire – 19th century, Historyworld </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevelyan1988" class="citation book cs1">Trevelyan, George Macaulay (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shortenedhistory00geor">A shortened history of England</a>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-010241-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-010241-3"><bdi>978-0-14-010241-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+shortened+history+of+England&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-14-010241-3&rft.aulast=Trevelyan&rft.aufirst=George+Macaulay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshortenedhistory00geor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebb1976" class="citation book cs1">Webb, Sidney (1976). History of Trade Unionism. AMS Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-404-06885-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-404-06885-1"><bdi>978-0-404-06885-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Trade+Unionism&rft.pub=AMS+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-404-06885-1&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Sidney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24160">Slavery</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141016025606/http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24160">Archived</a> 16 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Historical survey – Ways of ending slavery, Encyclopædia Britannica </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevelyan1942" class="citation book cs1">Trevelyan, George Macaulay (1942). English Social History. Longmans, Green.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Social+History&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Trevelyan&rft.aufirst=George+Macaulay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/387301/modernisation/12022/Population-change">Modernisation – Population Change</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220730041936/https://www.britannica.com/topic/modernization">Archived</a> 30 July 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/famine_01.shtml">The Irish Famine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191109095015/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/famine_01.shtml">Archived</a> 2019-11-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". BBC – History. </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://migration.ucdavis.edu/mn/more.php?id=1118_0_5_0">The Atlantic: Can the US afford immigration?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100704173521/http://migration.ucdavis.edu/mn/more.php?id=1118_0_5_0">Archived</a> 4 July 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Migration News. December 1996. </li> <li id="cite_note-ggdc.net-184"><a href="#cite_ref-ggdc.net_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddison2016" class="citation web cs1">Maddison (27 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210212183845/http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/other_books/appendix_B.pdf">"Growth of World Population, GDP and GDP Per Capita before 1820"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Groningen" title="University of Groningen">University of Groningen</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ggdc.net/maddison/other_books/appendix_B.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 12 February 2021. Retrieved 12 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Groningen&rft.atitle=Growth+of+World+Population%2C+GDP+and+GDP+Per+Capita+before+1820&rft.date=2016-07-27&rft.au=Maddison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ggdc.net%2Fmaddison%2Fother_books%2Fappendix_B.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-World_Population_Growth,_1950–2050-185"><a href="#cite_ref-World_Population_Growth,_1950%E2%80%932050_185-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prb.org/Educators/TeachersGuides/HumanPopulation/PopulationGrowth.aspx?p=1">World Population Growth, 1950–2050</a>. Population Reference Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130722202806/http://www.prb.org/Educators/TeachersGuides/HumanPopulation/PopulationGrowth.aspx?p=1">Archived</a> 22 July 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://praguepost.com/world-news/39837-assassin-gavrilo-princip-gets-a-statue-in-sarajevo">"Assassin Gavrilo Princip gets a statue in Sarajevo"</a>. Prague Post. 28 June 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140710215557/http://praguepost.com/world-news/39837-assassin-gavrilo-princip-gets-a-statue-in-sarajevo">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2014. Retrieved 11 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Assassin+Gavrilo+Princip+gets+a+statue+in+Sarajevo&rft.pub=Prague+Post&rft.date=2014-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpraguepost.com%2Fworld-news%2F39837-assassin-gavrilo-princip-gets-a-statue-in-sarajevo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-natgeo_407-187"><a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_407_187-0">^</a> National Geographic, 407. </li> <li id="cite_note-natgeo_440-188"><a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_440_188-0">^</a> National Geographic, 440. </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512224100/http://www.jimmyatkinson.com/papers/versaillestreaty.html">"The Treaty of Versailles and its Consequences"</a>. James Atkinson. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jimmyatkinson.com/papers/versaillestreaty.html">the original</a> on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 10 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Treaty+of+Versailles+and+its+Consequences&rft.pub=James+Atkinson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jimmyatkinson.com%2Fpapers%2Fversaillestreaty.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-natgeo_480-190"><a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_480_190-0">^</a> National Geographic, 480. </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinrich_August_Winkler2015" class="citation book cs1">Heinrich August Winkler (2015). "The Struggle for Independence: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Finland". The Age of Catastrophe. Yale University Press. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300204896" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300204896"><bdi>978-0300204896</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Struggle+for+Independence%3A+Estonia%2C+Latvia%2C+Lithuania+and+Finland&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Catastrophe&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0300204896&rft.au=Heinrich+August+Winkler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-natgeo_443-192"><a href="#cite_ref-natgeo_443_192-0">^</a> National Geographic, 443. </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrison2002" class="citation book cs1">Harrison, Mark (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yJcD7_Q_rQ8C&pg=PA167">Accounting for War: Soviet Production, Employment, and the Defence Burden, 1940–1945</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 167. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89424-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89424-1"><bdi>978-0-521-89424-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200617211223/https://books.google.com/books?id=yJcD7_Q_rQ8C&pg=PA167">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Accounting+for+War%3A+Soviet+Production%2C+Employment%2C+and+the+Defence+Burden%2C+1940%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=167&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89424-1&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyJcD7_Q_rQ8C%26pg%3DPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6179818.stm">Legacy of famine divides Ukraine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061127110530/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/6179818.stm">Archived</a> 2006-11-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". BBC News. 24 November 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleason2009" class="citation book cs1">Gleason, Abbott (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JyN0hlKcfTcC&pg=PA373">A companion to Russian history</a>. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 373. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3560-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3560-3"><bdi>978-1-4051-3560-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150905175409/https://books.google.com/books?id=JyN0hlKcfTcC&pg=PA373">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+companion+to+Russian+history&rft.pages=373&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-3560-3&rft.aulast=Gleason&rft.aufirst=Abbott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJyN0hlKcfTcC%26pg%3DPA373&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHosking2001" class="citation book cs1">Hosking, Geoffrey A. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russiarussianshi00hosk">Russia and the Russians: a history</a>. Harvard University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russiarussianshi00hosk/page/469">469</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00473-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00473-3"><bdi>978-0-674-00473-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+and+the+Russians%3A+a+history&rft.pages=469&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00473-3&rft.aulast=Hosking&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frussiarussianshi00hosk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoti1918" class="citation news cs1">Loti, Pierre (30 June 1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/116535884/fourth-of-serbias-population-dead/">"Fourth of Serbia's Population Dead"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. p. 49. Retrieved 15 January 2023 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Fourth+of+Serbia%27s+Population+Dead&rft.pages=49&rft.date=1918-06-30&rft.aulast=Loti&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F116535884%2Ffourth-of-serbias-population-dead%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1918/04/05/102687236.pdf">"Asserts Serbians Face Extinction; Their Plight in Occupied Districts Worse Than Belgians', Says Labor Envoy"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Washington. p. 13. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200315165925/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1918/04/05/102687236.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 March 2020. Retrieved 15 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Asserts+Serbians+Face+Extinction%3B+Their+Plight+in+Occupied+Districts+Worse+Than+Belgians%27%2C+Says+Labor+Envoy&rft.pages=13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1918%2F04%2F05%2F102687236.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1918/11/05/98273895.pdf">"Serbia Restored"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180916183845/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1918/11/05/98273895.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 September 2018. Retrieved 19 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Serbia+Restored&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1918%2F11%2F05%2F98273895.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1918/07/28/102728073.pdf">"Serbia and Austria"</a> (PDF). New York Times. 28 July 1918. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422071451/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1918/07/28/102728073.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Serbia+and+Austria&rft.date=1918-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1918%2F07%2F28%2F102728073.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1918/07/27/102727338.pdf">"Appeals to Americans to pray for Serbians"</a> (PDF). New York Times. 27 July 1918. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180916183729/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1918/07/27/102727338.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 16 September 2018. 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Retrieved 19 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+CIA+World+Factbook+%E2%80%93+GDP+%28PPP%29&rft.pub=CIA&rft.date=2008-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Frankorder%2F2001rank.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ny.gdp.pcap.cd?most_recent_value_desc=true">"The World Bank DataBank"</a>. worldbank.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191002053624/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ny.gdp.pcap.cd?most_recent_value_desc=true">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2019. Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worldbank.org&rft.atitle=The+World+Bank+DataBank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2Fny.gdp.pcap.cd%3Fmost_recent_value_desc%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> Some data refers to IMF staff estimates but some are actual figures for the year 2017, made on 12 April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2016&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C672%2C914%2C946%2C612%2C137%2C614%2C546%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C836%2C918%2C558%2C748%2C138%2C618%2C196%2C624%2C278%2C522%2C692%2C622%2C694%2C156%2C142%2C626%2C449%2C628%2C564%2C228%2C565%2C924%2C283%2C233%2C853%2C632%2C288%2C636%2C293%2C634%2C566%2C238%2C964%2C662%2C182%2C960%2C359%2C423%2C453%2C935%2C968%2C128%2C922%2C611%2C714%2C321%2C862%2C243%2C135%2C248%2C716%2C469%2C456%2C253%2C722%2C642%2C942%2C643%2C718%2C939%2C724%2C644%2C576%2C819%2C936%2C172%2C961%2C132%2C813%2C646%2C199%2C648%2C733%2C915%2C184%2C134%2C524%2C652%2C361%2C174%2C362%2C328%2C364%2C258%2C732%2C656%2C366%2C654%2C734%2C336%2C144%2C263%2C146%2C268%2C463%2C532%2C528%2C944%2C923%2C176%2C738%2C534%2C578%2C536%2C537%2C429%2C742%2C433%2C866%2C178%2C369%2C436%2C744%2C136%2C186%2C343%2C925%2C158%2C869%2C439%2C746%2C916%2C926%2C664%2C466%2C826%2C112%2C542%2C111%2C967%2C298%2C443%2C927%2C917%2C846%2C544%2C299%2C941%2C582%2C446%2C474%2C666%2C754%2C668%2C698&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=&pr.x=50&pr.y=13">World Economic Outlook Database–April 2017</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624143304/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2017/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2016&ey=2016&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C672%2C914%2C946%2C612%2C137%2C614%2C546%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C836%2C918%2C558%2C748%2C138%2C618%2C196%2C624%2C278%2C522%2C692%2C622%2C694%2C156%2C142%2C626%2C449%2C628%2C564%2C228%2C565%2C924%2C283%2C233%2C853%2C632%2C288%2C636%2C293%2C634%2C566%2C238%2C964%2C662%2C182%2C960%2C359%2C423%2C453%2C935%2C968%2C128%2C922%2C611%2C714%2C321%2C862%2C243%2C135%2C248%2C716%2C469%2C456%2C253%2C722%2C642%2C942%2C643%2C718%2C939%2C724%2C644%2C576%2C819%2C936%2C172%2C961%2C132%2C813%2C646%2C199%2C648%2C733%2C915%2C184%2C134%2C524%2C652%2C361%2C174%2C362%2C328%2C364%2C258%2C732%2C656%2C366%2C654%2C734%2C336%2C144%2C263%2C146%2C268%2C463%2C532%2C528%2C944%2C923%2C176%2C738%2C534%2C578%2C536%2C537%2C429%2C742%2C433%2C866%2C178%2C369%2C436%2C744%2C136%2C186%2C343%2C925%2C158%2C869%2C439%2C746%2C916%2C926%2C664%2C466%2C826%2C112%2C542%2C111%2C967%2C298%2C443%2C927%2C917%2C846%2C544%2C299%2C941%2C582%2C446%2C474%2C666%2C754%2C668%2C698&s=NGDPDPC&grp=0&a=&pr.x=50&pr.y=13">Archived</a> 24 June 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. Accessed on 18 April 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2019/October/weo-report">"Report for Selected Countries and Subjects"</a>. 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Retrieved 28 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Migration+and+migrant+population+statistics+%E2%80%93+Statistics+Explained&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Fstatistics-explained%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DMigration_and_migrant_population_statistics%23Migration_flows%3A_Immigration_to_the_EU_was_2.3_million_in_2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrasil-ColôniaBrasilciganosautor" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brasil-Colônia, Geraldo Pieroni doutor em História pela Université Paris-Sorbonnetambém escreveu os livros: Os Excluídos do Reino: Inquisição portuguesa e o degredo para o; Brasil, Os degredados na colonização do; ciganos, Vadios e; autor, Heréticos e Bruxas: os degredados no Brasil Textos publicados pelo autor Fale com o. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jus.com.br/artigos/2125/a-pena-do-degredo-nas-ordenacoes-do-reino">"A pena do degredo nas Ordenações do Reino – Jus.com.br | Jus Navigandi"</a>. jus.com.br (in Brazilian Portuguese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20220621184943/https://jus.com.br/artigos/2125/a-pena-do-degredo-nas-ordenacoes-do-reino">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 11 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jus.com.br&rft.atitle=A+pena+do+degredo+nas+Ordena%C3%A7%C3%B5es+do+Reino+%E2%80%93+Jus.com.br+%7C+Jus+Navigandi&rft.aulast=Brasil-Col%C3%B4nia&rft.aufirst=Geraldo+Pieroni+doutor+em+Hist%C3%B3ria+pela+Universit%C3%A9+Paris-Sorbonnetamb%C3%A9m+escreveu+os+livros%3A+Os+Exclu%C3%ADdos+do+Reino%3A+Inquisi%C3%A7%C3%A3o+portuguesa+e+o+degredo+para+o&rft.au=Brasil%2C+Os+degredados+na+coloniza%C3%A7%C3%A3o+do&rft.au=ciganos%2C+Vadios+e&rft.au=autor%2C+Her%C3%A9ticos+e+Bruxas%3A+os+degredados+no+Brasil+Textos+publicados+pelo+autor+Fale+com+o&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjus.com.br%2Fartigos%2F2125%2Fa-pena-do-degredo-nas-ordenacoes-do-reino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ppghis.ifcs.ufrj.br-298"><a href="#cite_ref-ppghis.ifcs.ufrj.br_298-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162149/http://www.ppghis.ifcs.ufrj.br/media/manolo_imigracao_lusa.pdf">"Ensaio sobre a imigração portuguesa e os padrões de miscigenação no Brasil"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ppghis.ifcs.ufrj.br/media/manolo_imigracao_lusa.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 18 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ensaio+sobre+a+imigra%C3%A7%C3%A3o+portuguesa+e+os+padr%C3%B5es+de+miscigena%C3%A7%C3%A3o+no+Brasil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ppghis.ifcs.ufrj.br%2Fmedia%2Fmanolo_imigracao_lusa.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxtell1991" class="citation journal cs1">Axtell, James (September–October 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517052031/http://www.millersville.edu/~columbus/data/art/AXTELL01.ART">"The Columbian Mosaic in Colonial America"</a>. Humanities. 12 (5): 12–18. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.millersville.edu/~columbus/data/art/AXTELL01.ART">the original</a> on 17 May 2008. Retrieved 8 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Humanities&rft.atitle=The+Columbian+Mosaic+in+Colonial+America&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=12-18&rft.date=1991-09%2F1991-10&rft.aulast=Axtell&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.millersville.edu%2F~columbus%2Fdata%2Fart%2FAXTELL01.ART&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2001" class="citation journal cs1">Evans, N.J. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21533369.2001.9668313">"Work in progress: Indirect passage from Europe Transmigration via the UK, 1836–1914"</a>. Journal for Maritime Research. 3: 70–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F21533369.2001.9668313">10.1080/21533369.2001.9668313</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+Maritime+Research&rft.atitle=Work+in+progress%3A+Indirect+passage+from+Europe+Transmigration+via+the+UK%2C+1836%E2%80%931914&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=70-84&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F21533369.2001.9668313&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=N.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F21533369.2001.9668313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> Robert Greenall, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4420922.stm">Russians left behind in Central Asia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191115111257/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4420922.stm">Archived</a> 15 November 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, 23 November 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160407092418/https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/reference-populations-next-gen/">"Reference Populations – Geno 2.0 Next Generation"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/reference-populations-next-gen/">the original</a> on 7 April 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reference+Populations+%E2%80%93+Geno+2.0+Next+Generation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgenographic.nationalgeographic.com%2Freference-populations-next-gen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoJonesAlgee-HewittDudzik2019" class="citation journal cs1">Go MC, Jones AR, Algee-Hewitt B, Dudzik B, Hughes C (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/38744342">"Classification Trends among Contemporary Filipino Crania Using Fordisc 3.1"</a>. Human Biology. 2 (4). University of Florida Press: 1–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5744%2Ffa.2019.1005">10.5744/fa.2019.1005</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159266278">159266278</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210107133718/https://www.academia.edu/38744342/Classification_Trends_Among_Modern_Filipino_Crania_Using_Fordisc_3_1">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2021. Retrieved 13 September 2020. <q>[Page 1] ABSTRACT: Filipinos represent a significant contemporary demographic group globally, yet they are underrepresented in the forensic anthropological literature. Given the complex population history of the Philippines, it is important to ensure that traditional methods for assessing the biological profile are appropriate when applied to these peoples. Here we analyze the classification trends of a modern Filipino sample (n = 110) when using the Fordisc 3.1 (FD3) software. We hypothesize that Filipinos represent an admixed population drawn largely from Asian and marginally from European parental gene pools, such that FD3 will classify these individuals morphometrically into reference samples that reflect a range of European admixture, in quantities from small to large. Our results show the greatest classification into Asian reference groups (72.7%), followed by Hispanic (12.7%), Indigenous American (7.3%), African (4.5%), and European (2.7%) groups included in FD3. This general pattern did not change between males and females. Moreover, replacing the raw craniometric values with their shape variables did not significantly alter the trends already observed. These classification trends for Filipino crania provide useful information for casework interpretation in forensic laboratory practice. Our findings can help biological anthropologists to better understand the evolutionary, population historical, and statistical reasons for FD3-generated classifications. The results of our studyindicate that ancestry estimation in forensic anthropology would benefit from population-focused research that gives consideration to histories of colonialism and periods of admixture.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Biology&rft.atitle=Classification+Trends+among+Contemporary+Filipino+Crania+Using+Fordisc+3.1&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1-11&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5744%2Ffa.2019.1005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159266278%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Go&rft.aufirst=MC&rft.au=Jones%2C+AR&rft.au=Algee-Hewitt%2C+B&rft.au=Dudzik%2C+B&rft.au=Hughes%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F38744342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edl.ecml.at/LanguageFun/LanguageFacts/tabid/1859/Default.aspx">Language facts – European day of languages</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151002010444/http://edl.ecml.at/LanguageFun/LanguageFacts/tabid/1859/Default.aspx">Archived</a> 2 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Council of Europe. Retrieved 30 July 2015 </li> <li id="cite_note-Christianity-305"><a href="#cite_ref-Christianity_305-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2011/12/19/global-christianity-regions/#europe">"Regional Distribution of Christians: Christianity in Europe"</a>. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 18 December 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130801012932/http://www.pewforum.org/2011/12/19/global-christianity-regions/#europe">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2013. Retrieved 22 February 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=Regional+Distribution+of+Christians%3A+Christianity+in+Europe&rft.date=2011-12-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2011%2F12%2F19%2Fglobal-christianity-regions%2F%23europe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf">"Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population"</a> (PDF). Pew Research Center. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190801204254/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2011/12/Christianity-fullreport-web.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 1 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Christianity+%E2%80%93+A+Report+on+the+Size+and+Distribution+of+the+World%27s+Christian+Population&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.pewresearch.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F11%2F2011%2F12%2FChristianity-fullreport-web.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrnesKatzenstein2006" class="citation book cs1">Byrnes, Timothy A.; Katzenstein, Peter J. (2006). Religion in an Expanding Europe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521676519" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521676519"><bdi>978-0521676519</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+in+an+Expanding+Europe&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0521676519&rft.aulast=Byrnes&rft.aufirst=Timothy+A.&rft.au=Katzenstein%2C+Peter+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewitsonD’Auria2012" class="citation book cs1">Hewitson, Mark; D’Auria, Matthew (2012). Europe in Crisis: Intellectuals and the European Idea, 1917–1957. New York; Oxford: Berghahn Books. p. 243. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857457271" title="Special:BookSources/9780857457271"><bdi>9780857457271</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe+in+Crisis%3A+Intellectuals+and+the+European+Idea%2C+1917%E2%80%931957&rft.place=New+York%3B+Oxford&rft.pages=243&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780857457271&rft.aulast=Hewitson&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=D%E2%80%99Auria%2C+Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikodemos_Anagnostopoulos2017" class="citation book cs1">Nikodemos Anagnostopoulos, Archimandrite (2017). Orthodoxy and Islam. Taylor & Francis. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315297927" title="Special:BookSources/9781315297927"><bdi>9781315297927</bdi></a>. <q>Christianity has undoubtedly shaped European identity, culture, destiny, and history.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orthodoxy+and+Islam&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781315297927&rft.aulast=Nikodemos+Anagnostopoulos&rft.aufirst=Archimandrite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPew_Research_Center2011" class="citation web cs1">Pew Research Center (19 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2011/12/19/global-christianity-exec/">"Global Christianity – A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population"</a>. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. Retrieved 28 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center%27s+Religion+%26+Public+Life+Project&rft.atitle=Global+Christianity+%E2%80%93+A+Report+on+the+Size+and+Distribution+of+the+World%27s+Christian+Population&rft.date=2011-12-19&rft.au=Pew+Research+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Freligion%2F2011%2F12%2F19%2Fglobal-christianity-exec%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pewresearch.org-311">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pewresearch.org_311-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pewresearch.org_311-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHackett2017" class="citation cs1">Hackett, Conrad (29 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/29/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/">"5 facts about the Muslim population in Europe"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180817033409/http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/11/29/5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2018. Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=5+facts+about+the+Muslim+population+in+Europe&rft.date=2017-11-29&rft.aulast=Hackett&rft.aufirst=Conrad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2017%2F11%2F29%2F5-facts-about-the-muslim-population-in-europe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-312">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_312-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_312-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipka2015" class="citation web cs1">Lipka, Michael (9 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2015/02/09/europes-jewish-population/">"The continuing decline of Europe's Jewish population"</a>. Pew Research Center. Retrieved 28 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=The+continuing+decline+of+Europe%27s+Jewish+population&rft.date=2015-02-09&rft.aulast=Lipka&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Fshort-reads%2F2015%2F02%2F09%2Feuropes-jewish-population%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Pittsburgh_Press" title="The Pittsburgh Press">The Pittsburgh Press</a>, October 25, 1915, p. 11 </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrosfeldRodnyanskyZhuravskaya2013" class="citation journal cs1">Grosfeld, Irena; Rodnyansky, Alexander; Zhuravskaya, Ekaterina (August 2013). "Persistent Antimarket Culture: A Legacy of the Pale of Settlement after the Holocaust". American Economic Journal: Economic Policy. 5 (3). <a href="/wiki/American_Economic_Association" title="American Economic Association">American Economic Association</a>: 189–226. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fpol.5.3.189">10.1257/pol.5.3.189</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43189345">43189345</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Economic+Journal%3A+Economic+Policy&rft.atitle=Persistent+Antimarket+Culture%3A+A+Legacy+of+the+Pale+of+Settlement+after+the+Holocaust&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=189-226&rft.date=2013-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1257%2Fpol.5.3.189&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43189345%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Grosfeld&rft.aufirst=Irena&rft.au=Rodnyansky%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Zhuravskaya%2C+Ekaterina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" class="citation web cs1">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/jewish-population-of-europe-in-1933-population-data-by-country">"Jewish Population of Europe in 1933: Population Data by Country"</a>. encyclopedia.ushmm.org. Retrieved 29 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=encyclopedia.ushmm.org&rft.atitle=Jewish+Population+of+Europe+in+1933%3A+Population+Data+by+Country&rft.au=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fjewish-population-of-europe-in-1933-population-data-by-country&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherwood2020" class="citation web cs1">Sherwood, Harriet (25 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/25/europes-jewish-population-has-dropped-60-in-last-50-years">"Europe's Jewish population has dropped 60% in last 50 years"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 28 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Europe%27s+Jewish+population+has+dropped+60%25+in+last+50+years&rft.date=2020-10-25&rft.aulast=Sherwood&rft.aufirst=Harriet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Foct%2F25%2Feuropes-jewish-population-has-dropped-60-in-last-50-years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_WUP_2016-317">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN_WUP_2016_317-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_WUP_2016_317-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2016_data_booklet.pdf">"The World's Cities in 2016"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. 2016. p. 11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171001173328/http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2016_data_booklet.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 1 October 2017. Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Cities+in+2016&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fdevelopment%2Fdesa%2Fpopulation%2Fpublications%2Fpdf%2Furbanization%2Fthe_worlds_cities_in_2016_data_booklet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/istanbul-one-of-four-anchor-megacities-of-europe-research--92496">"Istanbul one of four anchor megacities of Europe: Research"</a>. Hürriyet Daily News. 14 December 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319194120/https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/istanbul-one-of-four-anchor-megacities-of-europe-research--92496">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 30 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=H%C3%BCrriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Istanbul+one+of+four+anchor+megacities+of+Europe%3A+Research&rft.date=2015-12-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fistanbul-one-of-four-anchor-megacities-of-europe-research--92496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.citypopulation.de/en/world/agglomerations/">"Major Agglomerations of the World – Population Statistics and Maps"</a>. www.citypopulation.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140057/https://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 10 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.citypopulation.de&rft.atitle=Major+Agglomerations+of+the+World+%E2%80%93+Population+Statistics+and+Maps&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2Fen%2Fworld%2Fagglomerations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Hilaire Belloc</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/8442">Europe and the Faith</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180316121024/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/8442">Archived</a> 16 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Chapter I </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDineCrosson2010" class="citation book cs1">Dine, Philip; Crosson, Seán (2010). Sport, Representation and Evolving Identities in Europe. Bern: Peter Lang. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783039119776" title="Special:BookSources/9783039119776"><bdi>9783039119776</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sport%2C+Representation+and+Evolving+Identities+in+Europe&rft.place=Bern&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9783039119776&rft.aulast=Dine&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Crosson%2C+Se%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SustainableProsperity-322"><a href="#cite_ref-SustainableProsperity_322-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sustainable-prosperity.eu/story/">"Sustainable Prosperity – Made in Europe"</a>. sustainable-prosperity.eu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sustainable-prosperity.eu&rft.atitle=Sustainable+Prosperity+%E2%80%93+Made+in+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsustainable-prosperity.eu%2Fstory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vishnevsky-323"><a href="#cite_ref-Vishnevsky_323-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVishnevsky2000" class="citation web cs1">Vishnevsky, Anatoly (15 August 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/popdecline/vishnevsky.pdf">"Replacement Migration: Is it a solution for Russia?"</a> (PDF). Expert Group Meeting on Policy Responses to Population Ageing and Population Decline /UN/POP/PRA/2000/14. United Nations Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs. pp. 6, 10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170829152839/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/popdecline//vishnevsky.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 August 2017. Retrieved 14 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Expert+Group+Meeting+on+Policy+Responses+to+Population+Ageing+and+Population+Decline+%2FUN%2FPOP%2FPRA%2F2000%2F14&rft.atitle=Replacement+Migration%3A+Is+it+a+solution+for+Russia%3F&rft.pages=6%2C+10&rft.date=2000-08-15&rft.aulast=Vishnevsky&rft.aufirst=Anatoly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fesa%2Fpopulation%2Fpublications%2Fpopdecline%2Fvishnevsky.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/UN" class="mw-redirect" title="UN">UN</a> Statistics Department <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226004109/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm">Archived</a> 26 December 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> places Azerbaijan in <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a> for statistical convenience <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170711220015/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm">Archived</a> 11 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: "The assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories." The <a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan/">[4]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210127171042/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan/">Archived</a> 27 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> places Azerbaijan in South Western Asia, with a small portion north of the Caucasus range in Europe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/mapping/outline-map/?map=Azerbaijan&ar_a=1">National Geographic</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120119140030/http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/mapping/outline-map/?map=Azerbaijan&ar_a=1">Archived</a> 19 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/230186/Azerbaijan">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220730042224/https://www.britannica.com/place/Georgia">Archived</a> 30 July 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> also place Georgia in Asia. </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110108003938/http://www.coe.int/aboutCoe/index.asp?l=en&page=47pays1europe">"47 countries, one Europe"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coe.int/aboutCoe/index.asp?page%3D47pays1europe%26l%3Den">the original</a> on 8 January 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=47+countries%2C+one+Europe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coe.int%2FaboutCoe%2Findex.asp%3Fpage%253D47pays1europe%2526l%253Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988">, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign and Commonwealth Office">British Foreign and Commonwealth Office</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101231082215/http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/country-profile/europe/georgia">"Country profiles ' Europe ' Georgia"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/country-profile/europe/georgia/">the original</a> on 31 December 2010. Retrieved 9 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+profiles+%27+Europe+%27+Georgia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fco.gov.uk%2Fen%2Ftravel-and-living-abroad%2Ftravel-advice-by-country%2Fcountry-profile%2Feurope%2Fgeorgia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988">, <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.euro.who.int/en/where-we-work">[5]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110112060752/http://www.euro.who.int/en/where-we-work">Archived</a> 12 January 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Tourism_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="World Tourism Organization">World Tourism Organization</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://unwto.org/europe">[6]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101226022941/http://unwto.org/europe">Archived</a> 26 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/worldwide/europe-and-north-america/">[7]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181102075359/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/unesco/worldwide/europe-and-north-america/">Archived</a> 2 November 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/index.html">[8]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131205015818/http://www.unicef.org/infobycountry/index.html">Archived</a> 5 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/UNHCR" class="mw-redirect" title="UNHCR">UNHCR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.unhcr.org/pages/4a02d9346.html">[9]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220702183319/https://www.unhcr.org/pages/4a02d9346.html">Archived</a> 2 July 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Civil_Aviation_Conference" title="European Civil Aviation Conference">European Civil Aviation Conference</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130723024001/https://www.ecac-ceac.org//about_ecac/ecac_member_states">"Member States"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecac-ceac.org//about_ecac/ecac_member_states">the original</a> on 23 July 2013. Retrieved 9 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Member+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecac-ceac.org%2F%2Fabout_ecac%2Fecac_member_states&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988">, <a href="/wiki/Euronews" title="Euronews">Euronews</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.euronews.net/weather/">[10]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210509184812/http://www.euronews.net/weather">Archived</a> 9 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1102477.stm">[11]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220726013804/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/1102477.stm">Archived</a> 26 July 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_8443.htm">[12]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220726150643/https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/official_texts_8443.htm">Archived</a> 26 July 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Foreign_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Foreign Ministry">Russian Foreign Ministry</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.mid.ru/ns-reuro.nsf/strana">[13]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121082628/https://mid.ru/ns-reuro.nsf/strana">Archived</a> 21 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_World_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="The World Bank">the World Bank</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110219144231/http://data.worldbank.org/region/ECA">"Europe & Central Asia | Data"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/region/ECA">the original</a> on 19 February 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Europe+%26+Central+Asia+%26%23124%3B+Data&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Fregion%2FECA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFAO" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">FAO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/t0377e/t0377e27.htm">"Inland fisheries of Europe"</a>. FAO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120126124249/http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/t0377e/t0377e27.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2012. Retrieved 26 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Inland+fisheries+of+Europe&rft.pub=FAO&rft.au=FAO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Fdocrep%2F009%2Ft0377e%2Ft0377e27.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-W.Asia-327"><a href="#cite_ref-W.Asia_327-0">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a> Statistics Department <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm">[14]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226004109/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49regin.htm">Archived</a> 26 December 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> places Georgia in <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a> for statistical convenience <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm">[15]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170711220015/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methods/m49/m49.htm">Archived</a> 11 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: "The assignment of countries or areas to specific groupings is for statistical convenience and does not imply any assumption regarding political or other affiliation of countries or territories." The <a href="/wiki/CIA_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/georgia/">[16]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210204222544/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/georgia/">Archived</a> 4 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/atlas/index.html?Parent=asia&Rootmap=georgi&Mode=d&SubMode=w">National Geographic</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201211151904/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/xpeditions/atlas/index.html?Parent=asia&Rootmap=georgi&Mode=d&SubMode=w">Archived</a> 11 December 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/230186/Georgia">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150426041425/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/230186/Georgia">Archived</a> 26 April 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> also place Georgia in Asia. </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/europe">"Europe"</a>. Oxford Learner's Dictionary. Retrieved 5 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Europe&rft.btitle=Oxford+Learner%27s+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Feurope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Europe">"Europe"</a>. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 5 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Europe&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FEurope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a> (2005). National Geographic Visual History of the World. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7922-3695-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7922-3695-5">0-7922-3695-5</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullietCrossleyHeadrickHirsch2011" class="citation book cs1">Bulliet, Richard; Crossley, Pamela; Headrick, Daniel; Hirsch, Steven; Johnson, Lyman (2011). The Earth and Its Peoples, Brief Edition. Vol. 1. Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-91311-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-91311-5"><bdi>978-0-495-91311-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Earth+and+Its+Peoples%2C+Brief+Edition&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-495-91311-5&rft.aulast=Bulliet&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Crossley%2C+Pamela&rft.au=Headrick%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Hirsch%2C+Steven&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Lyman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownAnatoliosPalmer2009" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Stephen F.; Anatolios, Khaled; Palmer, Martin (2009). O'Brien, Joanne (ed.). Catholicism & Orthodox Christianity. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60413-106-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60413-106-2"><bdi>978-1-60413-106-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholicism+%26+Orthodox+Christianity&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60413-106-2&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Stephen+F.&rft.au=Anatolios%2C+Khaled&rft.au=Palmer%2C+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaiouMorisson2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Angeliki_Laiou" title="Angeliki Laiou">Laiou, Angeliki E.</a>; Morisson, Cécile (2007). The Byzantine Economy. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84978-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84978-4"><bdi>978-0-521-84978-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Byzantine+Economy&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84978-4&rft.aulast=Laiou&rft.aufirst=Angeliki+E.&rft.au=Morisson%2C+C%C3%A9cile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisWigen1997" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Martin W.; Wigen, Kären (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C2as0sWxFBAC">The Myth of Continents: A Critique of Metageography</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20743-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-20743-1"><bdi>978-0-520-20743-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+Continents%3A+A+Critique+of+Metageography&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-520-20743-1&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Martin+W.&rft.au=Wigen%2C+K%C3%A4ren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC2as0sWxFBAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPounds1979" class="citation book cs1">Pounds, Norman John Greville (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicalgeogra0000poun">An Historical Geography of Europe, 1500–1840</a>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22379-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22379-9"><bdi>978-0-521-22379-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Historical+Geography+of+Europe%2C+1500%E2%80%931840&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-521-22379-9&rft.aulast=Pounds&rft.aufirst=Norman+John+Greville&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricalgeogra0000poun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucblibraries.summon.serialssolutions.com/#!/search?ho=t&l=en&q=Europe">Europe</a> web resources provided by GovPubs at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder_Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Colorado Boulder Libraries">University of Colorado Boulder Libraries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/195686">Europe</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/europe-human-geography/">Europe: Human Geography</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/european/">European Reading Room</a> from the United States <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Europe">"Europe" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 907–953.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Europe&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=907-953&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEurope" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbiagazetteer.org/">The Columbia Gazetteer of the World Online</a> <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a></li></ul> Historical Maps <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geacron.com/home-en/?&sid=GeaCron747702">Borders in Europe 3000BC to the present</a> Geacron <a href="/wiki/Historical_atlas" title="Historical atlas">Historical atlas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euratlas.net/history/europe/index.html">Online history of Europe in 21 maps</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" data-alt="map" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/29px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/38px-Terra.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Europe at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 14px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="14" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Europe" class="extiw" title="c:Europe">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 11px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="11" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Europe" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Europe">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Europe" class="extiw" title="q:Europe">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 19px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/19px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="19" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/29px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/38px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Europe" class="extiw" title="voy:Europe">Travel guides</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Europe&oldid=1257311943">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Europe&oldid=1257311943</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Europe&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 14 November 2024, at 07:54 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%ABrupa" title="Iërupa – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Iërupa" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8D" title="Еуропэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Еуропэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8D" title="Еуропэ – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Еуропэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%8B%8D%E1%88%AE%E1%8D%93" title="አውሮፓ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አውሮፓ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroop" title="Euroop – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Euroop" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA" title="यूरोप – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="यूरोप" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Europe" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Европа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Европа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="أوروبا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوروبا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%98%DC%A6%DC%90_(%DC%9D%DC%92%DC%AB%DC%AC%DC%90)" title="ܐܘܪܘܦܐ (ܝܒܫܬܐ) – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܘܪܘܦܐ (ܝܒܫܬܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D6%82%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%A1" title="Եւրոպա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Եւրոպա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eropa" title="Eropa – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Eropa" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakwe_Emitikociwi_Askik" title="Pakwe Emitikociwi Askik – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Pakwe Emitikociwi Askik" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target">Atikamekw</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA" title="यूरोप – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="यूरोप" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eur%C3%B3pa" title="Európa – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Európa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Европа – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Европа" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwrupa" title="Iwrupa – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Iwrupa" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avropa" title="Avropa – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Avropa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="اوروپا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوروپا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ropa" title="Éropa – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Éropa" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eropa" title="Eropa – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Eropa" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AA" title="ইউরোপ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইউরোপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irupa" title="Irupa – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Irupa" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Au-chiu" title="Au-chiu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Au-chiu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eropah" title="Eropah – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Eropah" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Европа – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Европа" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Еўропа – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Еўропа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Эўропа – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Эўропа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA" title="यूरोप – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="यूरोप" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurop" title="Yurop – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Yurop" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Европа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Европа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiropa" title="Eiropa – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Eiropa" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BC%8D" title="ཡོ་རོབ་གླིང་། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཡོ་རོབ་གླིང་།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evropa" title="Evropa – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Evropa" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(kevandir)" title="Europa (kevandir) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Europa (kevandir)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE" title="Европо – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Европо" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Европа – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Европа" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uropa" title="Uropa – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Uropa" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evropa" title="Evropa – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Evropa" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Europe" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuropu" title="Yuropu – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Yuropu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Europe" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewrop" title="Ewrop – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ewrop" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuure" title="Tuure – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Tuure" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A4%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="ؤروپا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ؤروپا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurohp%C3%A1" title="Eurohpá – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Eurohpá" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiropaa" title="Eiropaa – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Eiropaa" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3_W%C3%B3naan%C3%ADdi_Bilag%C3%A1ana_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Tó Wónaanídi Bilagáana Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tó Wónaanídi Bilagáana Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA" title="युरोप – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="युरोप" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroopa" title="Euroopa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Euroopa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%85%CF%81%CF%8E%CF%80%CE%B7" title="Ευρώπη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ευρώπη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eur%C3%B3pa" title="Európa – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Európa" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Европа – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Европа" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C5%ADropo" title="Eŭropo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eŭropo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uropa" title="Uropa – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Uropa" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="اروپا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اروپا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Europe" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evropa" title="Evropa – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Evropa" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Europe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeropa" title="Jeropa – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Jeropa" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuroopu" title="Yuroopu – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Yuroopu" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Europe" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Eoraip" title="An Eoraip – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Eoraip" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Oarpey" title="Yn Oarpey – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Oarpey" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evropa" title="Evropa – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Evropa" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Roinn-E%C3%B2rpa" title="An Roinn-Eòrpa – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An Roinn-Eòrpa" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Европа – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Европа" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" title="歐洲 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="歐洲" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8A%D8%B1%DB%8A%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="اۊرۊپا – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="اۊرۊپا" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%AA" title="યુરોપ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="યુરોપ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8D%89%F0%90%8D%80%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌰𐌹𐍅𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌰𐌹𐍅𐍂𐍉𐍀𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA" title="युरोप – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="युरोप" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Au-ch%C3%BB" title="Êu-chû – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Êu-chû" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EB%9F%BD" title="유럽 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유럽" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turai" title="Turai – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Turai" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBEulopa" title="ʻEulopa – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻEulopa" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%BE%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%A1" title="Եվրոպա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եվրոպա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA" title="यूरोप – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="यूरोप" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obodo_B%C3%A9k%C3%A8" title="Obodo Békè – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Obodo Békè" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eropa" title="Eropa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Eropa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%90%83%E1%90%86%E1%95%8C%E1%91%89" title="ᐃᐆᕌᑉ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐃᐆᕌᑉ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%C3%A6" title="Европæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Европæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IYurophu" title="IYurophu – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IYurophu" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IYurophu" title="IYurophu – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IYurophu" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evr%C3%B3pa" title="Evrópa – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Evrópa" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%94" title="אירופה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אירופה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ropa" title="Éropa – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Éropa" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eer%C9%94p%CA%8B_t%C9%9Bt%CA%8B_wandamm" title="Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ wandamm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Eerɔpʋ tɛtʋ wandamm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D" title="ಯುರೋಪ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಯುರೋಪ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Европа – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Европа" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90" title="ევროპა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ევროპა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%97%D8%B1%D9%8E%D9%BE" title="یوٗرَپ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="یوٗرَپ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C3%B9ropa" title="Eùropa – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Eùropa" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Еуропа – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Еуропа" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burayi" title="Burayi – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Burayi" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulaya" title="Ulaya – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ulaya" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Европа – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Европа" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mputu" title="Mputu – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Mputu" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ew%C3%B2p" title="Ewòp – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ewòp" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9r%C3%B2p" title="Léròp – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Léròp" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewropa" title="Ewropa – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ewropa" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Европа – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Европа" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Европа – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Европа" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evropa" title="Evropa – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Evropa" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Европа – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Европа" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%9A%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%9A" title="ທະວີບເອີຣົບ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ທະວີບເອີຣົບ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiropa" title="Eiropa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Eiropa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(Kontinent)" title="Europa (Kontinent) – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Europa (Kontinent)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Европа – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Европа" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eropa" title="Eropa – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Eropa" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa" title="Euròpa – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Euròpa" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Er%C3%B3pa" title="Erópa – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Erópa" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jevrouppu" title="Jevrouppu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Jevrouppu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/rontu%27a" title="rontu'a – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="rontu'a" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulaaya" title="Bulaaya – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Bulaaya" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eur%C3%B3pa" title="Európa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Európa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88ropa" title="Èropa – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Èropa" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA" title="युरोप – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="युरोप" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Европа – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Европа" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eor%C3%B4pa" title="Eorôpa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Eorôpa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D" title="യൂറോപ്പ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="യൂറോപ്പ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewropa" title="Ewropa – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ewropa" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%AAropi" title="Ūropi – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Ūropi" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA" title="युरोप – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="युरोप" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90" title="ევროპა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ევროპა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="اوروبا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوروبا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A5%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%95" title="ဥရောပ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ဥရောပ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="اوروپا قاره – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اوروپا قاره" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eropah" title="Eropah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Eropah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%8E%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9E" title="ꯏꯎꯔꯣꯞ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯏꯎꯔꯣꯞ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eropa" title="Eropa – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Eropa" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%94u-ci%C5%AD" title="Ĕu-ciŭ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ĕu-ciŭ" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouropa" title="Ouropa – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ouropa" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF" title="Европ – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Европ" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A5%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%95" title="ဥရောပ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဥရောပ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iurope" title="Iurope – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Iurope" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(werelddeel)" title="Europa (werelddeel) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Europa (werelddeel)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(werelddeel)" title="Europa (werelddeel) – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Europa (werelddeel)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA" title="युरोप – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="युरोप" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA" title="युरोप – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="युरोप" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AD%E3%83%83%E3%83%91" title="ヨーロッパ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヨーロッパ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%8B%DF%99%DF%90%DF%94%DF%8E%DF%AC" title="ߋߙߐߔߎ߬ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߋߙߐߔߎ߬" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Европа – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Европа" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euroopa" title="Euroopa – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Euroopa" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urup" title="Urup – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Urup" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Brope" title="Ûrope – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Ûrope" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa" title="Euròpa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Euròpa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Европа – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Европа" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AD%9F%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%AA" title="ୟୁରୋପ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ୟୁରୋପ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuurooppi" title="Yuurooppi – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Yuurooppi" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yevropa" title="Yevropa – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yevropa" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AA" title="ਯੂਰਪ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯੂਰਪ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Europe" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE" title="یورپ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یورپ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A5%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%95%E1%80%90%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ဥရောပတွိုက် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဥရောပတွိုက်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oropa" title="Oropa – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Oropa" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="اروپا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اروپا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuurop" title="Yuurop – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Yuurop" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Европа – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Европа" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%BA%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%94" title="ទ្វីបអឺរ៉ុប – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ទ្វីបអឺរ៉ុប" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urope" title="Urope – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Urope" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa" title="Euròpa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Euròpa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/iyurupu" title="iyurupu – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="iyurupu" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pinayuanan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurop" title="Yurop – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Yurop" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%85%CF%81%CF%8E%CF%80%CE%B7%CE%BD" title="Ευρώπην – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Ευρώπην" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evropa" title="Evropa – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Evropa" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avropa" title="Avropa – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Avropa" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%99Europa" title="’Europa – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="’Europa" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evropa" title="Evropa – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Evropa" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iwrupa" title="Iwrupa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Iwrupa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Европа – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Европа" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Европа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Европа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Дьобуруопа – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дьобуруопа" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-cuo" title="O-cuo – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="O-cuo" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%83" title="यूरोपखण्डः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="यूरोपखण्डः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%AAropa" title="Aêropa – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Aêropa" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%AF" title="ᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱭᱩᱨᱳᱯ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE" title="یورپ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="یورپ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Europe" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uropa" title="Uropa – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Uropa" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evropa" title="Evropa – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Evropa" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BA" title="යුරෝපය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="යුරෝපය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Europe" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%8F%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8E%D9%BE" title="يُورَپ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="يُورَپ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IYurophu" title="IYurophu – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IYurophu" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eur%C3%B3pa" title="Európa – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Európa" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evropa" title="Evropa – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Evropa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D1%B5%D1%80%D1%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Єѵрѡпа – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Єѵрѡпа" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojropa" title="Ojropa – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ojropa" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurub" title="Yurub – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Yurub" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="ئەورووپا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەورووپا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropa" title="Ropa – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Ropa" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Европа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Европа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evropa" title="Evropa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Evropa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ropa" title="Éropa – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Éropa" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurooppa" title="Eurooppa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eurooppa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE" title="ஐரோப்பா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐரோப்பா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urupa" title="Urupa – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Urupa" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turuft" title="Turuft – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Turuft" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Europe" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Европа – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Европа" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B0%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89" title="ယူးရူပ်ႉ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ယူးရူပ်ႉ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oco" title="Oco – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Oco" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%90%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE" title="ఐరోపా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఐరోపా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9B" title="ทวีปยุโรป – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทวีปยุโรป" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A4%E1%8B%8D%E1%88%AE%E1%8C%B3" title="ኤውሮጳ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ኤውሮጳ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE" title="Аврупо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Аврупо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBEulope" title="ʻEulope – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻEulope" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%B3%E1%8E%B3%E1%8F%9B" title="ᏳᎳᏛ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏳᎳᏛ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3xov%C3%AA-hooma" title="Hóxovê-hooma – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Hóxovê-hooma" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D" title="ಯುರೋಪ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಯುರೋಪ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avrupa" title="Avrupa – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Avrupa" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Dewropa" title="Ýewropa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ýewropa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurop" title="Yurop – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Yurop" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Европа – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Европа" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Европа – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Европа" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eropah" title="Eropah – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="Eropah" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Європа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Європа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE" title="یورپ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یورپ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A7%DB%8B%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7" title="ياۋروپا – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ياۋروپا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouhcouh" title="Ouhcouh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ouhcouh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoropa" title="Eoropa – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Eoropa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evrop" title="Evrop – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Evrop" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2u_%C3%82u" title="Châu Âu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Châu Âu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurop" title="Yurop – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Yurop" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%95uruupa" title="Õuruupa – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Õuruupa" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urope" title="Urope – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Urope" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E7%BE%85%E5%B7%B4%E6%B4%B2" title="歐羅巴洲 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="歐羅巴洲" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tugal" title="Tugal – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Tugal" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2" title="欧洲 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="欧洲" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuropa" title="Yuropa – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Yuropa" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A2" title="אייראפע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אייראפע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Europe" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" title="歐洲 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="歐洲" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewropa" title="Ewropa – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Ewropa" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa" title="Europa – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Europa" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euruopa" title="Euruopa – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Euruopa" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2" title="欧洲 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="欧洲" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yurop" title="Yurop – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Yurop" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eropa" title="Eropa – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Eropa" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88ropa" title="Èropa – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Èropa" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eropa" title="Eropa – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Eropa" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eropah" title="Eropah – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Eropah" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Europe" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fɔ̀ngbè</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eropah" title="Eropah – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Eropah" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eropa" title="Eropa – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Eropa" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%95%E1%A5%A7%E1%A5%B0_%E1%A5%9E%E1%A5%A8%E1%A5%99%E1%A5%B3" title="ᥕᥧᥰ ᥞᥨᥙᥳ – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥕᥧᥰ ᥞᥨᥙᥳ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avrop%C9%99" title="Avropə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Avropə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%95%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵓⵕⵓⴱⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 November 2024, at 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-f2r5r","wgBackendResponseTime":439,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.613","walltime":"4.351","ppvisitednodes":{"value":49830,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":1014959,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":159919,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":94,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":943633,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3360.875 1 -total"," 35.97% 1208.832 1 Template:Reflist"," 11.26% 378.583 71 Template:Cite_book"," 10.64% 357.437 79 Template:Cite_web"," 8.01% 269.221 63 Template:Flagicon"," 3.85% 129.399 1 Template:Subject_bar"," 3.63% 122.146 1 Template:Infobox_continent"," 3.59% 120.595 1 Template:Infobox"," 3.42% 114.823 1 Template:Sfnp"," 3.34% 112.315 61 Template:Coat_of_arms"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.770","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22228726,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFA._VekuaD._LordkipanidzeG.P._RightmireJ._Agusti2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnalysis2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAstour1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAxtell1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeckZimmermannMcVicarVergopolan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeekes2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlackstoneLauricellaShah2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorza1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrasil-ColôniaBrasilciganosautor\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrownAnatoliosPalmer2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrowning1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBryantThomasBale1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBullietCrossleyHeadrickHirsch2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBundy2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurckhardt1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByfield2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByrnesKatzenstein2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCassirer1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCovert2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCuper2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaly2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidson,_Roderic_H.1960\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies1996\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDawsonOlsen1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDouka2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuikerSpielvogel2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDunn1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmadi-Coffin2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFAO\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFindlay2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFineman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzRoy2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFleming2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFranxman1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrost2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrucht2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFu2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibbons2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGipson1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGleason2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoJonesAlgee-HewittDudzik2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldieWokler2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolna2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrab2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrosfeldRodnyanskyZhuravskaya2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaakLazaridisPattersonRohland2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHackett2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHadas1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarrison2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHatch\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeath1981\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHeinrich_August_Winkler2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHewitsonD’Auria2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHobsbawm1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHosking2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHumphreys\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunt2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHunter2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrvin2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._G._A._Pocock\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._G._A._Pocock2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_Morris_Roberts1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlyuchevsky1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKreis2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaiouMorisson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLauren_Frayer\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevey1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevey1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewisWigen1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipka2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoti1918\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLukowski2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLyons1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM._L._West1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM._L._WestWest2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaddison2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMassari2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcEvedy1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcEvedy1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNikodemos_Anagnostopoulos2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrlenok_V.1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeregrineEmber2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeters2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPew_Research_Center2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilipp_Johann_von_Strahlenberg1730\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPosthYuGhalichi2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPounds1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPowell2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRevill2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScarre1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchama1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchechtman1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchultz2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott,_John2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSherwood2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShort1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrauss2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrickland2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrevelyan1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrevelyan1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTutin1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTutinHeywoodBurgesValentine1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVishnevsky2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWebb1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliamsFriell2005\"] = 1,\n [\"Etymology\"] = 1,\n [\"Political_geography\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"Abbr\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Britannica\"] = 1,\n [\"C.\"] = 2,\n [\"CS1 config\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 70,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 17,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 17,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 75,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Cnote2\"] = 22,\n [\"Cnote2 Begin\"] = 1,\n [\"Cnote2 End\"] = 1,\n [\"Coat of arms\"] = 61,\n [\"Continents of the world\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 1,\n [\"Cref2\"] = 28,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 5,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Dubious\"] = 1,\n [\"Duplicated citations\"] = 1,\n [\"Europe and seas labelled map\"] = 1,\n [\"European diasporas\"] = 1,\n [\"Europefooter\"] = 1,\n [\"Excerpt\"] = 2,\n [\"Flag\"] = 22,\n [\"Flagg\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 63,\n [\"Formatnum:{{UN_Population\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 6,\n [\"GovPubs\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 5,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 14,\n [\"Increase\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox continent\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 72,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 2,\n [\"Legend-table2\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend0\"] = 10,\n [\"Main\"] = 21,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nihongo\"] = 3,\n [\"Not typo\"] = 1,\n [\"Note\"] = 3,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 6,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-vandalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Ref label\"] = 4,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Regions of the world\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 11,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Slink\"] = 1,\n [\"Sovereign states of Europe\"] = 1,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Supranational European Bodies\"] = 1,\n [\"Switcher\"] = 1,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 28,\n [\"UN_Population\"] = 7,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 2,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 54,\n [\"Western culture\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = 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