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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Dialect</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Dialect" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Dialect" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" 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.sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238660782">.mw-parser-output .socling-sidebar-body{width:18.0em}.mw-parser-output .socling-sidebar-header{background-color:#6cf}.mw-parser-output .socling-sidebar-title{border:1px solid #6cf}.mw-parser-output .socling-sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #6cf;border-bottom:1px solid #6cf;background:none;padding-bottom:0.5em}</style> A dialect<a href="#cite_note-2">[i]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">variety</a> of language spoken by a particular group of people. It can also refer to a language subordinate in status to a dominant language, and is sometimes used to mean a <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Vernacular language">vernacular</a> language. The more common usage of the term in English refers to a <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">variety</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> that is a characteristic of a particular group of the language's speakers.<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a> The dialects or varieties of a particular language are closely related and, despite their differences, are most often largely <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutually intelligible</a>, especially if geographically close to one another in a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a>. The term is applied most often to regional speech patterns, but a dialect may also be defined by other factors, such as <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto9-4">[3]</a> A dialect associated with a particular social class is called a <a href="/wiki/Sociolect" title="Sociolect">sociolect</a>; one associated with a particular <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnic group</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Ethnolect" title="Ethnolect">ethnolect</a>; and a geographical or regional dialect is a regiolect<a href="#cite_note-auto1-5">[4]</a> (alternative terms include 'regionalect',<a href="#cite_note-auto2-6">[5]</a> 'geolect',<a href="#cite_note-auto6-7">[6]</a> and 'topolect'<a href="#cite_note-auto10-8">[7]</a>). Any variety of a given language can be classified as a "dialect", including <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standardized ones</a>. A second usage, which refers to <a href="/wiki/Colloquialism" title="Colloquialism">colloquial</a> settings, typically <a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">diglossic</a>, exists in a few countries like <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-auto3-9">[8]</a> such as <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto" class="extiw" title="it:Dialetto">dialetto</a>,<a href="#cite_note-battaglia-10">[9]</a> <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/patois" class="extiw" title="fr:patois">patois</a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, much of East Central Europe,<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>,<a href="#cite_note-auto-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-maiden-13">[12]</a> and may carry a <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a> undertone and underlines the politically and <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">socially subordinated</a> status of an <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">autochthonous</a> non-national language to the country's official language(s). Dialects in this sense do not derive from a dominant language and are therefore not one of its <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a>, though they may have evolved in a separate and parallel way. While they may be historically <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> with and share <a href="/wiki/Genetic_relationship_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic relationship (linguistics)">genetic roots</a> in the same <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">subfamily</a> as the dominant national language and may, to a varying degree, share some <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a> with the latter, "dialects" under this second definition are separate languages from the standard or national language. Under this definition, the standard or national language would not itself be considered a dialect, as it is the dominant language in terms of <a href="/wiki/Prestige_(sociolinguistics)" title="Prestige (sociolinguistics)">linguistic prestige</a>, social or political (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official</a>) status, predominance or prevalence, or all of the above. Dialect used this way implies a political connotation, often being used to refer to non-standardized "low-prestige" languages (regardless of their actual degree of distance from the national language) of limited geographic distribution, languages lacking institutional support, or even those considered to be "unsuitable for writing".<a href="#cite_note-auto8-14">[13]</a> Occasionally, in a third usage, dialect refers to the unwritten or non-codified languages of developing countries or isolated areas,<a href="#cite_note-auto4-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto5-16">[15]</a> where the term "<a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular language</a>" would be preferred by linguists.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> Features that distinguish dialects from each other can be found in <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vocabulary" title="Vocabulary">vocabulary</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a> (<a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a>) as well as in pronunciation (<a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Prosody_(linguistics)" title="Prosody (linguistics)">prosody</a>). In instances where the salient distinctions are only or mostly to be observed in pronunciation, the more specific term <a href="/wiki/Accent_(dialect)" class="mw-redirect" title="Accent (dialect)">accent</a> may be used instead of dialect. Differences that are largely concentrated in lexicon may be classified as <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creoles</a>. When lexical differences are mostly concentrated in the specialized vocabulary of a profession or other organization, they are <a href="/wiki/Jargon" title="Jargon">jargons</a>. Differences in vocabulary that are deliberately cultivated to exclude outsiders or to serve as <a href="/wiki/Shibboleth" title="Shibboleth">shibboleths</a> are known as cryptolects or cant, and include <a href="/wiki/Slang" title="Slang">slangs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cant_(language)" title="Cant (language)">argots</a>. The particular speech patterns used by an individual are referred to as that person's <a href="/wiki/Idiolect" title="Idiolect">idiolect</a>. Languages are classified as dialects based on <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_distance" title="Linguistic distance">linguistic distance</a>. The dialects of a language with a <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing system</a> will operate at different degrees of distance from the standardized written form. Some dialects of a language are not mutually intelligible in spoken form, leading to debate as to whether they are regiolects or separate languages. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Standard_and_nonstandard_dialects">1 Standard and nonstandard dialects</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Dialect_as_linguistic_variety_of_a_language">2 Dialect as linguistic variety of a language</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Difference_between_dialects_and_languages">2.1 Difference between dialects and languages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Linguistic_distance">2.2 Linguistic distance</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Mutual_intelligibility">2.3 Mutual intelligibility</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Sociolinguistic_definitions">2.4 Sociolinguistic definitions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Dialect_and_language_clusters">2.5 Dialect and language clusters</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Political_factors">2.6 Political factors</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Terminology">2.7 Terminology</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Colloquial_meaning_of_dialect">3 Colloquial meaning of dialect</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Dialect_and_accent">4 Dialect and accent</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Examples">5 Examples</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Arabic">5.1 Arabic</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#German">5.2 German</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Italy">5.3 Italy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#The_Balkans">5.4 The Balkans</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Lebanon">5.5 Lebanon</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Malay">5.6 Malay</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#North_Africa">5.7 North Africa</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Ukraine">5.8 Ukraine</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Moldova">5.9 Moldova</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Greater_China">5.10 Greater China</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Hindi_and_Urdu">5.11 Hindi and Urdu</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#See_also">6 See also</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Selected_list_of_articles_on_dialects">6.1 Selected list of articles on dialects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Notes">7 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#References">8 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#External_links">9 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Standard_and_nonstandard_dialects">Standard and nonstandard dialects</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dialect&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Standard and nonstandard dialects" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> A <a href="/wiki/Standard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard dialect">standard dialect</a>, also known as a "standardized language", is supported by institutions. Such institutional support may include any or all of the following: government recognition or designation; formal presentation in schooling as the "correct" form of a language; informal monitoring of everyday <a href="/wiki/Usage_(language)" title="Usage (language)">usage</a>; published grammars, dictionaries, and textbooks that set forth a normative spoken and written form; and an extensive formal literature (be it prose, poetry, non-fiction, etc.) that uses it. An example of a standardized language is the <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a> which is supported by the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Académie Française">Académie Française</a> institution. A <a href="/wiki/Nonstandard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonstandard dialect">nonstandard dialect</a> also has a complete grammar and vocabulary, but is usually not the beneficiary of institutional support. The distinction between the "standard" dialect and the "<a href="/wiki/Nonstandard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonstandard dialect">nonstandard</a>" (vernacular) dialects of the same language is often <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbitrary">arbitrary</a> and based on social, political, cultural, or historical considerations or prevalence and prominence.<a href="#cite_note-chao-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lyons-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-johnson-20">[19]</a> In a similar way, the definitions of the terms "language" and "dialect" may overlap and are often subject to debate, with the differentiation between the two classifications often grounded in arbitrary or sociopolitical motives,<a href="#cite_note-mcworther-21">[20]</a> and the term "dialect" is sometimes restricted to mean "non-standard variety", particularly in non-specialist settings and non-English linguistic traditions.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schilling-Estes-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Dialect_as_linguistic_variety_of_a_language">Dialect as linguistic variety of a language</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dialect&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dialect as linguistic variety of a language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup_reorganize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may be in need of reorganization to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">layout guidelines</a>. Please help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dialect&action=edit">editing the article</a> to make improvements to the overall structure. (August 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The term is applied most often to regional speech patterns, but a dialect may also be defined by other factors, such as <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity" title="Ethnicity">ethnicity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto9-4">[3]</a> A dialect that is associated with a particular <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social class</a> can be termed a <a href="/wiki/Sociolect" title="Sociolect">sociolect</a>. A dialect that is associated with a particular <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> can be termed an <a href="/wiki/Ethnolect" title="Ethnolect">ethnolect</a>. A geographical/regional dialect may be termed a regiolect<a href="#cite_note-auto1-5">[4]</a> (alternative terms include 'regionalect',<a href="#cite_note-auto2-6">[5]</a> 'geolect',<a href="#cite_note-auto6-7">[6]</a> and 'topolect'<a href="#cite_note-auto10-8">[7]</a>). According to this definition, any variety of a given language can be classified as "a dialect", including any <a href="/wiki/Standard_language" title="Standard language">standardized varieties</a>. In this case, the distinction between the "standard language" (i.e. the "standard" dialect of a particular language) and the "<a href="/wiki/Nonstandard_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonstandard dialect">nonstandard</a>" (vernacular) dialects of the same language is often <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbitrary">arbitrary</a> and based on social, political, cultural, or historical considerations or prevalence and prominence.<a href="#cite_note-chao-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lyons-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-johnson-20">[19]</a> In a similar way, the definitions of the terms "language" and "dialect" may overlap and are often subject to debate, with the differentiation between the two classifications often grounded in arbitrary or sociopolitical motives.<a href="#cite_note-mcworther-21">[20]</a> The term "dialect" is however sometimes restricted to mean "non-standard variety", particularly in non-specialist settings and non-English linguistic traditions.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schilling-Estes-23">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> Conversely, some <a href="/wiki/Dialectology" title="Dialectology">dialectologists</a> have reserved the term "dialect" for forms that they believed (sometimes wrongly) to be purer forms of the older languages, as in how early dialectologists of English did not consider the <a href="/wiki/Brummie_dialect" title="Brummie dialect">Brummie</a> of Birmingham or the <a href="/wiki/Scouse" title="Scouse">Scouse</a> of Liverpool to be real dialects, as they had arisen fairly recently in time and partly as a result of influences from Irish migrants.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Difference_between_dialects_and_languages">Difference between dialects and languages</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dialect&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Difference between dialects and languages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Abstand_and_ausbau_languages" title="Abstand and ausbau languages">Abstand and ausbau languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/A_language_is_a_dialect_with_an_army_and_navy" title="A language is a dialect with an army and navy">A language is a dialect with an army and navy</a></div> There is no universally accepted criterion for distinguishing two different languages from two dialects (i.e. varieties) of the same language.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> A number of rough measures exist, sometimes leading to contradictory results. The distinction between dialect and language is therefore subjective[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">how?</a>] and depends upon the user's preferred frame of reference.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> For example, there has been discussion about whether or not the <a href="/wiki/Lim%C3%B3n_Creole_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Limón Creole English">Limón Creole English</a> should be considered "a kind" of English or a different language. This creole is spoken in the Caribbean coast of Costa Rica (Central America) by descendants of Jamaican people. The position that Costa Rican linguists support depends upon which university they represent. Another example is <a href="/wiki/Scanian_dialect" title="Scanian dialect">Scanian</a>, which even, for a time, had its own ISO code.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto7-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linguistic_distance">Linguistic distance</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dialect&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Linguistic distance" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_distance" title="Linguistic distance">Linguistic distance</a></div> An important criterion for categorizing varieties of language is <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_distance" title="Linguistic distance">linguistic distance</a>. For a variety to be considered a dialect, the linguistic distance between the two varieties must be low. Linguistic distance between spoken or written forms of language increases as the differences between the forms are characterized.<a href="#cite_note-Tang_709%E2%80%93732-36">[35]</a> For example, two languages with completely different syntactical structures would have a high linguistic distance, while a language with very few differences from another may be considered a dialect or a sibling of that language. Linguistic distance may be used to determine <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language families</a> and language siblings. For example, languages with little linguistic distance, like <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, are considered siblings. Dutch and German are siblings in the West-Germanic language group. Some language siblings are closer to each other in terms of linguistic distance than to other linguistic siblings. French and Spanish, siblings in the Romance Branch of the Indo-European group, are closer to each other than they are to any of the languages of the West-Germanic group.<a href="#cite_note-Tang_709%E2%80%93732-36">[35]</a> When languages are close in terms of linguistic distance, they resemble one another, hence why dialects are not considered linguistically distant to their parent language. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mutual_intelligibility">Mutual intelligibility</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dialect&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mutual intelligibility" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> One criterion, which is often considered to be purely linguistic, is that of <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a>: two varieties are said to be dialects of the same language if being a speaker of one variety has sufficient knowledge to understand and be understood by a speaker of the other dialect; otherwise, they are said to be different languages.<a href="#cite_note-Comrie2018-37">[36]</a> However, this definition has often been criticized, especially in the case of a <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a> (or dialect chain), which contains a sequence of varieties, where each mutually intelligible with the next, but may not be mutually intelligible with distant varieties.<a href="#cite_note-Comrie2018-37">[36]</a> Others have argued that mutual intelligibility occurs in varying degrees, and the potential difficulty in distinguishing between intelligibility and prior familiarity with the other variety. However, recent research suggests that there is some empirical evidence in favor of using some form of the intelligibility criterion to distinguish between languages and dialects,<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> though mutuality may not be as relevant as initially thought. The requirement for mutuality is abandoned by the Language Survey Reference Guide of <a href="/wiki/SIL_International" class="mw-redirect" title="SIL International">SIL International</a>, publishers of the <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Registration_authority" title="Registration authority">registration authority</a> for the <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a> standard for <a href="/wiki/Language_code" title="Language code">language codes</a>. They define a dialect cluster as a central variety together with all those varieties whose speakers understand the central variety at a specified threshold level or higher. If the threshold level is high, usually between 70% and 85%, the cluster is designated as a language.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sociolinguistic_definitions">Sociolinguistic definitions</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dialect&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sociolinguistic definitions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Germanic_dialect_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/West_Germanic_dialect_diagram.svg/440px-West_Germanic_dialect_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="200"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 440px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/West_Germanic_dialect_diagram.svg/440px-West_Germanic_dialect_diagram.svg.png" data-width="440" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/West_Germanic_dialect_diagram.svg/660px-West_Germanic_dialect_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/West_Germanic_dialect_diagram.svg/880px-West_Germanic_dialect_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Local varieties in the West Germanic dialect continuum are oriented towards either Standard Dutch or Standard German depending on which side of the border they are spoken.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambersTrudgill199810-40">[39]</a></figcaption></figure> Another occasionally used criterion for discriminating dialects from languages is the <a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociolinguistic">sociolinguistic</a> notion of <a href="/wiki/Autonomy_and_heteronomy_(sociolinguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomy and heteronomy (sociolinguistics)">linguistic authority</a>. According to this definition, two varieties are considered dialects of the same language if (under at least some circumstances) they would defer to the same authority regarding some questions about their language. For instance, to learn the name of a new invention, or an obscure foreign species of plant, speakers of <a href="/wiki/Westphalian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Westphalian language">Westphalian</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Franconian_German" title="East Franconian German">East Franconian German</a> might each consult a German dictionary or ask a German-speaking expert in the subject. Thus these varieties are said to be dependent on, or <a href="/wiki/Autonomy_and_heteronomy_(sociolinguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomy and heteronomy (sociolinguistics)">heteronomous</a> with respect to, <a href="/wiki/Standard_German" title="Standard German">Standard German</a>, which is said to be autonomous.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambersTrudgill199810-40">[39]</a> In contrast, speakers in the Netherlands of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Low_Saxon" title="Dutch Low Saxon">Low Saxon</a> varieties similar to Westphalian would instead consult a dictionary of <a href="/wiki/Standard_Dutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Dutch">Standard Dutch</a>, and hence is categorized as a dialect of Dutch instead. Similarly, although <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> is classified by linguists as a language in the <a href="/wiki/High_German" class="mw-redirect" title="High German">High German</a> group of languages and has some degree of mutual intelligibility with German, a Yiddish speaker would consult a Yiddish dictionary rather than a German dictionary in such a case, and is classified as its own language. Within this framework, <a href="/wiki/William_Alexander_Stewart" title="William Alexander Stewart">W. A. Stewart</a> defined a language as an autonomous variety in addition to all the varieties that are heteronomous with respect to it, noting that an essentially equivalent definition had been stated by <a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Ferguson" title="Charles A. Ferguson">Charles A. Ferguson</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_J._Gumperz" title="John J. Gumperz">John J. Gumperz</a> in 1960.<a href="#cite_note-Stewart-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> A heteronomous variety may be considered a dialect of a language defined in this way.<a href="#cite_note-Stewart-41">[40]</a> In these terms, <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>, though mutually intelligible to a large degree, are considered separate languages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambersTrudgill199811-43">[42]</a> In the framework of <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Kloss" title="Heinz Kloss">Heinz Kloss</a>, these are described as languages by <a href="/wiki/Abstand_and_ausbau_languages" title="Abstand and ausbau languages">ausbau</a> (development) rather than by abstand (separation).<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialect_and_language_clusters">Dialect and language clusters</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dialect&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Dialect and language clusters" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">Dialect continuum</a></div> In other situations, a closely related group of varieties possess considerable (though incomplete) mutual intelligibility, but none dominates the others. To describe this situation, the editors of the Handbook of African Languages introduced the term dialect cluster as a classificatory unit at the same level as a language.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> A similar situation, but with a greater degree of mutual unintelligibility, has been termed a language cluster.<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> In the Language Survey Reference Guide issued by <a href="/wiki/SIL_International" class="mw-redirect" title="SIL International">SIL International</a>, who produce <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a>, a dialect cluster is defined as a central variety together with a collection of varieties whose speakers can understand the central variety at a specified threshold level (usually between 70% and 85%) or higher. It is not required that peripheral varieties be understood by speakers of the central variety or of other peripheral varieties. A minimal set of central varieties providing coverage of a dialect continuum may be selected algorithmically from intelligibility data.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_factors">Political factors</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dialect&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Political factors" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In many societies, however, a particular dialect, often the sociolect of the <a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">elite</a> class, comes to be identified as the "standard" or "proper" version of a language by those seeking to make a social distinction and is contrasted with other varieties. As a result of this, in some contexts, the term "dialect" refers specifically to varieties with low <a href="/wiki/Social_status" title="Social status">social status</a>. In this secondary sense of "dialect", language varieties are often called dialects rather than languages: <ul><li>if they have no <a href="/wiki/Standard_variety" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard variety">standard</a> or <a href="/wiki/Codification_(linguistics)" title="Codification (linguistics)">codified</a> form,</li> <li>if they are rarely or never used in writing (outside reported speech),</li> <li>if the speakers of the given language do not have a <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> of their own,</li> <li>if they lack <a href="/wiki/Prestige_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Prestige dialect">prestige</a> with respect to some other, often standardised, variety.</li></ul> The status of "language" is not solely determined by linguistic criteria, but it is also the result of a historical and political development. <a href="/wiki/Romansh_language" title="Romansh language">Romansh</a> came to be a written language, and therefore it is recognized as a language, even though it is very close to the Lombardic alpine dialects and classical Latin. An opposite example is <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, whose variations such as <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Cantonese</a> are often called dialects and not languages in China, despite their mutual unintelligibility. National boundaries sometimes make the distinction between "language" and "dialect" an issue of political importance. A group speaking a separate "language" may be seen as having a greater claim to being a separate "people", and thus to be more deserving of its own independent state, while a group speaking a "dialect" may be seen as a sub-group, part of a bigger people, which must content itself with regional autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a> linguist <a href="/wiki/Max_Weinreich" title="Max Weinreich">Max Weinreich</a> published the expression, A shprakh iz a dialekt mit an armey un flot ("אַ שפּראַך איז אַ דיאַלעקט מיט אַן אַרמײ און פֿלאָט": "<a href="/wiki/A_language_is_a_dialect_with_an_army_and_navy" title="A language is a dialect with an army and navy">A language is a dialect with an army and navy</a>") in YIVO Bleter 25.1, 1945, p. 13. The significance of the political factors in any attempt at answering the question "what is a language?" is great enough to cast doubt on whether any strictly linguistic definition, without a socio-cultural approach, is possible. This is illustrated by the frequency with which the army-navy aphorism is cited. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terminology">Terminology</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dialect&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Terminology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> By the definition most commonly used by linguists, any linguistic variety can be considered a "dialect" of some language—"everybody speaks a dialect". According to that interpretation, the criteria above merely serve to distinguish whether two varieties are dialects of the same language or dialects of different languages. The terms "language" and "dialect" are not necessarily mutually exclusive, although they are often perceived to be.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> Thus there is nothing contradictory in the statement "the language of the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a> is a dialect of <a href="/wiki/German_(language)" class="mw-redirect" title="German (language)">German</a>". There are various terms that linguists may use to avoid taking a position on whether the speech of a community is an independent language in its own right or a dialect of another language. Perhaps the most common is "<a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">variety</a>";<a href="#cite_note-finegan-50">[49]</a> "<a href="/wiki/Lect" class="mw-redirect" title="Lect">lect</a>" is another. A more general term is "languoid", which does not distinguish between dialects, languages, and groups of languages, whether genealogically related or not.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Colloquial_meaning_of_dialect">Colloquial meaning of dialect</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dialect&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Colloquial meaning of dialect" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> The colloquial meaning of dialect can be understood by example, e.g. in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a><a href="#cite_note-auto3-9">[8]</a> (see <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto" class="extiw" title="it:Dialetto">dialetto</a><a href="#cite_note-battaglia-10">[9]</a>), <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (see <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/patois" class="extiw" title="fr:patois">patois</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>,<a href="#cite_note-auto-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-maiden-13">[12]</a> carries a <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a> undertone and underlines the politically and <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">socially subordinated</a> status of a non-national language to the country's single official language. In other words, these "dialects" are not actual dialects in the same sense as in the first usage, as they do not derive from the politically dominant language and are therefore not one of its <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a>, but instead they evolved in a separate and parallel way and may thus better fit various parties' criteria for a separate language. Despite this, these "dialects" may often be historically <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> and share <a href="/wiki/Genetic_relationship_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic relationship (linguistics)">genetic roots</a> in the same <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">subfamily</a> as the dominant national language and may even, to a varying degree, share some <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a> with the latter. In this sense, unlike in the first usage, the national language would not itself be considered a "dialect", as it is the dominant language in a particular state, be it in terms of <a href="/wiki/Prestige_(sociolinguistics)" title="Prestige (sociolinguistics)">linguistic prestige</a>, social or political (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official</a>) status, predominance or prevalence, or all of the above. The term "dialect" used this way implies a political connotation, being mostly used to refer to low-prestige languages (regardless of their actual degree of distance from the national language), languages lacking institutional support, or those perceived as "unsuitable for writing".<a href="#cite_note-auto8-14">[13]</a> The designation "dialect" is also used popularly to refer to the unwritten or non-codified languages of developing countries or isolated areas,<a href="#cite_note-auto4-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto5-16">[15]</a> where the term "<a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular language</a>" would be preferred by linguists.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Dialect_and_accent">Dialect and accent</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dialect&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Dialect and accent" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dialect&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (October 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/John_Lyons_(linguist)" title="John Lyons (linguist)">John Lyons</a> writes that "Many linguists [...] subsume differences of accent under differences of dialect."<a href="#cite_note-Lyons-19">[18]</a> In general, <a href="/wiki/Accent_(sociolinguistics)" title="Accent (sociolinguistics)">accent</a> refers to variations in pronunciation, while dialect also encompasses specific variations in <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vocabulary" title="Vocabulary">vocabulary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELyons1981268-53">[52]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dialect&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Examples" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_languages#Language_vs._dialect" title="Mesoamerican languages">Mesoamerican languages § Language vs. dialect</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arabic">Arabic</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dialect&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Arabic" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">Varieties of Arabic</a></div> There are three geographical zones in which Arabic is spoken (Jastrow 2002).<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> Zone I is categorized as the area in which Arabic was spoken before the rise of Islam. It is the Arabian Peninsula, excluding the areas where southern Arabian was spoken. Zone II is categorized as the areas to which Arabic speaking peoples moved as a result of the conquests of Islam. Included in Zone II are the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, and some parts of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. The Egyptian, Sudanese, and Levantine dialects (including the Syrian dialect) are well documented, and widely spoken and studied. Zone III comprises the areas in which Arabic is spoken outside of the continuous Arabic Language area. Spoken dialects of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic Language">Arabic language</a> share the same writing system and share <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern Standard Arabic</a> as their common prestige dialect used in writing. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German">German</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dialect&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: German" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/German_dialects" title="German dialects">German dialects</a></div> When talking about the German language, the term <a href="/wiki/German_dialects" title="German dialects">German dialects</a> is only used for the traditional regional varieties. That allows them to be distinguished from the regional varieties of modern standard German. The German dialects show a wide spectrum of variation. Some of them are not mutually intelligible. <a href="/wiki/German_dialectology" class="mw-redirect" title="German dialectology">German dialectology</a> traditionally names the major dialect groups after <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic tribes</a> from which they were assumed to have descended.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> The extent to which the dialects are spoken varies according to a number of factors: In Northern Germany, dialects are less common than in the South. In cities, dialects are less common than in the countryside. In a public environment, dialects are less common than in a familiar environment. The situation in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> is different from the rest of the German-speaking countries. The <a href="/wiki/Swiss_German" title="Swiss German">Swiss German</a> dialects are the default everyday language in virtually every situation, whereas standard German is only spoken in education, partially in media, and with foreigners not possessing knowledge of Swiss German. Most Swiss German speakers perceive standard German to be a foreign language. The <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Low_Franconian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Franconian languages">Low Franconian</a> varieties spoken in Germany are often counted among the German dialects. This reflects the modern situation where they are <a href="/wiki/Dachsprache" class="mw-redirect" title="Dachsprache">roofed</a> by standard German. This is different from the situation in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> when Low German had strong tendencies towards an <a href="/wiki/Ausbau_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ausbau language">ausbau language</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Frisian_languages" title="Frisian languages">Frisian languages</a> spoken in Germany and the Netherlands are excluded from the German dialects. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dialect&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Italy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages of Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional Italian</a></div> Italy is an often quoted example of a country where the second definition of the word "dialect" (dialetto<a href="#cite_note-battaglia-10">[9]</a>) is most prevalent. Italy is in fact home to a <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">vast array of separate languages</a>, most of which lack <a href="/wiki/Mutual_intelligibility" title="Mutual intelligibility">mutual intelligibility</a> with one another and have their own local varieties; twelve of them (<a href="/wiki/Arberesh_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arberesh language">Albanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Provençal language">Franco-Provençal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a>) underwent <a href="/wiki/Italianization" title="Italianization">Italianization</a> to a varying degree (ranging from the currently <a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">endangered state</a> displayed by Sardinian and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">southern Italian</a> Greek to the vigorous promotion of Germanic <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrolean_dialect" title="South Tyrolean dialect">Tyrolean</a>), but have been officially recognized as <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy#Historical_linguistic_minorities" title="Languages of Italy">minority languages</a> (minoranze linguistiche storiche), in light of their distinctive historical development. Yet, most of the <a href="/wiki/Regional_language" title="Regional language">regional languages</a> spoken across the peninsula are often colloquially referred to in non-linguistic circles as Italian dialetti, since most of them, including the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a>, have adopted <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vulgar</a> <a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a> as their <a href="/wiki/Abstand_and_ausbau_languages" title="Abstand and ausbau languages">reference language</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. However, all these languages evolved from <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a> in parallel with Italian, long prior to the popular diffusion of the latter throughout what is now <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cerrato-56">[55]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Risorgimento" class="mw-redirect" title="Risorgimento">Risorgimento</a>, Italian still existed mainly as a literary language, and only 2.5% of Italy's population could speak Italian.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> Proponents of <a href="/wiki/Italian_nationalism" title="Italian nationalism">Italian nationalism</a>, like the Lombard <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Alessandro Manzoni</a>, stressed the importance of establishing a uniform <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national language</a> in order to better create an Italian <a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">national identity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> With the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">unification of Italy</a> in the 1860s, Italian became the official national language of the new Italian state, while the other ones came to be institutionally regarded as "dialects" subordinate to Italian, and negatively associated with a lack of education. In the early 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> of Italian men from all throughout Italy during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> is credited with having facilitated the diffusion of Italian among the less educated conscripted soldiers, as these men, who had been speaking various regional languages up until then, found themselves forced to communicate with each other in a common tongue while serving in the Italian military. With the popular spread of Italian out of the intellectual circles, because of the mass-media and the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Public_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Public education">public education</a>, Italians from all regions were increasingly exposed to Italian.<a href="#cite_note-Cerrato-56">[55]</a> While <a href="/wiki/Dialect_levelling" title="Dialect levelling">dialect levelling</a> has increased the number of Italian speakers and decreased the number of speakers of other languages native to Italy, Italians in different regions have developed variations of standard Italian specific to their region. These variations of standard Italian, known as "<a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">regional Italian</a>", would thus more appropriately be called dialects in accordance with the first linguistic definition of the term, as they are in fact derived from Italian,<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-maiden-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-repetti-60">[59]</a> with some degree of influence from the local or regional native languages and accents.<a href="#cite_note-Cerrato-56">[55]</a> The most widely spoken languages of Italy, which are not to be confused with regional Italian, fall within a family of which even Italian is part, the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Dalmatian group</a>. This wide category includes: <ul><li>the complex of the <a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Italian" title="Central Italian">Central Italian dialects</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Romanesco_dialect" title="Romanesco dialect">Romanesco</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, with the addition of some distantly <a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a>-derived varieties (<a href="/wiki/Gallurese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallurese dialect">Gallurese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sassarese_language" title="Sassarese language">Sassarese</a>) spoken in Northern <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>;</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_language" title="Neapolitan language">Neapolitan group</a> (also known as "Intermediate Meridional Italian"), which encompasses not only <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>' and <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>'s speech but also a variety of related neighboring varieties like the <a href="/wiki/Irpinian_dialect" title="Irpinian dialect">Irpinian dialect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abruzzo" title="Abruzzo">Abruzzese</a> and Southern <a href="/wiki/Marche" title="Marche">Marchegiano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molisan" title="Molisan">Molisan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calabrian_language#Northern_Calabrian_(Cosentino)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calabrian language">Northern Calabrian or Cosentino</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bari_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Bari dialect">Bari dialect</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cilentan_dialect" title="Cilentan dialect">Cilentan dialect</a> of <a href="/wiki/Salerno" title="Salerno">Salerno</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>, is considered significantly influenced by the Neapolitan and the below-mentioned language groups;</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian group</a> (also known as "Extreme Meridional Italian"), including <a href="/wiki/Salentino_dialect" title="Salentino dialect">Salentino</a> and centro-southern <a href="/wiki/Calabrian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Calabrian languages">Calabrian</a>.</li></ul> Modern Italian is heavily based on the <a href="/wiki/Florentine_dialect" title="Florentine dialect">Florentine dialect</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tuscan_dialect" title="Tuscan dialect">Tuscan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cerrato-56">[55]</a> The Tuscan-based language that would eventually become modern Italian had been used in poetry and literature since at least the <a href="/wiki/12th_century" title="12th century">12th century</a>, and it first spread outside the Tuscan linguistic borders through the works of the so-called tre corone ("three crowns"): <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Giovanni Boccaccio</a>. Florentine thus gradually rose to prominence as the volgare of the <a href="/wiki/Literate" class="mw-redirect" title="Literate">literate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">upper class</a> in Italy, and it spread throughout the peninsula and Sicily as the <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> among the Italian <a href="/wiki/Educated" class="mw-redirect" title="Educated">educated</a> class as well as Italian travelling merchants. The economic prowess and cultural and artistic importance of <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> further encouraged the diffusion of the Florentine-Tuscan Italian throughout Italy and among the educated and powerful, though local and regional languages remained the main languages of the common people. Aside from the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italo-Dalmatian languages</a>, the second most widespread family in Italy is the <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_languages" title="Gallo-Italic languages">Gallo-Italic group</a>, spanning throughout much of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a>'s languages and dialects (such as <a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emilian-Romagnol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilian-Romagnol language">Emilian-Romagnol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(Romance_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (Romance language)">Ligurian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lombard_language" title="Lombard language">Lombard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Sicily's</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Basilicata" title="Gallo-Italic of Basilicata">Basilicata's</a> Gallo-Italic in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">southern Italy</a>, etc.). Finally, other languages from a number of different families follow the last two major groups: the <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Romance_languages" title="Gallo-Romance languages">Gallo-Romance languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Vivaro-Alpine_dialect" title="Vivaro-Alpine dialect">Vivaro-Alpine dialect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Provençal language">Franco-Provençal</a>); the <a href="/wiki/Rhaeto-Romance_languages" title="Rhaeto-Romance languages">Rhaeto-Romance languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Friulian_language" title="Friulian language">Friulian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a>); the <a href="/wiki/Ibero-Romance_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibero-Romance languages">Ibero-Romance languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Algherese</a>); the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic language">Germanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_language" title="Cimbrian language">Cimbrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Bavarian" title="Southern Bavarian">Southern Bavarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walser_German" title="Walser German">Walser German</a> and the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2cheno_language" title="Mòcheno language">Mòcheno language</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh language</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenic language">Hellenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Griko_language" title="Griko language">Griko language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calabrian_Greek" title="Calabrian Greek">Calabrian Greek</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian" title="Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a> <a href="/wiki/Slavomolisano_dialect" title="Slavomolisano dialect">Slavomolisano dialect</a>; and the various <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene languages</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Gail_Valley_dialect" title="Gail Valley dialect">Gail Valley dialect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Istrian_dialect" title="Istrian dialect">Istrian dialect</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">language indigenous to Sardinia</a>, while being Romance in nature, is considered to be a <a href="/wiki/Southern_Romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Romance">specific linguistic family</a> of its own, separate from the other Neo-Latin groups; it is often subdivided into the <a href="/wiki/Campidanese_Sardinian" title="Campidanese Sardinian">Centro-Southern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Logudorese_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Logudorese dialect">Centro-Northern</a> dialects. Though mostly mutually unintelligible, the exact degree to which all the Italian languages are mutually unintelligible varies, often correlating with geographical distance or geographical barriers between the languages; some regional Italian languages that are closer in geographical proximity to each other or closer to each other on the <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a> are more or less mutually intelligible. For instance, a speaker of purely <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Lombard_dialects" title="Eastern Lombard dialects">Eastern Lombard</a>, a language in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy region</a> that includes the <a href="/wiki/Bergamasque_dialect" title="Bergamasque dialect">Bergamasque dialect</a>, would have severely limited mutual intelligibility with a purely Italian speaker and would be nearly completely unintelligible to a <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a>-speaking individual. Due to Eastern Lombard's status as a Gallo-Italic language, an Eastern Lombard speaker may, in fact, have more mutual intelligibility with an Occitan, <a href="/wiki/Catalan_language" title="Catalan language">Catalan</a>, or French speaker than with an Italian or Sicilian speaker. Meanwhile, a Sicilian-speaking person would have a greater degree of mutual intelligibility with a speaker of the more closely related Neapolitan language, but far less mutual intelligibility with a person speaking Sicilian Gallo-Italic, a language that developed in isolated Lombard emigrant communities on the same island as the Sicilian language. Today, the majority of Italian nationals are able to speak Italian, though many Italians still speak their regional language regularly or as their primary day-to-day language, especially at home with family or when communicating with Italians from the same town or region. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Balkans">The Balkans</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dialect&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The Balkans" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The classification of speech varieties as dialects or languages and their relationship to other varieties of speech can be controversial and the verdicts inconsistent. <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Croatian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbo-Croatian language">Serbo-Croatian</a> illustrates this point. Serbo-Croatian has two major formal variants (<a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>). Both are based on the <a href="/wiki/Shtokavian" title="Shtokavian">Shtokavian</a> dialect and therefore mutually intelligible with differences found mostly in their respective local vocabularies and minor grammatical differences. Certain dialects of Serbia (<a href="/wiki/Torlakian" class="mw-redirect" title="Torlakian">Torlakian</a>) and Croatia (<a href="/wiki/Kajkavian" title="Kajkavian">Kajkavian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chakavian" title="Chakavian">Chakavian</a>), however, are not mutually intelligible even though they are usually subsumed under Serbo-Croatian. How these dialects should be classified in relation to Shtokavian remains a matter of dispute. <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_language" title="Macedonian language">Macedonian</a>, which is largely mutually intelligible with <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a> and certain dialects of Serbo-Croatian (<a href="/wiki/Torlakian_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Torlakian dialect">Torlakian</a>), is considered by Bulgarian linguists to be a Bulgarian dialect, while in <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>, it is regarded as a language in its own right. Before the establishment of a literary standard of Macedonian in 1944, in most sources in and out of Bulgaria before the Second World War, the South Slavic dialect continuum covering the area of today's North Macedonia were referred to as <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language#Relationship_to_Macedonian" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian dialects</a>. Sociolinguists agree that the question of whether Macedonian is a dialect of Bulgarian or a language is a political one and cannot be resolved on a purely linguistic basis.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lebanon">Lebanon</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dialect&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Lebanon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Arabic" title="Lebanese Arabic">Lebanese Arabic</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, a part of the Christian population considers "Lebanese" to be in some sense a distinct language from <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> and not merely a dialect thereof. During the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_civil_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Lebanese civil war">civil war</a>, Christians often used Lebanese Arabic officially, and sporadically used the <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> to write Lebanese, thus further distinguishing it from Arabic. All Lebanese laws are written in the standard literary form of Arabic, though parliamentary debate may be conducted in Lebanese Arabic. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malay">Malay</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dialect&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Malay" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay language</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> has a long history as a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>: basantara) in the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a> which currently includes <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunei_Darussalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunei Darussalam">Brunei Darussalam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>, and the southern part of <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>. This geographical variation, which then spread widely even to <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, finally led to the formation of a Malay language cluster which spread and had differences due to geographical conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Ikram-63">[62]</a> The Malay language is <a href="/wiki/Pluricentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluricentric">pluricentric</a> and a <a href="/wiki/ISO_639_macrolanguage" title="ISO 639 macrolanguage">macrolanguage</a>, i.e., several varieties of it are standardized as the national language (bahasa kebangsaan or bahasa nasional) of several nation states with various official names: in Malaysia, it is designated as either bahasa Malaysia ("<a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malay" title="Malaysian Malay">Malaysian</a>") or also bahasa Melayu ("Malay language"); in Singapore and Brunei, it is called bahasa Melayu ("Malay language"); in Indonesia, an autonomous normative variety called bahasa Indonesia ("<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian language</a>") is designated the bahasa persatuan/pemersatu ("unifying language" or <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a>) whereas the term "Malay" (bahasa Melayu) is domestically restricted to vernacular varieties of Malay indigenous to areas of Central to Southern <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[ii]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Africa">North Africa</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dialect&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: North Africa" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Arabic" title="Maghrebi Arabic">Maghrebi Arabic</a></div> In Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco, the <a href="/wiki/Darija" class="mw-redirect" title="Darija">Darijas</a> translated as literally meaning Dialect in Arabic (spoken North African languages) are sometimes considered more different from other Arabic dialects. Officially, North African countries prefer to give preference to the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Literary Arabic</a> and conduct much of their political and religious life in it (adherence to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>), and refrain from declaring each country's specific variety to be a separate language, because Literary Arabic is the <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical language">liturgical language</a> of Islam and the language of the Islamic sacred book, the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>. Although, especially since the 1960s, the Darijas are occupying an increasing use and influence in the cultural life of these countries. Examples of cultural elements where Darijas' use became dominant include: theatre, film, music, television, advertisement, social media, folk-tale books and companies' names. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dialect&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ukraine" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83.jpg/220px-%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="489"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 307px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83.jpg/220px-%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="307" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83.jpg/330px-%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F_%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Books_of_the_Genesis_of_the_Ukrainian_People" title="Books of the Genesis of the Ukrainian People">The Books of Genesis of the Ukrainian Nation</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mykola_Kostomarov" title="Mykola Kostomarov">Mykola Kostomarov</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Modern_Ukrainian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Ukrainian language">Modern Ukrainian language</a> has been in common use since the late 17th century, associated with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a>. In the 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsarist</a> Government of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> claimed that <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> (or Little Russian, per official name) was merely a dialect of <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> (or Polonized dialect) and not a language on its own (same concept as for <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian language</a>). That concepted was enrooted soon after the <a href="/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">partitions of Poland</a>. According to these claims, the differences were few and caused by the conquest of western Ukraine by the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. However, in reality the dialects in Ukraine were developing independently from the dialects in the modern Russia for several centuries, and as a result they differed substantially. Following the <a href="/wiki/Spring_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spring of Nations">Spring of Nations</a> in Europe and efforts of the <a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Saints_Cyril_and_Methodius" title="Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius">Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius</a>, across the so-called "Southwestern Krai" of Russian Empire started to spread cultural societies of <a href="/wiki/Hromada_(secret_society)" title="Hromada (secret society)">Hromada</a> and their Sunday schools. Themselves "hromadas" acted in same manner as <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_brotherhood" title="Orthodox brotherhood">Orthodox fraternities</a> of <a href="/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> back in 15th century. Around that time in Ukraine becoming popular political movements Narodnichestvo (<a href="/wiki/Narodniks" title="Narodniks">Narodniks</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Khlopomanstvo" class="mw-redirect" title="Khlopomanstvo">Khlopomanstvo</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moldova">Moldova</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dialect&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Moldova" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> There have been cases of a variety of speech being deliberately reclassified to serve political purposes. One example is <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_language" title="Moldovan language">Moldovan</a>. In 1996, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Moldova" title="Parliament of Moldova">Moldovan Parliament</a>, citing fears of "Romanian expansionism", rejected a proposal from <a href="/wiki/President_of_Moldova" title="President of Moldova">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Mircea_Snegur" title="Mircea Snegur">Mircea Snegur</a> to change the name of the language to Romanian, and in 2003 a <a href="/wiki/Moldovan%E2%80%93Romanian_dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="Moldovan–Romanian dictionary">Moldovan–Romanian dictionary</a> was published, purporting to show that the two countries speak different languages. Linguists of the <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Academy" title="Romanian Academy">Romanian Academy</a> reacted by declaring that all the Moldovan words were also Romanian words; while in Moldova, the head of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Sciences_of_Moldova" title="Academy of Sciences of Moldova">Academy of Sciences of Moldova</a>, Ion Bărbuţă, described the dictionary as a politically motivated "absurdity". On 22 March 2023, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Moldova" title="President of Moldova">president of Moldova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maia_Sandu" title="Maia Sandu">Maia Sandu</a>, promulgated a law passed by Parliament that named the <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national language</a> as Romanian in all legislative texts and the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Moldova_(1994)" title="Constitution of Moldova (1994)">constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greater_China">Greater China</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dialect&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Greater China" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese#Classification" title="Varieties of Chinese">Varieties of Chinese § Classification</a></div> Unlike languages that use alphabets to indicate their pronunciation, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> have developed from <a href="/wiki/Logograms" class="mw-redirect" title="Logograms">logograms</a> that do not always give hints to their pronunciation. Although the written characters have remained relatively consistent for the last two thousand years, the pronunciation and grammar in different regions have developed to an extent that the <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">varieties of the spoken language</a> are often mutually unintelligible. As a series of migration to the south throughout the history, the regional languages of the south, including <a href="/wiki/Gan_Chinese" title="Gan Chinese">Gan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a> often show traces of <a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a> or <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a>. From the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> onward, Beijing has been the capital of China and the dialect spoken in Beijing has had the most prestige among other varieties. With the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912–49)">Republic of China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Mandarin">Standard Mandarin</a> was designated as the official language, based on the spoken language of Beijing. Since then, other spoken varieties are regarded as fangyan (regional speech). <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a> is still the most commonly-used language in <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a> and among some overseas Chinese communities, whereas <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Hokkien</a> has been accepted in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> as an important local language alongside <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Mandarin</a>. Then starting in the 1950s, the <a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">written language</a> also diverged when the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> introduced <a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">simplified characters</a>, which are now used throughout the country. <a href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">Traditional characters</a> are still the norm in Taiwan and some other overseas communities. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hindi_and_Urdu">Hindi and Urdu</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dialect&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Hindi and Urdu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani language</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hindi_belt" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi belt">Hindi belt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindi-Urdu_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi-Urdu controversy">Hindi-Urdu controversy</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> is one of the official languages of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, alongside <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, and an official language in <a href="/wiki/Languages_with_legal_status_in_India" title="Languages with legal status in India">nine states</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language">Gujarati</a> is the most spoken language). <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> is the national and official language of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, as well as being an additional official language in 5 states of India (3 of the 8 Hindi speaking states plus <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>). While it is the second language for most Pakistanis (outside of <a href="/wiki/Muhajir_(Pakistan)" title="Muhajir (Pakistan)">muhajirs</a> who immigrated during <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_India" title="Partition of India">partition</a> and their descendants) in favor of languages like <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>, it is the first language of most <a href="/wiki/Indian_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Muslims">Indian Muslims</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_India" title="North India">North India</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_Plateau" title="Deccan Plateau">Deccan Plateau</a>. The two languages in their colloquially spoken form are mutually intelligible, but in written form, Hindi uses the <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a> script while Urdu uses the <a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Perso-Arabic">Perso-Arabic</a> script. For formal vocabulary, the two languages diverge, with Hindi drawing more from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> and Urdu more from <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>. In addition, several other dialects or languages are classified under Hindi that did not descend from it. Standard Hindi and Urdu are based on <a href="/wiki/Khari_Boli" class="mw-redirect" title="Khari Boli">Khari Boli</a>, the dialect spoken around <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>. Other dialects with high mutual intelligibility spoken in surrounding areas include <a href="/wiki/Haryanvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Haryanvi">Haryanvi</a> and languages from Western <a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a>, like <a href="/wiki/Braj_Bhasha" title="Braj Bhasha">Braj Bhasha</a>. But many languages less similar to Standard Hindi do not have official status under the <a href="/wiki/8th_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="8th Schedule to the Constitution of India">8th Schedule to the Constitution of India</a> and are instead classified as dialects of Hindi.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> This includes <a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a>, spoken in Eastern Uttar Pradesh and <a href="/wiki/Bihar" title="Bihar">Bihar</a>, which does not have official status in either state or in the 8th Schedule, despite being spoken by over 50 million people.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> But over time, more languages have been recognized as distinct from Hindi. <a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a> was made a scheduled language of India in 2003, and <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhattisgarhi">Chhattisgarhi</a> was made official in <a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh">Chhattisgarh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dialect&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accent_perception" title="Accent perception">Accent perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronolect" title="Chronolect">Chronolect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colloquialism" title="Colloquialism">Colloquialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creole language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_levelling" title="Dialect levelling">Dialect levelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectology" title="Dialectology">Dialectology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialectometry" title="Dialectometry">Dialectometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnolect" title="Ethnolect">Ethnolect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_dialect" title="Eye dialect">Eye dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiolect" title="Idiolect">Idiolect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isogloss" title="Isogloss">Isogloss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koin%C3%A9_language" title="Koiné language">Koiné language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">Register (sociolinguistics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">Literary language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_language" title="Nation language">Nation language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_language" title="Regional language">Regional language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprachbund" title="Sprachbund">Sprachbund</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selected_list_of_articles_on_dialects">Selected list of articles on dialects</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dialect&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Selected list of articles on dialects" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">Varieties of Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_dialects" title="Bengali dialects">Bengali dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_dialects" title="Catalan dialects">Catalan dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Varieties of Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Greek" title="Cypriot Greek">Cypriot Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Turkish" title="Cypriot Turkish">Cypriot Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_dialects" title="Danish dialects">Danish dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch dialects">Dutch dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="English dialects">English dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish dialects">Finnish dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_French" title="Varieties of French">Varieties of French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_dialects" title="Georgian dialects">Georgian dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_dialects" title="German dialects">German dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayalam languages">Malayalam languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayan languages">Varieties of Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connacht_Irish" title="Connacht Irish">Connacht Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munster_Irish" title="Munster Irish">Munster Irish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Irish" title="Ulster Irish">Ulster Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Italian dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_dialects" title="Japanese dialects">Japanese dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_dialects" title="Korean dialects">Korean dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_dialects" title="Norwegian dialects">Norwegian dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguni_languages" title="Nguni languages">Nguni languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_Polish" title="Dialects of Polish">Dialects of Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_dialects" title="Portuguese dialects">Portuguese dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_dialects" title="Romanian dialects">Romanian dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_dialects" title="Russian dialects">Russian dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_microlanguages" title="Slavic microlanguages">Slavic microlanguages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian dialects">Slovenian dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish dialects">Spanish dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_dialects" title="Swedish dialects">Swedish dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Tamil_dialects" title="Sri Lankan Tamil dialects">Sri Lankan Tamil dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects" title="Yiddish dialects">Yiddish dialects</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dialect&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> The word has multiple derivations: <a href="/wiki/Middle_French" title="Middle French">Middle French</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dialecte#Middle_French" class="extiw" title="wikt:dialecte">dialecte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Classical_Latin" title="Classical Latin">Classical Latin</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dialectos#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:dialectos">dialectos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:διάλεκτος">διάλεκτος</a> (diálektos), 'discourse', in turn derived from <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%AC#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:διά">διά</a> (diá), 'through', and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%B3%CF%89#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:λέγω">λέγω</a> (légō), 'I speak'.<a href="#cite_note-OED-etym-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Since the standardized varieties of Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei and Singapore are structurally largely identical and mostly differ in lexicon and to a lesser degree in phonetic details, the umbrella terms "Malay/Indonesian"<a href="#cite_note-Blust-65">[64]</a> or "Malay-Indonesian"<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> are often used in the linguistic literature when discussing the structure or history of the language. </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dialect&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-OED-etym-1"><a href="#cite_ref-OED-etym_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/dictionary/dialect_n?tab=etymology#6920297">"'dialect (n.), Etymology'"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/">Oxford English Dictionary</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. July 2023 [2014]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2FOED%2F8666306791">10.1093/OED/8666306791</a>. Retrieved 21 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27dialect+%28n.%29%2C+Etymology%27&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2023-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2FOED%2F8666306791&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fdictionary%2Fdialect_n%3Ftab%3Detymology%236920297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADialect" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161002130314/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/dialect">Oxford Living Dictionaries – English.</a> Retrieved 18 January 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto9-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto9_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto9_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/dialect">"Definition of DIALECT"</a>. Merriam-webster.com. 30 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+DIALECT&rft.date=2023-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fdialect&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADialect" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_5-1">b</a> Wolfram, Walt and Schilling, Natalie. 2016. American English: Dialects and Variation. West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons, p. 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel._W._Bruhn" class="citation cs2">Daniel. W. Bruhn, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~dwbruhn/dwbruhn_376_Dispossessed.pdf">Walls of the Tongue: A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Ursula K. 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Profilo linguistico dei dialetti italiani (in Italian). Bari: Laterza.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Profilo+linguistico+dei+dialetti+italiani&rft.place=Bari&rft.pub=Laterza&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Loporcaro&rft.aufirst=Michele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADialect" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcato2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Marcato, Carla (2007). Dialetto, dialetti e italiano (in Italian). Bologna: Il Mulino.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dialetto%2C+dialetti+e+italiano&rft.place=Bologna&rft.pub=Il+Mulino&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Marcato&rft.aufirst=Carla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADialect" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPosner1996" class="citation book cs1">Posner, Rebecca (1996). The Romance languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Romance+languages&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Posner&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADialect" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-repetti-60"><a href="#cite_ref-repetti_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRepetti2000" class="citation book cs1">Repetti, Lori (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z1f5fIrtw58C&q=dialects+of+italy">Phonological Theory and the Dialects of Italy</a>. John Benjamins Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9027237190" title="Special:BookSources/9027237190"><bdi>9027237190</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phonological+Theory+and+the+Dialects+of+Italy&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9027237190&rft.aulast=Repetti&rft.aufirst=Lori&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz1f5fIrtw58C%26q%3Ddialects%2Bof%2Bitaly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADialect" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambersTrudgill1998" class="citation book cs1">Chambers, Jack; Trudgill, Peter (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dialectology00cham_601">Dialectology</a> (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dialectology00cham_601/page/n21">7</a>. <q>Similarly, Bulgarian politicians often argue that Macedonian is simply a dialect of Bulgarian – which is really a way of saying, of course, that they feel Macedonia ought to be part of Bulgaria. From a purely linguistic point of view, however, such arguments are not resolvable, since dialect continua admit of more-or-less but not either-or judgements.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dialectology&rft.pages=7&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft.au=Trudgill%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdialectology00cham_601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADialect" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanforth1997" class="citation book cs1">Danforth, Loring M. (1997). The Macedonian conflict: ethnic nationalism in a transnational world. Princeton University Press. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691043562" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691043562"><bdi>978-0691043562</bdi></a>. <q>Sociolinguists agree that in such situations the decision as to whether a particular variety of speech constitutes a language or a dialect is always based on political, rather than linguistic criteria (Trudgill 1974:15). A language, in other words, can be defined "as a dialect with an army and a navy" (Nash 1989:6).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Macedonian+conflict%3A+ethnic+nationalism+in+a+transnational+world&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0691043562&rft.aulast=Danforth&rft.aufirst=Loring+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADialect" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ikram-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Ikram_63-0">^</a> Ikram, A. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://melayuonline.com/article/?a=bW1tL3FMZVZBUkU4Ng%3D%3D=&l=bahasa-melayu-penyebar-budaya">Bahasa Melayu penyebar budaya. Naskah-naskah sebagai saksi persebaran bahasa</a>. Jurnal ATL (in Indonesian). 1. Accessed from the Malayu Online page on 2009-05-06. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsmah_Haji_Omar1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Asmah_Haji_Omar" title="Asmah Haji Omar">Asmah Haji Omar</a> (1992). "Malay as a pluricentric language". In <a href="/wiki/Michael_Clyne" title="Michael Clyne">Clyne, Michael J.</a> (ed.). Malay as a pluricentric language Pluricentric Languages: Differing Norms in Different Nations. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyte. pp. 403–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-012855-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-012855-1"><bdi>3-11-012855-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Malay+as+a+pluricentric+language&rft.btitle=Malay+as+a+pluricentric+language+Pluricentric+Languages%3A+Differing+Norms+in+Different+Nations&rft.place=Berlin+%26+New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E403-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyte&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=3-11-012855-1&rft.au=Asmah+Haji+Omar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADialect" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blust-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Blust_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlust2013" class="citation book cs1">Blust, Robert (2013). The Austronesian Languages (revised ed.). Australian National University. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F10191">1885/10191</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-922185-07-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-922185-07-5"><bdi>978-1-922185-07-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Austronesian+Languages&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Australian+National+University&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F10191&rft.isbn=978-1-922185-07-5&rft.aulast=Blust&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADialect" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTadmor2009" class="citation book cs1">Tadmor, Uri (2009). "Malay-Indonesian". In Bernard Comrie (ed.). The World's Major Languages (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 791–818.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Malay-Indonesian&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Major+Languages&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E791-%3C%2Fspan%3E818&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Tadmor&rft.aufirst=Uri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADialect" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://presedinte.md/rom/comunicate-de-presa/presedinta-maia-sandu-a-promulgat-legea-care-confirma-ca-limba-de-stat-a-republicii-moldova-este-cea-romna">"Președinta Maia Sandu a promulgat Legea care confirmă că limba de stat a Republicii Moldova este cea română"</a> (in Romanian). Presidency of the Republic of Moldova. <q>Astăzi am promulgat Legea care confirmă un adevăr istoric și incontestabil: limba de stat a Republicii Moldova este cea română.</q> [Today I have promulgated the law that confirms a historical and indisputable truth: the state language of the Republic of Moldova is Romanian.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pre%C8%99edinta+Maia+Sandu+a+promulgat+Legea+care+confirm%C4%83+c%C4%83+limba+de+stat+a+Republicii+Moldova+este+cea+rom%C3%A2n%C4%83&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpresedinte.md%2From%2Fcomunicate-de-presa%2Fpresedinta-maia-sandu-a-promulgat-legea-care-confirma-ca-limba-de-stat-a-republicii-moldova-este-cea-romna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADialect" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mha.gov.in/sites/default/files/Eighth_Schedule.pdf">"Constitution of India, Eighth schedule"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitution+of+India%2C+Eighth+schedule&rft.pub=Government+of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mha.gov.in%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FEighth_Schedule.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADialect" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/bihar/mahagathbandhan-demands-official-language-status-for-bhojpuri-in-bihar/article68748414.ece">"Mahagathbandhan demands 'official language' status for Bhojpuri in Bihar"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hindu" title="The Hindu">The Hindu</a>. 13 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Mahagathbandhan+demands+%27official+language%27+status+for+Bhojpuri+in+Bihar&rft.date=2024-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fbihar%2Fmahagathbandhan-demands-official-language-status-for-bhojpuri-in-bihar%2Farticle68748414.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADialect" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linguistics.illinois.edu/languages/hindi/about-hindi">"About Hindi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UIUC" class="mw-redirect" title="UIUC">UIUC</a>. Retrieved 2024-10-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UIUC&rft.atitle=About+Hindi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinguistics.illinois.edu%2Flanguages%2Fhindi%2Fabout-hindi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADialect" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Dialect&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/dialect" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/dialect">dialect</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/soundsfamiliar">Sounds Familiar?</a> – Listen to regional accents and dialects of the UK on the British Library's 'Sounds Familiar' website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.ku.edu/idea/">International Dialects of English Archive Since 1997</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224033902/http://www.thedialectdictionary.com/">thedialectdictionary.com</a> – Compilation of Dialects from around the globe</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unii.ac.jp/~chitsuko/english/index.html">A site for announcements and downloading the SEAL System</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Dialect">"Dialect" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 155–156.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dialect&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E156&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADialect" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dialect&oldid=1274710899">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dialect&oldid=1274710899</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Dialect&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 8 February 2025, at 20:56 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialek" title="Dialek – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Dialek" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialekt" title="Dialekt – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Dialekt" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%87%D8%AC%D8%A9" title="لهجة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لهجة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialecto" title="Dialecto – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Dialecto" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="উপভাষা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="উপভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialeutu" title="Dialeutu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dialeutu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Диалект – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Диалект" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialekt" title="Dialekt – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dialekt" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="উপভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উপভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong-gi%C3%A2n" title="Hong-giân – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hong-giân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Диалект – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Диалект" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Дыялект – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дыялект" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Дыялект – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дыялект" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyalekto" title="Diyalekto – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Diyalekto" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Диалект – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Диалект" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialekt" title="Dialekt – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Dialekt" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="ཡུལ་སྐད། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཡུལ་སྐད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijalekt" title="Dijalekt – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dijalekt" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rannyezh" title="Rannyezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Rannyezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialecte" title="Dialecte – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dialecte" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Диалект – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Диалект" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1%C5%99e%C4%8D%C3%AD" title="Nářečí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nářečí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafodiaith" title="Tafodiaith – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Tafodiaith" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialekt" title="Dialekt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dialekt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialekt" title="Dialekt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dialekt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murre" title="Murre – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Murre" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Διάλεκτος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διάλεκτος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialecto" title="Dialecto – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dialecto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialekto" title="Dialekto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dialekto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialekto" title="Dialekto – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Dialekto" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="گویش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گویش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1lf%C3%B8ri" title="Málføri – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Málføri" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialecte" title="Dialecte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dialecte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialekt" title="Dialekt – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Dialekt" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%C3%BAint" title="Canúint – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Canúint" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fo-ghlaare" title="Fo-ghlaare – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Fo-ghlaare" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialecto" title="Dialecto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dialecto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%80" title="બોલી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બોલી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%A9%EC%96%B8" title="방언 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="방언" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%BC" title="Բարբառ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բարբառ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="उपभाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उपभाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijalekt" title="Dijalekt – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dijalekt" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialekto" title="Dialekto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Dialekto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialek" title="Dialek – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dialek" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialecto" title="Dialecto – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Dialecto" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialecte" title="Dialecte – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Dialecte" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMvethezo" title="UMvethezo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UMvethezo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1ll%C3%BDska" title="Mállýska – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mállýska" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto" title="Dialetto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dialetto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%91_(%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%92_%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%94)" title="ניב (סיווג שפה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניב (סיווג שפה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhial%C3%A8k" title="Dhialèk – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Dhialèk" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="დიალექტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დიალექტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Диалект – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Диалект" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahaja" title="Lahaja – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lahaja" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patua" title="Patua – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Patua" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aksan" title="Aksan – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Aksan" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zarava" title="Zarava – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Zarava" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Диалект – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Диалект" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialectos" title="Dialectos – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Dialectos" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialekts" title="Dialekts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dialekts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarm%C4%97" title="Tarmė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tarmė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialek" title="Dialek – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Dialek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialeto" title="Dialeto – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Dialeto" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialet" title="Dialet – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Dialet" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialektus" title="Dialektus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dialektus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Наречје – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Наречје" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="ഉപഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉപഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djalett" title="Djalett – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Djalett" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="पोटभाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पोटभाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="დიალექტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დიალექტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%87%D8%AC%D9%87" title="لهجه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لهجه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loghat" title="Loghat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Loghat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialek" title="Dialek – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Dialek" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%C5%8Fng-ngi%C3%B2ng" title="Huŏng-ngiòng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Huŏng-ngiòng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Аялга – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Аялга" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dialect" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialekt" title="Dialekt – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Dialekt" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80" title="बोली – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बोली" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8D" title="कचाभाय् – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कचाभाय्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="方言 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="方言" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialekt" title="Dialekt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dialekt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A5lf%C3%B8re" title="Målføre – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Målføre" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loceis" title="Loceis – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Loceis" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dial%C3%A8cte" title="Dialècte – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Dialècte" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahja" title="Lahja – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Lahja" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਉਪਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਉਪਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%91%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="پڑبولی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پڑبولی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialecto" title="Dialecto – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Dialecto" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DA%93%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF" title="گړدود – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="گړدود" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dial%C3%A8t" title="Dialèt – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Dialèt" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialekt" title="Dialekt – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Dialekt" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialekt" title="Dialekt – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dialekt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialeto" title="Dialeto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dialeto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dialect" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27iti_rimay" title="K'iti rimay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="K'iti rimay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Діалект – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Діалект" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Диалект – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Диалект" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D3%A9%D0%BB%D0%B1%D1%8D_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Түөлбэ тыла – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Түөлбэ тыла" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byleid" title="Byleid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Byleid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialekti" title="Dialekti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dialekti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dialect" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%87%D8%AC%D9%88" title="لهجو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="لهجو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1re%C4%8Die" title="Nárečie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nárečie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nare%C4%8Dje" title="Narečje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Narečje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djalekt" title="Djalekt – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Djalekt" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afguri" title="Afguri – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Afguri" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="زار – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زار" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Дијалект – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дијалект" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijalekt" title="Dijalekt – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dijalekt" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dial%C3%A9k" title="Dialék – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Dialék" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murre" title="Murre – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Murre" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialekt" title="Dialekt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dialekt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyalekto" title="Diyalekto – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Diyalekto" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="வட்டாரமொழி வழக்குகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வட்டாரமொழி வழக்குகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantala" title="Tantala – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tantala" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6yl%C3%A4m" title="Söyläm – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Söyläm" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2" title="ภาษาย่อย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาย่อย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leh%C3%A7e_(dilbilim)" title="Lehçe (dilbilim) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lehçe (dilbilim)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Діалект – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Діалект" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="بولی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بولی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dia%C5%82eto" title="Diałeto – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Diałeto" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_ng%E1%BB%AF" title="Phương ngữ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phương ngữ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murr%C3%B5q" title="Murrõq – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Murrõq" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyaleke" title="Diyaleke – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Diyaleke" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyalekto" title="Dyalekto – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dyalekto" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="方言 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="方言" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%98" title="דיאלעקט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דיאלעקט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="方言 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="方言" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diyalekt" title="Diyalekt – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Diyalekt" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarmie" title="Tarmie – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Tarmie" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80" title="方言 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="方言" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵏⵜⴰⵍⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 8 February 2025, at 20:56 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.next-6567bdfc66-8gl44","wgBackendResponseTime":324,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.171","walltime":"1.365","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6133,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":176485,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":9981,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":28,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":268795,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1208.573 1 -total"," 35.38% 427.567 2 Template:Reflist"," 11.29% 136.465 31 Template:Cite_book"," 10.71% 129.429 1 Template:Refn"," 9.24% 111.671 5 Template:Wikt-lang"," 8.07% 97.544 2 Template:Cite_encyclopedia"," 7.98% 96.384 1 Template:Sociolinguistics"," 7.81% 94.413 1 Template:Sidebar"," 6.05% 73.122 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.79% 69.938 1 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