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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphemios_(Sizilien)" title="Euphemios (Sizilien) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Euphemios (Sizilien)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CF%85%CF%86%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_(%CE%A3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82)" title="Ευφήμιος (Σικελίας) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ευφήμιος (Σικελίας)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufemio_de_Mesina" title="Eufemio de Mesina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Eufemio de Mesina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euph%C3%A8mios" title="Euphèmios – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Euphèmios" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufemio_da_Messina" title="Eufemio da Messina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Eufemio da Messina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Ефемиј Сицилиски – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ефемиј Сицилиски" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%89" title="فيمى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيمى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphemius_van_Messina" title="Euphemius van Messina – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Euphemius van Messina" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufemiusz_(uzurpator)" title="Eufemiusz (uzurpator) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Eufemiusz (uzurpator)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euf%C3%AAmio_(Sic%C3%ADlia)" title="Eufêmio (Sicília) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Eufêmio (Sicília)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufemius_de_Messina" title="Eufemius de Messina – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Eufemius de Messina" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Евфимий Сицилийский – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Евфимий Сицилийский" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eufemiu" title="Eufemiu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Eufemiu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2541827#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> commander in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, who rebelled against the imperial governor in 826 AD, and invited the <a href="/wiki/Aghlabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabids">Aghlabids</a> to aid him, thus beginning the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Sicily" title="Muslim conquest of Sicily">Muslim conquest of Sicily</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rebellion_in_Sicily">Rebellion in Sicily</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphemius_(Sicily)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Rebellion in Sicily"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michael_II_and_Theophilos_solidus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Michael_II_and_Theophilos_solidus.jpg/250px-Michael_II_and_Theophilos_solidus.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Michael_II_and_Theophilos_solidus.jpg/375px-Michael_II_and_Theophilos_solidus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Michael_II_and_Theophilos_solidus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="223" /></a><figcaption>Gold <i><a href="/wiki/Solidus_(coin)" title="Solidus (coin)">solidus</a></i> showing Emperor Michael II and his son <a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Euphemius was a <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> military commander. In 826, he was a <i><a href="/wiki/Tourmarches" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourmarches">tourmarches</a></i> and was appointed by the new governor of the <a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">theme</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sicily_(theme)" title="Sicily (theme)">Sicily</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Patrikios" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrikios">patrikios</a></i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantine_Soudas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantine Soudas (page does not exist)">Constantine Soudas</a>, as head of the provincial fleet. According to the Arab historian <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Athir" title="Ibn al-Athir">Ibn al-Athir</a>, Euphemius raided <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a>, seized a number of merchant vessels before they could enter safe ports and devastated the coasts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEickhoff196668_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEickhoff196668-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1988248–249_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1988248–249-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While he was away the Emperor <a href="/wiki/Michael_II_the_Amorian" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael II the Amorian">Michael II the Amorian</a> sent a letter ordering his demotion and punishment. Euphemius learned of this while returning to Sicily with his fleet. Euphemius, supported by the fleet, revolted. He was proclaimed emperor and sailed for the capital of Sicily, <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a>, which was quickly captured. The <i>patrikios</i> Constantine was either absent from the city or fled inland at his approach but soon gathered an army and attacked him. Euphemius won and forced the governor to seek refuge in <a href="/wiki/Catana" class="mw-redirect" title="Catana">Catana</a>. When Euphemius sent his forces against Catana, Constantine tried to flee again but was captured and executed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasiliev193568–69_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev193568–69-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1988249–250_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1988249–250-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The background of these events is unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZEuphemios_(#1701/corr.)_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZEuphemios_(#1701/corr.)-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Theophanes_Continuatus" title="Theophanes Continuatus">Theophanes Continuatus</a>, Euphemius had abducted the nun Homoniza from her monastery and taken her as his wife. Her brothers protested to the Emperor, who ordered the island's governor to investigate the matter and if the charges were found true, to cut off Euphemius' nose as punishment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1988249_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1988249-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicon_Salernitanum" title="Chronicon Salernitanum">Chronicon Salernitanum</a></i> reports a different variant of the story, whereby Euphemius was betrothed to Homoniza but the governor of Sicily gave her as wife to another, who had bribed the governor. This led Euphemius to swear revenge against the governor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZEuphemios_(#1701/corr.)_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZEuphemios_(#1701/corr.)-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several historians have cast doubt on these "romantic" stories of the origin of Euphemius' revolt. Theophanes also reports that he rebelled along with "some of his fellow <i>tourmarchai</i>", indicating a wider dissatisfaction among the provincial commanders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZEuphemios_(#1701/corr.)_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZEuphemios_(#1701/corr.)-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vasiliev_(historian)" title="Alexander Vasiliev (historian)">Alexander Vasiliev</a> remarked, Sicily had already shown tendencies against the imperial government before, such as the revolts of <a href="/wiki/Basil_Onomagoulos" title="Basil Onomagoulos">Basil Onomagoulos</a> in 718 and <a href="/wiki/Elpidius_(rebel)" title="Elpidius (rebel)">Elpidius</a> in 781–2.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasiliev193566–67_(esp._note_2)_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev193566–67_(esp._note_2)-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Vasiliev, the ambitious commander simply used an opportune moment, when the Byzantine government was weakened by the recent rebellion of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Slav" title="Thomas the Slav">Thomas the Slav</a> and by its preoccupation with the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Crete" title="Emirate of Crete">Muslim conquest of Crete</a>, to seize power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasiliev193571_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev193571-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German historian Ekkehard Eickhoff speculated that Euphemius may have been considered unreliable by the imperial government and that his raid against Ifriqiya—the first such operation attested by the Byzantine fleet—was on Euphemius' initiative, indicating his impetuous character and it may have been the reason he was ordered arrested by the Emperor, who preferred to maintain a passive stance in the West.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEickhoff196668_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEickhoff196668-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In traditional historiography, Euphemius is regarded as a champion of Sicilian autonomy against <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> rather than an imperial usurper but in a recently published seal of office, he calls himself "<a href="/wiki/Basileus" title="Basileus">Emperor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Rhomaioi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhomaioi">Romans</a>", thus clearly indicating his imperial ambitions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrigent2006b375–380_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrigent2006b375–380-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whatever the true reason for his uprising, soon after his victory over Constantine, Euphemius was deserted by a close ally, a man known through Arab sources as "Balata" (according to Vasiliev probably a corruption of his title, while Treadgold holds that he was named Plato and was possibly an Armenian). Balata was apparently entrusted with extending Euphemius' rule over western Sicily, and particularly <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>, where his cousin Michael was governor. The two men denounced Euphemius' usurpation of the imperial title and marched against Syracuse, defeated Euphemius and took the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1988250,_427_(note_345)_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1988250,_427_(note_345)-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasiliev193569–71_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev193569–71-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aghlabid_alliance,_return_to_Sicily_and_death"><span id="Aghlabid_alliance.2C_return_to_Sicily_and_death"></span>Aghlabid alliance, return to Sicily and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphemius_(Sicily)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Aghlabid alliance, return to Sicily and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Sicily" title="Muslim conquest of Sicily">Muslim conquest of Sicily</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sicily_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Sicily_map.svg/220px-Sicily_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Sicily_map.svg/330px-Sicily_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Sicily_map.svg/440px-Sicily_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Topographic map of Sicily</figcaption></figure> <p>Like Elpidius in the 780s, Euphemius resolved to seek refuge among the Empire's enemies and with a few supporters sailed to Ifriqiya. There he sent a delegation to the <a href="/wiki/Aghlabid" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabid">Aghlabid</a> court, which pleaded with the Aghlabid emir <a href="/wiki/Ziyadat_Allah_I_ibn_Ibrahim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziyadat Allah I ibn Ibrahim">Ziyadat Allah</a> for an army to help Euphemius conquer Sicily, after which he would pay the Aghlabids an annual tribute.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasiliev193572_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev193572-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1988250_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1988250-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This offer presented a great opportunity for the Aghlabids. Ziyadat Allah had just suppressed a dangerous three-year revolt of the Arab ruling elite but his rule was plagued by long-simmering ethnic tensions between Arab settlers and <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a> and criticism by the jurists of the <a href="/wiki/Malikite" class="mw-redirect" title="Malikite">Malikite</a> school for the Aghlabids' preoccupation with worldly concerns, their "un-Islamic" system of taxation and their luxurious lifestyle. An invasion of Sicily promised to divert the energies of their restless soldiers to more profitable ventures, as well as gaining for the regime the prestige of waging <i><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a></i> against the infidels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe20099–10_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe20099–10-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198755–58_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198755–58-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ziyadat Allah's council was divided over the issue but was swayed by the respected <i><a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi">qadi</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Kairouan" title="Kairouan">Kairouan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asad_ibn_al-Furat" title="Asad ibn al-Furat">Asad ibn al-Furat</a>, who was placed at the head of the expeditionary force. The Muslim army is said to have consisted of ten thousand foot soldiers and seven hundred cavalry, mostly Ifriqiyan Arabs and Berbers but possibly also some <a href="/wiki/Khurasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khurasan">Khurasanis</a>. The fleet comprised seventy or a hundred ships, to which were added Euphemius' vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasiliev193572–73_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev193572–73-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEickhoff196669–70_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEickhoff196669–70-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe200911–12_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe200911–12-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 June 827, the allied fleets sailed from the Bay of <a href="/wiki/Sousse" title="Sousse">Sousse</a> and after three days reached <a href="/wiki/Mazara_del_Vallo" title="Mazara del Vallo">Mazara</a> in south-western Sicily, where they landed. There they were met with soldiers loyal to Euphemius but the alliance soon began to fray: a Muslim detachment mistook some of Euphemius' partisans for loyalist troops and a skirmish ensued. Although Euphemius' troops were ordered to place a twig on their helmets as a distinctive mark, Asad announced his intention to wage the campaign without them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasiliev193573–74_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev193573–74-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is clear that Euphemius had already lost control of the campaign to Asad and that the invasion army, which in any case was overwhelmingly Muslim, served purposes other than his own.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1988250_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1988250-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after that, Balata, who seems to have taken over the functions, if not the title, of the imperial governor on the island, appeared nearby. The Muslims defeated Balata, who retreated first to <a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Enna</a> and from there to <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a> on the Italian mainland, where he may have hoped to gather more troops. Instead, he died there shortly after his arrival.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1988250_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1988250-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasiliev193574–76_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev193574–76-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Michael remained in charge of Palermo but elsewhere on the island, resistance appears to have been minimal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1988251_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1988251-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Asad turned towards Syracuse but halted the advance after an embassy from the city offered to pay tribute to the Muslims. At this time, Euphemius began to regret his alliance with the Aghlabids and opened secret contacts with the imperials, urging them to resist the Arabs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasiliev193576–78_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev193576–78-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having gained time to prepare their defences, the inhabitants of Syracuse refused to pay the remainder of the tribute and the Muslims began the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Syracuse_(827%E2%80%93828)" title="Siege of Syracuse (827–828)">Siege of Syracuse</a>. The siege lasted until spring 828, when an outbreak of disease killed Asad and the arrival of a Byzantine fleet forced the Muslims to abandon the enterprise. The Arabs even tried to sail back to Ifriqiya but were hindered by the Byzantine ships. Thwarted, the Muslim army burned its ships and retreated over land to the castle of <a href="/wiki/Mineo" title="Mineo">Mineo</a>, which they captured.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasiliev193578–83_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev193578–83-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1988251–253_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1988251–253-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Mineo surrendered, the Muslim army divided, one part took <a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Agrigento</a> in the west, while the other, along with Euphemius, attacked Enna. The garrison of Enna began negotiations, offering to acknowledge Euphemius' authority if he would keep the Muslims away. Confident of success, Euphemius with a small escort went to meet with two brothers who were designated as emissaries and he was stabbed to death.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasiliev193583–84_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev193583–84-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1988253,_254_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1988253,_254-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unknown what happened to Euphemius' supporters after his death, whether they dispersed or continued fighting alongside the Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe200912–13_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe200912–13-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portrayals">Portrayals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphemius_(Sicily)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Portrayals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Euphemius_(Sicily)" title="Special:EditPage/Euphemius (Sicily)">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Euphemius' story inspired <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Pellico" title="Silvio Pellico">Silvio Pellico</a>'s tragedy <i>Eufemio da Messina</i> (1830), the 1833 <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irene_(Pacini)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irene (Pacini) (page does not exist)">Irene, ossia l'assedio di Messina</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pacini" title="Giovanni Pacini">Giovanni Pacini</a>, and an 1853 opera by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlo_Andrea_Gambini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlo Andrea Gambini (page does not exist)">Carlo Andrea Gambini</a>. </p><p>The character Euphemius played by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albano_Jer%C3%B3nimo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albano Jerónimo (page does not exist)">Albano Jerónimo</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Vikings_(season_5)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikings (season 5)">5th season</a> of the television series <i><a href="/wiki/Vikings_(2013_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vikings (2013 TV series)">Vikings</a></i> is loosely based on Euphemius. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphemius_(Sicily)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMetcalfe2003" class="citation book cs1">Metcalfe, Alex (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=322gw-vur2UC&dq=Euphemius+(Sicily)&pg=PA11"><i>Muslims and Christians in Norman Sicily: Arabic Speakers and the End of Islam</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1685-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1685-2"><bdi>978-0-7007-1685-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslims+and+Christians+in+Norman+Sicily%3A+Arabic+Speakers+and+the+End+of+Islam&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1685-2&rft.aulast=Metcalfe&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D322gw-vur2UC%26dq%3DEuphemius%2B%28Sicily%29%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemius+%28Sicily%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEickhoff196668-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEickhoff196668_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEickhoff196668_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEickhoff1966">Eickhoff 1966</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1988248–249-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1988248–249_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1988">Treadgold 1988</a>, pp. 248–249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev193568–69-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasiliev193568–69_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1935">Vasiliev 1935</a>, pp. 68–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1988249–250-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1988249–250_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1988">Treadgold 1988</a>, pp. 249–250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZEuphemios_(#1701/corr.)-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZEuphemios_(#1701/corr.)_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZEuphemios_(#1701/corr.)_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPmbZEuphemios_(#1701/corr.)_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPmbZ">PmbZ</a>, Euphemios (#1701/corr.).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1988249-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1988249_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1988">Treadgold 1988</a>, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev193566–67_(esp._note_2)-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasiliev193566–67_(esp._note_2)_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1935">Vasiliev 1935</a>, pp. 66–67 (esp. note 2).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev193571-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasiliev193571_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1935">Vasiliev 1935</a>, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrigent2006b375–380-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrigent2006b375–380_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrigent2006b">Prigent 2006b</a>, pp. 375–380.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1988250,_427_(note_345)-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1988250,_427_(note_345)_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1988">Treadgold 1988</a>, pp. 250, 427 (note 345).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev193569–71-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasiliev193569–71_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1935">Vasiliev 1935</a>, pp. 69–71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev193572-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasiliev193572_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1935">Vasiliev 1935</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1988250-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1988250_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1988250_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1988250_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1988">Treadgold 1988</a>, p. 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe20099–10-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe20099–10_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetcalfe2009">Metcalfe 2009</a>, pp. 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198755–58-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr198755–58_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbun-Nasr1987">Abun-Nasr 1987</a>, pp. 55–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev193572–73-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasiliev193572–73_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1935">Vasiliev 1935</a>, pp. 72–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEickhoff196669–70-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEickhoff196669–70_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEickhoff1966">Eickhoff 1966</a>, pp. 69–70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe200911–12-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe200911–12_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetcalfe2009">Metcalfe 2009</a>, pp. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev193573–74-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasiliev193573–74_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1935">Vasiliev 1935</a>, pp. 73–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev193574–76-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasiliev193574–76_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1935">Vasiliev 1935</a>, pp. 74–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1988251-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1988251_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1988">Treadgold 1988</a>, p. 251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev193576–78-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasiliev193576–78_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1935">Vasiliev 1935</a>, pp. 76–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev193578–83-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasiliev193578–83_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1935">Vasiliev 1935</a>, pp. 78–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1988251–253-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1988251–253_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1988">Treadgold 1988</a>, pp. 251–253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVasiliev193583–84-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasiliev193583–84_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVasiliev1935">Vasiliev 1935</a>, pp. 83–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETreadgold1988253,_254-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETreadgold1988253,_254_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTreadgold1988">Treadgold 1988</a>, pp. 253, 254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe200912–13-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMetcalfe200912–13_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMetcalfe2009">Metcalfe 2009</a>, pp. 12–13.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euphemius_(Sicily)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbun-Nasr1987" class="citation book cs1">Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jdlKbZ46YYkC"><i>A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-33767-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-33767-4"><bdi>0-521-33767-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Maghrib+in+the+Islamic+Period&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-521-33767-4&rft.aulast=Abun-Nasr&rft.aufirst=Jamil+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjdlKbZ46YYkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemius+%28Sicily%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEickhoff1966" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Eickhoff, Ekkehard (1966). <i>Seekrieg und Seepolitik zwischen Islam und Abendland: das Mittelmeer unter byzantinischer und arabischer Hegemonie (650-1040)</i> (in German). De Gruyter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seekrieg+und+Seepolitik+zwischen+Islam+und+Abendland%3A+das+Mittelmeer+unter+byzantinischer+und+arabischer+Hegemonie+%28650-1040%29&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Eickhoff&rft.aufirst=Ekkehard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemius+%28Sicily%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPmbZ" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ralph-Johannes_Lilie" title="Ralph-Johannes Lilie">Lilie, Ralph-Johannes</a>; Ludwig, Claudia; Pratsch, Thomas; Zielke, Beate (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/view/db/pmbz"><i>Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online. Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nach Vorarbeiten F. Winkelmanns erstellt</i></a> (in German). Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prosopographie+der+mittelbyzantinischen+Zeit+Online.+Berlin-Brandenburgische+Akademie+der+Wissenschaften.+Nach+Vorarbeiten+F.+Winkelmanns+erstellt&rft.place=Berlin+and+Boston&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Lilie&rft.aufirst=Ralph-Johannes&rft.au=Ludwig%2C+Claudia&rft.au=Pratsch%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Zielke%2C+Beate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fview%2Fdb%2Fpmbz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemius+%28Sicily%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalfe2009" class="citation book cs1">Metcalfe, Alex (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VRXTzPOly-oC"><i>The Muslims of Μedieval Italy</i></a>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2008-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2008-1"><bdi>978-0-7486-2008-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muslims+of+%CE%9Cedieval+Italy&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-2008-1&rft.aulast=Metcalfe&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVRXTzPOly-oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemius+%28Sicily%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrigent2006a" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Prigent, Vivien (2006). "La carrière du tourmarque Euphèmios, basileus des Romains". In Jacob, André; Martin, Jean-Marie; Noyé, Ghislaine (eds.). <i>Histoire et culture dans l'Italie byzantine: acquis et nouvelles recherches</i> (in French). Rome: École française de Rome. pp. 279–317. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7283-0741-5" title="Special:BookSources/2-7283-0741-5"><bdi>2-7283-0741-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=La+carri%C3%A8re+du+tourmarque+Euph%C3%A8mios%2C+basileus+des+Romains&rft.btitle=Histoire+et+culture+dans+l%27Italie+byzantine%3A+acquis+et+nouvelles+recherches&rft.place=Rome&rft.pages=279-317&rft.pub=%C3%89cole+fran%C3%A7aise+de+Rome&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=2-7283-0741-5&rft.aulast=Prigent&rft.aufirst=Vivien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemius+%28Sicily%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrigent2006b" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Prigent, Vivien (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_1123-9883_2006_num_118_2_9422">"Pour en finir avec Euphèmios, basileus des Romains"</a>. <i>Mélanges de l'École française de Rome: Moyen Âge</i> (in French). <b>118</b> (2): 375–380. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fmefr.2006.9422">10.3406/mefr.2006.9422</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=M%C3%A9langes+de+l%27%C3%89cole+fran%C3%A7aise+de+Rome%3A+Moyen+%C3%82ge&rft.atitle=Pour+en+finir+avec+Euph%C3%A8mios%2C+basileus+des+Romains&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=375-380&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fmefr.2006.9422&rft.aulast=Prigent&rft.aufirst=Vivien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fmefr_1123-9883_2006_num_118_2_9422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemius+%28Sicily%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreadgold1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Warren_Treadgold" title="Warren Treadgold">Treadgold, Warren</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3TysAAAAIAAJ"><i>The Byzantine Revival, 780–842</i></a>. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1462-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-1462-4"><bdi>978-0-8047-1462-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Byzantine+Revival%2C+780%E2%80%93842&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-1462-4&rft.aulast=Treadgold&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3TysAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemius+%28Sicily%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVasiliev1935" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vasiliev_(historian)" title="Alexander Vasiliev (historian)">Vasiliev, A. A.</a> (1935). <i>Byzance et les Arabes, Tome I: La Dynastie d'Amorium (820–867)</i> (in French). French ed.: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Gr%C3%A9goire_(historian)" title="Henri Grégoire (historian)">Henri Grégoire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marius_Canard" title="Marius Canard">Marius Canard</a>. Brussels: Éditions de l'Institut de Philologie et d'Histoire Orientales.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzance+et+les+Arabes%2C+Tome+I%3A+La+Dynastie+d%27Amorium+%28820%E2%80%93867%29&rft.place=Brussels&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+de+l%27Institut+de+Philologie+et+d%27Histoire+Orientales&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Vasiliev&rft.aufirst=A.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEuphemius+%28Sicily%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Euphemius_(Sicily)&oldid=1253693711">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Euphemius_(Sicily)&oldid=1253693711</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:8th-century_births" title="Category:8th-century births">8th-century births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:828_deaths" title="Category:828 deaths">828 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:9th-century_Byzantine_military_personnel" title="Category:9th-century Byzantine military personnel">9th-century Byzantine military personnel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:9th-century_Italian_people" title="Category:9th-century Italian people">9th-century Italian people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:9th-century_rebels" title="Category:9th-century rebels">9th-century rebels</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Assassinated_Byzantine_people" title="Category:Assassinated Byzantine people">Assassinated Byzantine people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_admirals" title="Category:Byzantine admirals">Byzantine admirals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_defectors" title="Category:Byzantine defectors">Byzantine defectors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_people_of_the_Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_wars" title="Category:Byzantine people of the Arab–Byzantine wars">Byzantine people of the Arab–Byzantine wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_usurpers" title="Category:Byzantine usurpers">Byzantine usurpers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Byzantine_Sicily" title="Category:Byzantine Sicily">Byzantine Sicily</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_the_Muslim_conquest_of_Sicily" title="Category:People of the Muslim conquest of Sicily">People of the Muslim conquest of Sicily</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Greek-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Greek-language text">Articles containing Greek-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_April_2021" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from April 2021">Articles needing additional references from April 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Year_of_birth_unknown" title="Category:Year of birth unknown">Year of birth unknown</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 October 2024, at 11:21<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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