CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Qadi - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"a344f0a4-db63-426f-ad15-9478a5e6d60e","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Qadi","wgTitle":"Qadi","wgCurRevisionId":1280818567,"wgRevisionId":1280818567,"wgArticleId":873192,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles needing additional references from April 2016","All articles needing additional references","Articles lacking in-text citations from April 2016","All articles lacking in-text citations","Articles with improper non-free content from January 2023","All articles with improper non-free content","Articles with multiple maintenance issues","Use dmy dates from July 2022","Articles containing Arabic-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from May 2020","Articles with permanently dead external links","Gubernatorial titles","Sharia judges","Arabic-language honorifics","Islamic honorifics","Arabic words and phrases in Sharia","Qadis","Sri Lankan tribunals"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Qadi","wgRelevantArticleId":873192,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q217029","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/UsulALFiqh.svg/1200px-UsulALFiqh.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/UsulALFiqh.svg/800px-UsulALFiqh.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/UsulALFiqh.svg/640px-UsulALFiqh.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Qadi - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadi"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Qadi&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadi"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Qadi rootpage-Qadi skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Qadi" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Qadi" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Qadi" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Qadi" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Functions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Functions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qadi_versus_mufti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qadi_versus_mufti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Qadi versus mufti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qadi_versus_mufti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qualifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qualifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Qualifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qualifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jurisdiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jurisdiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Jurisdiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jurisdiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Jewish use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Sri_Lanka" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Sri_Lanka"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In Sri Lanka</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Sri_Lanka-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muslim_female_judges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muslim_female_judges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Muslim female judges</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Muslim_female_judges-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Muslim female judges subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Muslim_female_judges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Female_Qadi_in_the_20th_Century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Female_Qadi_in_the_20th_Century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Female Qadi in the 20th Century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Female_Qadi_in_the_20th_Century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_female_judges_in_Muslim_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_female_judges_in_Muslim_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Contemporary female judges in Muslim states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_female_judges_in_Muslim_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarly_debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarly_debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Scholarly debate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarly_debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Local usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Local_usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Local usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Local_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indian_subcontinent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indian_subcontinent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Indian subcontinent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indian_subcontinent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Matinik_Island" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matinik_Island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Matinik Island</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matinik_Island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mayotte_governorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mayotte_governorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Mayotte governorship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mayotte_governorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Songhai_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Songhai_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Songhai Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Songhai_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_derivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_derivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>Spanish derivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_derivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6</span> <span>Ottoman Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Expansion_of_the_use_of_qadis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_of_the_use_of_qadis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.6.1</span> <span>Expansion of the use of qadis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_of_the_use_of_qadis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Qadi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85" title="القاضي في الإسلام – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القاضي في الإسلام" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaz%C4%B1" title="Qazı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qazı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF" title="কাজি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কাজি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%B0%D2%99%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Ҡаҙый – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡаҙый" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Кадия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кадия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadija" title="Kadija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kadija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadi" title="Cadi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cadi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1d%C3%AD" title="Kádí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kádí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%81d%C4%AB" title="Qādī – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Qādī" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Καδής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καδής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cad%C3%AD" title="Cadí – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cadí" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadio" title="Kadio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kadio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadi" title="Kadi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kadi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B6%DB%8C_(%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B9%D8%AA)" title="قاضی (شریعت) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قاضی (شریعت)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadi" title="Cadi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cadi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%94%94" title="카디 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카디" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="कादी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कादी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadija" title="Kadija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kadija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF" title="কাদি – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="কাদি" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadi" title="Kadi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kadi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C4%81%E1%B8%8D%C4%AB" title="Qāḍī – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Qāḍī" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99" title="קאדי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קאדי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF" title="ಕಾದಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾದಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ყადი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ყადი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadhi" title="Kadhi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kadhi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaz%C3%AE" title="Qazî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Qazî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Казы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Казы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadius" title="Cadius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cadius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadis" title="Kadis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kadis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Кадија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кадија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Qadi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadi_(rechter)" title="Kadi (rechter) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kadi (rechter)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80" title="काडी – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="काडी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC" title="カーディー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カーディー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadi" title="Kadi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kadi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadi" title="Kadi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kadi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadi" title="Cadi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cadi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qozi" title="Qozi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qozi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80" title="ਕਾਜ਼ੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਜ਼ੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadi" title="Kadi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kadi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1di" title="Cádi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cádi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Кади – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кади" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadiu" title="Kadiu – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kadiu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Qadi" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadi" title="Kadi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kadi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%B4%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%B9%DB%8C" title="قازی شەرعی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="قازی شەرعی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Кадија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кадија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadija" title="Kadija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kadija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Qadi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%B9" title="Казый – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Казый" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8A%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1" title="ดะโต๊ะยุติธรรม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดะโต๊ะยุติธรรม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D3%A3_(%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Қозӣ (шариат) – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Қозӣ (шариат)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kad%C4%B1" title="Kadı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kadı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96" title="Каді – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Каді" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B6%DB%8C" title="قاضی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قاضی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qadi" title="Qadi – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Qadi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E8%BF%AA_(%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%98)" title="卡迪 (法官) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡迪 (法官)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q217029#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Qadi" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Qadi" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Qadi"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadi&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadi&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Qadi"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadi&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadi&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Qadi" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Qadi" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadi&oldid=1280818567" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadi&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Qadi&id=1280818567&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FQadi"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FQadi"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Qadi&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadi&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q217029" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Appointed judge in Islamic jurisprudence</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Islamic judge. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kadi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kadi (disambiguation)">Kadi (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248332772">.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text{width:95%;margin:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-content{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox{border:none;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;margin:0 0 0 1.6em!important;padding:0!important;width:auto;display:block}body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox.mbox-small-left{font-size:100%;width:auto;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text{padding:0!important;margin:0!important}.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-text-span{display:list-item;line-height:1.5em;list-style-type:disc}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .multiple-issues-text>.mw-collapsible-toggle,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-image,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-imageright,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .ambox .mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Qadi" title="Special:EditPage/Qadi">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Qadi" title="Talk:Qadi">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Qadi" title="Special:EditPage/Qadi">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Qadi%22">"Qadi"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Qadi%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Qadi%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Qadi%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Qadi%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Qadi%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Non-free plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-non-free" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Copyright-problem.svg/37px-Copyright-problem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="37" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Copyright-problem.svg/55px-Copyright-problem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cf/Copyright-problem.svg/74px-Copyright-problem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="111" data-file-height="120" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>may contain improper use of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copyrights" title="Wikipedia:Copyrights">non-free</a> material.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please review their use according to the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content_criteria" title="Wikipedia:Non-free content criteria">criteria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Non-free_content" title="Wikipedia:Non-free content">guidelines</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#d1e9d2;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence" title="Category:Principles of Islamic jurisprudence">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#d1e9d2;;padding-top:0.2em; display:block;"><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_Islamic_jurisprudence" title="Principles of Islamic jurisprudence">Principles of<br />Islamic jurisprudence<br /><small>(<i>Usul al-Fiqh</i>)</small></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.25em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:UsulALFiqh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/UsulALFiqh.svg/130px-UsulALFiqh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/UsulALFiqh.svg/195px-UsulALFiqh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/UsulALFiqh.svg/260px-UsulALFiqh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="576" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#d1e9d2;;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#d1e9d2; padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ijazah" title="Ijazah">Ijazah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">Ijma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhtilaf" title="Ikhtilaf">Ikhtilaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istihlal" title="Istihlal">Istihlal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istihsan" title="Istihsan">Istihsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istishab" title="Istishab">Istishab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Madhhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maslaha" title="Maslaha">Maslaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiyas" title="Qiyas">Qiyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">Taqlid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqwa" title="Taqwa">Taqwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urf" title="Urf">Urf</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#d1e9d2;;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#d1e9d2; padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Ahkam" title="Ahkam">Ahkam</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fard" title="Fard">Fard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustahabb" title="Mustahabb">Mustahabb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">Halal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mubah" title="Mubah">Mubah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makruh" title="Makruh">Makruh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haram" title="Haram">Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batil" title="Batil">Batil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bid%27ah" title="Bid'ah">Bid'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahisha" title="Fahisha">Fahisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasiq" title="Fasiq">Fasiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitna_(word)" title="Fitna (word)">Fitna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasad" title="Fasad">Fasad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghibah" title="Ghibah">Ghibah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_sin" title="Islamic views on sin">Gunah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirabah" title="Hirabah">Hirabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islah" title="Islah">Islah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istighfar" title="Istighfar">Istighfar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istishhad" title="Istishhad">Istishhad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasd" class="mw-redirect" title="Qasd">Qasd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taghut" title="Taghut">Taghut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqiyya" title="Taqiyya">Taqiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tawbah">Tawbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tazkiah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tazkiah">Tazkiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thawab" title="Thawab">Thawab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderation_in_Islam" title="Moderation in Islam">Wasat</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#d1e9d2;;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#d1e9d2; padding-bottom:0.1em;"> Legal vocations and titles</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykh_al-Isl%C4%81m" title="Shaykh al-Islām">Shaykh al-Islām</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid" title="Sayyid">Sayyid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharif" title="Sharif">Sharif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashraf" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashraf">Ashraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrat" title="Hadrat">Hadrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Ulama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faqeeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Faqeeh">Faqeeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allamah" title="Allamah">Allamah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohyeddin" title="Mohyeddin">Mohyeddin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mufti" title="Mufti">Mufti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mufti" title="Grand Mufti">Grand Mufti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hujjat_al-Islam" title="Hujjat al-Islam">Hujjat al-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujtahid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujtahid">Mujtahid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayatollah" title="Ayatollah">Ayatollah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seghatoleslam" title="Seghatoleslam">Seghatoleslam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marja%27" title="Marja'">Marja'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz_(Quran)" title="Hafiz (Quran)">Hafiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hujja" title="Hujja">Hujja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakim_(title)" title="Hakim (title)">Hakim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah" title="Mullah">Mullah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlawi_(Islamic_title)" title="Mawlawi (Islamic title)">Mawlawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatib" title="Khatib">Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khawaja" title="Khawaja">Khawaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawl%C4%81n%C4%81" title="Mawlānā">Mawlānā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawla" title="Mawla">Mawla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Mufassir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murshid" title="Murshid">Murshid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_(Sufism)" title="Pir (Sufism)">Pir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wali" title="Wali">Wali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhund" title="Akhund">Akhund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhaddith" title="Muhaddith">Muhaddith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujaddid" title="Mujaddid">Mujaddid</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Qadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">Sheikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marabout" title="Marabout">Marabout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu%27l-amr" title="Ulu'l-amr">Ulu'l-amr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ustad" title="Ustad">Ustad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27azzin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'azzin">Mu'azzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murid" title="Murid">Murid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">Mujahideen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazi_(warrior)" title="Ghazi (warrior)">Ghazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaheed" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaheed">Shaheed</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrdom in Islam">Martyrdom in Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajji" title="Hajji">Hajji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Ansar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salaf" title="Salaf">Salaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahabah" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahabah">Sahabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabi%27un" title="Tabi'un">Tabi'un</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabi%27_al-Tabi%27in" title="Tabi' al-Tabi'in">Tabi' al-Tabi'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da%27i_al-Mutlaq" title="Da'i al-Mutlaq">Da'i al-Mutlaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dawla" title="Al-Dawla">al-Dawla</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Usul_al-Fiqh" title="Template:Usul al-Fiqh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Usul_al-Fiqh" title="Template talk:Usul al-Fiqh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Usul_al-Fiqh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Usul al-Fiqh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>qadi</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">قاضي</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">qāḍī</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is the magistrate or judge of a <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> court, who also exercises extrajudicial functions such as mediation, guardianship over orphans and minors, and supervision and audition of public works.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabischer_Maler_um_1335_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Arabischer_Maler_um_1335_002.jpg/250px-Arabischer_Maler_um_1335_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Arabischer_Maler_um_1335_002.jpg/500px-Arabischer_Maler_um_1335_002.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="1344" /></a><figcaption>Abu Zayd pleads before the qadi of <a href="/wiki/Maarat_al-Numan" title="Maarat al-Numan">Ma'arra</a> (1334), unknown painter, <i><a href="/wiki/Maqamat_al-Hariri" title="Maqamat al-Hariri">Maqamat al-Hariri</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Austrian_National_Library" title="Austrian National Library">Austrian National Library</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The term '<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">qāḍī</i></span>' was in use from the time of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Early history of Islam">early history of Islam</a>, and remained the term used for judges throughout Islamic history and the period of the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphates</a>. While the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Mufti" title="Mufti">mufti</a></i></span> and <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Fuqaha" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuqaha">fuqaha</a></i></span> played the role in elucidation of the principles of Islamic jurisprudence (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Usul_al-fiqh" class="mw-redirect" title="Usul al-fiqh">Uṣūl al-Fiqh</a></i></span>) and the Islamic law (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharīʿa</a></i></span>), the qadi remained the key person ensuring the establishment of justice on the basis of these very laws and rules.<sup id="cite_ref-Judd_2015_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judd_2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the qadi was chosen from amongst those who had mastered the sciences of jurisprudence and law.<sup id="cite_ref-Judd_2015_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judd_2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The office of qadi continued to be a very important one in every principality of the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sultanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate">sultanates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_states_and_dynasties" title="List of Muslim states and dynasties">various Muslim empires</a> over the centuries. The rulers appointed a qadi in every region, town, and village for judicial and administrative control, and in order to establish peace and justice over the dominions they controlled.<sup id="cite_ref-Judd_2015_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Judd_2015-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the primary responsibility of a qadi was judicial, he was generally charged with certain nonjudicial responsibilities as well, such as the administration of religious endowments (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">wāqf</a></i></span>), the legitimization of the accession or deposition of a ruler, the execution of wills, the accreditation of witnesses, guardianship over orphans and others in need of protection, and supervision of the enforcement of public morals (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ḥisbah</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid caliphs</a> created the office of <b>chief qadi</b> (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">qāḍī al-quḍāh</i></span> or <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">qāḍī al-quḍāt</i></span>), whose holder acted primarily as adviser to the caliph in the appointment and dismissal of qadis.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the most famous of the early judges appointed to the role of chief qadi was <a href="/wiki/Abu_Yusuf" title="Abu Yusuf">Abu Yusuf</a>, a disciple of the early Muslim scholar and jurist <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa_an-Nu%27man" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hanifa an-Nu'man">Abu Hanifa an-Nu'man</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> school of Islamic jurisprudence.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later Islamic states generally retained this office, while granting to its holder the authority to issue appointments and dismissals in his own name. The <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk Sultanate</a>, which ruled Egypt and Syria from 1250 to 1516 CE, introduced the practice of appointing four chief qadis, one for each of the <a href="/wiki/Madhhab#Sunni" title="Madhhab">Sunni schools of Islamic jurisprudence</a> (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">madhhab</i></span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Functions">Functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A qadi is a judge responsible for the application of Islamic jurisprudence (<a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a>). The office originated under the rule of the first Umayyad caliphs (AH 40–85/661–705 CE), when the provincial governors of the newly created Islamic empire, unable to adjudicate the many disputes that arose among Muslims living within their territories, began to delegate this function to others.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this early period of Islamic history, no body of Islamic positive law had yet come into existence, and the first qadis therefore decided cases on the basis of the only guidelines available to them: Arab customary law, the laws of the conquered territories, the general precepts of the Qurʾān and their own sense of equity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the later <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_dynasty" title="Umayyad dynasty">Umayyad period</a> (705–750 CE), a growing class of Muslim legal scholars (distinct from the qadis) busied themselves with the task of supplying the needed body of law, and by the time of the accession to power of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_dynasty" title="Abbasid dynasty">Abbasid dynasty</a> in 750, their work could be said to have been essentially completed. In constructing their legal doctrine, the legal scholars took as their point of departure the precedents that had been established by the qadis, some of which they rejected as inconsistent with Islamic principles as these were coming to be understood but most of which they adopted, with or without modification. Thus the first qadis in effect laid the foundations of Islamic positive law. </p><p>Once that law had been formed, however, the role of the qadi underwent a profound change. No longer free to follow the guidelines mentioned above, a qadi was now expected to adhere solely to the new Islamic law, and that adherence has characterized the office ever since.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A qadi continued, however, to be a delegate of a higher authority, ultimately the caliph or, after the demise of the caliphate, the supreme ruler in a given territory. This delegate status implies the absence of a separation of powers; both judicial and executive powers were concentrated in the person of the supreme ruler (caliph or otherwise).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, a certain degree of autonomy was enjoyed by a qadi in that the law that he applied was not the creation of the supreme ruler or the expression of his will. What a qadi owed to the supreme ruler was solely the power to apply the law for which sanctions were necessary that only the supreme ruler as head of the state could guarantee.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Qadi_versus_mufti">Qadi versus mufti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Qadi versus mufti"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Similar to a qadi, a <a href="/wiki/Mufti" title="Mufti">mufti</a> is also an interpreting power of Sharia. Muftis are jurists that give authoritative legal opinions, or <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa"><i>fatwas</i></a>, and historically have been known to rank above qadis.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the introduction of the secular court system in the 19th century, Ottoman councils began to enforce criminal legislation to emphasize their position as part of the new executive. That creation of the hierarchical secular judiciary did not displace the original Sharia courts. </p><p>Sharia justice developed along lines comparable to what happened to the organization of secular justice: greater bureaucratization, more precise legal circumscription of jurisdiction, and the creation of a hierarchy. This development began in 1856. </p><p>Until the Qadi's Ordinance of 1856, the qadis were appointed by the Porte and were part of the Ottoman religious judiciary. This Ordinance recommends the consultation of muftis and the <i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>ulama</i>. In practice, the sentences of qadis usually were checked by muftis appointed to the courts. Other important decisions were also checked by the mufti of the Majlis al-Ahkam or by a council of <i>ulama</i> connected with it. It is said that if the local qadi and mufti disagreed, it became customary to submit the case to the authoritative Grand Mufti.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Later, in 1880, the new Sharia Courts Ordinance introduced the hierarchical judiciary. Through the Ministry of Justice, parties could appeal to the Cairo Sharia Court against decisions of provincial qadis and ni'ibs. There, parties could appeal to the Sharia Court open to the Shaykh al-Azhar and the Grand Mufti, and other people could be added. </p><p>Lastly, judges were to consult the muftis appointed to their courts whenever a case was not totally clear to them. If the problem was not solved, the case had to be submitted to the Grand Mufti, whose <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> was binding on the qadi.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Qualifications">Qualifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Qualifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A qadi must (per the cited source) be a male adult, free, a Muslim, sane, unconvicted of slander and educated in <a href="/wiki/Islamic_sciences" title="Islamic sciences">Islamic sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His performance must be totally congruent with <i><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></i> (Islamic law) without using his own interpretation. In a trial in front of a qadi, it is the plaintiff who is responsible for bringing evidence against the defendant to have him or her convicted. There are no appeals to the judgements of a qadi.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A qadi must exercise his office in a public place, the chief mosque is recommended, or, in his own house, where the public should have free access.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELookLex_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELookLex-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The qadi had authority over a territory whose diameter was equivalent to a day's walk.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The opening of a trial theoretically required the presence of both the plaintiff and the defendant. If a plaintiff's adversary resided in another judicial district, the plaintiff could present his evidence before the qadi of his own district, who would then write to the judge of the district in which the defendant resided and expose the evidence against him. The addressee qadi summoned the defendant and convicted him on that basis.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Qadis kept court records in their archives (<i>diwan</i>) and handed them over to their successors once they had been dismissed.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Qadis must not receive gifts from participants in trials and must be careful in engaging themselves in trade. Despite the rules governing the office, Muslim history is full of complaints about qadis. It has often been a problem that qadis have been managers of <a href="/wiki/Waqfs" class="mw-redirect" title="Waqfs">waqfs</a>, religious endowments. </p><p>The qualifications that a qadi must possess are stated in the law, but the law is not uniform on this subject. The minimal requirement upon which all the jurists agree is that a qadi possess the same qualifications as a witness in <a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">court</a>: being be free, sane, adult, trustworthy, and a Muslim. Some require that they also possess the qualifications of a jurist, that is, that they be well versed in the law, bur others regard those qualifications as simply preferable and imply that a person may effectively discharge the duties of the office without being well versed in the law. The latter position presupposed that a qadi who is not learned in matters of law would consult those who are before reaching a decision. Indeed, consultation was urged upon the learned qadi as well since even the learned are fallible and can profit from the views of others. Those consulted did not, however, have a voice in the final decision-making. The Islamic court was a strictly one-judge court, and the final decision rested upon the shoulders of a single qadi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jurisdiction">Jurisdiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Jurisdiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The jurisdiction of a qadi was theoretically coextensive with the scope of the law that he applied. That law was fundamentally a law for Muslims, and the internal affairs of the non-Muslim, or <i><a href="/wiki/Dhimm%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhimmī">dhimmī</a></i>s, communities living within the Islamic state were left under the jurisdictions of those communities.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Islamic law governed <i>dhimmī</i>s only with respect to their relations to Muslims and to the Islamic state. In actual practice, however, the jurisdiction of a qadi was hemmed in by what must be regarded as rival jurisdictions, particularly that of the <i>maẓālim</i> court and that of the <a href="/wiki/Shur%E1%B9%ADah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shurṭah">shurṭah</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Mazalim" title="Mazalim">maẓālim</a></i> was a court (presided over by the supreme ruler himself or his governor) that heard complaints addressed to it by virtually any offended party. Since Islamic law did not provide for any appellate jurisdiction but regarded the decision of a qadi as final and irrevocable, the <i>maẓālim</i> court could function as a kind of court of appeals in cases that parties complained of unfair decisions from qadis. The <i>maẓālim</i> judge was not bound to the rules of Islamic law (<i>fiqh</i>) or, for that matter, to any body of positive law, but he was free to make decisions entirely on the basis of considerations of equity. The <i>maẓālim</i> court thus provided a remedy for the inability of a qadi to take equity freely into account. It also made up for certain shortcomings of Islamic law, for example, the lack of a highly developed law of <a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">torts</a>, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (October 2024)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>which was largely because of the preoccupation of the law with breaches of <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">contracts</a>. In addition, it heard complaints against state officials.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Shurta" title="Shurta">shurṭah</a></i>, on the other hand, was the state apparatus responsible for criminal justice. It too provided a remedy for a deficiency in the law, namely the incompleteness and procedural rigidity of its criminal code. Although in theory a qadi exercised a criminal jurisdiction, in practice, that jurisdiction was removed from his sphere of competence and turned over entirely to the <i>shurṭah</i>, which developed its own penalties and procedures. What was left to the qadi was a jurisdiction concerned mainly with cases having to do with inheritance, personal status, property, and commercial transactions. Even within that jurisdiction, a particular qadi's jurisdiction could be further restricted to particular cases or types of cases at the behest of the appointing superior. </p><p>The principle of delegation of judicial powers not only allowed the supreme ruler to delegate those powers to a qadi but also allowed qadis to further delegate them to others, and there was, in principle, no limit to that chain of delegation. All persons in the chain, except for the supreme ruler or his governor, bore the title qadi. Although in theory, the appointment of a qadi could be effected by a simple verbal declaration on the part of the appointing superior, it was normally accomplished by means of a written certificate of investiture, which obviated the need for the appointee to appear in the presence of the superior. The appointment was essentially unilateral, rather than contractual, and did not require acceptance on the part of the appointee to be effective. It could be revoked at any time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jewish_use">Jewish use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Jewish use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Jews living in the Ottoman Empire sometimes used qadi courts to settle disputes. Under the Ottoman system, Jews throughout the Empire retained the formal right to oversee their own courts and apply their own religious law. The motivation for bringing Jewish cases to qadi courts varied. In sixteenth-century Jerusalem, Jews preserved their own courts and maintained relative autonomy. Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Samuel_de_Medina" title="Samuel de Medina">Samuel De Medina</a> and other prominent rabbis repeatedly warned co-religionists that it was forbidden to bring cases to government courts and that doing so undermined Jewish legal authority, which could be superseded only "in matters that pertained to taxation, commercial transactions, and contracts".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the century, Jewish litigants and witnesses participated in Muslim court proceedings when it was expedient, or when cited to do so. Jews who wanted to bring cases against Muslims had to do so in qadi courts, where they found a surprising objectivity. But the different legal status of Jews and Muslims was preserved.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Sri_Lanka">In Sri Lanka</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In Sri Lanka"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In accordance with section 12 of the Muslim Marriage and Divorce Act, the Judicial Services Commission may appoint any male Muslim of good character and position and of suitable attainments to be a Quazi. The Quazi does not have a permanent courthouse, thus the word "Quazi Court" is not applicable in the current context. The Quazi can hear the cases anywhere and anytime he wants. Currently most Quazis are laymen.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In accordance with section 15 of the Muslim Marriage and Divorce Act, the Judicial Services Commission may appoint a Board of Quazis, consisting of five male Muslims resident in Sri Lanka, who are of good character and position and of suitable attainments, to hear appeals from the decisions of the Quazis under this Act. The Board of Quazis does not have a permanent courthouse either. Usually an appeal or a revision takes a minimum of two to three years in order to arrive for judgment from the Board of Quazis. The Board of Quazis can start the proceedings at whatever time they want and end the proceedings at whatever time they want. The Office of the Board of Quazis is situated in Hulftsdorp, Colombo 12.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Muslim_female_judges">Muslim female judges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Muslim female judges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Female_Qadi_in_the_20th_Century">Female Qadi in the 20th Century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Female Qadi in the 20th Century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As Muslim states <a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">gained independence</a> from Europe, especially the theocracy of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman Caliphate</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the number of law graduates and legal professionals was inadequate, and women were needed to fill the empty spaces in the judiciaries. Rulers reacted by expanding general educational opportunities for women to fill positions in the expanding state bureaucracy, and in the 1950s and 1960s began the first phase of women being appointed as judges. Such was the case in 1950s Indonesia, which has the largest number of female judges in the Muslim world.<sup id="cite_ref-brillfemalejudges_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brillfemalejudges-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some countries people had more opportunities to study law, such as in Egypt, there were sufficient male law students to study and fill legal positions and other bureaucratic jobs in the burgeoning states, and so women's acceptance into judicial positions was delayed.<sup id="cite_ref-brillfemalejudges_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brillfemalejudges-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In comparison, a similar situation happened in Europe and America were after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, a shortage of judges in Europe paved the way for European women to enter legal professions and work as judges.<sup id="cite_ref-Albisetti_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Albisetti-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/American_women_in_World_War_II" title="American women in World War II">American women in World War II</a> also entered the workforce in unprecedented numbers due to the dire need. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_female_judges_in_Muslim_states">Contemporary female judges in Muslim states</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Contemporary female judges in Muslim states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the role of qadi has traditionally been restricted to men, women now serve as qadis in many countries, including Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Malaysia, Palestine, Tunisia, Sudan, and the United Arab Emirates.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, two women were appointed as qadis by the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Authority" title="Palestinian Authority">Palestinian Authority</a> in the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-brillfemalejudges_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brillfemalejudges-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> appointed two women as qadis as well. However, it was decided that as women they may only rule over custody, alimony, and common property issues, not over criminal or divorce cases, which usually make up most of a qadi's work.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, there are nearly 100 female qadis.<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, <a href="/wiki/Hana_Khatib" title="Hana Khatib">Hana Khatib</a> was appointed as the first female qadi in Israel.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Morocco, a researcher found that female judges were more sensitive to the interests of female litigants in alimony cases and held similar views to their male colleagues in maintaining Sharia standards such as the need for a <i>wali</i> (male guardian) for marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brillfemalejudges_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brillfemalejudges-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scholarly_debate">Scholarly debate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Scholarly debate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is disagreement among Islamic scholars as to whether women are qualified to act as qadis or not. Many modern Muslim states have a combination of religious and secular courts. The secular courts often have little issue with female judges, but the religious courts may restrict what domains female judges can preside in, such as only family and marital law.<sup id="cite_ref-brillfemalejudges_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brillfemalejudges-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Local_usage">Local usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Local usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indian_subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Indian subcontinent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Islamic_rulers_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic rulers in the Indian subcontinent">Islamic rulers in the subcontinent</a> also used the same institution of the qadi (or qazi). The qadi was given the responsibility for total administrative, judicial and fiscal control over a territory or a town. He would maintain all the civil records as well. He would also retain a small army or force to ensure that his rulings are enforced.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In most cases, the qazi would pass on the title and position to his son, descendant or a very close relative. Over the centuries, this profession became a title within the families, and the power remained within one family in a region. Throughout Muslim Regions, we now find various Qazi families who descended through their famous Qazi (Qadi) ancestors and retained the lands and position. Each family is known by the town or city that their ancestors controlled.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Qazis are mostly found in areas of Pakistan, specifically in Sindh as well as India. They are now also prominent in small areas of Australia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Matinik_Island">Matinik Island</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Matinik Island"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The grand qadi of <a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a> manages the mosque projects and has a role of social mediator, agents of Muslim justice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mayotte_governorship">Mayotte governorship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadi&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Mayotte governorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the island of <a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Comoro_Islands" title="Comoro Islands">Comoro Islands</a>, the title <i>qadi</i> was used for Umar who governed it from 19 November 1835 to 1836 after its conquest by and annexation to the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Ndzuwani" class="mw-redirect" title="Sultanate of Ndzuwani">Sultanate of Ndzuwani</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anjouan" title="Anjouan">Anjouan</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorldstatesmen:_Mayotte_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorldstatesmen:_Mayotte-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Songhai_Empire">Songhai Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadi&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Songhai Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai Empire</a>, criminal justice was based mainly, if not entirely, on Islamic principles, especially during the rule of Askia Muhammad. The local qadis were responsible for maintaining order by following <i><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a></i> law according to the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>. An additional <i>qadi</i> was noted as a necessity in order to settle minor disputes between immigrant merchants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELady_Lugard1997199–200_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELady_Lugard1997199–200-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Qadis</i> worked at the local level and were positioned in important trading towns, such as Timbuktu and Djenné. The Qadi was appointed by the king and dealt with common-law misdemeanors according to Sharia law. The Qadi also had the power to grant a pardon or offer refuge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalgleish2005_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalgleish2005-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_derivation">Spanish derivation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadi&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Spanish derivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Alcalde" title="Alcalde">Alcalde</a></i>, one of the current Spanish terms for the <a href="/wiki/Mayor" title="Mayor">mayor</a> of a town or city, is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> <i>al-qaḍi</i> ( القاضي), "the judge". In <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a> a single qadi was appointed to each province. To deal with issues that fell outside of the purview of sharia or to handle municipal administration (such as oversight of the <a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">police</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Souk" class="mw-redirect" title="Souk">markets</a>) other judicial officers with different titles were appointed by the rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan1975142–143_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan1975142–143-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term was later adopted in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="Kingdom of León">Leon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a> during the eleventh and twelfth centuries to refer to the assistant judges, who served under the principal municipal judge, the <i>iudex</i> or <i>juez</i>. Unlike the appointed Andalusian <i>qadis</i>, the <i>alcaldes</i> were elected by an assembly of the municipality's property owners.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan1975269–271_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan1975269–271-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eventually the term came to be applied to a host of positions that combined administrative and judicial functions, such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Corregidor_(position)" title="Corregidor (position)">alcaldes mayores</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Audiencia_Real" class="mw-redirect" title="Audiencia Real">alcaldes del crimen</a></i> and the <i>alcaldes de barrio</i>. The adoption of this term, like many other Arabic ones, reflects the fact that, at least in the early phases of the <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a>, Muslim society in the Iberian Peninsula imparted great influence on the Christian one. As Spanish Christians took over an increasing part of the Peninsula, they adapted Muslim systems and terminology for their own use.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEImamuddin1981198–200_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEImamuddin1981198–200-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ottoman_Empire">Ottoman Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadi&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ottoman Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kad%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadı">Kadı</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zibik.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Zibik.jpg/250px-Zibik.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Zibik.jpg/330px-Zibik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Zibik.jpg/500px-Zibik.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1476" data-file-height="2810" /></a><figcaption>An unhappy wife is complaining to the kadı about her husband's impotence. <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Ottoman miniature</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Ottoman Empire, qadis were appointed by the <i>Veliyu l-Emr</i>. With the reform movements, secular courts have replaced qadis, but they formerly held wide-ranging responsibilities: </p> <dl><dd>... During Ottoman period, [qadi] was responsible for the city services. The charged people such as Subasi, Bocekbasi, Copluk Subasisi, Mimarbasi and Police assisted the qadi, who coordinated all the services." [From History of Istanbul Municipality, Istanbul Municipality (in Turkish).]</dd></dl> <p>The role of the Qadi in the Ottoman legal system changed as the Empire progressed through history. The 19th century brought a great deal of political and legal reform to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in an effort to modernize the nation in the face of a shifting power balance in Europe and the <a href="/wiki/Interventionism_(politics)" title="Interventionism (politics)">interventions</a> in Ottoman territories that followed. In territories such as the <a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Khedivate of Egypt</a>, attempts were made at merging the existing <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> system with <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Code" title="Napoleonic Code">French-influenced secular laws</a> in an attempt to reduce the influence of local Qadis and their rulings.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such efforts were met with mixed success as the Ottoman-drafted reforms often still left fields such as <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(common_law)" title="Civil law (common law)">civil law</a> open to a Qadi's rulings based on the previously used Hanafi systems in <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia-influenced</a> courts.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Ottoman Empire, a <a href="/wiki/Kadiluk" title="Kadiluk">Kadiluk</a> – the district covered by a kadı – was an administrative subdivision, smaller than a <a href="/wiki/Sanjak" title="Sanjak">Sanjak</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1994_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1994-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Expansion_of_the_use_of_qadis">Expansion of the use of qadis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadi&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Expansion of the use of qadis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the Empire expanded, so did the legal complexities that were built into the system of administration carried over and were enhanced by the conditions of frontier expansion. In particular, the Islamic empire adapted legal devices to deal with the existence of large populations of non-Muslims, a persistent feature of empire despite incentives for conversion and in part because of institutional protections for communal legal forums. These aspects of the Islamic legal order would have been quite familiar to travelers from other parts of the world. Indeed, Jewish, Armenian, and Christian traders found institutional continuity across Islamic and Western regions, negotiating for and adopting strategies to enhance this resemblance.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadi&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadilesker" class="mw-redirect" title="Cadilesker">Cadilesker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic law">Islamic law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadiluk" title="Kadiluk">Kadiluk</a>, Ottoman administrative unit ruled by a Kadi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_terms_in_Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Islamic terms in Arabic">List of Islamic terms in Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_el-Qadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel el-Qadi">Tel el-Qadi</a>, ("Mound of the Judge"), Arabic name of <a href="/wiki/Tel_Dan" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel Dan">Tel Dan</a>, Israel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumal_the_Qahraman" title="Thumal the Qahraman">Thumal the Qahraman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadiyat" title="Qadiyat">Qadiyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadhi_courts" title="Kadhi courts">Kadhi courts</a>, special for civil law matters among Muslims in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadi&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Otherwise transliterated as <b>qazi</b>, <b>kadi</b>, <b>kadhi</b>, <b>kazi</b>, or <b>gazi</b></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadi&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFB._Hallaq2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wael_B._Hallaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Wael B. Hallaq">B. Hallaq, Wael</a> (2009). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontois00hall"><i>An Introduction to Islamic law</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/introductiontois00hall/page/n184">175</a>–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521678735" title="Special:BookSources/9780521678735"><bdi>9780521678735</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Islamic+law&rft.pages=175-6&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780521678735&rft.aulast=B.+Hallaq&rft.aufirst=Wael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintroductiontois00hall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQadi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Judd_2015-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Judd_2015_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Judd_2015_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Judd_2015_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJudd2015" class="citation journal cs1">Judd, Steven (2015). Tillier, Mathieu (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fbeo.3227">"The Jurisdictional Limits of Qāḍī Courts during the Umayyad Period"</a>. <i>Bulletin d'Études Orientales</i>. <b>LXIII</b> (1: <i>Dossier: Le pluralisme judiciaire dans l'Islam prémoderne. 1 – Les frontières juridictionnelles</i>). <a href="/wiki/Beirut" title="Beirut">Beirut</a>: <a href="/wiki/Centre_pour_l%27%C3%89dition_%C3%89lectronique_Ouverte" title="Centre pour l'Édition Électronique Ouverte">Centre pour l'Édition Électronique Ouverte</a>: <span class="nowrap">43–</span>56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fbeo.3227">10.4000/beo.3227</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35159-707-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35159-707-1"><bdi>978-2-35159-707-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2077-4079">2077-4079</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+d%27%C3%89tudes+Orientales&rft.atitle=The+Jurisdictional+Limits+of+Q%C4%81%E1%B8%8D%C4%AB+Courts+during+the+Umayyad+Period&rft.volume=LXIII&rft.issue=1%3A+%27%27Dossier%3A+Le+pluralisme+judiciaire+dans+l%27Islam+pr%C3%A9moderne.+1+%E2%80%93+Les+fronti%C3%A8res+juridictionnelles%27%27&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=2077-4079&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fbeo.3227&rft.isbn=978-2-35159-707-1&rft.aulast=Judd&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4000%252Fbeo.3227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQadi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/qadi">"qadi | Muslim judge"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=qadi+%7C+Muslim+judge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fqadi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQadi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTillier2009" class="citation cs2">Tillier, Mathieu (5 December 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/709">"I – Le grand cadi"</a>, <i>Les cadis d'Iraq et l'État Abbasside (132/750-334/945)</i>, Études arabes, médiévales et modernes, Damascus: Presses de l'Ifpo, pp. <span class="nowrap">426–</span>461, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35159-278-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35159-278-6"><bdi>978-2-35159-278-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Les+cadis+d%27Iraq+et+l%27%C3%89tat+Abbasside+%28132%2F750-334%2F945%29&rft.atitle=I+%E2%80%93+Le+grand+cadi&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E426-%3C%2Fspan%3E461&rft.date=2009-12-05&rft.isbn=978-2-35159-278-6&rft.aulast=Tillier&rft.aufirst=Mathieu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fifpo%2F709&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQadi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZubaida2005" class="citation book cs1">Zubaida, Sami (8 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6EFgzjDgxOsC&q=abu+hanifa&pg=PA40"><i>Law and Power in the Islamic World</i></a>. I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850439349" title="Special:BookSources/9781850439349"><bdi>9781850439349</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law+and+Power+in+the+Islamic+World&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2005-07-08&rft.isbn=9781850439349&rft.aulast=Zubaida&rft.aufirst=Sami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6EFgzjDgxOsC%26q%3Dabu%2Bhanifa%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQadi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTillier2009" class="citation cs2">Tillier, Mathieu (5 December 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/678">"I – De La Mecque aux amṣār : aux origines du cadi"</a>, <i>Les cadis d'Iraq et l'État Abbasside (132/750-334/945)</i>, Études arabes, médiévales et modernes, Damascus: Presses de l'Ifpo, pp. <span class="nowrap">63–</span>96, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35159-278-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35159-278-6"><bdi>978-2-35159-278-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Les+cadis+d%27Iraq+et+l%27%C3%89tat+Abbasside+%28132%2F750-334%2F945%29&rft.atitle=I+%E2%80%93+De+La+Mecque+aux+am%E1%B9%A3%C4%81r+%3A+aux+origines+du+cadi&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.date=2009-12-05&rft.isbn=978-2-35159-278-6&rft.aulast=Tillier&rft.aufirst=Mathieu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fifpo%2F678&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQadi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTillier2014" class="citation journal cs1">Tillier, Mathieu (4 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01057979/file/Tillier-Judicial_Authority-DEF-PDF.pdf">"Judicial Authority and Qāḍī s' Autonomy under the ʿAbbāsids"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Al-Masāq</i>. <b>26</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">119–</span>131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09503110.2014.915102">10.1080/09503110.2014.915102</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0950-3110">0950-3110</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37714248">37714248</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al-Mas%C4%81q&rft.atitle=Judicial+Authority+and+Q%C4%81%E1%B8%8D%C4%AB+s%27+Autonomy+under+the+%CA%BFAbb%C4%81sids&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E119-%3C%2Fspan%3E131&rft.date=2014-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37714248%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0950-3110&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09503110.2014.915102&rft.aulast=Tillier&rft.aufirst=Mathieu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-01057979%2Ffile%2FTillier-Judicial_Authority-DEF-PDF.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQadi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William L. Cleveland, Martin Bunton (2016). <i>A History of the Modern Middle East</i>. Westview Press. p. 561.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peters, Rudolph. "Islamic and Secular Criminal Law in Nineteenth Century Egypt: The Role and Function of the Qadi". <i>Islamic Law and Society</i> 4, no. 1 (1997): 70–90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cornell.edu/video/islamic-law-6-qadis-and-muftis">"Qadis and Muftis – CornellCast"</a>. <i>CornellCast</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CornellCast&rft.atitle=Qadis+and+Muftis+%E2%80%93+CornellCast&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cornell.edu%2Fvideo%2Fislamic-law-6-qadis-and-muftis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQadi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELookLex-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELookLex_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLookLex">LookLex</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTillier2009" class="citation cs2">Tillier, Mathieu (5 December 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/698">"I – Les districts et leur étendue"</a>, <i>Les cadis d'Iraq et l'État Abbasside (132/750-334/945)</i>, Études arabes, médiévales et modernes, Beyrouth: Presses de l'Ifpo, pp. <span class="nowrap">280–</span>329, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35159-278-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35159-278-6"><bdi>978-2-35159-278-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Les+cadis+d%27Iraq+et+l%27%C3%89tat+Abbasside+%28132%2F750-334%2F945%29&rft.atitle=I+%E2%80%93+Les+districts+et+leur+%C3%A9tendue&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E280-%3C%2Fspan%3E329&rft.date=2009-12-05&rft.isbn=978-2-35159-278-6&rft.aulast=Tillier&rft.aufirst=Mathieu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fifpo%2F698&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQadi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTillier2009" class="citation cs2">Tillier, Mathieu (5 December 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/704">"I – La constitution d'un réseau épistolaire"</a>, <i>Les cadis d'Iraq et l'État Abbasside (132/750-334/945)</i>, Études arabes, médiévales et modernes, Beyrouth: Presses de l'Ifpo, pp. <span class="nowrap">366–</span>399, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35159-278-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35159-278-6"><bdi>978-2-35159-278-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Les+cadis+d%27Iraq+et+l%27%C3%89tat+Abbasside+%28132%2F750-334%2F945%29&rft.atitle=I+%E2%80%93+La+constitution+d%27un+r%C3%A9seau+%C3%A9pistolaire&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E366-%3C%2Fspan%3E399&rft.date=2009-12-05&rft.isbn=978-2-35159-278-6&rft.aulast=Tillier&rft.aufirst=Mathieu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fifpo%2F704&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQadi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTillier2009" class="citation cs2">Tillier, Mathieu (5 December 2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.openedition.org/ifpo/705">"II - Passation de pouvoir et continuité judiciaire"</a>, <i>Les cadis d'Iraq et l'État Abbasside (132/750-334/945)</i>, Études arabes, médiévales et modernes, Damascus: Presses de l'Ifpo, pp. <span class="nowrap">399–</span>422, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35159-278-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35159-278-6"><bdi>978-2-35159-278-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Les+cadis+d%27Iraq+et+l%27%C3%89tat+Abbasside+%28132%2F750-334%2F945%29&rft.atitle=II+-+Passation+de+pouvoir+et+continuit%C3%A9+judiciaire&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E399-%3C%2Fspan%3E422&rft.date=2009-12-05&rft.isbn=978-2-35159-278-6&rft.aulast=Tillier&rft.aufirst=Mathieu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fifpo%2F705&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQadi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scrabble-solver.com/define/qadi">"QADI word definition from Scrabble Solver"</a>. <i>www.scrabble-solver.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.scrabble-solver.com&rft.atitle=QADI+word+definition+from+Scrabble+Solver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scrabble-solver.com%2Fdefine%2Fqadi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQadi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTillier2019" class="citation cs2">Tillier, Mathieu (8 November 2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.openedition.org/psorbonne/36159">"Chapitre 5. La justice des non-musulmans dans le Proche-Orient islamique"</a>, <i>L'invention du cadi : La justice des musulmans, des juifs et des chrétiens aux premiers siècles de l'Islam</i>, Bibliothèque historique des pays d'Islam, Paris: Éditions de la Sorbonne, pp. <span class="nowrap">455–</span>533, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-10-351-0102-2" title="Special:BookSources/979-10-351-0102-2"><bdi>979-10-351-0102-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27invention+du+cadi+%3A+La+justice+des+musulmans%2C+des+juifs+et+des+chr%C3%A9tiens+aux+premiers+si%C3%A8cles+de+l%27Islam&rft.atitle=Chapitre+5.+La+justice+des+non-musulmans+dans+le+Proche-Orient+islamique&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E455-%3C%2Fspan%3E533&rft.date=2019-11-08&rft.isbn=979-10-351-0102-2&rft.aulast=Tillier&rft.aufirst=Mathieu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fpsorbonne%2F36159&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQadi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTillier2018" class="citation cs2">Tillier, Mathieu (1 November 2018), Emon, Anver M.; Ahmed, Rumee (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199679010.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199679010-e-10">"The Mazalim in Historiography"</a>, <i>The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Law</i>, Oxford University Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">356–</span>380, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199679010.013.10">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199679010.013.10</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967901-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967901-0"><bdi>978-0-19-967901-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Islamic+Law&rft.atitle=The+Mazalim+in+Historiography&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E356-%3C%2Fspan%3E380&rft.date=2018-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199679010.013.10&rft.isbn=978-0-19-967901-0&rft.aulast=Tillier&rft.aufirst=Mathieu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxfordhandbooks.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199679010.001.0001%2Foxfordhb-9780199679010-e-10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQadi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris S. Goodblatt, <i>Jewish Life in Turkey in the XVIth Century as Reflected in the Legal Writings of Samuel de Medina,</i> p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lauren Benton, <i>Law and Colonial Cultures: Legal Regimes in World History, 1400–1900</i>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFvan_den_Boogert2005" class="citation book cs1">van den Boogert, Maurits (2005). <i>Capitulations and the Ottoman legal system: Qadis, Consuls and Beraths in the 18th Century</i>. Brill academic publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capitulations+and+the+Ottoman+legal+system%3A+Qadis%2C+Consuls+and+Beraths+in+the+18th+Century&rft.pub=Brill+academic+publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=van+den+Boogert&rft.aufirst=Maurits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQadi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brillfemalejudges-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brillfemalejudges_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brillfemalejudges_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brillfemalejudges_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brillfemalejudges_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brillfemalejudges_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSonneveldLindbekk2017" class="citation book cs1">Sonneveld, Nadia; Lindbekk, Monika (30 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/title/32490?rskey=s9AJYW&result=24"><i>Women judges in the Muslim world : a comparative study of discourse and practice</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-34220-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-34220-0"><bdi>978-90-04-34220-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+judges+in+the+Muslim+world+%3A+a+comparative+study+of+discourse+and+practice&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2017-03-30&rft.isbn=978-90-04-34220-0&rft.aulast=Sonneveld&rft.aufirst=Nadia&rft.au=Lindbekk%2C+Monika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Ftitle%2F32490%3Frskey%3Ds9AJYW%26result%3D24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQadi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Albisetti-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Albisetti_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlbisetti2000" class="citation journal cs1">Albisetti, James (1 July 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/jsh/article-abstract/33/4/825/995026?redirectedFrom=fulltext">"Portia Ante Portas: Women and the Legal Profession in Europe, ca. 1870–1925"</a>. <i>Journal of Social History</i>. <b>33</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">825–</span>857. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjsh.2000.0051">10.1353/jsh.2000.0051</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153728481">153728481</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Social+History&rft.atitle=Portia+Ante+Portas%3A+Women+and+the+Legal+Profession+in+Europe%2C+ca.+1870%E2%80%931925&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E825-%3C%2Fspan%3E857&rft.date=2000-07-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjsh.2000.0051&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153728481%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Albisetti&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fjsh%2Farticle-abstract%2F33%2F4%2F825%2F995026%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQadi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCashman2016" class="citation news cs1">Cashman, Greer Fay (10 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Rivlin-and-Shaked-urge-appointment-of-female-Qadis-in-Shariah-Courts-444380">"Rivlin and Shaked urge appointment of female Qadis in Shariah Courts"</a>. <i>The Jerusalem Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Rivlin+and+Shaked+urge+appointment+of+female+Qadis+in+Shariah+Courts&rft.date=2016-02-10&rft.aulast=Cashman&rft.aufirst=Greer+Fay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FIsrael-News%2FRivlin-and-Shaked-urge-appointment-of-female-Qadis-in-Shariah-Courts-444380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQadi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2010" class="citation news cs1">Taylor, Pamela (7 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131104225441/http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/modernmuslim/2010/08/malaysia_appoints_first_female_sharia_judges.html">"Malaysia appoints first female sharia judges"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsweek.washingtonpost.com/onfaith/modernmuslim/2010/08/malaysia_appoints_first_female_sharia_judges.html">the original</a> on 4 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Malaysia+appoints+first+female+sharia+judges&rft.date=2010-08-07&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsweek.washingtonpost.com%2Fonfaith%2Fmodernmuslim%2F2010%2F08%2Fmalaysia_appoints_first_female_sharia_judges.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQadi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.alarabiya.net/en/features/2017/04/25/Israel-appoints-country-s-first-female-Sharia-judge-Hana-Khatib.html">"Israel appoints country's first female Sharia judge Hana Khatib"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Al_Arabiya" title="Al Arabiya">Al Arabiya</a></i>. 25 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Arabiya&rft.atitle=Israel+appoints+country%27s+first+female+Sharia+judge+Hana+Khatib&rft.date=2017-04-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.alarabiya.net%2Fen%2Ffeatures%2F2017%2F04%2F25%2FIsrael-appoints-country-s-first-female-Sharia-judge-Hana-Khatib.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQadi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">EL Hajjami, 2009, 33–34)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorldstatesmen:_Mayotte-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorldstatesmen:_Mayotte_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWorldstatesmen:_Mayotte">Worldstatesmen: Mayotte</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELady_Lugard1997199–200-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELady_Lugard1997199–200_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLady_Lugard1997">Lady Lugard 1997</a>, pp. 199–200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalgleish2005-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalgleish2005_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalgleish2005">Dalgleish 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan1975142–143-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan1975142–143_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Callaghan1975">O'Callaghan 1975</a>, pp. 142–143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan1975269–271-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Callaghan1975269–271_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFO'Callaghan1975">O'Callaghan 1975</a>, pp. 269–271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEImamuddin1981198–200-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEImamuddin1981198–200_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFImamuddin1981">Imamuddin 1981</a>, pp. 198–200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peters, Rudolf. "Islamic and Secular Criminal Law in Nineteenth Century Egypt: The Role and Function of the Qadi". <i>Islamic Law and Society</i> 4, no. 1 (1997):77–78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peters, Rudolf. "Islamic and Secular Criminal Law in Nineteenth Century Egypt: The Role and Function of the Qadi". <i>Islamic Law and Society</i> 4, no. 1 (1997):77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1994-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalcolm1994_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMalcolm1994">Malcolm 1994</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benton, Lauren A.; <i>Law and Colonial Cultures: Legal Regimes in World History, 1400–1900</i>, p. 114</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadi&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Bekir Kemal Ataman, "Ottoman Kadi Registers as a Source of Social History". Unpublished M.A. Thesis. University of London, University College London, School of Library, Archive and Information Studies. 1987.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDalgleish2005" class="citation journal cs1">Dalgleish, David (April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927081926/http://www.umes.edu/cms300uploadedFiles/AJCJS/acjavol1no1dagleish.pdf">"Pre-Colonial Criminal Justice In West Africa: Eurocentric Thought Versus Africentric Evidence"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>African Journal of Criminology and Justice Studies</i>. <b>1</b> (1). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umes.edu/cms300uploadedFiles/AJCJS/acjavol1no1dagleish.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Journal+of+Criminology+and+Justice+Studies&rft.atitle=Pre-Colonial+Criminal+Justice+In+West+Africa%3A+Eurocentric+Thought+Versus+Africentric+Evidence.&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2005-04&rft.aulast=Dalgleish&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umes.edu%2Fcms300uploadedFiles%2FAJCJS%2Facjavol1no1dagleish.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQadi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFImamuddin1981" class="citation book cs1">Imamuddin, S. M. (1981). <i>Muslim Spain 711–1492 A.D.: a sociological study</i>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-06131-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-06131-2"><bdi>90-04-06131-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Spain+711%E2%80%931492+A.D.%3A+a+sociological+study&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=90-04-06131-2&rft.aulast=Imamuddin&rft.aufirst=S.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQadi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLady_Lugard1997" class="citation book cs1">Lady Lugard, Flora Louisa Shaw (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FX5UGiFsmbEC&pg=PA199">"Songhay Under Askia the Great"</a>. <i>A tropical dependency: an outline of the ancient history of the western Sudan with an account of the modern settlement of northern Nigeria / [Flora S. Lugard]</i>. Black Classic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-933121-92-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-933121-92-X"><bdi>0-933121-92-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Songhay+Under+Askia+the+Great&rft.btitle=A+tropical+dependency%3A+an+outline+of+the+ancient+history+of+the+western+Sudan+with+an+account+of+the+modern+settlement+of+northern+Nigeria+%2F+%5BFlora+S.+Lugard%5D&rft.pub=Black+Classic+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-933121-92-X&rft.aulast=Lady+Lugard&rft.aufirst=Flora+Louisa+Shaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFX5UGiFsmbEC%26pg%3DPA199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQadi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLookLex" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110524034158/http://i-cias.com/e.o/qadi.htm">"Qadi"</a>. <i>LookLex Encyclopedia</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://i-cias.com/e.o/qadi.htm">the original</a> on 24 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Qadi&rft.btitle=LookLex+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fi-cias.com%2Fe.o%2Fqadi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQadi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm1994" class="citation book cs1">Malcolm, Noel (1994). <i>Bosnia: A Short History</i>. Macmillan. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-41244-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-330-41244-2"><bdi>0-330-41244-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bosnia%3A+A+Short+History&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-330-41244-2&rft.aulast=Malcolm&rft.aufirst=Noel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQadi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'Callaghan1975" class="citation book cs1">O'Callaghan, Joseph F. (1975). <i>A History of Medieval Spain</i>. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-0880-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-0880-6"><bdi>0-8014-0880-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Medieval+Spain&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-8014-0880-6&rft.aulast=O%27Callaghan&rft.aufirst=Joseph+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQadi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zhan_%C3%96zt%C3%BCrk" title="Özhan Öztürk">Özhan Öztürk</a> (2005). Karadeniz (<a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>): Ansiklopedik Sözlük. 2 Cilt. Heyamola Yayıncılık. İstanbul. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-6121-00-9" title="Special:BookSources/975-6121-00-9">975-6121-00-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWorldstatesmen:_Mayotte" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Mayotte.htm">"Mayotte"</a>. WorldStatesmen<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mayotte&rft.pub=WorldStatesmen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldstatesmen.org%2FMayotte.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQadi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFQureshi1942" class="citation book cs1">Qureshi, Dr. Ishtiaq Husain (1942). <i>The Administration of the Sultanate of Delhi</i>. Pakistan Historical Society. p. 313.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Administration+of+the+Sultanate+of+Delhi&rft.pages=313&rft.pub=Pakistan+Historical+Society&rft.date=1942&rft.aulast=Qureshi&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Ishtiaq+Husain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQadi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadi&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Schacht, Joseph. <i>An Introduction to Islamic Law</i>. Oxford, 1964.</li> <li>Tillier, Mathieu. <i>Les cadis d'Iraq et l'État abbasside (132/750-334/945)</i>. Damascus, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-35159-028-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-35159-028-7">978-2-35159-028-7</a> Read online: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130202072807/http://ifpo.revues.org/673">https://web.archive.org/web/20130202072807/http://ifpo.revues.org/673</a></li> <li>Tillier, Mathieu. <i>L'invention du cadi. La justice des musulmans, des juifs et des chrétiens aux premiers siècles de l'Islam</i>. Paris, 2017. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-1035100001" title="Special:BookSources/979-1035100001">979-1035100001</a></li> <li>Al-Kindî. <i>Histoire des cadis égyptiens (Akhbâr qudât Misr)</i>. Introduction, translation and notes by Mathieu Tillier. Cairo, 2012. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7247-0612-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7247-0612-3">978-2-7247-0612-3</a></li> <li>Müller, Christian, <i>Der Kadi und seine Zeugen. Studie der mamlukischen Ḥaram-Dokumente aus Jerusalem</i>. Wiesbaden, 2013. ISBN 978-3-447-06898-7</li> <li>Tillier, Mathieu. <i>Vies des cadis de Misr (257/851-366/976). Extrait du Raf' al-isr 'an qudât Misr d'Ibn Hagar al-'Asqalânî</i>. Cairo, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7247-0327-8" title="Special:BookSources/2-7247-0327-8">2-7247-0327-8</a></li> <li>Tyan, Emile. "Judicial Organization". In <i>Law in the Middle East</i>, vol. 1, edited by Majid Khadduri and Herbert J. Liebesny, pp. 236–278. Washington, D. C., 1955.</li> <li>Tyan, Emile. <i>Histoire de l'organisation judiciaire en pays d'Islam</i>. 2d ed. Leiden, 1960.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225804/http://www.colombopage.com/archive_10B/Sep10_1284127141CH.php">"* Qazi courts to be established in Sri Lanka"</a>. Colombo Page. 10 September 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colombopage.com/archive_10B/Sep10_1284127141CH.php">the original</a> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%2A+Qazi+courts+to+be+established+in+Sri+Lanka&rft.date=2010-09-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.colombopage.com%2Farchive_10B%2FSep10_1284127141CH.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQadi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qadi&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B6" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:قاض">قاض</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lawnet.lk/section.php?file=http://www.lawnet.lk/docs/statutes/cey_leg_encat_1956/indexs/1956Y5V115C.html%20">The Muslim Marriage and Divorce Act of Sri Lanka, LawNet, Government of Sri Lanka</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010501035354/http://www.lawnet.lk/">LawNet – Sri Lanka's Legal Information Network</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qadi&oldid=1280818567">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qadi&oldid=1280818567</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gubernatorial_titles" title="Category:Gubernatorial titles">Gubernatorial titles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sharia_judges" title="Category:Sharia judges">Sharia judges</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic-language_honorifics" title="Category:Arabic-language honorifics">Arabic-language honorifics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_honorifics" title="Category:Islamic honorifics">Islamic honorifics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_words_and_phrases_in_Sharia" title="Category:Arabic words and phrases in Sharia">Arabic words and phrases in Sharia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Qadis" title="Category:Qadis">Qadis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sri_Lankan_tribunals" title="Category:Sri Lankan tribunals">Sri Lankan tribunals</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_April_2016" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from April 2016">Articles needing additional references from April 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_in-text_citations_from_April_2016" title="Category:Articles lacking in-text citations from April 2016">Articles lacking in-text citations from April 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_in-text_citations" title="Category:All articles lacking in-text citations">All articles lacking in-text citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_improper_non-free_content_from_January_2023" title="Category:Articles with improper non-free content from January 2023">Articles with improper non-free content from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_improper_non-free_content" title="Category:All articles with improper non-free content">All articles with improper non-free content</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_multiple_maintenance_issues" title="Category:Articles with multiple maintenance issues">Articles with multiple maintenance issues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2022">Use dmy dates from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Arabic-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Arabic-language text">Articles containing Arabic-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_October_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2024">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_May_2020" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from May 2020">Articles with dead external links from May 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 March 2025, at 17:09<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qadi&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Qadi</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>57 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7ccc697c5f-zv4qj","wgBackendResponseTime":159,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.888","walltime":"1.107","ppvisitednodes":{"value":7764,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":218566,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":42895,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":14,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":135286,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 989.575 1 -total"," 19.75% 195.488 2 Template:Reflist"," 11.59% 114.689 9 Template:Cite_book"," 9.89% 97.913 10 Template:Transl"," 9.63% 95.272 1 Template:Langx"," 8.83% 87.359 1 Template:Multiple_issues"," 8.10% 80.111 1 Template:Usul_al-fiqh"," 7.86% 77.817 11 Template:Fix"," 7.79% 77.054 1 Template:Sidebar"," 7.66% 75.756 9 Template:Citation_needed"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.565","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":16812274,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAlbisetti2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB._Hallaq2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCashman2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalgleish2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFImamuddin1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJudd2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLady_Lugard1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLookLex\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalcolm1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Callaghan1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQureshi1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSonneveldLindbekk2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTillier2009\"] = 5,\n [\"CITEREFTillier2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTillier2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTillier2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorldstatesmen:_Mayotte\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZubaida2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_den_Boogert2005\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 7,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 3,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Explain\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 2,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 5,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Main article\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"More footnotes needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple issues\"] = 1,\n [\"Non-free\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 8,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Transl\"] = 10,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Usul al-fiqh\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-66d47bf9fb-fh6b2","timestamp":"20250401184335","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Qadi","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Qadi","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q217029","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q217029","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-08-02T14:27:03Z","dateModified":"2025-03-16T17:09:17Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/3c\/UsulALFiqh.svg","headline":"judge ruling in accordance with Islamic religious law"}</script> </body> </html>