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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Continental blockade</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Continental_blockade-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Continental blockade subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Continental_blockade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-War_of_the_Oranges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_of_the_Oranges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>War of the Oranges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_of_the_Oranges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Napoleonic_invasions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Napoleonic_invasions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> 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aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Portuguese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Portuguese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>In Portuguese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Portuguese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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.infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">Reino de Portugal e dos Algarves</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1777–1834</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Portugal_(1750).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Portugal"><img alt="Flag of Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281750%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_flags" title="List of Portuguese flags">Flag</a> (1750–1816)</div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_1640-1910_(3).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Portugal"><img alt="Coat of arms of Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_1640-1910_%283%29.svg/85px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_1640-1910_%283%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_1640-1910_%283%29.svg/128px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_1640-1910_%283%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_1640-1910_%283%29.svg/170px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Portugal_1640-1910_%283%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1759" data-file-height="1368" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Portugal" title="Coat of arms of Portugal"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Hymno_Patri%C3%B3tico" title="Hymno Patriótico">Hymno Patriótico</a>" (1808–1826)<br /><small>"Patriotic Anthem"</small><br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="80" data-mwtitle="Hymno_Patriotico.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Hymno_Patriotico.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b9/Hymno_Patriotico.ogg/Hymno_Patriotico.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHymno_Patriotico.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHymno_Patriotico.ogg&lang=mwl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="mwl" label="Mirandés ‪(mwl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHymno_Patriotico.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hino_da_Carta" title="Hino da Carta">Hino da Carta</a></i> (1826–1910)<br /><small>"Anthem of the Charter"</small><br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="172" data-mwtitle="Hino_da_Carta.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/Hino_da_Carta.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/61/Hino_da_Carta.ogg/Hino_da_Carta.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_da_Carta.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_da_Carta.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_da_Carta.ogg&lang=fy&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fy" label="Frysk ‪(fy)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_da_Carta.ogg&lang=mwl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="mwl" label="Mirandés ‪(mwl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino_da_Carta.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Portuguese_empire_1800.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Second Portuguese Empire in 1800"><img alt="The Second Portuguese Empire in 1800" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Portuguese_empire_1800.png/250px-Portuguese_empire_1800.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Portuguese_empire_1800.png/375px-Portuguese_empire_1800.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Portuguese_empire_1800.png/500px-Portuguese_empire_1800.png 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="627" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Second_Portuguese_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Portuguese Empire">Second Portuguese Empire</a> in 1800</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a><br /><small>(1777–1808; 1821–1834)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a><br /><small>(1808–1821)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Portugal" title="Politics of Portugal">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a><br /><small>(1777–1822; 1823–1826; 1828–1834)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional monarchy</a><br /><small>(1822–23; 1826–1828)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_monarchs" title="List of Portuguese monarchs">Monarch</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1777–1816 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary I of Portugal">Mary I</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1816–1826 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">John VI</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1826 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Pedro IV</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1826–1828 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of Portugal">Mary II</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1828–1834 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Miguel_I_of_Portugal" title="Miguel I of Portugal">Miguel I</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/First_Treaty_of_San_Ildefonso" title="First Treaty of San Ildefonso">Treaty of San Ildefonso</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1777</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1807–1814</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">Independence of Brazil</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1822</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Concession_of_Evoramonte" title="Concession of Evoramonte">Concession of Evoramonte</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1834</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_real" title="Portuguese real">Portuguese real</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:PT" title="ISO 3166-2:PT">PT</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Portugal_%281707%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281707%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Portugal_%281707%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281707%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Portugal_%281707%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281707%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1640%E2%80%931777)" title="History of Portugal (1640–1777)">Kingdom of Portugal</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1834%E2%80%931910)" title="History of Portugal (1834–1910)">Kingdom of Portugal</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Portugal" title="Category:History of Portugal">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal" title="History of Portugal">History of <span class="fn org label">Portugal</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg/80px-Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg/120px-Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg/160px-Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="580" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Portugal" title="Ancient Portugal">Ancient</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Iberia" title="Prehistoric Iberia">Prehistoric Iberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_peoples_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman peoples of the Iberian Peninsula">Pre-Roman Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman conquest of Hispania">Roman conquest of Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hispania" title="Romanization of Hispania">Romanization of Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Suebi" title="Kingdom of the Suebi">Suebic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spania" title="Spania">Spania</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Portugal_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Portugal in the Middle Ages">Medieval</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_conquest_of_Hispania" class="mw-redirect" title="Umayyad conquest of Hispania">Umayyad conquest of Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gharb_Al-Andalus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gharb Al-Andalus">Gharb Al-Andalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_Portugal" title="County of Portugal">County of Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_in_the_Reconquista" title="Portugal in the Reconquista">Reconquista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_House_of_Burgundy" title="Portuguese House of Burgundy">Portuguese House of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1383%E2%80%931385_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="1383–1385 Crisis">1383–1385 Crisis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal#Naval_exploration_and_Portuguese_Empire_(15th–16th_centuries)" title="History of Portugal">Age of Discovery</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1415%E2%80%931578)" title="History of Portugal (1415–1578)">Imperial expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Aviz" title="House of Aviz">House of Aviz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Renaissance" title="Portuguese Renaissance">Portuguese Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Portuguese_Succession" title="War of the Portuguese Succession">War of the Portuguese Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch-Portuguese_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch-Portuguese War">Dutch-Portuguese War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1640%E2%80%931777)" title="History of Portugal (1640–1777)">Bragantine</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Restoration War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Braganza" title="House of Braganza">House of Braganza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1755_Lisbon_earthquake" title="1755 Lisbon earthquake">Great Lisbon earthquake</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Imperial decline, war, and revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_the_Portuguese_Court_to_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil">Transfer of Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">Liberal Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal_(1834%E2%80%931910)" title="History of Portugal (1834–1910)">Constitutional Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_revolution" title="5 October 1910 revolution">1910 Revolution</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal#The_First_Republic_(1910–1926)" title="History of Portugal">First Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Portuguese_Republic" title="First Portuguese Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_North" title="Monarchy of the North">Monarchy of the North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_I" title="Portugal during World War I">Portugal during World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_May_1926_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="28 May 1926 coup d'état">1926 coup d'état</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal#Estado_Novo_(1933–1974)" title="History of Portugal">Second Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ditadura_Nacional" title="Ditadura Nacional">Ditadura Nacional</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Colonial_War" title="Portuguese Colonial War">Portuguese Colonial War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal#The_Third_Republic_(1974–)" title="History of Portugal">Third Republic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnation_Revolution" title="Carnation Revolution">Carnation Revolution</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Processo_Revolucion%C3%A1rio_Em_Curso" class="mw-redirect" title="Processo Revolucionário Em Curso">Processo Revolucionário Em Curso</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_transition_to_democracy" title="Portuguese transition to democracy">Transition to democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Portuguese_Republic" title="Third Portuguese Republic">Third Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932014_Portuguese_financial_crisis" title="2010–2014 Portuguese financial crisis">Financial crisis</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010–2014)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Portugal" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal">COVID-19 pandemic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2020–2022)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal" title="History of Portugal">Topic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Category:Archives_in_Portugal" title="Category:Archives in Portugal">Archives</a> - <a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Portugal" title="Economic history of Portugal">Economy</a> - <a href="/wiki/History_of_Portuguese" title="History of Portuguese">Language</a> - <a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Portugal" title="LGBT history in Portugal">LGBT</a> - <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Judaism</a> - <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Portugal" title="Military history of Portugal">Military</a> - <a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Portugal" title="Music history of Portugal">Music</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Regions_of_Portugal" title="Autonomous Regions of Portugal">Regions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Azores" title="History of the Azores">Azorean history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Madeira" title="History of Madeira">Madeiran history</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Portuguese_history" title="Timeline of Portuguese history">Timeline</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; border-bottom:1px solid #ccc"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/16px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/24px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/32px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Portugal" title="Portal:Portugal">Portugal portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Portugal" title="Template:History of Portugal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Portugal" title="Template talk:History of Portugal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Portugal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Portugal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The history of the <b><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal_and_the_Algarves" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves">kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves</a></b>, from the <a href="/wiki/First_Treaty_of_San_Ildefonso" title="First Treaty of San Ildefonso">First Treaty of San Ildefonso</a> and the beginning of the reign of Queen <a href="/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal" title="Maria I of Portugal">Maria I</a> in 1777, to the end of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">Liberal Wars</a> in 1834, spans a complex historical period in which several important political and military events led to the end of the <a href="/wiki/Absolutism_(European_history)" title="Absolutism (European history)">absolutist</a> regime and to the installation of a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> in the country. </p><p>In 1807, Napoleon ordered the invasion of Portugal and subsequently the royal family and its entire court <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_the_Portuguese_Court_to_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil">migrated to Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal" title="Maria I of Portugal">Maria I</a> declaring the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves</a> in 1815. This would be one of the causes for the declaration of <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">Brazilian independence</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Pedro I of Brazil</a> in 1822, following a liberal revolution in Portugal. </p><p>The liberal period was stormy and short as <a href="/wiki/Miguel_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguel of Portugal">Miguel of Portugal</a> (Pedro's brother) supported an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolutist</a> revolution endeavoring to restore all power to the monarchy. Pedro eventually returned to Portugal and fought and defeated his brother in the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">Liberal Wars</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> prevailed and Portugal became a constitutional monarchy. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Queen_Maria_I">Queen Maria I</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal_(1777%E2%80%931834)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Queen Maria I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rainha_D._Maria_I,_s%C3%A9c._XVIII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Rainha_D._Maria_I%2C_s%C3%A9c._XVIII.jpg/125px-Rainha_D._Maria_I%2C_s%C3%A9c._XVIII.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Rainha_D._Maria_I%2C_s%C3%A9c._XVIII.jpg/188px-Rainha_D._Maria_I%2C_s%C3%A9c._XVIII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Rainha_D._Maria_I%2C_s%C3%A9c._XVIII.jpg/250px-Rainha_D._Maria_I%2C_s%C3%A9c._XVIII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption>The Infanta Maria Francisca, ascended the throne to reign as Queen Maria I</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:O_marques_de_pombal,_conde_de_Oeiras.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/O_marques_de_pombal%2C_conde_de_Oeiras.jpg/125px-O_marques_de_pombal%2C_conde_de_Oeiras.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/O_marques_de_pombal%2C_conde_de_Oeiras.jpg/188px-O_marques_de_pombal%2C_conde_de_Oeiras.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/O_marques_de_pombal%2C_conde_de_Oeiras.jpg/250px-O_marques_de_pombal%2C_conde_de_Oeiras.jpg 2x" data-file-width="851" data-file-height="1054" /></a><figcaption>Marquis of Pombal, Queen Maria's nemesis, who was dismissed and exiled</figcaption></figure> <p>The death of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_I_of_Portugal" title="Joseph I of Portugal">King Joseph</a> in 1777 forced the accession of Princess <a href="/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal" title="Maria I of Portugal">Maria Francisca</a>, his eldest daughter, to the throne of Portugal; she succeeded her father as the first <a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen regnant</a> of the 650-year-old country, which was still recovering from the <a href="/wiki/1755_Lisbon_earthquake" title="1755 Lisbon earthquake">1755 Lisbon earthquake</a>. Before becoming queen, Princess Maria and her husband, the <a href="/wiki/Pedro_III_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro III of Portugal">Infante Pedro</a>, lived on the sidelines of politics, but were clearly unsympathetic to her father's former Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A3o_de_Melo,_Marquis_of_Pombal" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebastião de Melo, Marquis of Pombal">Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Marquis_of_Pombal" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquis of Pombal">Marquis of Pombal</a>, who had been the <i>de facto</i> ruler of the kingdom for the past 27 years.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marcus_Cheke_1969,_p.3_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcus_Cheke_1969,_p.3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During her father's last few years, she had been the Marquis' fiercest detractor; once in power, she eagerly dismissed him and then exiled him to <a href="/wiki/Pombal,_Portugal" title="Pombal, Portugal">Pombal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the queen retained many of the Marquis' other ministers, she restored most of the privileges of the nobility and clergy, and released many of Pombal's political prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-Marcus_Cheke_1969,_p.3_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marcus_Cheke_1969,_p.3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The economy was reorganized and Pombaline monopolies were abandoned. However, international conditions favored the economic situation in Portugal as the balance of trade was positive, helped by wine exports and a decrease of British imports.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The period was, while tainted by political instability, a time of cultural renovation, marked by the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Queluz_National_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Queluz National Palace">Palace at Queluz</a>, the beginnings of the <a href="/wiki/Ajuda_National_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Ajuda National Palace">Ajuda Palace</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Teatro_Nacional_de_S%C3%A3o_Carlos" title="Teatro Nacional de São Carlos">São Carlos Theatre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Estrela_Basilica" title="Estrela Basilica">Estrela Basilica</a> and the immense <a href="/wiki/Convent_of_Santa_Clara,_Vila_do_Conde" class="mw-redirect" title="Convent of Santa Clara, Vila do Conde">Convent of Santa Clara</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vila_do_Conde" title="Vila do Conde">Vila do Conde</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1789, the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> caused great social upheaval in Europe. The eventual Portuguese reaction was to land forces in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, and together with the <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> forces attack the <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pyrenees" title="War of the Pyrenees">War of Roussillon</a> (1794).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war did not go well, and by 1795, Spain had privately sued for peace, signed an alliance and aligned its external politics against <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.264_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.264-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even as Portugal was politically divided between continuing its old alliance with Britain, its people were also divided. The French Revolution, as seen by intellectuals and progressives, was romanticized: <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Maria_Barbosa_du_Bocage" title="Manuel Maria Barbosa du Bocage">Bocage</a> and the <i>Partido Francês</i> (French Party) believed the French could usher in a liberal revolution in Europe. The French represented a threat to the traditionalist nobility who were returning to prominence and were very willing to fight them externally or internally.<sup id="cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.264_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.264-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was at about this time that Queen Maria, already possessed of a religious mania, began to show signs of mental illness.<sup id="cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.265_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.265-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When after 1799 she became incapable of handling state affairs, her son, <a href="/wiki/Infante" title="Infante">Infante</a> <a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">John of Braganza</a>, began to use the title of <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Prince-Regent</a>. The traditionalist adversaries of France, however, did not look to John, but rather to his wife <a href="/wiki/Carlota_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlota of Spain">Carlota Joaquina</a> for support, and at one point attempted a coup against the prince.<sup id="cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.265_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.265-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Continental_blockade">Continental blockade</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal_(1777%E2%80%931834)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Continental blockade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>John VI's regency was a complex political period that saw Portugal attempting to remain neutral in spite of the combative intransigence of its neighbors and contentious forces within the country that favored either liberal or traditional policies. Between 1795 and 1801, his government struggled to maintain a delicate balance of peace in the face of the French <a href="/wiki/Continental_System" title="Continental System">Continental blockade</a> against Portugal's traditional ally, Great Britain, and the demands of the merchant classes who were prospering economically and wanted peace.<sup id="cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.265_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.265-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Spain, a former ally, had signed the <a href="/wiki/Second_Treaty_of_San_Ildefonso" title="Second Treaty of San Ildefonso">Second Treaty of San Ildefonso</a>, and was under pressure from France to coerce Portugal's cooperation, even if it required an invasion. Although <a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Godoy,_Prince_of_the_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel de Godoy, Prince of the Peace">Manuel de Godoy</a> was initially hesitant to invade Portugal, due to the royal family having relatives in both countries, the French remained anxious to break the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Portuguese_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Portuguese alliance">Anglo-Portuguese alliance</a> in order to close Portuguese ports to British shipping.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_of_the_Oranges">War of the Oranges</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal_(1777%E2%80%931834)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: War of the Oranges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Oranges" title="War of the Oranges">War of the Oranges</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manuel_de_Godoy,_por_Francisco_Bayeu_(Real_Academia_de_Bellas_Artes_de_San_Fernando).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Manuel_de_Godoy%2C_por_Francisco_Bayeu_%28Real_Academia_de_Bellas_Artes_de_San_Fernando%29.jpg/125px-Manuel_de_Godoy%2C_por_Francisco_Bayeu_%28Real_Academia_de_Bellas_Artes_de_San_Fernando%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Manuel_de_Godoy%2C_por_Francisco_Bayeu_%28Real_Academia_de_Bellas_Artes_de_San_Fernando%29.jpg/188px-Manuel_de_Godoy%2C_por_Francisco_Bayeu_%28Real_Academia_de_Bellas_Artes_de_San_Fernando%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Manuel_de_Godoy%2C_por_Francisco_Bayeu_%28Real_Academia_de_Bellas_Artes_de_San_Fernando%29.jpg/250px-Manuel_de_Godoy%2C_por_Francisco_Bayeu_%28Real_Academia_de_Bellas_Artes_de_San_Fernando%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="1267" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Godoy,_Prince_of_the_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel de Godoy, Prince of the Peace">Manuel de Godoy</a>, as pictured in a portrait by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Bayeu" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Bayeu">Francisco Bayeu</a> in 1792</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D._Jo%C3%A3o_Carlos_de_Bragan%C3%A7a_e_Ligne_de_Sousa_Tavares_Mascarenhas_da_Silva,_2.%C2%BA_Duque_de_Laf%C3%B5es_(Pal%C3%A1cio_do_Grilo).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/D._Jo%C3%A3o_Carlos_de_Bragan%C3%A7a_e_Ligne_de_Sousa_Tavares_Mascarenhas_da_Silva%2C_2.%C2%BA_Duque_de_Laf%C3%B5es_%28Pal%C3%A1cio_do_Grilo%29.png/125px-D._Jo%C3%A3o_Carlos_de_Bragan%C3%A7a_e_Ligne_de_Sousa_Tavares_Mascarenhas_da_Silva%2C_2.%C2%BA_Duque_de_Laf%C3%B5es_%28Pal%C3%A1cio_do_Grilo%29.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/D._Jo%C3%A3o_Carlos_de_Bragan%C3%A7a_e_Ligne_de_Sousa_Tavares_Mascarenhas_da_Silva%2C_2.%C2%BA_Duque_de_Laf%C3%B5es_%28Pal%C3%A1cio_do_Grilo%29.png/188px-D._Jo%C3%A3o_Carlos_de_Bragan%C3%A7a_e_Ligne_de_Sousa_Tavares_Mascarenhas_da_Silva%2C_2.%C2%BA_Duque_de_Laf%C3%B5es_%28Pal%C3%A1cio_do_Grilo%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/D._Jo%C3%A3o_Carlos_de_Bragan%C3%A7a_e_Ligne_de_Sousa_Tavares_Mascarenhas_da_Silva%2C_2.%C2%BA_Duque_de_Laf%C3%B5es_%28Pal%C3%A1cio_do_Grilo%29.png/250px-D._Jo%C3%A3o_Carlos_de_Bragan%C3%A7a_e_Ligne_de_Sousa_Tavares_Mascarenhas_da_Silva%2C_2.%C2%BA_Duque_de_Laf%C3%B5es_%28Pal%C3%A1cio_do_Grilo%29.png 2x" data-file-width="901" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Carlos_de_Bragan%C3%A7a_(Duke_de_Laf%C3%B5es)" class="mw-redirect" title="João Carlos de Bragança (Duke de Lafões)">João Carlos de Bragança e Ligne</a> (2nd <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Laf%C3%B5es" title="Duke of Lafões">Duke of Lafões</a>, who was responsible for the defense of Portugal during the disaster of the <i>War of the Oranges</i></figcaption></figure> <p>On 29 January 1801, an ultimatum from Spain and France forced Portugal to decide between France and Britain, even as its government had tried to negotiate favorable relations with the two powers rather than abrogate the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Windsor_(1386)" title="Treaty of Windsor (1386)">Treaty of Windsor (1386)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.265_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.265-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French sent a five-point statement to <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> demanding that Portugal:<sup id="cite_ref-H.V.Livermore_1976,_p.247_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H.V.Livermore_1976,_p.247-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>abandon its traditional alliance with <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and close its ports to British shipping;</li> <li>open its ports to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> shipping;</li> <li>surrender one or more of its provinces, equal to one fourth part of her total area, as a guarantee for the recovery of <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a>, Port Mahon (<a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Menorca</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>;</li> <li>pay a war indemnity to France and Spain;</li> <li>review border limits with Spain.</li></ul> <p>If Portugal failed to accomplish the five conditions of this ultimatum, it would be invaded by Spain, supported by 15,000 French soldiers. The British could not promise any effective relief, even as <a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">Prince John</a> appealed to <a href="/wiki/John_Hookham_Frere" title="John Hookham Frere">Hookham Frere</a>, who arrived in November 1800. In February, the terms were delivered to the Prince-Regent; although he sent a negotiator to Madrid, war was declared. At the time, Portugal had a poorly trained army, with less than 8,000 cavalry and 46,000 infantry troops. Its military commander, <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Carlos_de_Bragan%C3%A7a_(Duke_de_Laf%C3%B5es)" class="mw-redirect" title="João Carlos de Bragança (Duke de Lafões)">João Carlos de Bragança e Ligne</a> (2nd <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Laf%C3%B5es" title="Duke of Lafões">Duke of Lafões</a>), had barely raised 2,000 horse and 16,000 troops.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was compelled to contract the services of a <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> colonel, Count Karl Alexander von der Goltz, to assume command as field marshal.<sup id="cite_ref-StrasenGândara1944_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StrasenGândara1944-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NewittRobson2004_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewittRobson2004-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish Prime Minister and Commander-in-Chief, <a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Godoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel de Godoy">Manuel de Godoy</a>, had some 30,000 troops at his disposal, while the French troops under General <a href="/wiki/Charles_Leclerc_(general,_born_1772)" title="Charles Leclerc (general, born 1772)">Charles Leclerc</a> (Napoleon's brother-in-law) arrived in Spain too late to assist Godoy, as it was a short military campaign. </p><p>On May 20, Godoy finally entered Portugal; this incursion was a precursor of the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a> that would engulf the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>. The Spanish army quickly penetrated the <a href="/wiki/Alentejo" title="Alentejo">Alentejo</a> region in southern Portugal and occupied <a href="/wiki/Olivenza" title="Olivenza">Olivença</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juromenha" title="Juromenha">Juromenha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arronches" title="Arronches">Arronches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portalegre,_Portugal" title="Portalegre, Portugal">Portalegre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castelo_de_Vide" title="Castelo de Vide">Castelo de Vide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbacena" title="Barbacena">Barbacena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ouguela" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouguela">Ouguela</a> without resistance. <a href="/wiki/Campo_Maior,_Portugal" title="Campo Maior, Portugal">Campo Maior</a> resisted for 18 days before falling to the Spanish army, but <a href="/wiki/Elvas_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Elvas Municipality">Elvas</a> successfully resisted a siege by the invaders. An episode which occurred during the siege of Elvas accounts for the name, "War of the Oranges": Godoy, celebrating his first experience of generalship, plucked two oranges from a tree and immediately sent them to Queen <a href="/wiki/Maria_Luisa_of_Parma" title="Maria Luisa of Parma">Maria Luisa</a> of Spain, mother of <a href="/wiki/Carlota_Joaquina" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlota Joaquina">Carlota Joaquina</a> and supposedly his lover,<sup id="cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.265_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.265-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the message: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I lack everything, but with nothing I will go to Lisbon.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Manuel de Godoy<sup id="cite_ref-H.V.Livermore_1976,_p.247_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H.V.Livermore_1976,_p.247-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The conflict ended quickly when the defeated and demoralized Portuguese were forced to negotiate and accept the stipulations of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Badajoz_(1801)" title="Treaty of Badajoz (1801)">Treaty of Badajoz</a>, signed on June 6, 1801.<sup id="cite_ref-H.V.Livermore_1976,_p.247_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H.V.Livermore_1976,_p.247-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of the peace settlement, Portugal recovered all of the strongholds previously conquered by the Spanish, with the exception of Olivença and other territories on the eastern margin of the <a href="/wiki/Guadiana" title="Guadiana">Guadiana</a>, and a prohibition of contraband was enforced near the border between the two countries. The treaty was ratified by the Prince-Regent on 14 June, while the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Spain">King of Spain</a> promulgated the treaty on 21 June. </p><p>A special convention (i.e., the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(1801)" title="Treaty of Madrid (1801)">Treaty of Madrid</a>) on 29 September 1801 made additions to that of Badajoz whereby Portugal was forced to pay <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> an indemnity of 20 million <a href="/wiki/Francs" class="mw-redirect" title="Francs">francs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fournier1903_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fournier1903-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This treaty was initially rejected by Napoleon, who wanted the partition of Portugal, but accepted once he concluded a peace with Great Britain at <a href="/wiki/Amiens" title="Amiens">Amiens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Napoleonic_invasions">Napoleonic invasions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal_(1777%E2%80%931834)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Napoleonic invasions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_the_Portuguese_Court_to_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil">Transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Jean_Andoche_Junot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/General_Jean_Andoche_Junot.jpg/125px-General_Jean_Andoche_Junot.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/General_Jean_Andoche_Junot.jpg/188px-General_Jean_Andoche_Junot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/General_Jean_Andoche_Junot.jpg/250px-General_Jean_Andoche_Junot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="930" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>General <a href="/wiki/Jean-Andoche_Junot" title="Jean-Andoche Junot">Jean-Andoche Junot</a>'s forces crossed the border at the end of 1807, to conquer Portugal in order to partition it.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1806, after Napoleon's victory over the <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussians</a>, he considered the problem of the resistance of the English, who had broken the peace in 1803 to challenge the <a href="/wiki/Continental_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental system">Continental system</a> imposed by the French, and realized that the situation in Portugal impeded his plan for reform in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.266_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.266-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Again, Portuguese ports were ordered closed to British shipping; </p><p>On 27 October 1807, France and Spain signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(October_1807)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (October 1807)">Treaty of Fontainebleau</a> which would partition Portugal. In this pact, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Northern_Lusitania" title="Kingdom of Northern Lusitania">Northern Lusitania</a>, a territory between the <a href="/wiki/Minho_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Minho River">Minho</a> and <a href="/wiki/Douro" title="Douro">Douro</a> rivers, would be a principality governed by the sovereign of the extinct <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Etruria" title="Kingdom of Etruria">Kingdom of Etruria</a> (then Maria Luisa, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles IV of Spain</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Algarve" title="Algarve">Algarve</a> and all Portuguese territory located south of the <a href="/wiki/Tagus" title="Tagus">Tagus</a> would be governed by <a href="/wiki/Manuel_de_Godoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel de Godoy">Manuel de Godoy</a>, in compensation for his role in bringing the Spanish to align with France. The rest of Portugal, the area between the Douro and the Tagus, a strategic region because of its ports, would be administered by the central government in France until a general peace. Its colonial possessions, including Brazil, would be divided between Spain and France. </p><p>On either 19 or 20 November 1807,<sup id="cite_ref-Thomson2014_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomson2014-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a French battalion commanded by General <a href="/wiki/Jean-Andoche_Junot" title="Jean-Andoche Junot">Jean-Andoche Junot</a> entered Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.266_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.266-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Napoleon had ordered its invasion and occupation. </p><p>On 27 November, the Prince Regent, the Queen and the entire royal family, accompanied by much of the nobility as well as their servants, boarded fifteen Portuguese ships gathered in the Tagus with an escort of several English ships,<sup id="cite_ref-CUP_1970,_p.396_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CUP_1970,_p.396-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as planned the year before when the British ambassador advised the prince that the Portuguese Crown should be transferred to Brazil. Approximately 10,000 people, including the entire governmental administration and the judiciary, joined the royal family as they moved to Brazil, a possession of Portugal, and established the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_invasion">First invasion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal_(1777%E2%80%931834)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First invasion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Sir_Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington.png/170px-Sir_Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Sir_Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington.png/255px-Sir_Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Sir_Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington.png/340px-Sir_Arthur_Wellesley%2C_1st_Duke_of_Wellington.png 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3280" /></a><figcaption>British General <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley</a> disembarked in <a href="/wiki/Galiza" class="mw-redirect" title="Galiza">Galiza</a> to support the Spanish, but was responsible for defeating Junot's forces.</figcaption></figure> <p>General <a href="/wiki/Jean-Andoche_Junot" title="Jean-Andoche Junot">Jean-Andoche Junot</a> and his troops had entered Spain on 18 October 1807 and crossed the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a> to reach the Portuguese border. Junot encountered no resistance and reached <a href="/wiki/Abrantes" title="Abrantes">Abrantes</a> by 24 November, <a href="/wiki/Santar%C3%A9m,_Portugal" title="Santarém, Portugal">Santarém</a> on 28 November, and the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">capital</a> at the end of the month, arriving a day after the <a href="/wiki/Royal_court" title="Royal court">Court</a> had fled to Brazil. Before the Prince Regent departed, he left orders with the Regency <a href="/wiki/Junta_(Peninsular_War)" title="Junta (Peninsular War)">Junta</a> to greet the French in peace.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once he arrived, Junot promoted himself as a reformer come to liberate the oppressed people of Portugal, promising progress, the construction of roads and canals, efficient administration, clean finances, assistance and schools for the poor.<sup id="cite_ref-CUP_1970,_p.396_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CUP_1970,_p.396-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, he set about removing vestiges of the Portuguese monarchy, declared that the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Braganza" title="House of Braganza">House of Braganza</a> had ceased to reign in Portugal, suspended the Council of Regency, suppressed the Portuguese militia, billeted officers in the finest houses of the rich, and plundered the Portuguese treasury for continuing reparations to the French.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, 50,000 Spanish and French troops roamed the countryside arresting, killing, plundering and raping the citizenry.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1808, as Junot was busy redesigning Portuguese society, Napoleon decided to revise his alliance with Spain; he forced the abdication of Charles IV of Spain and his son <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand</a>, and installed his brother <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph Bonaparte</a> as King. A popular uprising in Spain immediately spread to Junot's forces, which were accompanied by Spanish troops, and further instigated a popular uprising by the Portuguese that was brutally put down after some minor successes.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following year, a British force commanded by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Arthur Wellesley</a> (future <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Wellington_(title)" title="Duke of Wellington (title)">Duke of Wellington</a>) disembarked in <a href="/wiki/Galiza" class="mw-redirect" title="Galiza">Galiza</a> with the intent of supporting the Spanish, but later advanced on Porto and landed at <a href="/wiki/Figueira_da_Foz_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Figueira da Foz Municipality">Figueira da Foz</a> on 1 August.<sup id="cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.270_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.270-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British-Portuguese forces advanced quickly on the French, defeating them at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Roli%C3%A7a" title="Battle of Roliça">Battle of Roliça</a> (17 August) and later the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vimeiro" title="Battle of Vimeiro">Battle of Vimeiro</a> (21 August).<sup id="cite_ref-CUP_1970,_p.399_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CUP_1970,_p.399-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A two-day armistice was observed as negotiations proceeded and the belligerents formally signed the <a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Sintra" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention of Sintra">Convention of Sintra</a> (30 August), without Portuguese representation.<sup id="cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.271_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.271-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of the accord, the British transported the French troops to France, with the product of sacks made in Portugal. The Convention benefited both sides: Junot's armies, incapable of communicating with France, could make a safe withdrawal; and the Anglo-Portuguese forces gained control over Lisbon. The Portuguese populace was free to avenge itself on <a href="/wiki/Francophile" title="Francophile">francophile</a> compatriots for the brutality and depredations of the French.<sup id="cite_ref-CUP_1970,_p.399_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CUP_1970,_p.399-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_invasion">Second invasion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal_(1777%E2%80%931834)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Second invasion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-de-Dieu_Soult,_mar%C3%A9chal_duc_de_Dalmatie_(1769-1851).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult%2C_mar%C3%A9chal_duc_de_Dalmatie_%281769-1851%29.jpg/125px-Jean-de-Dieu_Soult%2C_mar%C3%A9chal_duc_de_Dalmatie_%281769-1851%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult%2C_mar%C3%A9chal_duc_de_Dalmatie_%281769-1851%29.jpg/188px-Jean-de-Dieu_Soult%2C_mar%C3%A9chal_duc_de_Dalmatie_%281769-1851%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult%2C_mar%C3%A9chal_duc_de_Dalmatie_%281769-1851%29.jpg/250px-Jean-de-Dieu_Soult%2C_mar%C3%A9chal_duc_de_Dalmatie_%281769-1851%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1259" data-file-height="1938" /></a><figcaption>Jean-de-Dieu Soult</figcaption></figure> <p>As Napoleon began dealing with the Spanish in earnest, he sent Marshal <a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Jean-de-Dieu Soult</a> to reoccupy Portugal. As word spread of the abdication of the Spanish royal family, many Spaniards revolted, gaining support from the British stationed in Portugal. Under the command of <a href="/wiki/John_Moore_(British_soldier)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Moore (British soldier)">John Moore</a>, British forces crossed the northern Portuguese border but were defeated at <a href="/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a" title="A Coruña">A Coruña</a> by Marshal Soult, and were forced to retreat in the middle of January.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French immediately occupied northern Portugal and advanced on <a href="/wiki/Oporto" class="mw-redirect" title="Oporto">Oporto</a> by 24 March. </p><p>Unlike the first invasion, there was a popular revolt against French occupation by farmers, conservative nobility and the poor.<sup id="cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.271_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.271-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the citizen soldiers and farmers fought against the French aggression, going so far as to see tactical retreats as a betrayal or treason by the Portuguese officers.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But Soult occupied <a href="/wiki/Chaves,_Portugal" title="Chaves, Portugal">Chaves</a> on 12 March, a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Braga_(1809)" title="Battle of Braga (1809)">defense of Braga</a> was unsuccessful and the French troops <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Porto" title="First Battle of Porto">stormed and captured Porto</a> by 29 March. Soult forces encountered a popular resistance in Porto, that included militia and local residents who barricaded the streets.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Silveira,_Count_of_Amarante" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco Silveira, Count of Amarante">Francisco da Silveira</a> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chaves" title="Siege of Chaves">recovered Chaves</a> and ultimately, it was Wellesley, again, at the head of the British-Portuguese forces who expelled the French from the north of the country. He was aided by <a href="/wiki/William_Carr_Beresford" class="mw-redirect" title="William Carr Beresford">William Carr Beresford</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and supported by a stronger Portuguese contingent, trained, equipped and commanded by British officers. The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Portuguese_Army" title="Anglo-Portuguese Army">Anglo-Portuguese Army</a> defeated Soult at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Porto" title="Second Battle of Porto">Second Battle of Porto</a>, re-conquering the city of Porto on 29 May, and forcing the French retreat to <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>. Wellesley intended to pursue the French, but with French forces crossing from the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Extremadura" title="Extremadura">Extremadura</a>, he moved his base to <a href="/wiki/Abrantes_Municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrantes Municipality">Abrantes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From here his forces then marched up the Tagus valley, entered Spain and won the victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talavera" title="Battle of Talavera">Talavera</a>, after which he was made <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Wellington_(title)" title="Duke of Wellington (title)">Duke of Wellington</a>. He could not penetrate further, owing to Soult's forces joining <a href="/wiki/Claude_Victor-Perrin,_Duc_de_Belluno" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno">Victor</a>, to bar the way to Madrid, and so withdrew to <a href="/wiki/Torres_Vedras" title="Torres Vedras">Torres Vedras</a> to plan for the defense against a third invasion by the French.<sup id="cite_ref-H.V.Livermore_1976,_p.247_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H.V.Livermore_1976,_p.247-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, in the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Portuguese colony of Brazil</a>, Portugal was successful in <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Cayenne_(1809)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Cayenne (1809)">capturing French Guiana</a> in 1809. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_invasion">Third invasion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal_(1777%E2%80%931834)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Third invasion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na_(Fontaine_et_Gros).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na_%28Fontaine_et_Gros%29.jpg/125px-Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na_%28Fontaine_et_Gros%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na_%28Fontaine_et_Gros%29.jpg/188px-Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na_%28Fontaine_et_Gros%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na_%28Fontaine_et_Gros%29.jpg/250px-Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na_%28Fontaine_et_Gros%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1278" data-file-height="1978" /></a><figcaption>André Masséna</figcaption></figure> <p>The third invasion, the last effort of the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a> on Portuguese soil, was commanded by Marshal <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Massena" class="mw-redirect" title="André Massena">André Massena</a>, and divided into three parts under <a href="/wiki/Jean_Reynier" title="Jean Reynier">Jean Reynier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Victor-Perrin,_Duc_de_Belluno" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno">Claude Victor-Perrin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Andoche_Junot" title="Jean-Andoche Junot">Jean-Andoche Junot</a>, and comprised 62,000 men and 84 canon. Entering by way of <a href="/wiki/Beira,_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Beira, Portugal">Beira</a> in August, they quickly defeated the defenders in the Fort of Almeida in August,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then marched in the direction of Lisbon. Against the wishes of his council, Messena attacked the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Portuguese_Army" title="Anglo-Portuguese Army">Anglo-Portuguese Army</a> on 26 September in <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bu%C3%A7aco" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Buçaco">Buçaco</a>, losing 4500 troops.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington">Wellesley</a>'s forces withdrew in front of the oncoming French, until his troops entered the prepared positions in <a href="/wiki/Torres_Vedras" title="Torres Vedras">Torres Vedras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But the French were impeded along the <a href="/wiki/Lines_of_Torres_Vedras" title="Lines of Torres Vedras">Lines of Torres Vedras</a>, a system of 152 fortifications north of Lisbon, planned by Wellington, supervised by <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-Colonel" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant-Colonel">Lieutenant-Colonel</a> <a href="/wiki/Sir_Richard_Fletcher,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Richard Fletcher, 1st Baronet">Richard Fletcher</a> constructed by Portuguese laborers, manned by 40,000 Portuguese troops and members of the local population.<sup id="cite_ref-James_Maxwell_Anderson_2000_p.129_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James_Maxwell_Anderson_2000_p.129-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Marshal Massena and his forces reached the lines by 14 October, but were unable to penetrate the defenses, and he was forced to retreat in April 1811. Supplies were running low, and Massena sent a request to Bonaparte for new instructions, but was compelled to withdraw before the instructions arrived, and he retreated to <a href="/wiki/Santar%C3%A9m,_Portugal" title="Santarém, Portugal">Santarém</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-H.V._Livermore_1976,_p.255_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H.V._Livermore_1976,_p.255-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Napoleon finally sent Soult, it was too late for Massena, who could not hold Santarém and withdrew towards <a href="/wiki/Coimbra" title="Coimbra">Coimbra</a> by March 6.<sup id="cite_ref-H.V._Livermore_1976,_p.255_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H.V._Livermore_1976,_p.255-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Successively, the French were defeated in several smaller battles: the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sabugal" title="Battle of Sabugal">Battle of Sabugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fuentes_de_Onoro" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuentes de Onoro">Fuentes de Onoro</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Condeixa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Condeixa (page does not exist)">Battle of Condeixa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Casal_Novo" title="Battle of Casal Novo">Battle of Casal Novo</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Foz_de_Arouce" title="Battle of Foz de Arouce">Battle of Foz de Arouce</a>, in addition to <a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Michel Ney</a>'s rear-guard action at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pombal" title="Battle of Pombal">Battle of Pombal</a>. With winter quickly approaching, his forces starving, they were again defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Redinha" title="Battle of Redinha">Battle of Redinha</a> and with Anglo-Portuguese forces in pursuit, Massena crossed the border into Spain; the War would continue until March 1814, but not on Portuguese territory.<sup id="cite_ref-James_Maxwell_Anderson_2000_p.129_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James_Maxwell_Anderson_2000_p.129-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A series of battles in Spain followed, until a final victory was reached on French soil in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulouse_(1814)" title="Battle of Toulouse (1814)">Battle of Toulouse</a> on April 10, 1814, putting an end to the Peninsular War. However, in numerous coastal, interior and border towns there were bodies bayoneted and left on the ground; several frontier towns were pillaged and ransacked for treasure or vandalized by retreating troops (both British and French); reprisal killings were common in the local populations for sympathizers (the total number of casualties in the war reached 100,000 by one account);<sup id="cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.270_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.270-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while famine and social deprivation was common.<sup id="cite_ref-James_Maxwell_Anderson_2000_p.129_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James_Maxwell_Anderson_2000_p.129-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, the instability in Spain and the abdication of the king, resulted in declarations of independence in the Spanish colonies of <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">America</a>, which in turn was responsible for a tense political climate in Brazil. </p><p>In 1816, and as a result of the increasing influence of the <a href="/wiki/Liga_Federal" class="mw-redirect" title="Liga Federal">Liga Federal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves</a> invaded and conquered the <a href="/wiki/Banda_Oriental" title="Banda Oriental">Banda Oriental</a>, annexing it under the name of <a href="/wiki/Cisplatina" title="Cisplatina">Província Cisplatina</a> in 1821. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liberal_Revolution">Liberal Revolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal_(1777%E2%80%931834)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Liberal Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil,_and_Algarves.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Portugal%2C_Brazil%2C_and_Algarves.svg/235px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Portugal%2C_Brazil%2C_and_Algarves.svg.png" decoding="async" width="235" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Portugal%2C_Brazil%2C_and_Algarves.svg/353px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Portugal%2C_Brazil%2C_and_Algarves.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Portugal%2C_Brazil%2C_and_Algarves.svg/470px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_of_Portugal%2C_Brazil%2C_and_Algarves.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the <i><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves</a></i> (1816–1826)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Carr_Beresford,_Viscount_Beresford_by_Sir_William_Beechey_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/William_Carr_Beresford%2C_Viscount_Beresford_by_Sir_William_Beechey_%282%29.jpg/125px-William_Carr_Beresford%2C_Viscount_Beresford_by_Sir_William_Beechey_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/William_Carr_Beresford%2C_Viscount_Beresford_by_Sir_William_Beechey_%282%29.jpg/188px-William_Carr_Beresford%2C_Viscount_Beresford_by_Sir_William_Beechey_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/William_Carr_Beresford%2C_Viscount_Beresford_by_Sir_William_Beechey_%282%29.jpg/250px-William_Carr_Beresford%2C_Viscount_Beresford_by_Sir_William_Beechey_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2869" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Carr_Beresford" class="mw-redirect" title="William Carr Beresford">William Carr Beresford</a>, who administered mainland Portugal during the post-<a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a> period</figcaption></figure> <p>From 1808 through 1821, Portugal was effectively both a British <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> and a colony of Brazil, as the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Portugal">Portuguese Crown</a> remained in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-James_Maxwell_Anderson_2000_p.129_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James_Maxwell_Anderson_2000_p.129-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The moving of the Portuguese capital to <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> accentuated the economic, institutional and social crises in mainland Portugal, which was administered by English commercial and military interests under William Beresford's rule in the absence of the monarch. The influence of <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal ideals</a><sup id="cite_ref-James_Maxwell_Anderson_2000_p.129_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James_Maxwell_Anderson_2000_p.129-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was strengthened by the aftermath of the war, the continuing impact of the American and French revolutions, discontent under absolutist government, and the general indifference shown by the Portuguese regency for the plight of its people. </p><p>After 1807 the limitations and subordinations inherent in Brazil's colonial status were already being reduced incrementally. The prohibition on transformative industries was rescinded, and new incentives were offered for: the creation of factories, the importation of British machinery, ship construction, and road building, as well as the foundation and construction of public schools and military academies. In addition to these improvements, the Bank of Brazil was chartered and insurance companies, commerce commissions and currency exchanges were established. This damaged the mother country's commercial interests and aggravated social problems there, while benefiting the United Kingdom, as Portugal was governed by the increasingly despotic British general <a href="/wiki/William_Carr_Beresford,_1st_Viscount_Beresford" class="mw-redirect" title="William Carr Beresford, 1st Viscount Beresford">William Beresford</a> in the absence of the Cortes.<sup id="cite_ref-British_domination_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-British_domination-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-open_of_Brazil_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-open_of_Brazil-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a>, Portugal returned <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a> (which had been seized in 1809) to France on 30 May 1814.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the declaration by King John of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves</a> in December 1815,<sup id="cite_ref-Taylor2005_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Taylor2005-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brazil's new importance worsened the situation in continental Portugal: politically, it became the Portuguese capital (shedding the pretense of being a colony), and economically, was now able to trade directly with other European powers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1820_Revolution">1820 Revolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal_(1777%E2%80%931834)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1820 Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Domingos_Sequeira_-_D._Jo%C3%A3o_VI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Domingos_Sequeira_-_D._Jo%C3%A3o_VI.jpg/125px-Domingos_Sequeira_-_D._Jo%C3%A3o_VI.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Domingos_Sequeira_-_D._Jo%C3%A3o_VI.jpg/188px-Domingos_Sequeira_-_D._Jo%C3%A3o_VI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Domingos_Sequeira_-_D._Jo%C3%A3o_VI.jpg/250px-Domingos_Sequeira_-_D._Jo%C3%A3o_VI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The Prince-Regent, who would become King <a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">John VI of Portugal</a>, was not interested in returning to mainland Portugal immediately after the Peninsular War</figcaption></figure> <p>A report was sent from the Regency to John VI on 2 June 1820, stating: </p> <dl><dd>"Portugal has arrived at a crisis in which it will suffer a revolution of fortunes, of order, an anarchy, and other ills that will bring a complete reduction of public credit...".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Portugal's neighbor Spain, during its resistance to the Napoleonic invasions, had approved a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Cadiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Cadiz">liberal Constitution</a> when King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII</a> was in exile, but it was quickly abrogated on his return, and he reigned as absolute monarch. The Spanish model also served as an example for the Portuguese: a popular uprising in the provinces against absolutism forced the Spanish monarch to reinstate the 1820 Constitutional monarchy. </p><p>The significance of events in Spain was not lost on a small group of politically like-minded <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> in <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a>; two years earlier, Manuel Fernandes Tomás, José Ferreira Borges, José da Silva Carvalho and João Ferreira Viana had founded the <i>Sinédrio</i>, a clandestine <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> group who debated the political evolution of Spain and Portugal and would influence subsequent events. The Sinédrio's members were a mixture of merchants, property-owners, the military and noblemen, whose liberalism was based not on personal economic circumstances but on their exposure to international literature and philosophies at university or in the <a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">masonic</a> lodges.<sup id="cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.279_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.279-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The common people were rural, almost totally illiterate and lived in a culture of tradition and religion guided by the clergy. The ideological differences between the doctrinairism of the liberal movement and the dogmas of religion would bring the two groups into conflict eventually.<sup id="cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.279_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.279-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the meantime, however, the rhetoric of the liberal intellectuals had influenced those soldiers in the northern garrisons who on 24 August 1820, first proclaimed in <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a> a revolution against the absolute monarchy of Portugal. A colonel read out the declaration: </p> <dl><dd>"Let's join our brothers-in-arms to organize a provisional government that will call on the Cortes to draw-up a Constitution, whose absence is the origin of all our ills."<sup id="cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.277_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.277-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The Regency in Lisbon attempted to gather forces to oppose the revolt, but on 15 September they too joined the movement. </p><p>The administration of William Beresford was swiftly replaced by a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Provisional_Junta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Provisional Junta (page does not exist)">Provisional Junta</a>, and the "<a href="/wiki/Constituent_Cortes_of_1820" title="Constituent Cortes of 1820">General Extraordinary and Constituent Cortes of the Portuguese Nation</a>", whose deputies were chosen by indirect election, was summoned on 1 January 1821 to draft a written <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">Constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Armitage1836_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armitage1836-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Constituent Assembly">constitutional assembly</a> was composed of diplomatic functionaries, merchants, agrarian burghers, and university-educated representatives who were usually lawyers. Most of all these were ideological romantics, later referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Vintism" title="Vintism">Vintistas</a></i> for their audacious radicalism. State <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a> of the press and literary productions was lifted, and the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">Portuguese Inquisition</a> was extinguished; a general amnesty for those involved in anti-liberal movements was also ordered.<sup id="cite_ref-1820revolution_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1820revolution-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 26 April 1821,<sup id="cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.277_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.277-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John VI departed for Lisbon, arriving on 3 July of the same year, and communicated to the Cortes the establishment of a Regency in Brazil in the name of his heir-apparent, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Pedro I of Brazil</a>. The deputies did not recognize the King's authority to designate regents, nor support the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bragan%C3%A7a_Agreement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bragança Agreement (page does not exist)">Bragança Agreement</a>, which stipulated that the Portuguese Crown should pass to Prince Pedro if Brazil gained its independence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Empire_of_Brazil">Empire of Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal_(1777%E2%80%931834)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Empire of Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Brazil_(1870%E2%80%931889).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_Brazil_%281870%E2%80%931889%29.svg/235px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281870%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="235" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_Brazil_%281870%E2%80%931889%29.svg/353px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281870%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Flag_of_Brazil_%281870%E2%80%931889%29.svg/470px-Flag_of_Brazil_%281870%E2%80%931889%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the independent <i><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a></i>, under Peter I</figcaption></figure> <p>Talk of separatism had dominated the economic and intellectual circles of Brazil, which was prosperous, although at least one third of its population of 3.5 million were African <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">slaves</a>. The question was whether Brazil should return to being a colony of Portugal or the reverse should be the case. While most Portuguese-born Brazilians believed in a united empire, the majority of natives and local politicians aspired to some form of independence for their homeland.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historical evidence indicates that regardless of any developments in Portuguese politics, Brazil would have proclaimed independence after the return of King John VI to Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">separatist</a> movement rose from the conflict between the Regency of Prince Pedro meant to rule frugally and started by cutting his own <a href="/wiki/Salary" title="Salary">salary</a>, centralizing scattered government offices and selling off most of the royal <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mule" title="Mule">mules</a>. He issued decrees eliminating the royal <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a> <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">tax</a> to spur the output of <a href="/wiki/Hide_(skin)" title="Hide (skin)">hides</a> and dried <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">beef</a>; he forbade arbitrary seizure of private <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a>; required a judge's <a href="/wiki/Warrant_(law)" title="Warrant (law)">warrant</a> for arrests of freemen; and banned secret <a href="/wiki/Trial_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trial (law)">trials</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, and other indignities. He also sent elected deputies to the Portuguese Cortes. <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slaves</a> continued to be bought and sold and disciplined with force, however, despite his assertion that their blood was the same color as his and the Portuguese Cortes. </p><p>In September 1821, the Portuguese Cortes, with a handful of the Brazilian delegates present, voted to abolish the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Brazil" title="Kingdom of Brazil">Kingdom of Brazil</a> and the royal agencies in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, thus subordinating all provinces of Brazil directly to <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>. Troops were sent to Brazil to stifle resistance, and local units were placed under Portuguese command.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 29 September, the <i>Cortes</i> ordered Prince Pedro to return to Europe to complete his education with a tour of Spain, France and England, but the governmental junta in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, as well as the Senate Chamber of Rio de Janeiro implored the prince to remain. He was moved by petitions from Brazilian towns and fears that his departure, with the consequent dismantling of the central government, would trigger separatist movements.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pedro formed a new government headed by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bonif%C3%A1cio_de_Andrade_e_Silva" class="mw-redirect" title="José Bonifácio de Andrade e Silva">José Bonifácio de Andrade e Silva</a>, a former royal official and professor of science at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Coimbra" title="University of Coimbra">University of Coimbra</a> who was a formative figure in Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>, and known as the "Patriarch of Independence".<sup id="cite_ref-Andrade_e_Silva_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrade_e_Silva-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following Prince Pedro's decision to defy the Cortes, Portuguese troops rioted, then concentrated in the area of Mount Castello, which was soon surrounded by thousands of armed Brazilians. Pedro dismissed the Portuguese commanding general, General Jorge Avilez, and ordered him to remove his soldiers across the bay to <a href="/wiki/Niter%C3%B3i" title="Niterói">Niterói</a>, where they would await transportation to Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blood was also shed in Recife, province of <a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a>, when the Portuguese garrison was forced to depart in November 1821. In mid-February 1822, Brazilians in <a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a> revolted against the Portuguese forces there, but were driven into the countryside, where they began guerrilla operations, signaling that the struggle in the north would not be without loss of life and property. </p><p>Hoping to rally support throughout the country, Pedro began a series of initiatives to strengthen his position, even as the Portuguese Cortes ridiculed him and disparaged his importance. In <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a>, where there were no Portuguese garrisons stationed, some doubts lingered, especially among the junta of <a href="/wiki/Ouro_Preto" title="Ouro Preto">Ouro Preto</a>. With only a few companions and no pomp or ceremony, Pedro plunged into Minas Gerais on horseback in late March 1822, receiving enthusiastic welcomes and vows of allegiance everywhere. On 13 May, in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, Pedro was proclaimed the "Perpetual Defender of Brazil" by the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> legislative assembly and he took the opportunity to call for a constituent assembly. To broaden his base of support, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Freemasons" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemasons">freemasons</a>, who, led by <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Bonif%C3%A1cio_de_Andrade_e_Silva" class="mw-redirect" title="José Bonifácio de Andrade e Silva">José Bonifácio de Andrade e Silva</a>, were pressing for parliamentary government and independence. More confident now, in early August he called on the Brazilian deputies in Lisbon to return, decreed that Portuguese forces in Brazil should be treated as enemies, and issued a manifesto to "friendly nations" that read like a declaration of independence. Seeking to duplicate his triumph in Minas Gerais, Pedro rode to <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a> in August to ensure his support there. </p><p>Returning from an excursion to <a href="/wiki/Santos,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Santos, São Paulo">Santos</a>, Pedro received messages from his wife Princess <a href="/wiki/Maria_Leopoldina_of_Austria" title="Maria Leopoldina of Austria">Maria Leopoldina</a> and Andrade e Silva that the Portuguese Cortes had declared his government traitorous, and were dispatching more troops. Pedro then had to choose between returning to Portugal in disgrace, or breaking the last ties to Portugal; in a famous scene in front of the <a href="/wiki/Ipiranga_Brook" title="Ipiranga Brook">Ipiranga River</a> on 7 September 1822, he tore the Portuguese white and blue insignia from his uniform, drew his sword, and swore: "By my blood, by my honor, and by God: I will make Brazil free." With this oath, repeated by the assembled crowd, he announced: "Brazilians, from this day forward our motto will be...Independence or Death"<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Absolutism">Absolutism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal_(1777%E2%80%931834)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Absolutism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">John VI</a> had no pretensions to the throne until his older brother <a href="/wiki/Joseph,_Prince_of_Beira" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph, Prince of Beira">Joseph, Prince of Beira</a>, died from <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> at the age of 27. John, then 21 years old, lived for hunting and had little interest in public affairs. However, four years later he became <a href="/wiki/Prince_regent" title="Prince regent">prince regent</a> because of Queen Maria I's mental illness, and in 1816, he became King John VI after her death while the royal family was residing in Rio de Janeiro. In 1821 he was forced to return to a country economically and politically unstable, to preside over a recently installed constitutional monarchy. There were deep divisions between the returning Royal Court and the Portuguese Cortes that governed the nation. While the free-thinking <i><a href="/wiki/Vintism" title="Vintism">Vintistas</a></i> of the upper class governed, the new "modern era" was such in name only: the former condition of the poor still prevailed, they remaining pro-monarchist and ultra-religious, but without the power to change their circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vilafrancada">Vilafrancada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal_(1777%E2%80%931834)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Vilafrancada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vilafrancada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Vilafrancada.jpg/235px-Vilafrancada.jpg" decoding="async" width="235" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Vilafrancada.jpg/353px-Vilafrancada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Vilafrancada.jpg/470px-Vilafrancada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="385" /></a><figcaption><i>Vilafrancada</i>: Prince Miguel being acclaimed in <a href="/wiki/Vila_Franca_de_Xira" title="Vila Franca de Xira">Vila Franca de Xira</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The situation in continental Europe changed in 1823. Once again influenced by events in Spain, where the anti-liberal Santa Aliança had restored the absolute monarchy, pro-monarchist forces gravitated towards Queen <a href="/wiki/Carlota_Joaquina_de_Borb%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlota Joaquina de Borbón">Carlota Joaquina de Borbón</a>. The queen was very conservative, ambitious and violent, and at the same time despised her husband's politics, manners and personality.<sup id="cite_ref-Queen_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Queen-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in Brazil, she had attempted to obtain administration of Spanish dominions in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> and was involved in various obscure conspiracies regarding the independence of Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The return of the king and the royal court had emboldened the clergy and nobles who were hostile to the Constitution and parliamentary government. </p><p>Prince Miguel, who shared the queen's views, served as her instrument to subvert the revolution. On 27 May 1823, the prince organized an insurgency against the liberal constitution; a garrison from Lisbon joined Miguel in <a href="/wiki/Vila_Franca_de_Xira" title="Vila Franca de Xira">Vila Franca de Xira</a>, and there <a href="/wiki/Absolutism_(European_history)" title="Absolutism (European history)">absolutism</a> was proclaimed. The king responded by suspending the 1822 Constitution and promising the promulgation of a new law to guarantee "personal security, property and jobs". The revolt was referred to as the <i><a href="/wiki/Vilafrancada" title="Vilafrancada">Vilafrancada</a></i> (events that occurred in Vila Franca).<sup id="cite_ref-Paquette2013_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paquette2013-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the objectives of Queen Carlota and Miguel was the abdication of King John, who, although he accepted absolutism, was yet loyal to the liberal Constitution. Ultimately the king accepted absolutism when a movement of army officers and citizens surrounded the <a href="/wiki/Bemposta_Palace" title="Bemposta Palace">Palace of Bemposta</a> to urge him to renounce liberal ideals. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abrilada">Abrilada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal_(1777%E2%80%931834)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Abrilada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pal%C3%A1cio_da_Bemposta_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pal%C3%A1cio_da_Bemposta_2.JPG/235px-Pal%C3%A1cio_da_Bemposta_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="235" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pal%C3%A1cio_da_Bemposta_2.JPG/353px-Pal%C3%A1cio_da_Bemposta_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pal%C3%A1cio_da_Bemposta_2.JPG/470px-Pal%C3%A1cio_da_Bemposta_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bemposta_Palace" title="Bemposta Palace">Bemposta Palace</a> (residence of <a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">King John VI</a>): where the monarch was held <i>incommunicado</i> during the <i>Abrilada</i></figcaption></figure> <p>In Portugal, as in Spain, the adversaries of constitutionalism were divided into two factions: a radical and a more moderate group.<sup id="cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.284_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.284-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King John depended on the moderate faction; the ministers he selected after the <i>Vilafrancada</i> oscillated between conciliatory paternal absolutism and a timidly moderate liberalism.<sup id="cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.284_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.284-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Queen Carlota was the principal supporter of the radical absolutists, who favored absolutism without concessions and the repression of new ideas filtering in from Europe. She gave no quarter, and in 1823, the police revealed a conspiracy led by her and Prince Miguel (who had been promoted to the post of commander-in-chief of the Army following the events of the <i>Vilafrancada</i>) to force the King to abdicate. Then, on 30 April, Miguel, using the pretext that the King's life was in danger, imprisoned numerous ministers and important figures of the kingdom, while keeping his father <i>incommunicado</i> in the <a href="/wiki/Bemposta_Palace" title="Bemposta Palace">Bemposta Palace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This second attempt to depose King John became known as the <i>Abrilada</i>, (after "Abril", the Portuguese word for "April"). During the course of his actions Miguel had offended the sensibilities of the British and French ambassadors, who managed to get John to the British battleship <i>Windsor Castle</i> in <a href="/wiki/Caxias,_Oeiras" class="mw-redirect" title="Caxias, Oeiras">Caxias</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There he was made aware of the situation, summoned Miguel, dismissed him from the post of commander-in-chief of the army, and sent him into exile. On 14 May, John returned to the <a href="/wiki/Bemposta_Palace" title="Bemposta Palace">Palace of Bemposta</a> and re-established the liberal government. However, a new conspiracy was discovered on October 26 of the same year. The queen accused the liberals of attempting to poison the king, while they suspected her of having done it herself:<sup id="cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.285_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.285-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this time, she was exiled to <a href="/wiki/Queluz_National_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Queluz National Palace">Queluz</a>. </p><p>During his reign as king, John promoted the arts (mainly literature), commerce and agriculture, but being forced to return to Europe and to keep track of the court intrigues that arose following the independence of Brazil made him an unhappy man, and he died soon after the <i>Abrilada</i> in 1826. It was also at the end of his life that he recognized the independence of Brazil (15 November 1825) and restored his son Pedro's <a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">right of succession</a> to the Portuguese throne. Before his death, he named a regency council presided over by the <a href="/wiki/Infanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Infanta">Infanta</a> <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Maria_of_Braganza" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabel Maria of Braganza">Isabel Maria</a> to govern the country between his death and the acclamation of the future king.<sup id="cite_ref-Robertson2002_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robertson2002-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="To_Civil_War">To Civil War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal_(1777%E2%80%931834)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: To Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">Liberal Wars</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DpedroI-brasil-full.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/DpedroI-brasil-full.jpg/125px-DpedroI-brasil-full.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/DpedroI-brasil-full.jpg/188px-DpedroI-brasil-full.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/DpedroI-brasil-full.jpg/250px-DpedroI-brasil-full.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="3138" /></a><figcaption>Emperor <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Pedro I of Brazil</a>, established the 1826 Portuguese Constitution, considered by some to be too pragmatic for the time</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Retrato_de_D._Miguel_I_-_Johann_Nepomuk_Ender_(digitally_restored).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Retrato_de_D._Miguel_I_-_Johann_Nepomuk_Ender_%28digitally_restored%29.png/125px-Retrato_de_D._Miguel_I_-_Johann_Nepomuk_Ender_%28digitally_restored%29.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Retrato_de_D._Miguel_I_-_Johann_Nepomuk_Ender_%28digitally_restored%29.png/188px-Retrato_de_D._Miguel_I_-_Johann_Nepomuk_Ender_%28digitally_restored%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Retrato_de_D._Miguel_I_-_Johann_Nepomuk_Ender_%28digitally_restored%29.png/250px-Retrato_de_D._Miguel_I_-_Johann_Nepomuk_Ender_%28digitally_restored%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1376" data-file-height="1799" /></a><figcaption>Prince Miguel reclaimed the throne that was rightfully his, as his brother had lost his rights to it, and as such could not legally pass them over to his niece</figcaption></figure> <p>The death of King John VI sparked a constitutional crisis, as his rightful successor, Prince Pedro, was the Emperor of Brazil. To absolutists, the proclamation of Brazilian independence created a foreign nation, thus revoking Pedro's citizenship and his right of succession to the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.286_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.286-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John had left his daughter <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Maria_of_Braganza" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabel Maria of Braganza">Princess Isabel Maria</a> as regent. Prince Miguel was also an undesirable option for the liberals; he had been exiled due to several attempts he made to overthrow his own father, and supported the traditionalist politics of his mother, Queen Carlota, whom most of the liberals and moderates feared.<sup id="cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.286_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.286-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pedro accepted the throne of Portugal as King Pedro IV on 10 March 1826, after the regency deemed him the legitimate heir to the throne and sent a delegation to offer him the crown.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Brazil, Pedro faced other challenges to his newborn country; the people clearly did not wish to return to colonial status and subservience to the politics and economy of the much smaller kingdom of Portugal. The Brazilian constitution prohibited the Emperor from subsuming another crown; this fact obliged Pedro to choose between Portugal or Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.285_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.285-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pedro, a pragmatic politician, tried to find a solution that would reconcile the desires of the liberal, moderate and absolutist elements in the debate, and eventually chose to abdicate as king of Portugal (28 May 1826) in favor of his eldest daughter <a href="/wiki/Maria_II_of_Portugal" title="Maria II of Portugal">Princess Maria da Glória</a>, who was seven years old at the time. The abdication was conditional: Portugal should receive a new Constitution, i.e., the 1826 Charter, and his brother Miguel, exiled in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, was to marry the Princess when she came of age.<sup id="cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.285_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.285-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Constitution was not popular with the absolutists (who wanted Prince Miguel to govern as an absolute monarch), but the liberal <i><a href="/wiki/Vintism" title="Vintism">Vintistas</a></i> also did not support the Charter (which was imposed by the King); moderates bided their time as a counter-revolution was slowly building.<sup id="cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.286_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.286-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acclamation_of_Miguel_I_as_King">Acclamation of Miguel I as King</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal_(1777%E2%80%931834)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Acclamation of Miguel I as King"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1828, Prince Miguel returned from <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, becoming Pedro's lieutenant and replacing their sister <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Maria_of_Braganza" class="mw-redirect" title="Isabel Maria of Braganza">Princess Isabel Maria</a>, who was ill, as regent. Over the next few months, traditional nobility, clergymen and the vast majority of the population (who were supporters of D. Miguel) proclaimed Miguel King of Portugal. They also annulled the liberal Constitution, persecuted liberals and their supporters, and attempted to obtain international support for their regime. Thousands of liberal idealists were killed, arrested, or forced to flee to Spain, England, the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a> and Brazil.<sup id="cite_ref-absolutist_reaction_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-absolutist_reaction-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The acclamation was followed by demonstrations in support of absolutism and failed revolutions to reinstate liberalism. </p><p>The sequence of events inevitably triggered the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">Liberal Wars</a> between the supporters of <a href="/wiki/Absolutism_(European_history)" title="Absolutism (European history)">absolutism</a>, led by Miguel, and those of <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>. Miguel tried to obtain international support for his cause, but failed due to <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> pressure, although the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> did recognize his authority. Between 1828 and 1834, forces loyal to progressive liberalism battled the power of Miguel's absolute monarchy. A liberal uprising in <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a> led by exiles <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Sousa_Holstein,_1st_Duke_of_Palmela" title="Pedro de Sousa Holstein, 1st Duke of Palmela">Pedro de Sousa Holstein</a> (later 1st <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Palmela" title="Duke of Palmela">Duke of Palmela</a>), <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Carlos_Saldanha_de_Oliveira_Daun,_1st_Duke_of_Saldanha" class="mw-redirect" title="João Carlos Saldanha de Oliveira Daun, 1st Duke of Saldanha">João Carlos Saldanha de Oliveira Daun</a> (later 1st <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Saldanha" title="Duke of Saldanha">Duke of Saldanha</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Severim_de_Noronha" class="mw-redirect" title="António Severim de Noronha">António José Severim de Noronha</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Terceira" title="Duke of Terceira">Duke of Terceira</a>), was quickly defeated by Miguel's forces<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while similar revolts in the Azores and Madeira were similarly defeated (the liberal forces were able to hold onto territory only in <a href="/wiki/Terceira" class="mw-redirect" title="Terceira">Terceira</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.288_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.288-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Prince1843_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prince1843-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese_Civil_War">Portuguese Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal_(1777%E2%80%931834)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Portuguese Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Retrato_do_Duque_da_Terceira.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Retrato_do_Duque_da_Terceira.jpg/125px-Retrato_do_Duque_da_Terceira.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Retrato_do_Duque_da_Terceira.jpg/188px-Retrato_do_Duque_da_Terceira.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Retrato_do_Duque_da_Terceira.jpg/250px-Retrato_do_Duque_da_Terceira.jpg 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Severim_de_Noronha" class="mw-redirect" title="António Severim de Noronha">António José Severim de Noronha</a>, leader of the liberal government-in-exile, responsible for the defense of Porto, and later the defeat of Miguelist forces in Lisbon</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Political_climate" title="Political climate">political climate</a> began to change in 1830. Popular opposition to Pedro's reign in the aftermath of the dismissal of several of his ministers during a growing economic crisis forced him to abdicate his throne in Brazil in favor of his son, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II</a>, on 7 April 1831.<sup id="cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.288_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.288-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then returned to Europe, but found little support from England or France for his quest to regain the throne; instead, he collected arms, money and mercenaries to install his daughter on the throne. He then departed for <a href="/wiki/Terceira_Island" title="Terceira Island">Terceira</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a>, from where his government-in-exile organized an expeditionary force that <a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Mindelo" title="Landing at Mindelo">disembarked in Mindelo</a>, not far from <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a>, on 8 July 1832.<sup id="cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.288_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.288-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the backing of liberals from Spain and England, and substantial foreign mercenary contingents (who comprised roughly 80% of the liberal forces), Pedro landed near <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a>, which the <a href="/wiki/Miguelist" title="Miguelist">Miguelist</a> forces abandoned without combat. After fighting the inconclusive <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ponte_Ferreira" title="Battle of Ponte Ferreira">Battle of Ponte Ferreira</a>, Miguelite forces <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Porto" title="Siege of Porto">besieged</a> Porto, engaging in sporadic skirmishes. Throughout the year, most of the battles of the Civil War concentrated around Porto, whose population had whole-heartedly supported the liberal cause.<sup id="cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.289_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.289-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1833, the liberals, still encircled at Porto, sent out a force commanded by the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Terceira" title="Duke of Terceira">Duke of Terceira</a> to <a href="/wiki/Algarve" title="Algarve">Algarve</a>, supported by a naval squadron commanded by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Napier_(naval_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Napier (naval officer)">Charles Napier</a>, using the alias Carlos de Ponza. The <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Terceira" title="Duke of Terceira">Duke of Terceira</a> landed in <a href="/wiki/Faro,_Portugal" title="Faro, Portugal">Faro</a> and marched north through <a href="/wiki/Alentejo" title="Alentejo">Alentejo</a> to conquer Lisbon on 24 July 1833.<sup id="cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.289_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.289-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, Napier's squadron encountered the absolutist fleet near <a href="/wiki/Cape_Saint_Vincent" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Saint Vincent">Cape Saint Vincent</a> and decisively defeated it at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1833)" title="Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1833)">Battle of Cape St. Vincent</a>. </p><p>The liberals were able to occupy Lisbon, making it possible for them to repel the Miguelite siege in Porto. A stalemate of nine months ensued. Towards the end of 1833, Maria da Glória was proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen regnant</a>, and Pedro was made <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a>. His first act was to confiscate the property of all who had supported Miguel. He also suppressed all religious orders and confiscated their property, an act that suspended friendly relations with the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> for nearly eight years, until mid-1841. The liberals occupied Portugal's major cities, Lisbon and Porto, where they commanded a sizable following among the middle classes. </p><p>Meanwhile, the absolutists controlled the rural areas, where they were supported by the aristocracy and the peasantry. Operations against the Miguelists recommenced in early 1834, and they were defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Asseiceira" title="Battle of Asseiceira">Battle of Asseiceira</a>. The Miguelite army, however, was still a force (about 18,000 men) to be reckoned with, but on May 24, 1834, at the <a href="/wiki/Concession_of_Evoramonte" title="Concession of Evoramonte">Concession of Evoramonte</a>, peace was declared under a convention by which Miguel formally consented to renounce all claims to the throne of Portugal, was guaranteed an annual pension, and was banished from Portugal, never to return. Pedro restored the Constitutional Charter and died soon after, on 24 September 1834, while his daughter assumed the throne as <a href="/wiki/Maria_II_of_Portugal" title="Maria II of Portugal">Maria II of Portugal</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal_(1777%E2%80%931834)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Northern_Lusitania" title="Kingdom of Northern Lusitania">Kingdom of Northern Lusitania</a>, proposed by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Portuguese_history" title="Timeline of Portuguese history">Timeline of Portuguese history</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal_(1777%E2%80%931834)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.260</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marcus_Cheke_1969,_p.3-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marcus_Cheke_1969,_p.3_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marcus_Cheke_1969,_p.3_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marcus Cheke (1969), p.3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Her dislike for Pombal was so great that she issued one of the world's earliest <a href="/wiki/Restraining_order" title="Restraining order">restraining orders</a>, commanding that Pombal should never be closer than 32 kilometres (20 mi) to her; in situations where the Queen was close to his estates, he was compelled to remove himself from his house to fulfill the royal decree. She is also reported to have had tantrums at the slightest reference to her father's former Prime Minister.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.260-261</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.261</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.262-263</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.263</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.264-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.264_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.264_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.264</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.265-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.265_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.265_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.265_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.265_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.265_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.265</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CUP (1970), p.386-389</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H.V.Livermore_1976,_p.247-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H.V.Livermore_1976,_p.247_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H.V.Livermore_1976,_p.247_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H.V.Livermore_1976,_p.247_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H.V.Livermore_1976,_p.247_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">H.V.Livermore (1976), p.247</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.V. Livermore (1976), p.247</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StrasenGândara1944-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-StrasenGândara1944_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFE._A._StrasenAlfredo_Gândara1944" class="citation book cs1">E. A. Strasen; Alfredo Gândara (1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Df1WAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Karl%20Alexander%20von%20der%20Goltz%22"><i>Oito séculos de história luso-alemã</i></a>. Instituto Ibero-Americano de Berlim. p. 267.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oito+s%C3%A9culos+de+hist%C3%B3ria+luso-alem%C3%A3&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=Instituto+Ibero-Americano+de+Berlim&rft.date=1944&rft.au=E.+A.+Strasen&rft.au=Alfredo+G%C3%A2ndara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDf1WAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Karl%2520Alexander%2520von%2520der%2520Goltz%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal+%281777%E2%80%931834%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewittRobson2004-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NewittRobson2004_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._D._D._NewittMartin_Robson2004" class="citation book cs1">M. D. D. Newitt; Martin Robson (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IJ4vAQAAMAAJ&q=%22von%20Goltz%22"><i>Lord Beresford and British intervention in Portugal, 1807-1820</i></a>. Impr. de Ciências Sociais. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-972-671-122-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-972-671-122-3"><bdi>978-972-671-122-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+Beresford+and+British+intervention+in+Portugal%2C+1807-1820&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Impr.+de+Ci%C3%AAncias+Sociais&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-972-671-122-3&rft.au=M.+D.+D.+Newitt&rft.au=Martin+Robson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIJ4vAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522von%2520Goltz%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal+%281777%E2%80%931834%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fournier1903-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fournier1903_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAugust_Fournier1903" class="citation book cs1">August Fournier (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/napoleonfirstab00fourgoog"><i>Napoleon the First: A Biography</i></a>. H. Holt. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/napoleonfirstab00fourgoog/page/n234">210</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon+the+First%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=210&rft.pub=H.+Holt&rft.date=1903&rft.au=August+Fournier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnapoleonfirstab00fourgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal+%281777%E2%80%931834%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.V.Livermore (1976), p.248</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.266-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.266_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.266_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.266</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomson2014-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thomson2014_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRon_B._Thomson2014" class="citation book cs1">Ron B. Thomson (11 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8yqPBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA7"><i>The Concession of Évora Monte: The Failure of Liberalism in Nineteenth-Century Portugal</i></a>. Lexington Books. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-9332-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-9332-7"><bdi>978-0-7391-9332-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concession+of+%C3%89vora+Monte%3A+The+Failure+of+Liberalism+in+Nineteenth-Century+Portugal&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2014-09-11&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-9332-7&rft.au=Ron+B.+Thomson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8yqPBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal+%281777%E2%80%931834%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CUP_1970,_p.396-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CUP_1970,_p.396_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CUP_1970,_p.396_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">CUP (1970), p.396</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.267</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.268</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CUP (1970), p.397</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Maxwell Anderson (2000), p.127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.270-271</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.270-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.270_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.270_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.270</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CUP_1970,_p.399-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CUP_1970,_p.399_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CUP_1970,_p.399_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">CUP (1970), p.399</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.271-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.271_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.271_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.271</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CUP (1970), p.400</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.271-272</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In one case, <a href="/wiki/Bernardim_Freire_de_Andrade" title="Bernardim Freire de Andrade">Bernardim Freire de Andrade</a>, the northern commander, was accused treason by local farmers, arrested and sent to Braga, where the local population then <a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">lynched</a> him.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.272</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. V. Livermore (1976), p. 253; The Prince Regent appointed Beresford to reorganize the Portuguese Army, granting him the rank of Marshal and Commander-in-Chief in January 1809.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. V. Livermore (1976), p.246-247</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For his failure to hold the line, the Portuguese governor, was bayoneted by the British during the aftermath of the conflict.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.V. Livermore (1976), p.254</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H.V.Livermore (1976), p.254</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-James_Maxwell_Anderson_2000_p.129-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-James_Maxwell_Anderson_2000_p.129_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-James_Maxwell_Anderson_2000_p.129_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-James_Maxwell_Anderson_2000_p.129_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-James_Maxwell_Anderson_2000_p.129_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-James_Maxwell_Anderson_2000_p.129_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">James Maxwell Anderson (2000), p.129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H.V._Livermore_1976,_p.255-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H.V._Livermore_1976,_p.255_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H.V._Livermore_1976,_p.255_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">H.V. Livermore (1976), p.255</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-British_domination-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-British_domination_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/spain/britport.html">Portugal under British Protection</a>, 1808–1814</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-open_of_Brazil-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-open_of_Brazil_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Louise Guenther, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lac.ox.ac.uk/sites/sias/files/documents/Guenther32.pdf">The British community of 19th century Bahia: public and private lives</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160113171423/http://www.lac.ox.ac.uk/sites/sias/files/documents/Guenther32.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-01-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4ABDAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA269"><i>The Map of Europe by Treaty: Showing the Various Political and Territorial Changes which Have Taken Place Since the General Peace of 1814; with Numerous Maps and Notes</i></a>. Gregg International. 1875. p. 269.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Map+of+Europe+by+Treaty%3A+Showing+the+Various+Political+and+Territorial+Changes+which+Have+Taken+Place+Since+the+General+Peace+of+1814%3B+with+Numerous+Maps+and+Notes&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=Gregg+International&rft.date=1875&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4ABDAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal+%281777%E2%80%931834%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor2005-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor2005_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerard_Taylor2005" class="citation book cs1">Gerard Taylor (October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ceW-ABG_IT8C&pg=PA305"><i>Capoeira: The Jogo de Angola from Luanda to Cyberspace</i></a>. North Atlantic Books. p. 305. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55643-601-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55643-601-7"><bdi>978-1-55643-601-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capoeira%3A+The+Jogo+de+Angola+from+Luanda+to+Cyberspace&rft.pages=305&rft.pub=North+Atlantic+Books&rft.date=2005-10&rft.isbn=978-1-55643-601-7&rft.au=Gerard+Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DceW-ABG_IT8C%26pg%3DPA305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal+%281777%E2%80%931834%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.276</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.279-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.279_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.279_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.279</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.277-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.277_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.277_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.277</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Armitage1836-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Armitage1836_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Armitage1836" class="citation book cs1">John Armitage (1836). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9NoDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA349"><i>The history of Brazil, from ... 1808, to ... 1831. A continuation to Southey's History</i></a>. p. 349.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+Brazil%2C+from+...+1808%2C+to+...+1831.+A+continuation+to+Southey%27s+History&rft.pages=349&rft.date=1836&rft.au=John+Armitage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9NoDAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal+%281777%E2%80%931834%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b6g-AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA322"><i>The Annual Register, Or, A View of the History, Politics, and Literature for the Year ...</i></a> J. Dodsley. 1838. p. 322.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annual+Register%2C+Or%2C+A+View+of+the+History%2C+Politics%2C+and+Literature+for+the+Year+...&rft.pages=322&rft.pub=J.+Dodsley&rft.date=1838&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db6g-AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal+%281777%E2%80%931834%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1820revolution-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1820revolution_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/portugal/35.htm">The 1820 revolution</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.281-282</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.282</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.283; As Borges Carneiro would remark in the Cortes, the Brazilians needed a guard dog to put them in order.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The atmosphere was so charged that Prince Pedro sought assurances of asylum on a <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> ship in case he lost the looming confrontation; he also sent his family to safety out of the city.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrade_e_Silva-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Andrade_e_Silva_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060128104640/http://psg.com/~walter/bonifaci.html">José Bonifácio de Andrade e Silva</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the following days, the Portuguese commander delayed embarkation, hoping that expected reinforcements would arrive. However, the reinforcements that arrived off Rio de Janeiro on 5 March 1822 were not allowed to land. Instead, they were given supplies for the voyage back to Portugal.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Neil Macaulay (1986), p.125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marcus Checke (1969), p.90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Queen-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Queen_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051126114031/http://worldroots.com/brigitte/royal/bio/carlotaspainbio1775.html">Queen Carlota Joaquina</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomson 2014, p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paquette2013-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Paquette2013_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabriel_B._Paquette2013" class="citation book cs1">Gabriel B. Paquette (14 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fwbw6QEnaO4C&pg=PA179"><i>Imperial Portugal in the Age of Atlantic Revolutions: The Luso-Brazilian World, C.1770-1850</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02897-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02897-5"><bdi>978-1-107-02897-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Portugal+in+the+Age+of+Atlantic+Revolutions%3A+The+Luso-Brazilian+World%2C+C.1770-1850&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013-03-14&rft.isbn=978-1-107-02897-5&rft.au=Gabriel+B.+Paquette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFwbw6QEnaO4C%26pg%3DPA179&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal+%281777%E2%80%931834%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.284-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.284_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.284_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.284</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.284-285</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paquette 2013, p. 284</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.285-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.285_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.285_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.285_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.285</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robertson2002-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Robertson2002_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Robertson2002" class="citation book cs1">Ian Robertson (1 January 2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/travellershistor00robe_0"><i>A Traveller's History of Portugal</i></a></span>. Interlink Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/travellershistor00robe_0/page/120">120</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56656-440-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56656-440-3"><bdi>978-1-56656-440-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Traveller%27s+History+of+Portugal&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Interlink+Books&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-56656-440-3&rft.au=Ian+Robertson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftravellershistor00robe_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal+%281777%E2%80%931834%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.286-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.286_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.286_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.286_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.286</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-absolutist_reaction-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-absolutist_reaction_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zum.de/whkmla/region/spain/port181451.html">Liberalism versus Reaction</a>: Portugal 1814–1851</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.287</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.288-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.288_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.288_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.288_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.288</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prince1843-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prince1843_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_Alexander_Prince1843" class="citation book cs1">Philip Alexander Prince (1843). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FnJCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA432"><i>Parallel History: Being an Outline of the History and Biography of the World, Contemporaneously Arranged</i></a>. Whittaker. p. 432.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parallel+History%3A+Being+an+Outline+of+the+History+and+Biography+of+the+World%2C+Contemporaneously+Arranged&rft.pages=432&rft.pub=Whittaker&rft.date=1843&rft.au=Philip+Alexander+Prince&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFnJCAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal+%281777%E2%80%931834%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.289-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.289_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-José_Hermano_Saraiva_2007_p.289_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">José Hermano Saraiva, (2007), p.289</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal_(1777%E2%80%931834)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-No_footnotes plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-No_footnotes" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section includes a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">list of references</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">related reading</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, <b>but its sources remain unclear because it lacks <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">improve</a> this section by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2000" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, James Maxwell (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UoryGn9o4x0C&q=The+History+of+Portugal+livermore&pg=PA52"><i>The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations: The History of Portugal</i></a>. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-31106-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-31106-4"><bdi>0-313-31106-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greenwood+Histories+of+the+Modern+Nations%3A+The+History+of+Portugal&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-313-31106-4&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=James+Maxwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUoryGn9o4x0C%26q%3DThe%2BHistory%2Bof%2BPortugal%2Blivermore%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal+%281777%E2%80%931834%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBirmingham1993" class="citation book cs1">Birmingham, David (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8MQlBP0IrHgC&q=maria+da+fonte&pg=PA210"><i>A Concise History of Portugal</i></a> (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-53686-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-53686-3"><bdi>0-521-53686-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Portugal&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-521-53686-3&rft.aulast=Birmingham&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8MQlBP0IrHgC%26q%3Dmaria%2Bda%2Bfonte%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal+%281777%E2%80%931834%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine1999" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Robert M. (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofbrazilt00robe"><i>The History of Brazil</i></a></span> (1st ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313303906" title="Special:BookSources/9780313303906"><bdi>9780313303906</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Brazil&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780313303906&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofbrazilt00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal+%281777%E2%80%931834%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivermore1966" class="citation book cs1">Livermore, H.V. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=voE6AAAAIAAJ&q=The+History+of+Portugal+livermore&pg=PR1"><i>A New History of Portugal</i></a> (2nd ed.). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-21320-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-21320-7"><bdi>0-521-21320-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+Portugal&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=0-521-21320-7&rft.aulast=Livermore&rft.aufirst=H.V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvoE6AAAAIAAJ%26q%3DThe%2BHistory%2Bof%2BPortugal%2Blivermore%26pg%3DPR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal+%281777%E2%80%931834%29" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fHI3AAAAIAAJ">1st edition 1947</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacaulay1986" class="citation book cs1">Macaulay, Neil (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=__0KrEZGkmUC&q=Dom+Pedro"><i>Dom Pedro: The Struggle for Liberty in Brazil and Portugal, 1798-1834</i></a>. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-0681-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-0681-6"><bdi>0-8223-0681-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dom+Pedro%3A+The+Struggle+for+Liberty+in+Brazil+and+Portugal%2C+1798-1834&rft.place=Durham%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-8223-0681-6&rft.aulast=Macaulay&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D__0KrEZGkmUC%26q%3DDom%2BPedro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal+%281777%E2%80%931834%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Payne, Stanley G. <i>A History of Spain and Portugal</i> (2 vol 1973) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libro.uca.edu/payne2/index.htm">full text online vol 2 after 1700</a>; standard scholarly history; Chapters 18, 19, 22</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_war_of_the_oranges"><b><a href="#ref_war_of_the_oranges">^</a></b></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/oscar/oranges1801.htm">War of the Oranges</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_Peninsular_war"><b><a href="#ref_Peninsular_war">^</a></b></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050816235554/http://dspace.dial.pipex.com/town/terrace/adw03/c-eight/france/penin.htm">Peninsular campaign</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_name"><b><a href="#ref_name">^</a></b></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eurulers.altervista.org/portugal.html">Titles of European Rulers</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_generalissimo"><b><a href="#ref_generalissimo">^</a></b></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onwar.com/aced/data/papa/portugal1823b.htm">Vilafrancada</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal_(1777%E2%80%931834)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Fernandes, Paulo Jorge; Menses, Filipe Ribeiro de; Baioâ, Manuel. "The Political History of Nineteenth Century Portugal," <i>e-Journal of Portuguese History (e-JPH)</i> (2003) 1#1 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Portuguese_Brazilian_Studies/ejph/html/issue1/pdf/fernandes.pdf">online</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Portuguese">In Portuguese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal_(1777%E2%80%931834)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: In Portuguese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarmo_Reis1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Carmo Reis, A. do (1987). <i>Atlas de História de Portugal</i> (in Portuguese) (5th ed.). Edições Asa.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+de+Hist%C3%B3ria+de+Portugal&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Edi%C3%A7%C3%B5es+Asa.&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Carmo+Reis&rft.aufirst=A.+do&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal+%281777%E2%80%931834%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattoso1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mattoso, José (1993). <i>História de Portugal</i> (in Portuguese). Vol. IV (1st ed.). Círculo de Leitores. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/972-42-0715-3" title="Special:BookSources/972-42-0715-3"><bdi>972-42-0715-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hist%C3%B3ria+de+Portugal&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=C%C3%ADrculo+de+Leitores&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=972-42-0715-3&rft.aulast=Mattoso&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal+%281777%E2%80%931834%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattoso1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mattoso, José (1993). <i>História de Portugal</i> (in Portuguese). Vol. V (1st ed.). Círculo de Leitores. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/972-42-0752-8" title="Special:BookSources/972-42-0752-8"><bdi>972-42-0752-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hist%C3%B3ria+de+Portugal&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=C%C3%ADrculo+de+Leitores&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=972-42-0752-8&rft.aulast=Mattoso&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal+%281777%E2%80%931834%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattoso1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mattoso, José (1993). <i>História de Portugal</i> (in Portuguese). Vol. VII (1st ed.). Círculo de Leitores. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/972-42-0972-5" title="Special:BookSources/972-42-0972-5"><bdi>972-42-0972-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hist%C3%B3ria+de+Portugal&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=C%C3%ADrculo+de+Leitores&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=972-42-0972-5&rft.aulast=Mattoso&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal+%281777%E2%80%931834%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaraiva2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Saraiva, José Hermano (2007). <i>História Concisa de Portugal</i> [<i>Concise History of Portugal</i>] (in Portuguese) (24th ed.). Lisbon, Portugal: Colecção Saber.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hist%C3%B3ria+Concisa+de+Portugal&rft.place=Lisbon%2C+Portugal&rft.edition=24th&rft.pub=Colec%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Saber&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Saraiva&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Hermano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal+%281777%E2%80%931834%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheke1969" class="citation book cs1">Cheke, Marcus (1969) [1947]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cPrxpypP7XYC&q=miguel&pg=PA203"><i>Carlota Joaquina, Queen of Portugal</i></a>. London, England: Sidgewick & Jackson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780836950403" title="Special:BookSources/9780836950403"><bdi>9780836950403</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carlota+Joaquina%2C+Queen+of+Portugal&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Sidgewick+%26+Jackson&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9780836950403&rft.aulast=Cheke&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcPrxpypP7XYC%26q%3Dmiguel%26pg%3DPA203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+Portugal+%281777%E2%80%931834%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_Portugal_(1777%E2%80%931834)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060215091321/http://www.badley.info/history/Portugal.country.year.index.html">Portugal Chronology</a>, World History Database</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060201024828/http://www.terra.es/personal7/jqvaraderey/180806er.gif">Map of Revolutionary Europe</a> 1806–1808</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bruzelius.info/Nautica/Naval_History/PT/NC-18(1807)_p229.html">List of ships of war lying in the Tagus</a> in 1806</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wtj.com/archives/wellington/">Wellington's dispatches from the Peninsular War and Waterloo</a>: 1808–1815</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peninsularwar.org/">Peninsular War</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051124082444/http://www.redcoat.info/memindex3.htm">List of Peninsular War British officers who died</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napoleon-series.org/military/battles/c_britarmy5.html">The British Army in Portugal and Spain</a>: Its Order-of-Battle</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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