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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Political career in East Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_career_in_East_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leader_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leader_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Leader of the German Democratic Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leader_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opening_of_the_Berlin_Wall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opening_of_the_Berlin_Wall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Opening of the Berlin Wall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opening_of_the_Berlin_Wall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trial_and_imprisonment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trial_and_imprisonment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Trial and imprisonment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trial_and_imprisonment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Egon Krenz</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Egon Krenz" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B2" title="ايكون كرينز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ايكون كرينز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86" title="Эган Крэнц – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Эган Крэнц" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Egon Krenz" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Egon Krenz" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Egon Krenz" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Egon Krenz" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Egon Krenz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Egon Krenz" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%82" title="Έγκον Κρεντς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έγκον Κρεντς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Egon Krenz" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Egon Krenz" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Egon Krenz" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B3" title="اگون کرنتس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اگون کرنتس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Egon Krenz" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EA%B3%A4_%ED%81%AC%EB%A0%8C%EC%B8%A0" title="에곤 크렌츠 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에곤 크렌츠" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Egon Krenz" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Egon Krenz" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Egon Krenz" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Egon Krenz" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A5" title="אגון קרנץ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אגון קרנץ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98" title="ეგონ კრენცი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეგონ კრენცი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Egon Krenz" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egons_Krencs" title="Egons Krencs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Egons Krencs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Egon Krenz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Egon Krenz" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9D" title="एगॉन क्रेंझ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="एगॉन क्रेंझ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B2" title="ايكون كرينز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايكون كرينز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Egon Krenz" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Egon Krenz" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%84" title="エゴン・クレンツ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エゴン・クレンツ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Egon Krenz" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Egon Krenz" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Egon Krenz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Egon Krenz" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Egon Krenz" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86,_%D0%AD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Кренц, Эгон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кренц, Эгон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Egon Krenz" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Egon Krenz" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86" title="Егон Кренц – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Егон Кренц" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Egon Krenz" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Egon Krenz" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Egon Krenz" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%8C" title="เอก็อน เคร็นทซ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอก็อน เคร็นทซ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B7" title="Эгон Кренз – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Эгон Кренз" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Egon Krenz" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D2%91%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86" title="Еґон Кренц – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Еґон Кренц" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz – Vietnamese" lang="vi" 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href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Egon+Krenz%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Egon+Krenz%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Egon Krenz</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1984-0704-400,_Egon_Krenz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1984-0704-400%2C_Egon_Krenz.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1984-0704-400%2C_Egon_Krenz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1984-0704-400%2C_Egon_Krenz.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1984-0704-400%2C_Egon_Krenz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1984-0704-400%2C_Egon_Krenz.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1984-0704-400%2C_Egon_Krenz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="790" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Official portrait, 1984</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany#General_Secretaries_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_SED" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">General Secretary of the<br />Socialist Unity Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />18 October 1989 – 3 December 1989</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Schabowski" title="Günter Schabowski">Günter Schabowski</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Erich_Honecker" title="Erich Honecker">Erich Honecker</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Gysi" title="Gregor Gysi">Gregor Gysi</a> (as Chairman)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Leadership_of_East_Germany#Heads_of_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadership of East Germany">Chairman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_East_Germany" title="State Council of East Germany">State Council</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />24 October 1989 – 6 December 1989</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Erich Honecker</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Gerlach" title="Manfred Gerlach">Manfred Gerlach</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Leadership_of_East_Germany#Heads_of_the_military" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadership of East Germany">Chairman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Council_(East_Germany)" title="National Defence Council (East Germany)">National Defense Council</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />18 October 1989 – 6 December 1989</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Secretary</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Streletz" title="Fritz Streletz">Fritz Streletz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Erich Honecker</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Office abolished</i></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Free_German_Youth#List_of_chairmen_of_the_Free_German_Youth" title="Free German Youth">First Secretary</a> of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Free_German_Youth" title="Free German Youth">Free German Youth</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />9 January 1974 – 1 December 1983</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Second Secretary</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Herger" title="Wolfgang Herger">Wolfgang Herger</a></li><li>Erich Postler</li><li>Eberhard Aurich</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Jahn" title="Günther Jahn">Günther Jahn</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eberhard_Aurich" title="Eberhard Aurich">Eberhard Aurich</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chairman of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann_Pioneer_Organisation" title="Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation">Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />8 February 1971 – 9 January 1974</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Werner Engst</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Helga_Labs" title="Helga Labs">Helga Labs</a> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin-bottom:-.65em; ; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="line-height:normal; padding:0.2em; border:1px dashed lightgrey;;"><div style="text-align: center; padding: 0 0.4em; margin: 0 3.3em">Volkskammer </div></th> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Volkskammer" title="Volkskammer">Volkskammer</a> <br /> for Stralsund-Stadt, Stralsund- Land, Ribnitz-Damgarten, Rügen</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br /><a href="/wiki/1971_East_German_general_election" title="1971 East German general election">14 November 1971</a> – 11 January 1990</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>multi-member district</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Bernd Blässe<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany#Secretariat_of_the_Central_Committee" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">Central Committee Secretariat</a> responsibilities<sup id="cite_ref-BüroKrenz_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BüroKrenz-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">1983–1989</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data">Youth</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">1983–1989</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data">Sport</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">1983–1989</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data">Security Affairs</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">1983–1989</span></span></th><td class="infobox-data">State and Legal Affairs</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Egon Rudi Ernst Krenz</div><br /><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1937-03-19</span>) </span>19 March 1937<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 87)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82obrzeg" title="Kołobrzeg">Kolberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pomerania_(1815%E2%80%931945)" title="Province of Pomerania (1815–1945)">Province of Pomerania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_State_of_Prussia" title="Free State of Prussia">Free State of Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82obrzeg" title="Kołobrzeg">Kołobrzeg</a>, Poland)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other political<br />affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">Socialist Unity Party</a><br />(1955–1990)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Erika Krenz</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1961; died 2017)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Residence</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Dierhagen" title="Dierhagen">Dierhagen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Politician</li><li>Locksmith</li><li>Teacher</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Karl_Marx" title="Order of Karl Marx">Order of Karl Marx</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Banner_of_Labor" title="Banner of Labor">Banner of Labor</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_Egon_Krenz.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Egon Krenz's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Signature_of_Egon_Krenz.png/128px-Signature_of_Egon_Krenz.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Signature_of_Egon_Krenz.png/192px-Signature_of_Egon_Krenz.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Signature_of_Egon_Krenz.png/256px-Signature_of_Egon_Krenz.png 2x" data-file-width="874" data-file-height="296" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Criminal information</b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criminal status</th><td class="infobox-data category">Served prison sentence 13 January 2000 – 18 December 2003, released on <a href="/wiki/Parole" title="Parole">parole</a> until 2006</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Conviction" title="Conviction">Conviction(s)</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manslaughter" title="Manslaughter">Manslaughter</a> (4 counts)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Criminal penalty</th><td class="infobox-data">6½ years imprisonment</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Central institution membership</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1983–1989: Full member,<br /><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany#Politburo_of_the_Central_Committee" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">Politburo of the Central Committee</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1976–1983: Candidate member,<br /><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany#Politburo_of_the_Central_Committee" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">Politburo of the Central Committee</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1973–1989: Full member,<br /><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany#Central_Committee" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">Central Committee</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1971–1973: Candidate member,<br /><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany#Central_Committee" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">Central Committee</a> </li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Other offices held</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1985–1989: Member,<br /><a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Council_(East_Germany)" title="National Defence Council (East Germany)">National Defence Council</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1984–1989: Deputy Chairman,<br /><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_East_Germany" title="State Council of East Germany">State Council</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1981–1989: Member, <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_East_Germany" title="State Council of East Germany">State Council</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1971–1976: <a href="/wiki/Volkskammer" title="Volkskammer">Volkskammer</a> Chairman,<br /><a href="/wiki/Free_German_Youth" title="Free German Youth">Free German Youth</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_political_office-holders_in_East_Germany#Overview" title="Lists of political office-holders in East Germany">Leader of East Germany</a></b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:120%"><b>←</b></span> <a href="/wiki/Erich_Honecker" title="Erich Honecker">Honecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Modrow" title="Hans Modrow">Modrow</a><span style="font-size:120%"><b>→</b></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Egon Rudi Ernst Krenz</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈeːgɔn<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈkʁɛnts]</a></span>; born 19 March 1937) is a German former politician who was the last Communist leader of the <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">German Democratic Republic</a> (East Germany) during the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a>. He succeeded <a href="/wiki/Erich_Honecker" title="Erich Honecker">Erich Honecker</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_(title)" title="Secretary (title)">General Secretary</a> of the ruling <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">Socialist Unity Party of Germany</a> (SED) but was forced to resign only weeks later when the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> fell.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout his career, Krenz held a number of prominent positions in the SED. He was Honecker's deputy from 1984 until he succeeded him in 1989 amid protests against the regime. Krenz was unsuccessful in his attempt to retain the <a href="/wiki/Communist_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist regime">Communist regime</a>'s grip on power. The SED gave up its monopoly of power some weeks after the fall of the Berlin Wall, and Krenz was forced to resign shortly afterward. He was expelled from the <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Democratic_Socialism_(Germany)" title="Party of Democratic Socialism (Germany)">SED's successor party</a> on 21 January 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000, he was sentenced to six and a half years in prison for <a href="/wiki/Manslaughter" title="Manslaughter">manslaughter</a> for his role in the Communist regime. After his release from prison in 2003, he retired to the small town of <a href="/wiki/Dierhagen" title="Dierhagen">Dierhagen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a>. He remained on parole until the end of his sentence in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-rosenberg_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rosenberg-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together with <a href="/wiki/Karel_Urb%C3%A1nek" title="Karel Urbánek">Karel Urbánek</a> from <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a>, Krenz is the last former <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party">General Secretary</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> still alive. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egon_Krenz&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Krenz was born to <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> parents in <a href="/wiki/Kolberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolberg">Kolberg</a>, then part of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in what is now part of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His family resettled in <a href="/wiki/Ribnitz-Damgarten" title="Ribnitz-Damgarten">Damgarten</a> in 1945 during the <a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">mass repatriations and expulsions of Germans</a> from Poland at the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career_in_East_Germany">Political career in East Germany</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egon_Krenz&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political career in East Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egon_Krenz_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Egon_Krenz_2013.jpg/170px-Egon_Krenz_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Egon_Krenz_2013.jpg/255px-Egon_Krenz_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Egon_Krenz_2013.jpg/340px-Egon_Krenz_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1811" data-file-height="2441" /></a><figcaption>Krenz in 2013, at a German-American evening at the U.S. Consulate General in Munich.</figcaption></figure> <p>Trained as a teacher and working as a journalist early in his career, Krenz joined the <a href="/wiki/Free_German_Youth" title="Free German Youth">Free German Youth</a> (FDJ) in 1953, as a teenager and the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">Socialist Unity Party of Germany</a> (SED) in 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After serving in the <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Army" title="National People's Army">Volksarmee</a> from 1959 to 1961, he rejoined the FDJ. He studied at a prestigious Communist Party staff school in Moscow for three years, became a <a href="/wiki/Nomenklatura" title="Nomenklatura">nomenklatura</a> member and obtained a social science degree by 1967. Throughout his career, Krenz held a number of posts in the SED and the communist government. He was leader of the <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann_Pioneer_Organisation" title="Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation">Ernst Thälmann Pioneer Organisation</a> from 1971 to 1974, and became a member of the central committee of the party in 1973. He was also a member of the <a href="/wiki/Volkskammer" title="Volkskammer">Volkskammer</a> (East Germany's legislature) from 1971 to 1990, and a member of its presidium from 1971 to 1981. Between 1974 and 1983, he was leader of the communist youth movement, the <a href="/wiki/Free_German_Youth" title="Free German Youth">Free German Youth</a>. From 1981 to 1984 he was a member of the <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_East_Germany" title="State Council of East Germany">Council of State</a>. </p><p>In 1983, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Politburo" title="Politburo">Politburo</a> and became the Secretary for Security, Youth and Sport in the Central Committee; the same position Honecker had held before becoming General Secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He rose to supreme prominence when he became Honecker's deputy on the Council of State in 1984. Around the same time, he replaced <a href="/wiki/Paul_Verner" title="Paul Verner">Paul Verner</a> as the unofficial number-two man in the SED leadership, thus making him the second-most powerful man in the country. Although he was the youngest member of the Politburo (and indeed, one of only two people elevated to full membership in that body from 1976 to 1984), speculation abounded that Honecker had tapped him as his heir apparent.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leader_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic">Leader of the German Democratic Republic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egon_Krenz&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Leader of the German Democratic Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following popular protests against East Germany's communist government, the SED Politburo voted to remove Honecker on 18 October 1989, and Krenz was elected as the new General Secretary of the SED <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Committee">Central Committee</a>. Krenz had been approached several months earlier about ousting Honecker, but was reluctant to move against a man he called "my foster father and political teacher". He was initially willing to wait until the seriously ill Honecker died, but by October was convinced that the situation was too grave to wait for what he had called "a biological solution".<sup id="cite_ref-Revolution1989_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revolution1989-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite many protests, the <a href="/wiki/Volkskammer" title="Volkskammer">Volkskammer</a> elected Krenz to both of Honecker's major state posts—<a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_East_Germany" title="State Council of East Germany">Chairman of the Council of State</a> and Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Council_of_East_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="National Defense Council of East Germany">National Defence Council</a>. The former post was equivalent to that of president, while the latter post made Krenz commander-in-chief of the <a href="/wiki/National_People%27s_Army" title="National People's Army">National People's Army</a>. For only the second time in the Volkskammer's forty-year history, the vote was not unanimous (the first was on the law on <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a>); 26 deputies voted against and 26 abstained. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1985-0208-035,_Berlin,_35._Jahrestag_des_Ministeriums_f%C3%BCr_Staatssicherheit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1985-0208-035%2C_Berlin%2C_35._Jahrestag_des_Ministeriums_f%C3%BCr_Staatssicherheit.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1985-0208-035%2C_Berlin%2C_35._Jahrestag_des_Ministeriums_f%C3%BCr_Staatssicherheit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1985-0208-035%2C_Berlin%2C_35._Jahrestag_des_Ministeriums_f%C3%BCr_Staatssicherheit.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1985-0208-035%2C_Berlin%2C_35._Jahrestag_des_Ministeriums_f%C3%BCr_Staatssicherheit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1985-0208-035%2C_Berlin%2C_35._Jahrestag_des_Ministeriums_f%C3%BCr_Staatssicherheit.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1985-0208-035%2C_Berlin%2C_35._Jahrestag_des_Ministeriums_f%C3%BCr_Staatssicherheit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption>Krenz (left) officially congratulating <a href="/wiki/Erich_Mielke" title="Erich Mielke">Erich Mielke</a> on behalf of the government on the occasion of the 35th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi</a> in 1985. Behind Mielke are other high-ranking officials of the Stasi.</figcaption></figure> <p>In his first address as leader, Krenz promised to blunt some of the harsher edges of Honecker's regime and promised democratic reforms. The speech was identical to the one he had given to a closed group of the SED <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Committee">Central Committee</a>; he even addressed the national audience as "Genossen" (<a href="/wiki/Comrade#Russo-Soviet_usage" title="Comrade">comrades</a>)–a term reserved for members of the SED. The speech sounded formulaic, and few East Germans believed him.<sup id="cite_ref-Interview_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Interview-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Revolution1989_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revolution1989-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, they still remembered that after the <a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests">Tiananmen Square protest</a> just months earlier, he had gone to <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> to thank <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> on behalf of the regime. In Honecker's resignation speech, he named Krenz as his successor, further conveying an impression of undemocratic intransigence.<sup id="cite_ref-Speech_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Speech-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this and other reasons, Krenz was almost as detested as Honecker had been; one popular joke suggested that the only difference between them was that Krenz still had a <a href="/wiki/Gallbladder" title="Gallbladder">gallbladder</a>. Indeed, almost as soon as he took power, thousands of East Germans took to the streets to demand his resignation.<sup id="cite_ref-Revolution1989_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revolution1989-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also on the same day he took office, Krenz received a top secret report from planning chief <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Sch%C3%BCrer" title="Gerhard Schürer">Gerhard Schürer</a> that showed the depths of East Germany's economic crisis. It showed that East Germany did not have enough money to make payments on the massive foreign loans that propped up the economy, and it was now <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Mark" title="Deutsche Mark">DM</a>123 billion in debt. Although Krenz had been the number-two man in the administration, Honecker had kept the true state of the economy a secret from him. Krenz was forced to send <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Schalck-Golodkowski" title="Alexander Schalck-Golodkowski">Alexander Schalck-Golodkowski</a> to beg West Germany for a short-term loan to make interest payments. However, West Germany was unwilling to even consider negotiations until the SED abandoned power and allowed free elections—something that Krenz was unwilling to concede.<sup id="cite_ref-Revolution1989_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revolution1989-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This was not the only evidence that Krenz did not intend to truly open up the regime. While publicly discussing such reforms as loosening travel restrictions,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he also personally ordered the rejection of the dissident group <a href="/wiki/New_Forum" title="New Forum">New Forum</a>'s application to become an approved organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ahead of the large <a href="/wiki/Alexanderplatz_demonstration" title="Alexanderplatz demonstration">Alexanderplatz demonstration</a> on 4 November, he ordered the Stasi to prevent any unauthorised attempt to cross the border by "bodily violence".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 7 November, Krenz approved the resignation of Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Willi_Stoph" title="Willi Stoph">Willi Stoph</a> and his entire cabinet along with two-thirds of the Politburo. However, the Central Committee unanimously re-elected Krenz to the position of General Secretary. In a speech, Krenz attempted a reckoning with history, which also criticised his political mentor Honecker. Yet, by this stage, events were rapidly spiralling out of his control. </p><p>Despite promises of reform, public opposition to the regime continued to grow. In an attempt to stem the tide, Krenz authorised the reopening of the border with <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, which had been sealed to prevent East Germans from fleeing to West Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The newly formed Politburo agreed to adopt new regulations for trips to the West by way of a Council of Ministers resolution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opening_of_the_Berlin_Wall">Opening of the Berlin Wall</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egon_Krenz&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Opening of the Berlin Wall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-1024-028,_10._Volkskammertagung,_Rede_Egon_Krenz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-1024-028%2C_10._Volkskammertagung%2C_Rede_Egon_Krenz.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-1024-028%2C_10._Volkskammertagung%2C_Rede_Egon_Krenz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-1024-028%2C_10._Volkskammertagung%2C_Rede_Egon_Krenz.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-1024-028%2C_10._Volkskammertagung%2C_Rede_Egon_Krenz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-1024-028%2C_10._Volkskammertagung%2C_Rede_Egon_Krenz.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-1024-028%2C_10._Volkskammertagung%2C_Rede_Egon_Krenz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>Krenz addressing the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Chamber">Volkskammer</a> on 24 October 1989.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 6 November, the Interior Ministry published a draft of new travel regulations. While branded as a major change, in truth the draft made only cosmetic changes to Honecker-era rules. While state offices were supposed to approve applications "quickly", it actually took up to 30 days to process applications for ordinary travel abroad and up to six months for emigration. Not only could applications be denied for the usual reasons (national security, public order, public health, public morals, etc.) but it made no guarantee that people travelling abroad would get access to foreign currency. The draft enraged ordinary citizens, and was denounced as "complete trash" by <a href="/wiki/Governing_Mayor_of_Berlin" title="Governing Mayor of Berlin">West Berlin Mayor</a> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Momper" title="Walter Momper">Walter Momper</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a case of particularly bad timing, the draft was published just days after the government allowed travel to <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> to resume. This resulted in a flood of refugees crowding onto the steps of the West German embassy in Prague. The enraged Czechoslovaks gave their East German counterparts an ultimatum: unless the matter was dealt with at once, Prague would have to seriously consider sealing off the East German-Czechoslovak border.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a Politburo meeting on 7 November, it was decided to enact the section of the draft travel regulations addressing permanent emigration immediately. Initially, the Politburo planned to create a special border crossing near <a href="/wiki/Schirnding" title="Schirnding">Schirnding</a> specifically for this emigration.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Interior and Stasi bureaucrats charged with crafting the new text, however, concluded this was not feasible, and crafted a new text relating to both emigration and temporary travel. It stipulated that East German citizens could apply for permission to travel abroad without having to meet the previous requirements for those trips, and also allowed for permanent emigration between all border crossings—including those between East and West Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0920-032,_Miep_Gies,_Begegnung_mit_Egon_Krenz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0920-032%2C_Miep_Gies%2C_Begegnung_mit_Egon_Krenz.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0920-032%2C_Miep_Gies%2C_Begegnung_mit_Egon_Krenz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0920-032%2C_Miep_Gies%2C_Begegnung_mit_Egon_Krenz.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0920-032%2C_Miep_Gies%2C_Begegnung_mit_Egon_Krenz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0920-032%2C_Miep_Gies%2C_Begegnung_mit_Egon_Krenz.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1989-0920-032%2C_Miep_Gies%2C_Begegnung_mit_Egon_Krenz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Miep_Gies" title="Miep Gies">Miep Gies</a> and Krenz in 1989</figcaption></figure> <p>The new text was completed on 9 November. However, no one briefed the Politburo's <i>de facto</i> spokesman, East Berlin party boss <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Schabowski" title="Günter Schabowski">Günter Schabowski</a>, that the regulations were going to come into effect the following afternoon. Thus, at the daily press conference, when a reporter asked when the regulations would come into force, Schabowski assumed they were already in effect and replied, "As far as I know—immediately, without delay." Excerpts from the press conference aired on West German television, which was viewable in most of East Germany. This prompted a mass exodus to the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> by thousands of East Berliners, believing the statement to be a decision to open the border crossings at the Wall. Krenz and the rest of the leadership were unwilling to order the use of deadly force. Finally, the unprepared and outnumbered border guards, on their own authority, let the crowds pass into West Berlin. </p><p>The fall of the Berlin Wall destroyed Krenz and the SED politically. On 18 November, Krenz swore in a new coalition government. Instead of an oath, it consisted of a simple handshake. However, it was obvious that the SED was living on borrowed time. The <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_(East_Germany)" title="Christian Democratic Union (East Germany)">CDU</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Liberal Democratic Party of Germany">LDPD</a>, long subservient to the SED, threw out their pro-Communist leaderships and announced that they were leaving the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(East_Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Front (East Germany)">National Front</a>. The new CDU Presidium, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Lothar_de_Maizi%C3%A8re" title="Lothar de Maizière">Lothar de Maizière</a>, also demanded the resignation of Krenz as chairman of the Council of State and Chairman of the National Defense Council. </p><p>On 1 December, the Volkskammer significantly amended the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_East_Germany" title="Constitution of East Germany">East German constitution</a> to purge it of its Communist character. Most notably, Article One, which declared East Germany to be a socialist state under the leadership of the SED, was deleted. Two days later, the entire Politburo and Central Committee—including Krenz—resigned and a working committee took over direction of the party. On 6 December 1989, Krenz resigned from his remaining leadership posts. He was succeeded as head of state by LDPD leader <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Gerlach" title="Manfred Gerlach">Manfred Gerlach</a>. In a bid to rehabilitate itself ahead of <a href="/wiki/1990_East_German_general_election" title="1990 East German general election">East Germany's first free election</a>, the successor organisation to the SED, the <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Democratic_Socialism_(Germany)" title="Party of Democratic Socialism (Germany)">Party of Democratic Socialism</a>, expelled Krenz and several other former leaders of the Communist regime in 1990. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trial_and_imprisonment">Trial and imprisonment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egon_Krenz&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Trial and imprisonment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> In 1997, Krenz was sentenced to six-and-a-half years' imprisonment for <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> crimes, specifically <a href="/wiki/Manslaughter" title="Manslaughter">manslaughter</a> of four Germans attempting to escape East Germany over the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a>. He was also charged with <a href="/wiki/Electoral_fraud" title="Electoral fraud">electoral fraud</a>, along with other criminal offences. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egon_Krenz_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Egon_Krenz_2007.jpg/220px-Egon_Krenz_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Egon_Krenz_2007.jpg/330px-Egon_Krenz_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Egon_Krenz_2007.jpg/440px-Egon_Krenz_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1661" data-file-height="1585" /></a><figcaption>Krenz in 2007</figcaption></figure> <p>He appealed, arguing that the legal framework of the newly reunited German state did not apply to events that had taken place in the former East Germany. Krenz also argued that the prosecution of former East German officials was a breach of a personal agreement given by West German Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Helmut Kohl</a> to Soviet President <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> during their talks, which led to German reunification. However, the verdict was upheld in 1999. Krenz reportedly described his conviction as "<a href="/wiki/Victor%27s_justice" title="Victor's justice">victor's justice</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "cold war in court", saying, "The victorious power is avenging itself on the representatives of the defeated power" (<i>Die siegreiche Macht rächt sich an den Vertretern der besiegten Macht</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Krenz began serving his sentence in <a href="/wiki/Hakenfelde_Prison" title="Hakenfelde Prison">Hakenfelde Prison</a> shortly thereafter, working in the prison laundry.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was later transferred to <a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%B6tzensee_Prison" title="Plötzensee Prison">Plötzensee Prison</a>, a prison with stricter rules, where he worked in the prison laundry and as an inmate orderly.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Krenz's application to the European Court of Human Rights on alleged misuse of East German criminal laws reached the Grand Chamber, but was rejected in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was released from prison in December 2003 after serving nearly four years of his sentence, and quietly retired with his wife Erika (1939–2017)<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to <a href="/wiki/Dierhagen" title="Dierhagen">Dierhagen</a> in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. He remained on parole until the end of his sentence in 2006. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egon_Krenz&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Krenz currently lives in <a href="/wiki/Dierhagen" title="Dierhagen">Dierhagen</a>, a town on the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> coast in <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rosenberg_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rosenberg-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike other high-ranking former members of the SED, such as <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Schabowski" title="Günter Schabowski">Günter Schabowski</a> and <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Kleiber" title="Günther Kleiber">Günther Kleiber</a>, Krenz still defends the former East Germany and maintains he has not changed his political views.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Krenz is fluent in <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> and has praised <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">Russian president</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, saying "After weak presidents like <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Gorbachev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Yeltsin</a>, it is a great fortune for <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> that it has Putin", while believing that the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> never ended.<sup id="cite_ref-rosenberg_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rosenberg-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is a <a href="/wiki/Russophilia" title="Russophilia">Russophile</a> and has implied that he is a popular emblem of <a href="/wiki/Ostalgie" title="Ostalgie">Ostalgie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rosenberg_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rosenberg-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, he has expressed his support for peace negotiations and his opposition to Germany and other Western countries sending weapons to <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>. Furthermore, he has called for an end to all <a href="/wiki/Sanctions_against_Russia_for_the_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctions against Russia for the invasion of Ukraine">sanctions against Russia</a>. He has also praised China, saying "absolute poverty has been eliminated" there.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egon_Krenz&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt" class="citation web cs1">Schmidt, Arthur. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gvoon.de/volkskammer-ddr-9-wahlperiode-1986-1990/seite-40-551342.html">"<i>Volkskammer der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik 1986-1990</i>, Seite 39"</a>. <i>gvoon.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gvoon.de&rft.atitle=Volkskammer+der+Deutschen+Demokratischen+Republik+1986-1990%2C+Seite+39&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gvoon.de%2Fvolkskammer-ddr-9-wahlperiode-1986-1990%2Fseite-40-551342.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgon+Krenz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BüroKrenz-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BüroKrenz_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.argus.bstu.bundesarchiv.de/dy30bkr/index.htm?kid=6d6c2fc9-e4d0-4014-a46e-a7a877132815">"Büro Egon Krenz im ZK der SED"</a> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=B%C3%BCro+Egon+Krenz+im+ZK+der+SED&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.argus.bstu.bundesarchiv.de%2Fdy30bkr%2Findex.htm%3Fkid%3D6d6c2fc9-e4d0-4014-a46e-a7a877132815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgon+Krenz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoody2019" class="citation news cs1">Moody, Oliver (6 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/east-germanys-last-dictator-defends-communist-dream-to-the-end-88s0c5nsc">"East Germany's last dictator defends communist dream to the end"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. Berlin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=East+Germany%27s+last+dictator+defends+communist+dream+to+the+end&rft.date=2019-11-06&rft.aulast=Moody&rft.aufirst=Oliver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Feast-germanys-last-dictator-defends-communist-dream-to-the-end-88s0c5nsc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgon+Krenz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b2KVwYl3Rh0C&q=egon+krenz+born&pg=PA23"><i>The Rise and Fall of a Socialist Welfare State: The German Democratic Republic (1949–1990) and German Unification (1989–1994)</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. 15 November 2012. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-22528-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-22528-4"><bdi>978-3-642-22528-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+a+Socialist+Welfare+State%3A+The+German+Democratic+Republic+%281949%E2%80%931990%29+and+German+Unification+%281989%E2%80%931994%29&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012-11-15&rft.isbn=978-3-642-22528-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db2KVwYl3Rh0C%26q%3Degon%2Bkrenz%2Bborn%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgon+Krenz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rosenberg-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rosenberg_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rosenberg_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rosenberg_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rosenberg_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg2019" class="citation web cs1">Rosenberg, Steve (10 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-49971599">"Berlin Wall anniversary: The 'worst night of my life'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Berlin+Wall+anniversary%3A+The+%27worst+night+of+my+life%27&rft.date=2019-10-10&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-49971599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgon+Krenz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFredrikson2004" class="citation book cs1">Fredrikson, John C. (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict0000unse_m4y3/page/249"><i>Biographical Dictionary of Modern World Leaders 1900–1991</i></a></span>. Facts on File. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biographicaldict0000unse_m4y3/page/249">249</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-816-05366-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-816-05366-7"><bdi>978-0-816-05366-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Dictionary+of+Modern+World+Leaders+1900%E2%80%931991&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-816-05366-7&rft.aulast=Fredrikson&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiographicaldict0000unse_m4y3%2Fpage%2F249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgon+Krenz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/resource/cold-war-history/egon-krenz/biography">"Wilson Center Digital Archive"</a>. <i>digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org&rft.atitle=Wilson+Center+Digital+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org%2Fresource%2Fcold-war-history%2Fegon-krenz%2Fbiography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgon+Krenz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJarausch1994" class="citation book cs1">Jarausch, Konrad H. (24 February 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bhv2UTt96tIC&q=egon+krenz+born&pg=PA59"><i>The Rush to German Unity</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-195-35894-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-195-35894-0"><bdi>978-0-195-35894-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rush+to+German+Unity&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994-02-24&rft.isbn=978-0-195-35894-0&rft.aulast=Jarausch&rft.aufirst=Konrad+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBhv2UTt96tIC%26q%3Degon%2Bkrenz%2Bborn%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgon+Krenz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/de/recherche/kataloge-datenbanken/biographische-datenbanken/egon-krenz">"Biographische Datenbanken: Krenz, Egon"</a>. <i>bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de</i> (in German). Berlin: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Foundation_for_the_Reappraisal_of_the_SED_Dictatorship" title="Federal Foundation for the Reappraisal of the SED Dictatorship">Federal Foundation for the Reappraisal of the SED Dictatorship</a>. n.d<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de&rft.atitle=Biographische+Datenbanken%3A+Krenz%2C+Egon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de%2Fde%2Frecherche%2Fkataloge-datenbanken%2Fbiographische-datenbanken%2Fegon-krenz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgon+Krenz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-5120.html">East Germany – Politburo</a>. Country-data.com. Retrieved on 5 September 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Revolution1989-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Revolution1989_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Revolution1989_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Revolution1989_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Revolution1989_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSebetsyen2009" class="citation book cs1">Sebetsyen, Victor (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/revolution1989fa00sebe"><i>Revolution 1989: The Fall of the Soviet Empire</i></a></span>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_Books" title="Pantheon Books">Pantheon Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-42532-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-42532-5"><bdi>978-0-375-42532-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+1989%3A+The+Fall+of+the+Soviet+Empire&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-375-42532-5&rft.aulast=Sebetsyen&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frevolution1989fa00sebe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgon+Krenz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Interview-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Interview_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HIxKrYqo0B4"><i>Günter Schabowski: Honeckers Absetzung</i></a>. <i>zeitzeugenportal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/HIxKrYqo0B4">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=G%C3%BCnter+Schabowski%3A+Honeckers+Absetzung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DHIxKrYqo0B4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgon+Krenz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Speech-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Speech_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pTG-zE6l27A"><i>Resignation Speech</i></a>. <i>Honecker</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/pTG-zE6l27A">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resignation+Speech&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DpTG-zE6l27A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgon+Krenz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarotte2014" class="citation book cs1">Sarotte, Mary Elise (7 October 2014). <i>The Collapse: The Accidental Opening of the Berlin Wall</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>: <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780465064946" title="Special:BookSources/9780465064946"><bdi>9780465064946</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collapse%3A+The+Accidental+Opening+of+the+Berlin+Wall&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2014-10-07&rft.isbn=9780465064946&rft.aulast=Sarotte&rft.aufirst=Mary+Elise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgon+Krenz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarotte, p. 95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarotte, p. 96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/special_report/1999/09/99/iron_curtain/timelines/egermany_93.stm">"Communism – East Germany"</a>. <i>BBC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Communism+%E2%80%93+East+Germany&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fhi%2Fenglish%2Fstatic%2Fspecial_report%2F1999%2F09%2F99%2Firon_curtain%2Ftimelines%2Fegermany_93.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgon+Krenz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarotte, p. 97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarotte, p. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarotte, pp. 99–100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarotte, pp. 107–108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/509568.stm">"Court upholds Berlin Wall convictions"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 8 November 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Court+upholds+Berlin+Wall+convictions&rft.date=1999-11-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F509568.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgon+Krenz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newworker.org/nw29897.htm#international">Repeal the racist asylum laws</a>. www.newworker.org (29 August 1997). Retrieved on 5 September 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120719120957/http://www.berlinonline.de/berliner-zeitung/archiv/.bin/dump.fcgi/2000/0907/none/0093/index.html">Krenz, Schabowski und Kleiber hatten sich nichts mehr zu sagen : Textarchiv : Berliner Zeitung Archiv</a>. Berlinonline.de (31 May 2008). Retrieved on 5 September 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120720223141/http://www.bz-berlin.de/archiv/krenz-mit-gro-szlig-em-bahnhof-im-gefaengnis-hakenfelde-empfangen-article106539.html">"B.Z. : Krenz mit großem Bahnhof im Gefängnis Hakenfelde empfangen - B.Z. Berlin"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bz-berlin.de/archiv/krenz-mit-gro-szlig-em-bahnhof-im-gefaengnis-hakenfelde-empfangen-article106539.html">the original</a> on 20 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=B.Z.+%3A+Krenz+mit+gro%C3%9Fem+Bahnhof+im+Gef%C3%A4ngnis+Hakenfelde+empfangen+-+B.Z.+Berlin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bz-berlin.de%2Farchiv%2Fkrenz-mit-gro-szlig-em-bahnhof-im-gefaengnis-hakenfelde-empfangen-article106539.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgon+Krenz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/600851.stm">"East German leader jailed"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 14 January 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=East+German+leader+jailed&rft.date=2000-01-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F600851.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgon+Krenz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeilan2000" class="citation news cs1">Neilan, Terence (25 January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/25/world/world-briefing.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm">"WORLD BRIEFING"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=WORLD+BRIEFING&rft.date=2000-01-25&rft.aulast=Neilan&rft.aufirst=Terence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2000%2F01%2F25%2Fworld%2Fworld-briefing.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall%26src%3Dpm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgon+Krenz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-59353">ECHR judgment in the case of Streletz, Kessler and Krenz v. Germany</a>; see also <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/11433168/La_CEDU_ed_il_muro_di_Berlino"><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Omicidi in nome del muro di Berlino. La "pratica statale" ha violato le leggi</i></span></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeitung2017" class="citation web cs1">Zeitung, Berliner (16 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.berliner-zeitung.de/politik-gesellschaft/erika-krenz-ist-tot-egon-krenz-trauert-um-seine-frau-li.53084">"Erika Krenz ist tot: Egon Krenz trauert um seine Frau"</a>. <i>Berliner Zeitung</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Berliner+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Erika+Krenz+ist+tot%3A+Egon+Krenz+trauert+um+seine+Frau&rft.date=2017-03-16&rft.aulast=Zeitung&rft.aufirst=Berliner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.berliner-zeitung.de%2Fpolitik-gesellschaft%2Ferika-krenz-ist-tot-egon-krenz-trauert-um-seine-frau-li.53084&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgon+Krenz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in German)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welt.de/politik/article2718602/Egon-Krenz-veroeffentlicht-Gefaengnis-Tagebuecher.html">Ex-SED-Chef: Egon Krenz veröffentlicht Gefängnis-Tagebücher – Nachrichten Politik – WELT ONLINE</a>. Welt.de (13 November 2008). Retrieved on 5 September 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.eu/article/last-east-german-egon-krenz-communism-berlin-wall-anniversary/">The last East German - Egon Krenz has a simple message: 'I told you so.</a>. Politiko.EU (7 November 2019). Retrieved on 8 November 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChacko2022" class="citation web cs1">Chacko, Ben (7 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://peoplesworld.org/article/last-leader-of-east-germany-egon-krenz-on-nato-and-war-in-ukraine/">"Last leader of East Germany, Egon Krenz, on NATO and war in Ukraine"</a>. <i>People's World</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=People%27s+World&rft.atitle=Last+leader+of+East+Germany%2C+Egon+Krenz%2C+on+NATO+and+war+in+Ukraine&rft.date=2022-09-07&rft.aulast=Chacko&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeoplesworld.org%2Farticle%2Flast-leader-of-east-germany-egon-krenz-on-nato-and-war-in-ukraine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEgon+Krenz" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Egon_Krenz&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Egon_Krenz" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Egon Krenz">Egon Krenz</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chronik-der-wende.de/_/english/overview_jsp.html">Day by Day – East Germany 1989</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Erich_Honecker" title="Erich Honecker">Erich Honecker</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leadership_of_East_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadership of East Germany">General Secretary of the Central Committee<br />of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany</a> </b><br />1989 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Office abolished </b><br /><div style="font-size:90%">Party renamed the <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Democratic_Socialism_(Germany)" title="Party of Democratic Socialism (Germany)">Party of Democratic Socialism</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Leadership_of_East_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Leadership of East Germany">Chairman of the Council of State<br />of the German Democratic Republic</a> </b><br />1989 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Gerlach" title="Manfred Gerlach">Manfred Gerlach</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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Honecker</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Egon Krenz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/48px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_East_Germany.svg/64px-Flag_of_East_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:East_Germany" title="Portal:East Germany">East Germany portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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Pieck</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Chairman_of_the_State_Council_of_East_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of president of state council of the German Democratic Republic"><img alt="Flag of president of state council of the German Democratic Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Flag_of_the_Chairman_of_the_State_Council_of_East_Germany.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Chairman_of_the_State_Council_of_East_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Flag_of_the_Chairman_of_the_State_Council_of_East_Germany.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Chairman_of_the_State_Council_of_East_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">President of the <a href="/wiki/Volkskammer" title="Volkskammer">People's Chamber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabine_Bergmann-Pohl" title="Sabine Bergmann-Pohl">Sabine Bergmann-Pohl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_ruling_Communist_parties_of_the_Eastern_Bloc" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Leaders_of_the_Ruling_Parties_of_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Template:Leaders of the Ruling Parties of the Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Leaders_of_the_Ruling_Parties_of_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Template talk:Leaders of the Ruling Parties of the Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders_of_the_Ruling_Parties_of_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Leaders of the Ruling Parties of the Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_ruling_Communist_parties_of_the_Eastern_Bloc" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leaders of the ruling <a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">Communist parties</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:80em;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Labour_of_Albania" title="Party of Labour of Albania">Party of Labour of Albania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiz_Alia" title="Ramiz Alia">Ramiz Alia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Communist_Party" title="Bulgarian Communist Party">Bulgarian Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgi_Dimitrov" title="Georgi Dimitrov">Georgi Dimitrov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valko_Chervenkov" title="Valko Chervenkov">Valko Chervenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todor_Zhivkov" title="Todor Zhivkov">Todor Zhivkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petar_Mladenov" title="Petar Mladenov">Petar Mladenov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">Communist Party of Czechoslovakia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klement_Gottwald" title="Klement Gottwald">Klement Gottwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_Novotn%C3%BD" title="Antonín Novotný">Antonín Novotný</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gust%C3%A1v_Hus%C3%A1k" title="Gustáv Husák">Gustáv Husák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Jake%C5%A1" title="Miloš Jakeš">Miloš Jakeš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_Urb%C3%A1nek" title="Karel Urbánek">Karel Urbánek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">Socialist Unity Party of Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Pieck" title="Wilhelm Pieck">Wilhelm Pieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Grotewohl" title="Otto Grotewohl">Otto Grotewohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Ulbricht" title="Walter Ulbricht">Walter Ulbricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Honecker" title="Erich Honecker">Erich Honecker</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Egon Krenz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Working_People%27s_Party" title="Hungarian Working People's Party">Hungarian Working People's Party</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party">Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_R%C3%A1kosi" title="Mátyás Rákosi">Mátyás Rákosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ern%C5%91_Ger%C5%91" title="Ernő Gerő">Ernő Gerő</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imre_Nagy" title="Imre Nagy">Imre Nagy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_K%C3%A1d%C3%A1r" title="János Kádár">János Kádár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Gr%C3%B3sz" title="Károly Grósz">Károly Grósz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rezs%C5%91_Nyers" title="Rezső Nyers">Rezső Nyers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:90em;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish Workers' Party">Polish Workers' Party</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Polish_United_Workers%27_Party" title="Polish United Workers' Party">Polish United Workers' Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Bierut" title="Bolesław Bierut">Bolesław Bierut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Ochab" title="Edward Ochab">Edward Ochab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82ka" title="Władysław Gomułka">Władysław Gomułka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gierek" title="Edward Gierek">Edward Gierek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Kania" title="Stanisław Kania">Stanisław Kania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Wojciech Jaruzelski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Rakowski" title="Mieczysław Rakowski">Mieczysław Rakowski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Communist_Party" title="Romanian Communist Party">Romanian Communist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Gheorghiu-Dej" title="Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej">Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Apostol" title="Gheorghe Apostol">Gheorghe Apostol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Georgy Malenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">League of Communists of Yugoslavia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevan_Doronjski" title="Stevan Doronjski">Stevan Doronjski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazar_Mojsov" title="Lazar Mojsov">Lazar Mojsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%C5%A1an_Dragosavac" title="Dušan Dragosavac">Dušan Dragosavac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitja_Ribi%C4%8Di%C4%8D" title="Mitja Ribičič">Mitja Ribičič</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragoslav_Markovi%C4%87" title="Dragoslav Marković">Dragoslav Marković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_%C5%A0ukrija" title="Ali Šukrija">Ali Šukrija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidoje_%C5%BDarkovi%C4%87" title="Vidoje Žarković">Vidoje Žarković</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milanko_Renovica" title="Milanko Renovica">Milanko Renovica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo%C5%A1ko_Kruni%C4%87" title="Boško Krunić">Boško Krunić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stipe_%C5%A0uvar" title="Stipe Šuvar">Stipe Šuvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Pan%C4%8Devski" title="Milan Pančevski">Milan Pančevski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_State_of_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of State of Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_State_of_Germany_(since_1871)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Germany" title="List of heads of state of Germany">Heads of State of Germany (since 1871)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German_Reich" title="German Reich">German Reich</a> <br />(1871–1945)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><i><b>Emperors</b></i>: <a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">Wilhelm I</a> • <a href="/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor" title="Frederick III, German Emperor">Frederick III</a> • <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a><br /> <i><b>Presidents</b></i>: <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert" title="Friedrich Ebert">Friedrich Ebert</a> • <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a> • <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (<i>Führer and Reichskanzler</i>) • <a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Republic of Germany">Federal Republic of Germany</a> <br />(since 1949)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Heuss" title="Theodor Heuss">Theodor Heuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_L%C3%BCbke" title="Heinrich Lübke">Heinrich Lübke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Heinemann" title="Gustav Heinemann">Gustav Heinemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Scheel" title="Walter Scheel">Walter Scheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Carstens" title="Karl Carstens">Karl Carstens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Richard von Weizsäcker">Richard von Weizsäcker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Herzog" title="Roman Herzog">Roman Herzog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Rau" title="Johannes Rau">Johannes Rau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst_K%C3%B6hler" title="Horst Köhler">Horst Köhler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Wulff" title="Christian Wulff">Christian Wulff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Gauck" title="Joachim Gauck">Joachim Gauck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank-Walter_Steinmeier" title="Frank-Walter Steinmeier">Frank-Walter Steinmeier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> <br />(1949–1990)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Pieck" title="Wilhelm Pieck">Wilhelm Pieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Ulbricht" title="Walter Ulbricht">Walter Ulbricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willi_Stoph" title="Willi Stoph">Willi Stoph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Honecker" title="Erich Honecker">Erich Honecker</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Egon Krenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_Gerlach" title="Manfred Gerlach">Manfred Gerlach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabine_Bergmann-Pohl" title="Sabine Bergmann-Pohl">Sabine Bergmann-Pohl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicates acting holder</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2602#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2602#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2602#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000081146028">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/35255728">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/254436/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkdqRdxJqjGm4PyGrpwYP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118943154">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n89642030">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00469850">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p087486687">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Krenz, Egon, 1937-"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000298351&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/97mqzvft5b586q8">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810542484205606">Poland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118943154.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118943154">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/105670332">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6238rz5">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" 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