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href="#Official_version_of_the_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Official version of the events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_version_of_the_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Investigation_and_the_Hays_Commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Investigation_and_the_Hays_Commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Investigation and the Hays Commission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Investigation_and_the_Hays_Commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Casualties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reaction_in_the_U.S._Congress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Reaction in the U.S. Congress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reaction_in_the_U.S._Congress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attempt_on_Governor_Winship's_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attempt_on_Governor_Winship's_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Attempt on Governor Winship's life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attempt_on_Governor_Winship's_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massaker_von_Ponce" title="Massaker von Ponce – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Massaker von Ponce" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masacre_de_Ponce" title="Masacre de Ponce – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Masacre de Ponce" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_de_Ponce" title="Massacre de Ponce – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Massacre de Ponce" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt 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system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ponce_massacre&params=18_00_33.7_N_66_36_49.0_W_region:US-PR"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">18°00′33.7″N</span> <span class="longitude">66°36′49.0″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">18.009361°N 66.613611°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">18.009361; -66.613611</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1937 police shooting in Puerto Rico</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:125%;">Ponce massacre</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ponce_Massacre.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ponce_Massacre.JPG/250px-Ponce_Massacre.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ponce_Massacre.JPG/330px-Ponce_Massacre.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ponce_Massacre.JPG/500px-Ponce_Massacre.JPG 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="368" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Outbreak of the Ponce Massacre</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Ponce,_Puerto_Rico" title="Ponce, Puerto Rico">Ponce, Puerto Rico</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ponce_massacre&params=18_00_33.7_N_66_36_49.0_W_region:US-PR"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">18°00′33.7″N</span> <span class="longitude">66°36′49.0″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">18.009361°N 66.613611°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">18.009361; -66.613611</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">21 March 1937<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br />3:15 pm<sup id="cite_ref-periodicolaperla.com_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-periodicolaperla.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (EST)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Target</th><td class="infobox-data">Supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Nationalist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Nationalist Party">Puerto Rican Nationalist Party</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Attack type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">Massacre</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Weapons</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thompson_submachine_gun" title="Thompson submachine gun">Thompson submachine guns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tear_gas" title="Tear gas">tear gas</a> bombs, <a href="/wiki/Machine_gun" title="Machine gun">machine guns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rifle" title="Rifle">rifles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pistol" title="Pistol">pistols</a><sup id="cite_ref-piri_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-piri-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">17 civilians; two police officers (from friendly fire)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Injured</th><td class="infobox-data">over 200 civilians wounded<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Perpetrators</th><td class="infobox-data">Governor <a href="/wiki/Blanton_Winship" title="Blanton Winship">Blanton Winship</a> via the <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Police" title="Puerto Rico Police">Puerto Rico Insular Police</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Nationalist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Nationalist Party">Puerto Rican<br />Nationalist Party</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Puerto_Rican_Nationalist_Party.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_the_Puerto_Rican_Nationalist_Party.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Puerto_Rican_Nationalist_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_the_Puerto_Rican_Nationalist_Party.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_Puerto_Rican_Nationalist_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Flag_of_the_Puerto_Rican_Nationalist_Party.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Puerto_Rican_Nationalist_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="401" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Flag of the Puerto Rican Nationalist Party</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Events and revolts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Piedras_massacre" title="Río Piedras massacre">Río Piedras massacre</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ponce massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadets_of_the_Republic" title="Cadets of the Republic">Cadets of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gag_Law_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Gag Law (Puerto Rico)">Gag Law (<i>Ley de la Mordaza</i>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Nationalist_Party_revolts_of_the_1950s" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s">Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayuya_Uprising" title="Jayuya Uprising">Jayuya Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Nationalist_revolt" title="San Juan Nationalist revolt">San Juan Nationalist revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utuado_uprising" title="Utuado uprising">Utuado uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Attempted assassination of Harry S. Truman">Attempted assassination of Harry S. Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1954_United_States_Capitol_shooting" title="1954 United States Capitol shooting">1954 United States Capitol shooting</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Nationalist leaders</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Albizu_Campos" title="Pedro Albizu Campos">Pedro Albizu Campos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_S._Alegr%C3%ADa" title="José S. Alegría">José S. Alegría</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimiro_Berenguer" title="Casimiro Berenguer">Casimiro Berenguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanca_Canales" title="Blanca Canales">Blanca Canales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Cancel_Miranda" title="Rafael Cancel Miranda">Rafael Cancel Miranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Coll_y_Cuch%C3%AD" title="José Coll y Cuchí">José Coll y Cuchí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Collazo" title="Oscar Collazo">Oscar Collazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Collazo" title="Rosa Collazo">Rosa Collazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Corretjer" title="Juan Antonio Corretjer">Juan Antonio Corretjer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_de_Burgos" title="Julia de Burgos">Julia de Burgos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimundo_D%C3%ADaz_Pacheco" title="Raimundo Díaz Pacheco">Raimundo Díaz Pacheco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolita_Lebr%C3%B3n" title="Lolita Lebrón">Lolita Lebrón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_L%C3%B3pez_de_Victoria" title="Tomás López de Victoria">Tomás López de Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Margenat" title="Hugo Margenat">Hugo Margenat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Matos_Paoli" title="Francisco Matos Paoli">Francisco Matos Paoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Mary_Reynolds" title="Ruth Mary Reynolds">Ruth Mary Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolina_Rond%C3%B3n" title="Isolina Rondón">Isolina Rondón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidal_Santiago_D%C3%ADaz" title="Vidal Santiago Díaz">Vidal Santiago Díaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemente_Soto_V%C3%A9lez" title="Clemente Soto Vélez">Clemente Soto Vélez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griselio_Torresola" title="Griselio Torresola">Griselio Torresola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_V%C3%A9lez_Alvarado" title="Antonio Vélez Alvarado">Antonio Vélez Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_V%C3%A9lez_Rieckehoff" title="Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff">Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olga_Viscal_Garriga" title="Olga Viscal Garriga">Olga Viscal Garriga</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Notable nationalists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margot_Arce_de_V%C3%A1zquez" title="Margot Arce de Vázquez">Margot Arce de Vázquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El%C3%ADas_Beauchamp" title="Elías Beauchamp">Elías Beauchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelo_Delgado_Delgado" title="Carmelo Delgado Delgado">Carmelo Delgado Delgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andres_Figueroa_Cordero" title="Andres Figueroa Cordero">Andres Figueroa Cordero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvin_Flores" title="Irvin Flores">Irvin Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Freire_de_Matos" title="Isabel Freire de Matos">Isabel Freire de Matos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Rosado" title="Hiram Rosado">Hiram Rosado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Rosado" title="Isabel Rosado">Isabel Rosado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ferrer_Canales" title="José Ferrer Canales">José Ferrer Canales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Marqu%C3%A9s" title="René Marqués">René Marqués</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Ortiz_D%C3%A1vila" title="Pedro Ortiz Dávila">Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ%C3%A1n_Rieckehoff" title="Germán Rieckehoff">Germán Rieckehoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Tr%C3%ADas" title="Helen Rodríguez Trías">Helen Rodríguez Trías</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Santos_(singer)" title="Daniel Santos (singer)">Daniel Santos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te%C3%B3filo_Villavicencio_Marxuach" title="Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach">Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Ben%C3%ADtez_Rexach" title="Félix Benítez Rexach">Félix Benítez Rexach</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Puerto_Rican_Nationalist_Party" title="Template:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Puerto_Rican_Nationalist_Party" title="Template talk:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Puerto_Rican_Nationalist_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Puerto Rican Nationalist Party"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Ponce massacre</b> was an event that took place on <a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a>, March 21, 1937, in <a href="/wiki/Ponce,_Puerto_Rico" title="Ponce, Puerto Rico">Ponce, Puerto Rico</a>, when a peaceful civilian <a href="/wiki/Marching" title="Marching">march</a> turned into a police shooting in which 17 civilians and two policemen were killed,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and more than 200 civilians wounded. None of the civilians were armed and most of the dead were reportedly shot in their backs.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The march had been organized by the <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Nationalist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Nationalist Party">Puerto Rican Nationalist Party</a> to commemorate the abolition of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in Puerto Rico">slavery in Puerto Rico</a> by the governing Spanish National Assembly in 1873,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to protest the U.S. government's imprisonment of the Party's leader, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Albizu_Campos" title="Pedro Albizu Campos">Pedro Albizu Campos</a>, on <a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">sedition</a> charges.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An investigation led by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Commission_on_Civil_Rights" title="United States Commission on Civil Rights">United States Commission on Civil Rights</a> put the blame for the massacre squarely on the U.S.-appointed governor of Puerto Rico, <a href="/wiki/Blanton_Winship" title="Blanton Winship">Blanton Winship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LMM_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LMM-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-democracynow.org_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-democracynow.org-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further criticism by members of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Congress">U.S. Congress</a> led President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> to remove Winship as governor in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-llmc.com_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-llmc.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Governor Winship was never prosecuted for the massacre and no one under his <a href="/wiki/Command_hierarchy" title="Command hierarchy">chain of command</a> – including the police who took part in the event, and admitted to the mass shooting – was prosecuted or reprimanded.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunter_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ponce massacre remains the largest massacre in U.S. imperial history in Puerto Rico.<sup id="cite_ref-democracynow.org_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-democracynow.org-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been the source of many articles, books, paintings, films, and theatrical works. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronology_of_events">Chronology of events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ponce_massacre&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Chronology of events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ponce_Massacre.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ponce_Massacre.JPG/500px-Ponce_Massacre.JPG" decoding="async" width="405" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Ponce_Massacre.JPG/608px-Ponce_Massacre.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/Ponce_Massacre.JPG 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="368" /></a><figcaption>Carlos Torres Morales, a photo journalist for the newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/El_Imparcial" title="El Imparcial">El Imparcial</a></i> was covering the march and took this photograph when the shooting began.<sup id="cite_ref-hogar_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hogar-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Several days before the scheduled Palm Sunday march, the <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Nationalist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Nationalist Party">Nationalists</a> had received legal permits for a peaceful protest from <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Tormos_Diego" title="José Tormos Diego">José Tormos Diego</a>, the mayor of Ponce. According to a 1926 Puerto Rico Supreme Court ruling, government permits were not necessary for the use of plazas, parks or streets for meetings or parades.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a courtesy to the Ponce municipal government, the Nationalists nevertheless requested the permit.<sup id="cite_ref-vazquez_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vazquez-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon learning about the march, the U.S.-appointed governor of Puerto Rico, <a href="/wiki/Blanton_Winship" title="Blanton Winship">General Blanton Winship</a>, ordered the new Insular Police Chief, Colonel Enrique de Orbeta, to contact Mayor Tormos and have him cancel the parade permit. He ordered the police chief to increase the police force in the southern city, and to stop, "by all means necessary", any demonstration conducted by the nationalists in Ponce.<sup id="cite_ref-Vázquez_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vázquez-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Without notice to the organizers, or any opportunity to appeal, or any time to arrange an alternate venue, the permits were abruptly withdrawn, just before the protest was scheduled to begin.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunter_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following Governor Winship's orders, Colonel de Orbeta went to Ponce where he concentrated police units from across the island sporting "the latest riot control equipment", among which he included the machine gunners in the island. Winship intended to crush the activities of the Nationalists and their leader, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Albizu_Campos" title="Pedro Albizu Campos">Pedro Albizu Campos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LMM_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LMM-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Col._de_Orbeta_-_Ponce_Massacre_(El_Mundo).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Col._de_Orbeta_-_Ponce_Massacre_%28El_Mundo%29.jpg/230px-Col._de_Orbeta_-_Ponce_Massacre_%28El_Mundo%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Col._de_Orbeta_-_Ponce_Massacre_%28El_Mundo%29.jpg/345px-Col._de_Orbeta_-_Ponce_Massacre_%28El_Mundo%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Col._de_Orbeta_-_Ponce_Massacre_%28El_Mundo%29.jpg/460px-Col._de_Orbeta_-_Ponce_Massacre_%28El_Mundo%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Police Chief de Orbeta and Insular Police officers, immediately after the massacre</figcaption></figure> <p>The Insular Police, a force somewhat resembling the <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="National Guard of the United States">National Guard</a>, was under the direct military command of Governor Winship<sup id="cite_ref-llmc.com_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-llmc.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ultimate responsibility for the massacre fell on Winship, who controlled the National Guard and Insular Police, "and ordered the massacre."<sup id="cite_ref-Vázquez_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vázquez-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-democracynow.org_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-democracynow.org-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Police Chief Guillermo Soldevilla of the municipality of <a href="/wiki/Juana_Diaz,_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Juana Diaz, Puerto Rico">Juana Díaz</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with 14 policemen, took a position in front of the marchers. Chief Perez Segarra and Sgt. Rafael Molina, commanding nine policemen armed with <a href="/wiki/Thompson_submachine_gun" title="Thompson submachine gun">Thompson submachine guns</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hunter_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and tear gas bombs, stood in the back. Chief of Police Antonio Bernardi, heading 11 policemen armed with machine guns, stood in the east; and another group of 12 police, armed with rifles, was placed in the west. According to some reports, police numbered "over 200 heavily armed" guards.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viva_la_Republica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Viva_la_Republica.jpg/290px-Viva_la_Republica.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Viva_la_Republica.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="186" /></a><figcaption>The <i>"Viva la República, Abajo los Asesinos"</i> (English: "Long live the Republic, Down with the Murderers!") message which cadet Bolívar Márquez Telechea wrote with his blood before he died.</figcaption></figure><p> As <i><a href="/wiki/La_Borinque%C3%B1a" title="La Borinqueña">La Borinqueña</a></i>, Puerto Rico's national song, was being played, the Ponce branch of the <a href="/wiki/Cadets_of_the_Republic" title="Cadets of the Republic">Cadets of the Republic</a> under the command of <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_L%C3%B3pez_de_Victoria" title="Tomás López de Victoria">Tomás López de Victoria</a> and the rest of the demonstrators began to march.<sup id="cite_ref-LMM_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LMM-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Insular Police started firing on the marchers – killing 17 unarmed civilians, two policemen,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and wounding over 200 civilians, including women and children.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Police firing went on for over 15 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunter_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dead included 17 men, one woman, and a young girl. Some of the dead were demonstrators/cadets, while others were passersby. As of 2009, only two survivors were known to be alive, siblings Fernando and Beatriz Vélez.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The flag-bearer of the <a href="/wiki/Cadets_of_the_Republic" title="Cadets of the Republic">Cadets of the Republic</a> was shot and killed during the massacre. A young girl, Carmen Fernández proceeded to take the flag, but was shot and gravely injured. A young Nationalist cadet named Bolívar Márquez dragged himself to the wall of <a href="/wiki/Hospital_Metropolitano_Dr._Pila" title="Hospital Metropolitano Dr. Pila">Santo Asilo de Damas</a> and wrote with his blood the following message before dying:<sup id="cite_ref-vazquez_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vazquez-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-album_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-album-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote centered" style="width:50%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><big> <b>"¡Viva la República, Abajo los asesinos!"</b><br /> <p><b>("Long live the Republic, Down with the Murderers!")</b> </p> </big><br /></div> </blockquote> </div> <p>Many were chased by the police and shot or clubbed at the entrance of their houses as they tried to escape. Others were taken from their hiding places and killed. Leopold Tormes, a member of the Puerto Rico legislature, claimed to reporters that a policeman had murdered a nationalist with his bare hands.<sup id="cite_ref-WAAPR_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WAAPR-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dr. <a href="/wiki/Jose_N._Gandara" class="mw-redirect" title="Jose N. Gandara">José Gandara</a>, a physician who assisted the wounded, testified that wounded people running away were shot, and that many were again wounded by the clubs and bare fists of the police.<sup id="cite_ref-album_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-album-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No arms were found in the hands of the civilians wounded, nor on the dead ones. About 150 of the demonstrators were arrested immediately afterward; they were later released on bail.<sup id="cite_ref-WAAPR_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WAAPR-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Official_version_of_the_events">Official version of the events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ponce_massacre&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Official version of the events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The next day, Winship <a href="/wiki/Radiogram_(message)" title="Radiogram (message)">radioed</a> Washington and reported, officially, that the Nationalists had initiated the shooting.<sup id="cite_ref-kalathos_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kalathos-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of his radiogram report stated that "two shots were fired by the Nationalists ... with Nationalists firing from the street, and from roofs and balconies on both sides of the street ... [the police] showed great patience, consideration and understanding of the situation, as did the officers and men under him [the Police Chief]."<sup id="cite_ref-kalathos_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kalathos-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following day, as a result of this misinformation,<sup id="cite_ref-llmc.com_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-llmc.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <i>New York Times</i> and <i>Washington Post</i> reported that a Nationalist political revolt had claimed the lives of more than eighteen people in Puerto Rico.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Puerto Rican senator <a href="/wiki/Luis_Mu%C3%B1oz_Mar%C3%ADn" title="Luis Muñoz Marín">Luis Muñoz Marín</a> traveled to the city of Ponce to investigate the event. After examining the photograph taken by Carlos Torres Morales of <i><a href="/wiki/El_Imparcial" title="El Imparcial">El Imparcial</a></i>, which had not yet been published, he wrote a letter to Ruth Hampton, an official at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior" title="United States Department of the Interior">Department of the Interior</a>. He said that the photograph showed that the policemen were not shooting at the uniformed Nationalists (Cadets), but at a terrified crowd in full flight.<sup id="cite_ref-kalathos_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kalathos-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Investigation_and_the_Hays_Commission">Investigation and the Hays Commission</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ponce_massacre&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Investigation and the Hays Commission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nationalists_trial_(Ponce,_Puerto_Rico).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Nationalists_trial_%28Ponce%2C_Puerto_Rico%29.jpg/200px-Nationalists_trial_%28Ponce%2C_Puerto_Rico%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Nationalists_trial_%28Ponce%2C_Puerto_Rico%29.jpg/300px-Nationalists_trial_%28Ponce%2C_Puerto_Rico%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Nationalists_trial_%28Ponce%2C_Puerto_Rico%29.jpg/400px-Nationalists_trial_%28Ponce%2C_Puerto_Rico%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="901" /></a><figcaption>Defendants during the trial of the Nationalists at the <a href="/wiki/Antiguo_Cuartel_Militar_Espa%C3%B1ol_de_Ponce" title="Antiguo Cuartel Militar Español de Ponce">former Spanish Army barracks</a> in Ponce, Puerto Rico (December 1937).</figcaption></figure> <p>Initial investigations of the event differed on whether the police or the marchers fired the first shots. Governor Winship applied pressure on the district attorney's office in charge of the investigation. He requested that the public prosecutor from Ponce, Rafael Pérez Marchand, "arrest more Nationalists", and that no charges be filed against the police. The prosecutor resigned as a result of being denied the opportunity to conduct a proper investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-Diaspora_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diaspora-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A Puerto Rican government investigation into the incident drew few conclusions. A second, independent investigation ordered by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Commission_on_Civil_Rights" title="United States Commission on Civil Rights">United States Commission on Civil Rights</a> led by the <a href="/wiki/ACLU" class="mw-redirect" title="ACLU">ACLU</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Garfield_Hays" title="Arthur Garfield Hays">Arthur Garfield Hays</a>, together with Puerto Rican citizens Fulgencio Piñero, Emilio Belaval, José Davila Rice, Antonio Ayuyo Valdivieso, Manuel Díaz García, and Francisco M. Zeno took place. This investigation concluded that the events on 21 March constituted a massacre and mob action by the police. The report harshly criticized the repressive tactics and massive civil rights violations by Governor Winship.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunter_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After viewing the photograph taken by Carlos Torres Morales, Hays in his report to the American Civil Liberties Union questioned why the governor's investigation had not used the photography, which was among two that were widely published. According to Hays, the photograph clearly showed 18 armed policeman at the corner of Aurora and Marina streets, ready to fire upon a group of innocent bystanders.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The image showed the white smoke in the barrel of a policeman's revolver as he fired upon the unarmed people. The Hays Commission questioned why the policemen fired directly <i>at the crowd</i>, and not at the Nationalist Cadets.<sup id="cite_ref-vazquez_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vazquez-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ponce_massacre&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relatives_of_Nationalists_killed_in_the_Ponce_massacre.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Relatives_of_Nationalists_killed_in_the_Ponce_massacre.png/200px-Relatives_of_Nationalists_killed_in_the_Ponce_massacre.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Relatives_of_Nationalists_killed_in_the_Ponce_massacre.png/300px-Relatives_of_Nationalists_killed_in_the_Ponce_massacre.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Relatives_of_Nationalists_killed_in_the_Ponce_massacre.png/400px-Relatives_of_Nationalists_killed_in_the_Ponce_massacre.png 2x" data-file-width="4295" data-file-height="4216" /></a><figcaption>Relatives of those killed in the Ponce massacre standing by the police bullet-ridden wall at the Nationalist Party headquarters in Ponce.</figcaption></figure> <p>The following are the names of those killed:<sup id="cite_ref-hogar_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hogar-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li>Cotal Nieves, Juan Delgado</li> <li>Hernández de Rosario, María</li> <li>Jiménez Morales, Luis</li> <li>Loyola López, Ceferino (Insular Police Officer)</li> <li>Maldonado, Georgina (12-year-old)</li> <li>Márquez Telechea, Bolívar</li> <li>Ortiz Toro, Ramón</li> <li>Perea, Ulpiano</li> <li>Delgado Pietrantoni, José Antonio (National Guard)</li> <li>Reyes Rivera, Juan</li> <li>Rivera López, Conrado</li> <li>Rodríguez Figueras, Iván G.</li> <li>Rodríguez Méndez, Jenaro</li> <li>Rodríguez Rivera, Pedro Juan</li> <li>Rosario, Obdulio</li> <li>Sánchez Pérez, Eusebio (Insular Police Officer)</li> <li>Santos Ortiz, Juan</li> <li>Torres Gregory, Juan</li> <li>Vélez Torres, Teodoro</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ponce_massacre&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lack_of_convictions">Lack of convictions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ponce_massacre&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lack of convictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the aftermath of the massacre, no police officer was convicted or sentenced to jail. No police were demoted or suspended and Governor Winship never issued a public apology.<sup id="cite_ref-Hunter_13-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hunter-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reaction_in_the_U.S._Congress">Reaction in the U.S. Congress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ponce_massacre&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reaction in the U.S. Congress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Ponce massacre reverberated through the U.S. Congress. On the House floor, Congressman <a href="/wiki/John_T._Bernard" class="mw-redirect" title="John T. Bernard">John T. Bernard</a> expressed his shock and outrage. He said: "The police in <a href="/wiki/Ponce,_Puerto_Rico" title="Ponce, Puerto Rico">Ponce</a>, probably with the encouragement of the North American police chief and even the governor, opened fire on a Palm Sunday Nationalist march, killing seventeen and wounding more than two hundred."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Congressman <a href="/wiki/Vito_Marcantonio" title="Vito Marcantonio">Vito Marcantonio</a> joined in the criticism, filing charges against Governor Winship with President Roosevelt. In his speech before Congress titled "Five Years of Tyranny", Congressman Vito Marcantonio reported that <i>"Ex-Governor Blanton Winship, of Puerto Rico, was summarily removed by the President of the United States on May 12, 1939"</i> after charges were filed against Mr. Winship with the President. In his speech, the Congressman detailed the number of killings by the police and added, <i>"the facts show that the affair of March 21 in Ponce was a massacre ... Governor Winship tried to cover up this massacre by filing a mendacious report"</i> and the congressman called Governor Winship a "tyrant".<sup id="cite_ref-piri_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-piri-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attempt_on_Governor_Winship's_life"><span id="Attempt_on_Governor_Winship.27s_life"></span>Attempt on Governor Winship's life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ponce_massacre&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Attempt on Governor Winship's life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The year following the Ponce massacre, on 25 July 1938, Governor Winship wanted to mark the anniversary of the U.S. 1898 invasion of Puerto Rico with a military parade. He chose the city of Ponce to demonstrate that his "Law and Order" policy had been successful against the Nationalists. During the parade, shots were fired at the grandstand where Winship and his officials were sitting in an attempt to assassinate him. It was the first time that an attempt was made on the life of a Governor of Puerto Rico. Winship escaped unharmed but two men, the assailant and a police officer, were killed, and 36 people were wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-Trove_1938_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trove_1938-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dead were the Nationalist Ángel Esteban Antongiorgi and National Guard Colonel Luis Irizarry. The Nationalist Party denied participation in the attack, but the government arrested several Nationalists and accused nine of "murder and conspiracy to incite violence."<sup id="cite_ref-SP_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SP-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the nine Nationalists charged and convicted were <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_L%C3%B3pez_de_Victoria" title="Tomás López de Victoria">Tomás López de Victoria</a>, captain of the Ponce branch of the Cadets of the Republic, and fellow cadets Elifaz Escobar, Santiago González Castro, Juan Pietri and Prudencio Segarra. They served eight years in the Puerto Rico State Penitentiary. The four were pardoned by the next full-term U.S.-appointed governor, <a href="/wiki/Rexford_Guy_Tugwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Rexford Guy Tugwell">Rexford Guy Tugwell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Winship tried to repress the Nationalists. <a href="/wiki/Jaime_Benitez" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaime Benitez">Jaime Benítez Rexach</a>, a student at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> at the time and later long-time chancellor of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Puerto_Rico" title="University of Puerto Rico">University of Puerto Rico</a>, wrote to President Roosevelt stating, "Governor [Winship] himself through his military approach to things has helped keep Puerto Rico in an unnecessary state of turmoil. He seems to think that the political problem of Puerto Rico limits itself to a fight between himself and the Nationalists, that no holds are barred in that fight and that everybody else should keep out."<sup id="cite_ref-SP_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SP-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Winship was replaced in 1939. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ponce_massacre&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ACLU_Chapter">ACLU Chapter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ponce_massacre&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: ACLU Chapter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museo_de_la_Masacre_de_Ponce,_C._Marina_y_C._Aurora,_Bo._Cuarto,_Ponce,_Puerto_Rico,_mirando_al_sureste_(IMG_2929).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Museo_de_la_Masacre_de_Ponce%2C_C._Marina_y_C._Aurora%2C_Bo._Cuarto%2C_Ponce%2C_Puerto_Rico%2C_mirando_al_sureste_%28IMG_2929%29.jpg/225px-Museo_de_la_Masacre_de_Ponce%2C_C._Marina_y_C._Aurora%2C_Bo._Cuarto%2C_Ponce%2C_Puerto_Rico%2C_mirando_al_sureste_%28IMG_2929%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Museo_de_la_Masacre_de_Ponce%2C_C._Marina_y_C._Aurora%2C_Bo._Cuarto%2C_Ponce%2C_Puerto_Rico%2C_mirando_al_sureste_%28IMG_2929%29.jpg/338px-Museo_de_la_Masacre_de_Ponce%2C_C._Marina_y_C._Aurora%2C_Bo._Cuarto%2C_Ponce%2C_Puerto_Rico%2C_mirando_al_sureste_%28IMG_2929%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Museo_de_la_Masacre_de_Ponce%2C_C._Marina_y_C._Aurora%2C_Bo._Cuarto%2C_Ponce%2C_Puerto_Rico%2C_mirando_al_sureste_%28IMG_2929%29.jpg/450px-Museo_de_la_Masacre_de_Ponce%2C_C._Marina_y_C._Aurora%2C_Bo._Cuarto%2C_Ponce%2C_Puerto_Rico%2C_mirando_al_sureste_%28IMG_2929%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Ponce_Massacre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponce Massacre Museum">Ponce Massacre Museum</a> in Ponce</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox" style="clear: left; float:left;margin:0 1.5em 1.5em 0;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> Newsreel scenes related to the Ponce massacre <b>Here</b></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>One of the by-products of the <a href="/wiki/Ponce_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Ponce Massacre">Ponce Massacre</a> and the Hays Commission was the creation in Puerto Rico of a chapter of the <a href="/wiki/ACLU" class="mw-redirect" title="ACLU">ACLU</a> on May 21, 1937. It was named "Asociación Puertorriqueña de Libertades Civiles" (Puerto Rican Association of Civil Liberties). Its first president was Tomás Blanco, Felipe Colón Díaz and Antonio Fernós Isern were its vice-presidents, the treasurer was Inés María Mendoza, the Secretary was attorney Vicente Géigel Polanco, and the association's legal counsel was attorney <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Ramos_Antonini" title="Ernesto Ramos Antonini">Ernesto Ramos Antonini</a>. <a href="/wiki/Luis_Mu%C3%B1oz_Marin" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Muñoz Marin">Luis Muñoz Marin</a> and many leaders from Ponce, including attorney Pérez Marchand and some of the members of the Hays Commission were also among the founders.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kalathos_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kalathos-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, the Ponce massacre is commemorated annually.<sup id="cite_ref-periodicolaperla.com_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-periodicolaperla.com-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176" /><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>The main consequence of the Ponce Massacre, like the main consequence of the other episodes of <a href="/wiki/State_terrorism" title="State terrorism">state terrorism</a> in the history of our people, is the fear that has been planted into the people of Puerto Rico, the fear that has come to form part of the life of our people, regarding the idea of the struggle for independence. The people of Puerto Rico has,  [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] for the most part, reached the conclusion, as a result of those episodes, that to be an <i>independentista</i> is dangerous, that to be <i>indepedentista</i> means persecution, damage to the person, serious financial difficulties. As a result, that has diminished the rank and file for the ideology of independence and has made very difficult the growth of the independence ideology in Puerto Rico."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> </div> <p><br /> Ponce Massacre Museum The <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Puerto_Rican_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Puerto Rican Culture">Institute of Puerto Rican Culture</a>, an agency of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Government of Puerto Rico">Government of Puerto Rico</a>, operates the <a href="/wiki/Museo_de_la_Masacre_de_Ponce" title="Museo de la Masacre de Ponce">Ponce Massacre Museum</a>. It is located at the intersection where the events took place (corner of Marina and Aurora streets). The museum houses photographs and various artifacts from the Ponce massacre. A section of the museum is dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Albizu_Campos" title="Pedro Albizu Campos">Pedro Albizu Campos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ponce_massacre&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The book <i>Revolucion en el Infierno</i> (Revolution in Hell) was published in 2002, and the <a href="/wiki/Television_film" title="Television film">television film</a> by the same name was released in 2004. It illustrates the events of the Ponce massacre through the life of one of the victims, Ulpiano Perea. The film is an adapted from the playwright by Roberto Ramos Perea, Ulpiano's nephew.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ponce_massacre&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casimiro_Berenguer" title="Casimiro Berenguer">Casimiro Berenguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grito_de_Lares" title="Grito de Lares">Grito de Lares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentona_de_Yauco" title="Intentona de Yauco">Intentona de Yauco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_revolutions_and_rebellions" title="List of revolutions and rebellions">List of revolutions and rebellions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_assassination_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="Truman assassination attempt">Truman assassination attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Nationalist_Party_Revolts_of_the_1950s" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s">Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Independence_Party" title="Puerto Rican Independence Party">Puerto Rican Independence Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Piedras_massacre" title="Río Piedras massacre">Río Piedras massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_killings_by_law_enforcement_officers_in_the_United_States" title="Lists of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States">Lists of killings by law enforcement officers in the United States</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ponce_massacre&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWagenheimde_Wagenheim2008" class="citation book cs1">Wagenheim, Kal; de Wagenheim, Olga Jiminez (2008). "The Grim Years". <i>The Puerto Ricans: A Documentary History</i>. Markus Wiener Publishers. pp. <span class="nowrap">179–</span>180. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781558764767" title="Special:BookSources/9781558764767"><bdi>9781558764767</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Grim+Years&rft.btitle=The+Puerto+Ricans%3A+A+Documentary+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E179-%3C%2Fspan%3E180&rft.pub=Markus+Wiener+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781558764767&rft.aulast=Wagenheim&rft.aufirst=Kal&rft.au=de+Wagenheim%2C+Olga+Jiminez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APonce+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-periodicolaperla.com-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-periodicolaperla.com_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-periodicolaperla.com_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMillán2012" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Millán, Reinaldo (21 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.periodicolaperla.com/masacre-de-ponce-tres-cuartos-de-siglo-no-esfuman-la-tragedia/">"Siete décadas no anulan tragedia"</a> (in Spanish). La Perla del Sur.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Siete+d%C3%A9cadas+no+anulan+tragedia&rft.pub=La+Perla+del+Sur&rft.date=2012-03-21&rft.aulast=Mill%C3%A1n&rft.aufirst=Reinaldo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.periodicolaperla.com%2Fmasacre-de-ponce-tres-cuartos-de-siglo-no-esfuman-la-tragedia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APonce+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-piri-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-piri_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-piri_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarcantonio" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Marcantonio, Vito. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112031601/http://www.cheverote.com/reviews/marcantonio.html">"Five Years of Tyranny"</a>. The Official Piri Thomas Website. Archived from the original on 12 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Five+Years+of+Tyranny&rft.pub=The+Official+Piri+Thomas+Website&rft.aulast=Marcantonio&rft.aufirst=Vito&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cheverote.com%2Freviews%2Fmarcantonio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APonce+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nelson A. Denis. <i>War Against all Puerto Ricans: Revolution and Terror in America's Colony.</i> New York: Nation Books, Perseus Books Group. 2015. pp.47, 49.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781568585017" title="Special:BookSources/9781568585017">9781568585017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2011" class="citation journal cs1">Meyer, Gerald J. (2011). "Pedro Albizu Campos, Gilberto Concepción de Gracia, and Vito Marcantonio's Collaboration in the Cause of Puerto Rico's Independence". <i>Centro Journal</i>. <b>XXIII</b> (1). New York: The City University of New York: <span class="nowrap">87–</span>123. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1538-6279">1538-6279</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Centro+Journal&rft.atitle=Pedro+Albizu+Campos%2C+Gilberto+Concepci%C3%B3n+de+Gracia%2C+and+Vito+Marcantonio%27s+Collaboration+in+the+Cause+of+Puerto+Rico%27s+Independence&rft.volume=XXIII&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E123&rft.date=2011&rft.issn=1538-6279&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Gerald+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APonce+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWagenheimJiménez_de_Wagenheim1998" class="citation book cs1">Wagenheim, Kal; Jiménez de Wagenheim, Olga (1998). <i>The Puerto Ricans: A Documentary History</i>. Maplewood, N.J.: Water Front Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">179–</span>182.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Puerto+Ricans%3A+A+Documentary+History&rft.place=Maplewood%2C+N.J.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E179-%3C%2Fspan%3E182&rft.pub=Water+Front+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Wagenheim&rft.aufirst=Kal&rft.au=Jim%C3%A9nez+de+Wagenheim%2C+Olga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APonce+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Declara al Gobernador que ha dado 'instrucciones terminantes' en el caso de Ponce". <i>El Mundo</i> (in Spanish). San Juan, Puerto Rico. 23 March 1937. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Mundo&rft.atitle=Declara+al+Gobernador+que+ha+dado+%27instrucciones+terminantes%27+en+el+caso+de+Ponce&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1937-03-23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APonce+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlack2009" class="citation book cs1">Black, Timothy (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whenheartturnsro00blac/page/5"><i>When a Heart Turns Rock Solid: The Lives of Three Puerto Rican Brothers On and Off the Streets</i></a></span>. Pantheon Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whenheartturnsro00blac/page/5">5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307377746" title="Special:BookSources/9780307377746"><bdi>9780307377746</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+a+Heart+Turns+Rock+Solid%3A+The+Lives+of+Three+Puerto+Rican+Brothers+On+and+Off+the+Streets&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780307377746&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhenheartturnsro00blac%2Fpage%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APonce+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNavarroXavier_Mejia2004" class="citation book cs1">Navarro, Sharon Ann; Xavier Mejia, Armando (2004). ABC-CLIO (ed.). <i>Latino Americans and Political Participation: A Reference Handbook</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781851095230" title="Special:BookSources/9781851095230"><bdi>9781851095230</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latino+Americans+and+Political+Participation%3A+A+Reference+Handbook&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781851095230&rft.aulast=Navarro&rft.aufirst=Sharon+Ann&rft.au=Xavier+Mejia%2C+Armando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APonce+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LMM-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LMM_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LMM_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LMM_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaldonado2006" class="citation book cs1">Maldonado, A. W. (2006). <i>Luis Muñoz Marín: Puerto Rico's Democratic Revolution</i>. UPR: La Editorial. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780847701582" title="Special:BookSources/9780847701582"><bdi>9780847701582</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Luis+Mu%C3%B1oz+Mar%C3%ADn%3A+Puerto+Rico%27s+Democratic+Revolution&rft.place=UPR&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=La+Editorial&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780847701582&rft.aulast=Maldonado&rft.aufirst=A.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APonce+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-democracynow.org-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-democracynow.org_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-democracynow.org_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-democracynow.org_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGarcia-Passalacqua2007" class="citation interview cs1">Garcia-Passalacqua, Juan-Manuel (22 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.democracynow.org/2007/3/22/remembering_puerto_ricos_ponce_massacre">"Remembering Puerto Rico's Ponce Massacre"</a>. <i>Democracy Now</i> (Interview). Interviewed by Juan Gonzalez; Amy Goodman.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Democracy+Now&rft.atitle=Remembering+Puerto+Rico%27s+Ponce+Massacre&rft.date=2007-03-22&rft.aulast=Garcia-Passalacqua&rft.aufirst=Juan-Manuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.democracynow.org%2F2007%2F3%2F22%2Fremembering_puerto_ricos_ponce_massacre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APonce+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-llmc.com-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-llmc.com_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-llmc.com_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-llmc.com_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHayes,_Arthur_GarfieldCommission_of_Inquiry_on_Civil_Rights_in_Puerto_Rico1937" class="citation report cs1">Hayes, Arthur Garfield; Commission of Inquiry on Civil Rights in Puerto Rico (22 May 1937). Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Civil Rights in Puerto Rico (Report). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/304563805">304563805</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Commission+of+Inquiry+on+Civil+Rights+in+Puerto+Rico&rft.date=1937-05-22&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F304563805&rft.au=Hayes%2C+Arthur+Garfield&rft.au=Commission+of+Inquiry+on+Civil+Rights+in+Puerto+Rico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APonce+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hunter-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hunter_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hunter_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hunter_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hunter_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hunter_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hunter_13-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHunterBainbridge2005" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, Stephen; Bainbridge, John (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americangunfight00hunt"><i>American Gunfight: The Plot to Kill Harry Truman—And the Shoot-Out That Stopped It</i></a></span>. Simon and Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americangunfight00hunt/page/179">179</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780743281959" title="Special:BookSources/9780743281959"><bdi>9780743281959</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Gunfight%3A+The+Plot+to+Kill+Harry+Truman%E2%80%94And+the+Shoot-Out+That+Stopped+It&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780743281959&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Bainbridge%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericangunfight00hunt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APonce+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hogar-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hogar_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hogar_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proyectosalonhogar.com/enciclopedia_ilustrada/Masacre_de_Ponce.htm">"La Masacre de Ponce"</a>. <i>Enciclopedia Ilustrada</i> (in Spanish). proyectosalonhogar.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Enciclopedia+Ilustrada&rft.atitle=La+Masacre+de+Ponce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.proyectosalonhogar.com%2Fenciclopedia_ilustrada%2FMasacre_de_Ponce.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APonce+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRovira" class="citation web cs1">Rovira, Carlos. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.workers.org/ww/1999/ponce0104.php">"Puerto Rican revolutionary' remembers Ponce Massacre"</a>. Workers' World<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Puerto+Rican+revolutionary%27+remembers+Ponce+Massacre&rft.pub=Workers%27+World&rft.aulast=Rovira&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.workers.org%2Fww%2F1999%2Fponce0104.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APonce+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vazquez-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vazquez_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vazquez_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vazquez_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHernández_Vázquez2009" class="citation book cs1">Hernández Vázquez, Francisco (2009). <i>Latina Thought</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 393. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742563544" title="Special:BookSources/9780742563544"><bdi>9780742563544</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latina+Thought&rft.pages=393&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780742563544&rft.aulast=Hern%C3%A1ndez+V%C3%A1zquez&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APonce+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vázquez-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vázquez_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vázquez_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMedina_Vázquez2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Medina Vázquez, Raúl (2001). <i>Verdadera historia de la Masacre de Ponce</i> (in Spanish). Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña. pp. <span class="nowrap">50–</span>65. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/250032826">250032826</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Verdadera+historia+de+la+Masacre+de+Ponce&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E50-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.pub=Instituto+de+Cultura+Puertorrique%C3%B1a&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F250032826&rft.aulast=Medina+V%C3%A1zquez&rft.aufirst=Ra%C3%BAl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APonce+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150709024412/http://www.enciclopediapr.org/ing/article.cfm?ref=06102005">"The Ponce Massacre (1937)"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Puerto Rico</i>. Fundación Angel Ramos. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enciclopediapr.org/ing/article.cfm?ref=06102005">the original</a> on 9 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Ponce+Massacre+%281937%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Puerto+Rico&rft.pub=Fundaci%C3%B3n+Angel+Ramos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enciclopediapr.org%2Fing%2Farticle.cfm%3Fref%3D06102005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APonce+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFeaginFeagin2007" class="citation book cs1">Feagin, Joe R.; Feagin, Clairece Booher (2007). <i>Racial and Ethnic Relations</i>. Pearson/Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780132244046" title="Special:BookSources/9780132244046"><bdi>9780132244046</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racial+and+Ethnic+Relations&rft.pub=Pearson%2FPrentice+Hall&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780132244046&rft.aulast=Feagin&rft.aufirst=Joe+R.&rft.au=Feagin%2C+Clairece+Booher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APonce+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.periodicolaperla.com/masacre-de-ponce-tres-cuartos-de-siglo-no-esfuman-la-tragedia/"><i>Siete décadas no anulan tragedia.</i></a> Reinaldo Millán. La Perla del Sur. Ponce, Puerto Rico. Year 30. Issue 1477. p. 12. 21 March 2012. Retrieved 18 January 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nelson A. Denis. <i>War Against all Puerto Ricans: Revolution and Terror in America's Colony.</i> New York: Nation Books, Perseus Books Group. 2015. pp.47, 49. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781568585017" title="Special:BookSources/9781568585017">9781568585017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iarchives.nysed.gov/xtf/view?docId=1998-06.xml">"The Emelí Vélez de Vando Papers"</a>. <i>Archives of the Puerto Rican Diaspora</i>. Centro de Estudios Puertorriqueños, Hunter College, CUNY. June 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+the+Puerto+Rican+Diaspora&rft.atitle=The+Emel%C3%AD+V%C3%A9lez+de+Vando+Papers&rft.date=1998-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiarchives.nysed.gov%2Fxtf%2Fview%3FdocId%3D1998-06.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APonce+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-album-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-album_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-album_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJaneiro1963" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Janeiro, Luis Fortuño (1963). <i>Album Histórico de Ponce (1692–1963)</i> (in Spanish). Ponce, Puerto Rico: Imprenta Fortuño. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37361481">37361481</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Album+Hist%C3%B3rico+de+Ponce+%281692%E2%80%931963%29&rft.place=Ponce%2C+Puerto+Rico&rft.pub=Imprenta+Fortu%C3%B1o&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37361481&rft.aulast=Janeiro&rft.aufirst=Luis+Fortu%C3%B1o&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APonce+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jose Enrique Ayoroa Santaliz. <i>La Masacre de Ponce: Breve relacion de hechos y algunos de sus personajes.</i> Ponce, Puerto Rico: Ponce Massacre Museum. March 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WAAPR-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WAAPR_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WAAPR_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Denis, Nelson Antonio. <i>War Against All Puerto Ricans, Revolution and Terror in America's Colony</i>, p. 263, Nation Books, Perseus Books Group. 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1568585017" title="Special:BookSources/978-1568585017">978-1568585017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kalathos-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kalathos_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kalathos_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kalathos_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kalathos_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNatal2007" class="citation journal cs1">Natal, Carmelo Rosario (5 October 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kalathos.metro.inter.edu/kalathos_mag/publications/archivo1_vol1_no1.pdf">"Luis Muñoz Marín, Arthur Garfield Hayes y La Massacre de Ponce: Una Revelacion Documental Inedita"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Kálathos – Revista Transdisciplinaria</i>. <b>1</b> (1). Universidad Interamericana de Puerto Rico, Recinto Metro. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1940-9575">1940-9575</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=K%C3%A1lathos+%E2%80%93+Revista+Transdisciplinaria&rft.atitle=Luis+Mu%C3%B1oz+Mar%C3%ADn%2C+Arthur+Garfield+Hayes+y+La+Massacre+de+Ponce%3A+Una+Revelacion+Documental+Inedita&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2007-10-05&rft.issn=1940-9575&rft.aulast=Natal&rft.aufirst=Carmelo+Rosario&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkalathos.metro.inter.edu%2Fkalathos_mag%2Fpublications%2Farchivo1_vol1_no1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APonce+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Radiogram from Blanton Winship to Ernest Gruening, Director of the Division of Territories and Insular Possessions, Department of the Interior. 23 March 1937. Arthur Garfield Hayes Collection. Seeley G. Mudd Research Library. Princeton University.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodriguez-Perez, Katherine. <i>Reports on the Ponce Massacre: How the U.S. Press Protected U.S. Government Interests in the Wake of Tragedy</i>. Wesleyan Scholar (2010), p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diaspora-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Diaspora_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDelgado2005" class="citation book cs1">Delgado, Linda C. (2005). "Jésus Cólon and the Making of a Ney York City Community, 1917 to 1074". In Whalen, Carmen Teresa; Vázquez-Hernández, Víctor (eds.). <i>The Puerto Rican Diaspora: Historical Perspectives</i>. Temple University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781592134137" title="Special:BookSources/9781592134137"><bdi>9781592134137</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=J%C3%A9sus+C%C3%B3lon+and+the+Making+of+a+Ney+York+City+Community%2C+1917+to+1074&rft.btitle=The+Puerto+Rican+Diaspora%3A+Historical+Perspectives&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781592134137&rft.aulast=Delgado&rft.aufirst=Linda+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APonce+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruby A. Black. "Ponce Massacre" Report is Before Senate Committee: Describes Men, Women and Children Being Shot in Back, Clubbed to Death by Island Police", <i><a href="/wiki/Oshkosh,_Wisconsin" title="Oshkosh, Wisconsin">Oshkosh Daily Northwestern</a></i>, 19 June 1937, pg. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Extension of Remarks of the Honorable Congressman John T. Bernard of Minnesota in the <i>Congressional Record</i>, 75th Congress, 1st Session, 14 April 1937, volume 81, pp. 934–936</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHull1937" class="citation news cs1">Hull, Harwood (28 March 1937). "Clash Rekindles Puerto Rican Feud". <i>New York Times</i>. p. 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Clash+Rekindles+Puerto+Rican+Feud&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1937-03-28&rft.aulast=Hull&rft.aufirst=Harwood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APonce+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"7 Die in Puerto Rican Riot: 50 Injured as Police Fire on Fighting Nationalists". <i>New York Times</i>. 22 March 1937. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=7+Die+in+Puerto+Rican+Riot%3A+50+Injured+as+Police+Fire+on+Fighting+Nationalists&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1937-03-22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APonce+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBriggs2002" class="citation book cs1">Briggs, Laura (2002). <i>Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S. Imperialism in Puerto Rico</i>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. p. 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520232587" title="Special:BookSources/9780520232587"><bdi>9780520232587</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reproducing+Empire%3A+Race%2C+Sex%2C+Science%2C+and+U.S.+Imperialism+in+Puerto+Rico&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pages=220&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780520232587&rft.aulast=Briggs&rft.aufirst=Laura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APonce+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trove_1938-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trove_1938_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article234084981">"Attempted assassination"</a>. <i>The Macleay Argus</i>. 26 July 1938<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Macleay+Argus&rft.atitle=Attempted+assassination&rft.date=1938-07-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article234084981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APonce+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SP-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SP_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SP_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeruff2007" class="citation book cs1">Beruff, Jorge Rodriguez (2007). <i>Strategy As Politics: Puerto Rico on the Eve of the Second World War</i>. Universidad de Puerto Rico. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780847701605" title="Special:BookSources/9780847701605"><bdi>9780847701605</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strategy+As+Politics%3A+Puerto+Rico+on+the+Eve+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.pub=Universidad+de+Puerto+Rico&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780847701605&rft.aulast=Beruff&rft.aufirst=Jorge+Rodriguez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APonce+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBosque_PérezColón_Morera1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bosque Pérez, Ramón; Colón Morera, José Javier (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prdream.com/patria/timelines/timeline1-1930.html"><i>Las carpetas: persecución política y derechos civiles en Puerto Rico: ensayos y documentos</i></a> (in Spanish). Centro para la Investigación y Promoción de los Derechos Civiles. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780965004305" title="Special:BookSources/9780965004305"><bdi>9780965004305</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Las+carpetas%3A+persecuci%C3%B3n+pol%C3%ADtica+y+derechos+civiles+en+Puerto+Rico%3A+ensayos+y+documentos&rft.pub=Centro+para+la+Investigaci%C3%B3n+y+Promoci%C3%B3n+de+los+Derechos+Civiles&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780965004305&rft.aulast=Bosque+P%C3%A9rez&rft.aufirst=Ram%C3%B3n&rft.au=Col%C3%B3n+Morera%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Javier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prdream.com%2Fpatria%2Ftimelines%2Ftimeline1-1930.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APonce+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kalathos.metro.inter.edu/Num_1/Mu%F1oz_y_Masacre_de_Ponce.pdf">Creation of Puerto Rico's chapter of the ACLU</a> Retrieved August 15, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eGufnPJvAFU"><i>Documental: La Masacre de Ponce, Puerto Rico (21 de Marzo de 1937)</i></a>. Manuel E. Moraza Choisne (Esq.) In, "1937: Masacre de Ponce", Fundacion Puertorriqueña de las Humanidades, Corporacion de Puerto Rico para la Difusion Publica TuTV, National Endowment for the Humanities, Archivo General de Puerto Rico del Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña, National Endowment for the Arts, Oficina de Apoyo a las Artes del ICP, Fondo de Fianza Notarial del Colegio de Abogados de Puerto Rico, Museo y Centro de Estudios Humanisticos de la Universidad del Turabo, Fundacion Francisco Manrique Cabrera, Escuela de Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades de la Universidad Metropolitana. Publisher: Islas de Borinken. Produced by Manuela E. Moraza Ortiz (Esq.) & Dr. Jaime Hamilton-Márquez (PhD). 2002. Retrieved 19 February 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meliacenturyhotel.com/museo-de-la-masacre-de-ponce/"><i>Museo de la Masacre de Ponce.</i></a> Melia Century Hotel. 2015. Accessed 12 October 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paralanaturaleza.org/comienza-la-reparacion-del-museo-de-la-masacre-en-ponce/"><i>Comienza la reparación del Museo de la Masacre en Ponce: Los trabajos son supervisados por el Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña (ICP).</i></a> ParaLaNaturaleza.org Published in 2020. Accessed 12 October 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elnuevodia.com/entretenimiento/cultura/notas/comienza-la-reparacion-del-museo-de-la-masacre-en-ponce/"><i>Comienza la reparación del Museo de la Masacre en Ponce: Los trabajos son supervisados por el Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña (ICP).</i></a> El Nuevo Dia. Guaynabo, Puerto Rico. 21 January 2020. Accessed 12 October 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elvocero.com/revolucion-en-el-infierno-en-aniversario-de-masacre-de-ponce">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Revolución en el Infierno" en aniversario de Masacre de Ponce"</a>. El Vocero. 20 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Revoluci%C3%B3n+en+el+Infierno%22+en+aniversario+de+Masacre+de+Ponce&rft.pub=El+Vocero&rft.date=2014-03-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felvocero.com%2Frevolucion-en-el-infierno-en-aniversario-de-masacre-de-ponce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APonce+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ponce_massacre&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCorretjer2009" class="citation book cs1">Corretjer, Juan Antonio (2009). "19 – Albizu Campos and the Ponce Massacre". In Vázquez, Francisco Hernández (ed.). <i>Latino/a Thought</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. <span class="nowrap">377–</span>404. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0742563544" title="Special:BookSources/978-0742563544"><bdi>978-0742563544</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=19+%E2%80%93+Albizu+Campos+and+the+Ponce+Massacre&rft.btitle=Latino%2Fa+Thought&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E377-%3C%2Fspan%3E404&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0742563544&rft.aulast=Corretjer&rft.aufirst=Juan+Antonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APonce+massacre" class="Z3988"></span><br />This book, sometimes called a pamphlet, by Corretjer was written in English as it was intended for the U.S. American public audience. Its purpose was to raise conscience among the American people about the event of the Ponce Massacre as most Americans had never heard of the involvement of the U.S. government and the U.S. media in that massacre. The pamphlet, currently (January 2014) out of print, was reprinted in its entirely as Chapter 19 in Francisco Hernandez Vazquez's book <i>Latino/a Thought</i> (pp 377–404), Rowman & Littlefield Publishers (2009).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGonzalez2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Gonzalez_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Gonzalez (journalist)">Gonzalez, Juan</a> (2012). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/harvestofempireh0000gonz"><i>Harvest of Empire: A History of Latinos in America</i></a></span>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143119289" title="Special:BookSources/978-0143119289"><bdi>978-0143119289</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harvest+of+Empire%3A+A+History+of+Latinos+in+America&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0143119289&rft.aulast=Gonzalez&rft.aufirst=Juan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fharvestofempireh0000gonz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APonce+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ponce_massacre&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ufdc.ufl.edu/CA03599022/00765">"Aumentan a quince los muertos de Ponce"</a> [Ponce death toll rises to fifteen]. <i>El Mundo</i> (in Spanish). 23 March 1937.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Mundo&rft.atitle=Aumentan+a+quince+los+muertos+de+Ponce&rft.date=1937-03-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fufdc.ufl.edu%2FCA03599022%2F00765&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APonce+massacre" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090216032638/http://www.icp.gobierno.pr/myp/museos/m3.htm"><i>Ponce Massacre Museum</i></a>, icp.gobierno.pr; accessed 8 July 2015.<span class="languageicon">(in Spanish)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120820071334/http://www.cheverote.com/reviews/marcantonio.html"><i>Five Years of Tyranny.</i></a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup> U.S. Congressman Vito Marcantonio. August 14, 1939.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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in Puerto Rico">Independence movement in Puerto Rico</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous resistance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ag%C3%BCeyban%C3%A1_I" title="Agüeybaná I">Agüeybaná I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ag%C3%BCeyban%C3%A1_II" title="Agüeybaná II">Agüeybaná II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arasibo" title="Arasibo">Arasibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayuya" title="Hayuya">Hayuya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumacao" title="Jumacao">Jumacao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urayo%C3%A1n" title="Urayoán">Urayoán</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Union of Puerto Rico">Union Party of Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Association_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Independence Association of Puerto Rico">Independence Association of Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Liberal Party of Puerto Rico">Liberal Party of Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Independence_Party" title="Puerto Rican Independence Party">Puerto Rican Independence Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Nationalist Party of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rican Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hostosian_National_Independence_Movement" title="Hostosian National Independence Movement">Hostosian National Independence Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Front_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Socialist Front (Puerto Rico)">Socialist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_Pro-Independence_University_Federation" title="Puerto Rico Pro-Independence University Federation">Puerto Rico Pro-Independence University Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Lords" title="Young Lords">Young Lords</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Militant organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadets_of_the_Republic" title="Cadets of the Republic">Cadets of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boricua_Popular_Army" title="Boricua Popular Army">Boricua Popular Army</a> (Macheteros)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuerzas_Armadas_de_Liberaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_Puertorrique%C3%B1a" title="Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional Puertorriqueña">Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación Nacional</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Emeterio_Betances" title="Ramón Emeterio Betances">Ramón Emeterio Betances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_Bracetti" title="Mariana Bracetti">Mariana Bracetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathias_Brugman" title="Mathias Brugman">Mathias Brugman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Cofres%C3%AD" title="Roberto Cofresí">Roberto Cofresí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_las_Mercedes_Barbudo" title="María de las Mercedes Barbudo">María de las Mercedes Barbudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Diego" title="José de Diego">José de Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Hostos" title="Eugenio María de Hostos">Eugenio María de Hostos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Gonzalo_Mar%C3%ADn" title="Francisco Gonzalo Marín">Francisco Gonzalo Marín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosendo_Matienzo_Cintr%C3%B3n" title="Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón">Rosendo Matienzo Cintrón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Mattei_Lluberas" title="Antonio Mattei Lluberas">Antonio Mattei Lluberas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ram%C3%ADrez_Medina" title="Francisco Ramírez Medina">Francisco Ramírez Medina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gualberto_Padilla" title="José Gualberto Padilla">José Gualberto Padilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lola_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Ti%C3%B3" title="Lola Rodríguez de Tió">Lola Rodríguez de Tió</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Rojas_(independence_leader)" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel Rojas (independence leader)">Manuel Rojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_R%C3%ADus_Rivera" title="Juan Ríus Rivera">Juan Ríus Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segundo_Ruiz_Belvis" title="Segundo Ruiz Belvis">Segundo Ruiz Belvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Alfonso_Schomburg" title="Arturo Alfonso Schomburg">Arturo Alfonso Schomburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Valero_de_Bernab%C3%A9" title="Antonio Valero de Bernabé">Antonio Valero de Bernabé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Zeno_Gand%C3%ADa" title="Manuel Zeno Gandía">Manuel Zeno Gandía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(distiller)" title="Fernando Fernández (distiller)">Fernando Fernandez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Stahl" title="Agustín Stahl">Agustín Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Maldonado_Rom%C3%A1n" title="José Maldonado Román">José "Aguila Blanca" Maldonado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_Xiorro" title="Marcos Xiorro">Marcos Xiorro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st century<br />activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rafael_Barcel%C3%B3" title="Antonio Rafael Barceló">Antonio Rafael Barceló</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Ben%C3%ADtez_Rexach" title="Félix Benítez Rexach">Félix Benítez Rexach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Berr%C3%ADos" title="Rubén Berríos">Rubén Berríos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americo_Boschetti" title="Americo Boschetti">Americo Boschetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Mari_Br%C3%A1s" title="Juan Mari Brás">Juan Mari Brás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Hayd%C3%A9e_Beltr%C3%A1n_Torres" title="Marie Haydée Beltrán Torres">Marie Haydée Beltrán Torres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Brown_(Puerto_Rican_musician)" title="Roy Brown (Puerto Rican musician)">Roy Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayetano_Coll_y_Cuch%C3%AD" title="Cayetano Coll y Cuchí">Cayetano Coll y Cuchí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilberto_Concepci%C3%B3n_de_Gracia" title="Gilberto Concepción de Gracia">Gilberto Concepción de Gracia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Dalmau" title="Juan Dalmau">Juan Dalmau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Ortiz_D%C3%A1vila" title="Pedro Ortiz Dávila">Pedro Ortiz Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_M._D%C3%A1vila_Monsanto" title="José M. Dávila Monsanto">José M. Dávila Monsanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizam_Escobar" title="Elizam Escobar">Elizam Escobar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Figueroa" title="Leopoldo Figueroa">Leopoldo Figueroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Manuel_Gerena" title="Víctor Manuel Gerena">Víctor Manuel Gerena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Irizarry_Mora" title="Edwin Irizarry Mora">Edwin Irizarry Mora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Llor%C3%A9ns_Torres" title="Luis Lloréns Torres">Luis Lloréns Torres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_L%C3%B3pez_Rivera" title="Oscar López Rivera">Oscar López Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filiberto_Ojeda_R%C3%ADos" title="Filiberto Ojeda Ríos">Filiberto Ojeda Ríos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_S._Pedreira" title="Antonio S. Pedreira">Antonio S. Pedreira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pietri" title="Pedro Pietri">Pedro Pietri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Poventud" title="Miguel Poventud">Miguel Poventud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_Rivero_M%C3%A9ndez" title="Ángel Rivero Méndez">Ángel Rivero Méndez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Orellana" title="Manuel Rodríguez Orellana">Manuel Rodríguez Orellana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_de_Lourdes_Santiago" title="María de Lourdes Santiago">María de Lourdes Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piri_Thomas" title="Piri Thomas">Piri Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandrina_Torres" title="Alejandrina Torres">Alejandrina Torres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Alberto_Torres_(Puerto_Rican_nationalist)" title="Carlos Alberto Torres (Puerto Rican nationalist)">Carlos Alberto Torres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iris_Zavala" class="mw-redirect" title="Iris Zavala">Iris Zavala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Nationalist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Nationalist Party">Puerto Rican<br />Nationalist Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Albizu_Campos" title="Pedro Albizu Campos">Pedro Albizu Campos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_S._Alegr%C3%ADa" title="José S. Alegría">José S. Alegría</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margot_Arce_de_V%C3%A1zquez" title="Margot Arce de Vázquez">Margot Arce de Vázquez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El%C3%ADas_Beauchamp" title="Elías Beauchamp">Elías Beauchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casimiro_Berenguer" title="Casimiro Berenguer">Casimiro Berenguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_de_Burgos" title="Julia de Burgos">Julia de Burgos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanca_Canales" title="Blanca Canales">Blanca Canales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemesio_Canales" title="Nemesio Canales">Nemesio Canales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Cancel_Miranda" title="Rafael Cancel Miranda">Rafael Cancel Miranda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Coll_y_Cuch%C3%AD" title="José Coll y Cuchí">José Coll y Cuchí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Collazo" title="Oscar Collazo">Oscar Collazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Collazo" title="Rosa Collazo">Rosa Collazo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Antonio_Corretjer" title="Juan Antonio Corretjer">Juan Antonio Corretjer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ferrer_Canales" title="José Ferrer Canales">José Ferrer Canales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Freire_de_Matos" title="Isabel Freire de Matos">Isabel Freire de Matos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelo_Delgado_Delgado" title="Carmelo Delgado Delgado">Carmelo Delgado Delgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimundo_D%C3%ADaz_Pacheco" title="Raimundo Díaz Pacheco">Raimundo Díaz Pacheco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andres_Figueroa_Cordero" title="Andres Figueroa Cordero">Andres Figueroa Cordero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irvin_Flores" title="Irvin Flores">Irvin Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lolita_Lebr%C3%B3n" title="Lolita Lebrón">Lolita Lebrón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_L%C3%B3pez_de_Victoria" title="Tomás López de Victoria">Tomás López de Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Margenat" title="Hugo Margenat">Hugo Margenat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Marqu%C3%A9s" title="René Marqués">René Marqués</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Matos_Paoli" title="Francisco Matos Paoli">Francisco Matos Paoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Ortiz_D%C3%A1vila" title="Pedro Ortiz Dávila">Pedro "Davilita" Ortiz Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Mary_Reynolds" title="Ruth Mary Reynolds">Ruth Mary Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ%C3%A1n_Rieckehoff" title="Germán Rieckehoff">Germán Rieckehoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Tr%C3%ADas" title="Helen Rodríguez Trías">Helen Rodríguez Trías</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Rosado" title="Hiram Rosado">Hiram Rosado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabel_Rosado" title="Isabel Rosado">Isabel Rosado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isolina_Rond%C3%B3n" title="Isolina Rondón">Isolina Rondón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidal_Santiago_D%C3%ADaz" title="Vidal Santiago Díaz">Vidal Santiago Díaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Santos_(singer)" title="Daniel Santos (singer)">Daniel Santos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemente_Soto_V%C3%A9lez" title="Clemente Soto Vélez">Clemente Soto Vélez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griselio_Torresola" title="Griselio Torresola">Griselio Torresola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_V%C3%A9lez_Alvarado" title="Antonio Vélez Alvarado">Antonio Vélez Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_V%C3%A9lez_Rieckehoff" title="Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff">Carlos Vélez Rieckehoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te%C3%B3filo_Villavicencio_Marxuach" title="Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach">Teófilo Villavicencio Marxuach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olga_Viscal_Garriga" title="Olga Viscal Garriga">Olga Viscal Garriga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ducoudray_Holstein_Expedition" title="Ducoudray Holstein Expedition">Ducoudray Holstein Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grito_de_Lares" title="Grito de Lares">Grito de Lares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentona_de_Yauco" title="Intentona de Yauco">Intentona de Yauco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico_campaign#Treaty_of_Paris_of_1898" title="Puerto Rico campaign">Levantamiento de Ciales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%ADo_Piedras_massacre" title="Río Piedras massacre">Río Piedras massacre</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ponce massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gag_Law_(Puerto_Rico)" title="Gag Law (Puerto Rico)">Gag Law</a> (<i>Ley de la Mordaza</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Nationalist_Party_revolts_of_the_1950s" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s">Nationalist Party revolts of the 1950s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayuya_Uprising" title="Jayuya Uprising">Jayuya Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Nationalist_revolt" title="San Juan Nationalist revolt">San Juan Nationalist revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utuado_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Utuado Uprising">Utuado Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_assassination_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Attempted assassination of Harry S. Truman">Truman assassination attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_shooting_incident_(1954)" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Capitol shooting incident (1954)">U.S. Capitol shooting incident (1954)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerro_Maravilla_murders" title="Cerro Maravilla murders">Cerro Maravilla murders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_and_Caribbean_Congress_in_Solidarity_with_Puerto_Rico%27s_Independence" title="Latin American and Caribbean Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico's Independence">Latin American and Caribbean Congress in Solidarity with Puerto Rico's Independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grito_de_Lares_flag" title="Grito de Lares flag">Grito de Lares flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Borinque%C3%B1a#Original_1868_revolutionary_version_by_Lola_Rodríguez_de_Tío" title="La Borinqueña">La Borinqueña by Lola Rodríguez de Tío</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Claridad" title="Claridad">Claridad</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox507" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a 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