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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Edward Walter Maunder</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="ادوارد والتر موندر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ادوارد والتر موندر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Maunder" title="Edward Maunder – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Edward Maunder" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Walter_Maunder" title="Edward Walter Maunder – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Edward Walter Maunder" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%9C%CF%8E%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Έντουαρντ Μώντερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Έντουαρντ Μώντερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Maunder" title="Edward Maunder – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Edward Maunder" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="ادوارد والتر ماندر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ادوارد والتر ماندر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Maunder" title="Edward Maunder – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Edward Maunder" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%A4%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%88%D6%82%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Էդվարդ Ուոլտեր Մաունդեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էդվարդ Ուոլտեր Մաունդեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Walter_Maunder" title="Edward Walter Maunder – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Edward Walter Maunder" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Walter_Maunder" title="Edward Walter Maunder – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Edward Walter Maunder" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Walter_Maunder" title="Edward Walter Maunder – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Edward Walter Maunder" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87" title="ادوارد والتر ماندريه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ادوارد والتر ماندريه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Maunder" title="Edward Maunder – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Edward Maunder" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%89%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC" title="エドワード・モーンダー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エドワード・モーンダー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_W._Maunder" title="Edward W. Maunder – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Edward W. Maunder" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Maunder" title="Edward Maunder – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Edward Maunder" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Walter_Maunder" title="Edward Walter Maunder – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Edward Walter Maunder" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%AD%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Маундер, Эдвард Уолтер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Маундер, Эдвард Уолтер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Walter_Maunder" title="Edward Walter Maunder – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Edward Walter Maunder" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Walter_Maunder" title="Edward Walter Maunder – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Edward Walter Maunder" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="வால்டேர் மவுண்டர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வால்டேர் மவுண்டர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Едвард Волтер Маундер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Едвард Волтер Маундер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E7%88%BE%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%92%99%E5%BE%B7" title="愛德華·沃爾特·蒙德 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="愛德華·沃爾特·蒙德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q177186#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British astronomer studying sunspots (1851–1928)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Edward Walter Maunder</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Maunder_Edward_Walter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Maunder_Edward_Walter.jpg/220px-Maunder_Edward_Walter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Maunder_Edward_Walter.jpg/330px-Maunder_Edward_Walter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/Maunder_Edward_Walter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="481" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1851-04-12</span>)</span>12 April 1851<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">London, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">21 March 1928<span style="display:none">(1928-03-21)</span> (aged 76)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Maunder_Minimum" title="Maunder Minimum">Maunder Minimum</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Edith Hannah Bustin (1875–1888)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Annie_Russell_Maunder" class="mw-redirect" title="Annie Russell Maunder">Annie Scott Dill Russell</a> (1895–1928)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Edward Walter Maunder</b> (12 April 1851 – 21 March 1928) was a British <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a>. His study of <a href="/wiki/Sunspot" title="Sunspot">sunspots</a> and the solar magnetic cycle led to his identification of the period from 1645 to 1715 that is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Maunder_Minimum" title="Maunder Minimum">Maunder Minimum</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_and_personal_life">Early and personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Walter_Maunder&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early and personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Maunder was born in 1851, in London, the youngest child of a minister of the <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">Wesleyan Society</a>. He attended <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a> but never graduated. He took a job in a London bank to finance his studies. </p><p>In 1873 Maunder returned to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Observatory,_Greenwich" title="Royal Observatory, Greenwich">Royal Observatory</a>, taking a position as a <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">spectroscopic</a> assistant. Shortly after, in 1875, he married Edith Hannah Bustin, who gave birth to six children: four sons (one of whom died in infancy) and two daughters.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the death of Edith in 1888, in 1890 he met Annie Scott Dill Russell (later <a href="/wiki/Annie_Russell_Maunder" class="mw-redirect" title="Annie Russell Maunder">Annie Russell Maunder</a>, 1868–1947), a mathematician and astronomer educated at <a href="/wiki/Girton_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Girton College">Girton College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, with whom he collaborated for the remainder of his life. She worked as a "<a href="/wiki/Human_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Human computer">lady computer</a>" at the Observatory from 1890 to 1895. </p><p>In 1895 Maunder and Russell married. In 1916 Annie Maunder became one of the first women accepted by the Royal Astronomical Society. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Solar_observations">Solar observations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Walter_Maunder&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Solar observations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maunder,_E.W._-_Distribution_of_the_latitude_of_sunspot_centres_(butterfly_diagram,_1877-1902),_1904.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Maunder%2C_E.W._-_Distribution_of_the_latitude_of_sunspot_centres_%28butterfly_diagram%2C_1877-1902%29%2C_1904.jpg/600px-Maunder%2C_E.W._-_Distribution_of_the_latitude_of_sunspot_centres_%28butterfly_diagram%2C_1877-1902%29%2C_1904.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="417" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Maunder%2C_E.W._-_Distribution_of_the_latitude_of_sunspot_centres_%28butterfly_diagram%2C_1877-1902%29%2C_1904.jpg/900px-Maunder%2C_E.W._-_Distribution_of_the_latitude_of_sunspot_centres_%28butterfly_diagram%2C_1877-1902%29%2C_1904.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Maunder%2C_E.W._-_Distribution_of_the_latitude_of_sunspot_centres_%28butterfly_diagram%2C_1877-1902%29%2C_1904.jpg/1200px-Maunder%2C_E.W._-_Distribution_of_the_latitude_of_sunspot_centres_%28butterfly_diagram%2C_1877-1902%29%2C_1904.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1957" /></a><figcaption>Maunder, E.W.: Distribution of the latitude of sunspot centres (butterfly diagram, 1877-1902), 1904. Figure 8 from Maunder's article <i>Note on the distribution of sun-spots in heliographic latitude</i>. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society (MNRAS) 64: 747-761.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunspot-bfly.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Sunspot-bfly.gif/600px-Sunspot-bfly.gif" decoding="async" width="600" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Sunspot-bfly.gif/900px-Sunspot-bfly.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Sunspot-bfly.gif/1200px-Sunspot-bfly.gif 2x" data-file-width="2150" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption><b>Figure 2:</b> A modern version of the Mauders' sunspot "butterfly diagram". (<i>This version from the solar group at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center.</i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Part of Maunder's job at <a href="/wiki/Royal_Observatory,_Greenwich" title="Royal Observatory, Greenwich">the Observatory</a> involved photographing and measuring sunspots, and in doing so he observed that the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">solar</a> latitudes at which sunspots occur varies in a regular way over the course of the 11-year cycle. After 1891, he was assisted in his work by his wife Annie Maunder. In 1904, he published their results in the form of the "butterfly" diagram. </p><p>After studying the work of <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Sp%C3%B6rer" title="Gustav Spörer">Gustav Spörer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who examined old records from the different observatories archives looking for changes of the <a href="/wiki/Heliographic_latitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliographic latitude">heliographic latitude</a> of sunspots, Maunder presented a paper on Spörer's conclusions to the Royal Astronomical Society in 1890<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and analyzed the results to show the presence of a prolonged sunspot minimum in the 17-18th century in a paper published in 1894.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The period, recognised initially by Spörer, now bears the name <a href="/wiki/Maunder_minimum" class="mw-redirect" title="Maunder minimum">Maunder minimum</a>. </p><p>He travelled extensively for observations going to places such as the West Indies, Lapland, India, Algiers, Mauritius. His last eclipse expedition was to Labrador for the <a href="/wiki/Solar_eclipse_of_30_August_1905" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar eclipse of 30 August 1905">Solar eclipse of 30 August 1905</a> at the invitation of the Canadian government.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_astronomical_observations">Other astronomical observations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Walter_Maunder&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Other astronomical observations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maunder_auroral_beam_11-17-1882.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Maunder_auroral_beam_11-17-1882.gif/300px-Maunder_auroral_beam_11-17-1882.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Maunder_auroral_beam_11-17-1882.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="210" /></a><figcaption>Strange phenomenon on 17 November 1882, observed and described by Maunder in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Observatory_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Observatory (astronomy)">The Observatory</a></i>, June 1883 (pp. 192–193) and April 1916 (pp. 213–215), which he termed an "auroral beam" and "a strange celestial visitor." Drawing by astronomer and <a href="/wiki/Aurora_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aurora (astronomy)">aurora</a> expert <a href="/wiki/John_Rand_Capron" title="John Rand Capron">John Rand Capron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guildown" class="mw-redirect" title="Guildown">Guildown</a> Observatory, <a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a>, UK, who also observed it. From <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Magazine" title="Philosophical Magazine">Philosophical Magazine</a></i>, May 1883.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1882 Maunder (and some other European astronomers) observed what he called an <i>"auroral beam"</i>; as yet unexplained, it had some similarity in appearance to either a <a href="/wiki/Noctilucent_cloud" title="Noctilucent cloud">noctilucent cloud</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Upper_tangent_arc" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper tangent arc">upper tangent arc</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-meteoros_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meteoros-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Maunder wrote that the phenomenon moved rapidly from horizon to horizon, which would rule out a noctilucent cloud or upper tangent arc. Further, upper tangent arc cannot occur during nighttime when the observation was made. Since he made his observation during highly intense auroral activity, he assumed it was some extraordinary auroral phenomenon, though one he had never observed again before or after. </p><p>He observed <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> and was a sceptic of the notion of <a href="/wiki/Martian_canals" title="Martian canals">Martian canals</a>. He conducted visual experiments using marked circular disks which led him to conclude, correctly, that the viewing of canals arose as an <a href="/wiki/Optical_illusion" title="Optical illusion">optical illusion</a>. Also he was convinced that there cannot be life "as in our world" on Mars, as there are no temperature-equating winds and too low mean temperatures. <a href="/wiki/Impact_crater" title="Impact crater">Craters</a> on <a href="/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars:_H-N#M" class="mw-redirect" title="List of craters on Mars: H-N">Mars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maunder_(lunar_crater)" title="Maunder (lunar crater)">the Moon</a> were named in his and his wife <a href="/wiki/Annie_Scott_Dill_Maunder" class="mw-redirect" title="Annie Scott Dill Maunder">Annie</a>'s honour. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Establishment_of_the_British_Astronomical_Association">Establishment of the British Astronomical Association</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Walter_Maunder&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Establishment of the British Astronomical Association"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1890, Maunder was a driving force in the foundation of the <i><a href="/wiki/British_Astronomical_Association" title="British Astronomical Association">British Astronomical Association</a></i>. Although he had been fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Royal Astronomical Society">Royal Astronomical Society</a> since 1875, Maunder wanted an association of astronomers open to every person interested in astronomy, from every class of society, and especially open for women. </p><p>Maunder was the first editor of the Journal of the <a href="/wiki/British_Astronomical_Association" title="British Astronomical Association">BAA</a>, an office later taken by his wife <a href="/wiki/Annie_Scott_Dill_Maunder" class="mw-redirect" title="Annie Scott Dill Maunder">Annie Maunder</a>. He was also director of its Mars Section 1892–1893, the Star Colour Section 1900–1901, President 1894-1896 and finally Solar Section director 1910–1925. His older brother, Thomas Frid Maunder (1841–1935), was a co-founder and secretary of <a href="/wiki/British_Astronomical_Association" title="British Astronomical Association">the Association</a> for 38 years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Walter_Maunder&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMaunder,_E._Walter1899" class="citation book cs1">Maunder, E. Walter (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uE5AAAAAIAAJ&q=maunder+edward"><i>The Indian Eclipse, 1898: Report of the Expeditions Organized by the British Astronomical Association ...</i></a> London: Hazel, Watson, and Viney, Ld<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Eclipse%2C+1898%3A+Report+of+the+Expeditions+Organized+by+the+British+Astronomical+Association+...&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hazel%2C+Watson%2C+and+Viney%2C+Ld.&rft.date=1899&rft.au=Maunder%2C+E.+Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuE5AAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dmaunder%2Bedward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Walter+Maunder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Maunder, E. Walter (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522120032/http://atschool.eduweb.co.uk/bookman/library/ROG/INDEX.HTM"><i>The Royal Observatory, Greenwich</i></a>—Original publication: London: The Religious Tract Society<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaunder,_E._Walter1904" class="citation book cs1">Maunder, E. Walter (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/astronomywithout00maunrich"><i>Astronomy without a Telescope</i></a>. London: W. Thacker and Co<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2008</span>. <q>maunder edward.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astronomy+without+a+Telescope&rft.place=London&rft.pub=W.+Thacker+and+Co&rft.date=1904&rft.au=Maunder%2C+E.+Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fastronomywithout00maunrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Walter+Maunder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaunder,_E._W.1904" class="citation journal cs1">Maunder, E. W. (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F64.8.747">"Note on the Distribution of Sun-Spots in Heliographic Latitude, 1874–1902"</a>. <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>. <b>64</b> (8): 747–761. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1904MNRAS..64..747M">1904MNRAS..64..747M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F64.8.747">10.1093/mnras/64.8.747</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=Note+on+the+Distribution+of+Sun-Spots+in+Heliographic+Latitude%2C+1874%E2%80%931902&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=747-761&rft.date=1904&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmnras%2F64.8.747&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1904MNRAS..64..747M&rft.au=Maunder%2C+E.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fmnras%252F64.8.747&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Walter+Maunder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaunder,_E.1908" class="citation book cs1">Maunder, E. (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006760988"><i>Astronomy of the Bible: An Elementary Commentary on the Astronomical References of Holy Scripture</i></a>. New York: Mitchell Kennerley (reprinted in 2007).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astronomy+of+the+Bible%3A+An+Elementary+Commentary+on+the+Astronomical+References+of+Holy+Scripture&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Mitchell+Kennerley+%28reprinted+in+2007%29&rft.date=1908&rft.au=Maunder%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F006760988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Walter+Maunder" class="Z3988"></span><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaunder,_A._and_E.1910" class="citation book cs1">Maunder, A. and E. (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924031323797"><i>The Heavens and their Story</i></a>. London: Charles H. Kelly.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heavens+and+their+Story&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Charles+H.+Kelly&rft.date=1910&rft.au=Maunder%2C+A.+and+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924031323797&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Walter+Maunder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaunder,_E._Walter1912" class="citation book cs1">Maunder, E. Walter (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scienceofstars00maunuoft"><i>The Science of the Stars</i></a>. London: T.C. and E.C. Jack.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Science+of+the+Stars&rft.place=London&rft.pub=T.C.+and+E.C.+Jack&rft.date=1912&rft.au=Maunder%2C+E.+Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscienceofstars00maunuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Walter+Maunder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaunder,_E._Walter1913" class="citation book cs1">Maunder, E. Walter (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1OBHAAAAIAAJ&q=maunder+edward"><i>Are the Planets Inhabited?</i></a>. New York: Harper and Brothers<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Are+the+Planets+Inhabited%3F&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+and+Brothers&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Maunder%2C+E.+Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1OBHAAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dmaunder%2Bedward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Walter+Maunder" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commemoration">Commemoration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Walter_Maunder&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Commemoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2022 <a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a> announced that Annie and Walter Maunder would be commemorated with a <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a> at their former home in <a href="/wiki/Brockley" title="Brockley">Brockley</a>, London, later that year. The Maunders wrote <i>The Heavens and their Story</i> while they were living in Brockley.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Walter_Maunder&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/seri/MNRAS/0089//0000317.000.html?high=512695a29c29710">"Obituary Notices: Fellows:- Maunder, Edward Walter"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Notices_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</a></i>. <b>89</b>: 313. February 1929. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1929MNRAS..89..313.">1929MNRAS..89..313.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmnras%2F89.4.313">10.1093/mnras/89.4.313</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monthly+Notices+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society&rft.atitle=Obituary+Notices%3A+Fellows%3A-+Maunder%2C+Edward+Walter&rft.volume=89&rft.pages=313&rft.date=1929-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmnras%2F89.4.313&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1929MNRAS..89..313.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.adsabs.harvard.edu%2Ffull%2Fseri%2FMNRAS%2F0089%2F%2F0000317.000.html%3Fhigh%3D512695a29c29710&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Walter+Maunder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spörer (1887) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140725151111/http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b3040974;view=1up;seq=647">"Über die Periodicität der Sonnenflecken seit dem Jahre 1618, vornehmlich in Bezug auf die heliographische Breite derselben, und Hinweis auf eine erhebliche Störung dieser Periodicität während eines langen Zeitraumes"</a> (On the periodicity of sunspots since the year 1618, especially with respect to the heliographic latitude of the same, and reference to a significant disturbance of this periodicity during a long period), <i>Vierteljahrsschrift der Astronomischen Gesellschaft (Leipzig)</i>, <b>22</b> : 323-329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.W.M. (1890) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hc4RAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA251">"Professor Spoerer's researches on sun-spots,"</a> <i>Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</i>, <b>50</b> : 251-252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. Walter Maunder (August 1, 1894) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vEjnAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA173">"A prolonged sunspot minimum,"</a> <i>Knowledge</i>, <b>17</b> : 173-176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrommelin1928" class="citation journal cs1">Crommelin, A.C.D. (May 1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1928Obs....51..157C">"Obituary: Edward Walter Maunder"</a>. <i>The Observatory</i>. <b>51</b>: 157–159. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1928Obs....51..157C">1928Obs....51..157C</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observatory&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Edward+Walter+Maunder&rft.volume=51&rft.pages=157-159&rft.date=1928-05&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1928Obs....51..157C&rft.aulast=Crommelin&rft.aufirst=A.C.D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.adsabs.harvard.edu%2Ffull%2F1928Obs....51..157C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Walter+Maunder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meteoros-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-meteoros_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.meteoros.de/arten/ee05e.htm">"Upper Tangent Arc"</a>. Arbeitskreis Meteore e.V.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Upper+Tangent+Arc&rft.pub=Arbeitskreis+Meteore+e.V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.meteoros.de%2Farten%2Fee05e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Walter+Maunder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=iau.31858016628277;view=1up;seq=61">"Review of <i>The Royal Observatory, Greenwich</i> by E. Walter Maunder"</a>. <i>The Saturday Review of Politics, Literature, Science and Art</i>. <b>92</b> (2385): 51–52. 11 July 1901.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Saturday+Review+of+Politics%2C+Literature%2C+Science+and+Art&rft.atitle=Review+of+The+Royal+Observatory%2C+Greenwich+by+E.+Walter+Maunder&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=2385&rft.pages=51-52&rft.date=1901-07-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Diau.31858016628277%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Walter+Maunder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.79233933&view=1up&seq=232">"Review of <i>The Astronomy of the Bible: an Elementary Commentary on the Astronomical References of Holy Scripture</i> by E. Walter Maunder"</a>. <i>The Athenaeum</i>. <b>2</b> (4217): 216. 22 August 1908.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Athenaeum&rft.atitle=Review+of+The+Astronomy+of+the+Bible%3A+an+Elementary+Commentary+on+the+Astronomical+References+of+Holy+Scripture+by+E.+Walter+Maunder&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4217&rft.pages=216&rft.date=1908-08-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dchi.79233933%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Walter+Maunder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/about-us/search-news/blue-plaques-to-tell-stories-of-working-class-experience/">"Blue Plaques to tell stories of working class experience"</a>. <i>English Heritage</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=English+Heritage&rft.atitle=Blue+Plaques+to+tell+stories+of+working+class+experience&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.english-heritage.org.uk%2Fabout-us%2Fsearch-news%2Fblue-plaques-to-tell-stories-of-working-class-experience%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Walter+Maunder" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Edward_Walter_Maunder_(astronomer)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Edward Walter Maunder (astronomer)">Edward Walter Maunder (astronomer)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Walter_Maunder&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHector_Macpherson1905" class="citation book cs1">Hector Macpherson (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/astronomerstoda00macpgoog"><i>Astronomers of To-day and Their Work</i></a>. Gall & Inglis. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/astronomerstoda00macpgoog/page/n86">62</a>. <q>norman lockyer biography.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astronomers+of+To-day+and+Their+Work&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Gall+%26+Inglis&rft.date=1905&rft.au=Hector+Macpherson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fastronomerstoda00macpgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEdward+Walter+Maunder" class="Z3988"></span> by Hector Macpherson, London: Gall & Inglis, 1905</li></ul> <ul><li>A. J. Kinder "Edward Walter Maunder: His Life and Times" <i>Journal of the British Astronomical Association</i> Vol. 118 (1) 21–42 (2008).</li></ul> <ul><li>Willie Wei-Hock Soon and Steven Haywood Yaskell "The Maunder Minimum and the Variable Sun Earth Connection (World Scientific Publishers: 2003)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Walter_Maunder&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Edward_Walter_Maunder" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Edward Walter Maunder">Edward Walter Maunder</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD%2FGBR%2F0180%2FRGO%20205">Online catalogue of Maunder's personal and working papers (part of the Royal Greenwich Observatory Archive held at Cambridge University Library)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/33389">Works by Edward Walter Maunder</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/12302">Works by Edward Walter Maunder</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Maunder%2C%20Edward%20Walter%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Maunder%2C%20Edward%20W%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Maunder%2C%20E%2E%20W%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Edward%20Walter%20Maunder%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Edward%20W%2E%20Maunder%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22E%2E%20W%2E%20Maunder%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Maunder%2C%20Edward%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Edward%20Maunder%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Edward%20Walter%20Maunder%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Edward%20W%2E%20Maunder%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22E%2E%20W%2E%20Maunder%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22E%2E%20Walter%20Maunder%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Maunder%2C%20Edward%20Walter%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Maunder%2C%20Edward%20W%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Maunder%2C%20E%2E%20W%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Maunder%2C%20E%2E%20Walter%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Edward%20Maunder%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Maunder%2C%20Edward%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Edward%20Walter%20Maunder%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Edward%20W%2E%20Maunder%22%20OR%20title%3A%22E%2E%20W%2E%20Maunder%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Edward%20Maunder%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Edward%20Walter%20Maunder%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Edward%20W%2E%20Maunder%22%20OR%20description%3A%22E%2E%20W%2E%20Maunder%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Maunder%2C%20Edward%20Walter%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Maunder%2C%20Edward%20W%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Edward%20Maunder%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Maunder%2C%20Edward%22%29%20OR%20%28%221851-1928%22%20AND%20Maunder%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Edward Walter Maunder</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Edward_Evans" title="Joseph Edward Evans">J. E. Evans</a> and E. W. Maunder, "Experiments as to the Actuality of the 'Canals' observed on Mars", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/MNRAS/0063//0000488.000.html">MNRAS, <b>63</b> (1903) 488</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060109151859/http://www.ucar.edu/communications/newsreleases/2000/maunder.html">Drawing of the butterfly plot</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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