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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rites_and_rituals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rites_and_rituals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Rites and rituals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rites_and_rituals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rites and rituals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rites_and_rituals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupational_activities" 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id="toc-Closeness_in_Tamil_inscriptions_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Closeness_in_Tamil_inscriptions_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Closeness in Tamil inscriptions and literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Closeness_in_Tamil_inscriptions_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modernisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modernisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Modernisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modernisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">South Indian predominant Muslim community</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Rowther</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div>இராவுத்தர்/ராவுத்தர்</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Muslims_of_tamilnadu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Muslims_of_tamilnadu.jpg/220px-Muslims_of_tamilnadu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Muslims_of_tamilnadu.jpg/330px-Muslims_of_tamilnadu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Muslims_of_tamilnadu.jpg/440px-Muslims_of_tamilnadu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1687" data-file-height="2466" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Tamil Muslims of <a href="/wiki/Madras_presidency" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras presidency">Madras presidency</a> in 1830</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Tamilnadu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamilnadu">Tamilnadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> (Mother Tongue) • <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> (Sect – <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a>, Madhab – <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil People">Tamil People</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil Muslims">Tamil Muslims</a> • <a href="/wiki/Indo-Turkic" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Turkic">Indo-Turkic</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Rowther</b> (<a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">anglicised</a> as <i>Irauttar</i>, <i>Rawther, Ravuttar,</i> <i>Ravutta</i>, <i>Ravuthar, Ravuthamar</i>) are a distinct <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> community living largely in the <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">south Indian states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are descent from the Turkic people who came to settle in <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">chola kingdom</a> for horse trade and cavalry and majorly people who converted to Islam by preacher <a href="/wiki/Nathar_Shah" title="Nathar Shah">Nathar Shah</a> in the 10th to 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even after conversion they retained their <i>Ravuttar</i> caste name. They were elite cavalrymen of the <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya kingdoms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were traditionally a martial clan like the <a href="/wiki/Maravar" title="Maravar">Maravars</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and constitute large part of the multi-ethnic <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Muslim" title="Tamil Muslim">Tamil Muslim</a> community.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rowthers have also been found as Tamil <a href="/wiki/Polygar" title="Polygar">polygars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zamindar" title="Zamindar">zamindars</a> and chieftains from the 16th to 18th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditional homelands of the Rowthers were in the interior of Southern <a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowther&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name <i>Ravuttar</i> (or <i>Ravutta</i>, <i>Ravuthar</i>, <i>Rowther</i>, <i>Rawther</i>) means king, horseman, or cavalry warrior in the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> language and is derived from the word <i><a href="/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">Rājaputra</a></i>, in the sense of 'prince', 'nobleman', or 'horseman'. D.C. Sircar points out that <i>Ravutta</i> or <i>Rahutta</i>, as a title, means a 'subordinate ruler'.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars claim that the name comes from <a href="/wiki/Rathore_(surname)" title="Rathore (surname)">Rathore</a>, a name common among the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Rajputs" title="Muslim Rajputs">Muslim Rajputs</a> of North India.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, they are parts of clans traditionally holding positions as rulers and military folk. '<i>Ravuta'</i> means a high-ranking title King, lord, or feudatory ruling chief.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>'Rahut'</i> or '<i>rowt'</i> means Warrior and '<i>raya'</i> means captain.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> '<i>Rāvuttarayan'</i> or '<i>Rāvuttakartan'</i> means high military chief of cavalry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowther&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Demography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rowthers are largest Muslim community in Tamil Nadu. they found all over <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> and in Central and Southern <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>. Their mother tongue is <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of them are familiar with the <a href="/wiki/Perso-Arabic_Script_Code_for_Information_Interchange" title="Perso-Arabic Script Code for Information Interchange">Perso-Arabic script</a>. They adhere to the principles of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, engaging in the study of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and other religious texts in Arabic. Simultaneously, despite their commitment to their Islamic faith, they share a common pride with all <a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamils</a> in their rich Tamil language and vibrant cultural heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh_2007_707_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh_2007_707-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowther&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rowthers generally speak <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They have their own distinct culinary traditions which notably include Rowther <a href="/wiki/Biryani" title="Biryani">Biryani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, which is made of Jeera Samba rice, and desserts like <i>Dumroot</i>, a cake-like dish made out of <a href="/wiki/Semolina" title="Semolina">semolina</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">Mutton</a> is the preferred meat for special occasions like wedding events, house warming ceremonies, etc.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Much like other Muslim communities, <a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture" title="Drinking culture">Drinking Culture</a> is non-existent due to Islam's stance regarding consumption of <a href="/wiki/Khamr" title="Khamr">alcohol</a>. As is the consumption of <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">pork</a> and usage of products derived from pigs. Due to following Hanafi rulings, they also might abstain from consuming <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a> like prawns, shrimps, crabs, lobsters, etc.due to them being deemed <i><a href="/wiki/Makruh" title="Makruh">Makruh</a></i> in the Hanafi madhab. </p><p>The Elderly Men wear solid white <a href="/wiki/V%C4%93%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADi" class="mw-redirect" title="Vēṭṭi"><i>Vēṭṭis</i></a> (unstitched) or solid white <i><a href="/wiki/Lungi" title="Lungi">Kayili</a></i> (stitched) for formal occasions. For more informal settings, a colored and patterned (checkered or striped) <i>kayili</i> is worn, usually as <a href="/wiki/Casual_wear" title="Casual wear">loungewear</a>, regardless of age group and social standings. Religious Clerics or men who might be devout in their beliefs wear a <i><a href="/wiki/Kurta" title="Kurta">jubbah</a>,</i> often paired with a <i>kayili</i>. For special occasions, men might wear a <a href="/wiki/Waistcoat" title="Waistcoat">waistcoat</a>. Men usually get married wearing either a <a href="/wiki/Suit" title="Suit">Western Suit</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Sherwani" title="Sherwani">Sherwani</a>. They wear a white <a href="/wiki/Taqiyah_(cap)" title="Taqiyah (cap)">skullcap</a> as headgear, especially if they are devout. Other headgear include the <a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">Turban</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fez_(hat)" title="Fez (hat)">Fez</a>, which aren't worn as frequently as everyday headgear as how the white skullcap might be, usually reserved for special occasions. </p><p>Women's traditional attire is the <i><a href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari">sari</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Singh_2007_707_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh_2007_707-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> serving as a <a href="/wiki/Wedding_dress" title="Wedding dress">bridal wear</a> and for other formal occasions. Elderly women usually wear the <i>sari</i> as an everyday attire, regardless of the occasion. Over the decades, both as formal and informal wear, as is the case with the rest of the Indian subcontinent, the <a href="/wiki/Shalwar_kameez" title="Shalwar kameez"><i>Salwar Kameez</i></a> has become more prevalent, especially among working women and among the younger generations.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The older generations used to wrap around an unstitched and white over-sheet by the name of <i>'Thupathi'</i> over their garments<i>,</i> as a marker of modesty and <i><a href="/wiki/Purdah" title="Purdah">Purdah</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, due to evolving trends and cultural exchange, nowadays, as Purdah, women wear the <i><a href="/wiki/Abaya" title="Abaya">Abaya</a></i>, usually black in colour, paired with a <a href="/wiki/Headscarf" title="Headscarf">headscarf</a>. </p><p>Both men and women might dye their hair (and beard, in the case of men) with <a href="/wiki/Henna" title="Henna">Henna</a>, in compliance with a <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Prophetic tradition</a>. Women also apply Henna as <a href="/wiki/Mehndi" title="Mehndi">bridal makeup</a> and for other special occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Applying <a href="/wiki/Kohl_(cosmetics)" title="Kohl (cosmetics)"><i>Surma</i></a> as an eyeliner is another Prophetic tradition, as it is also a local cultural practice, especially more prevalent among women. Men might refrain from wearing silk garments and gold accessories due to a religious dictate of gold and silk being <a href="/wiki/Makruh" title="Makruh">discouraged</a> for men. </p><p>The community also celebrates a festival called Chandanakudam every year.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Titles/surname"><span id="Titles.2Fsurname"></span>Titles/surname</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowther&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Titles/surname"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>'Ravuttar', 'Rawther', and 'Rowther' are common surnames among the group,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but other titles often used are below: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahib" title="Sahib">Sahib</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">Khan</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillai_(surname)" title="Pillai (surname)">Pillai/Pillay</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Travancore" title="Travancore">Travancore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>)</li> <li>Ambalam and Vijayan<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Ramnad_estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramnad estate">Ramnad Zamindhari Estate</a>)</li> <li>Servai<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Servaikkarar (In 1730s, <i>Ravuttan Servaikkarar</i> (<i>Rauten Cheerwegaren</i>) was a high military ranked man in <a href="/wiki/Ramnad_estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramnad estate">Ramnad Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identity_and_origins">Identity and origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowther&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Identity and origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rowthers are Soldiers, officials, and literati attached to Muslim Court in the Deccan.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In described as a Rāuta, Rāutta or Rāvutta derived from Sanskrit <i>Rajaputra</i> and was often assumed by subordinate rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, Chola kings too invited Horse traders from the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> who belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> school.<sup id="cite_ref-Abraham_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abraham-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During 8th-10th centuries, an armada of Turkish traders settled in <a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur" title="Thanjavur">Tanjore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiruchirappalli" title="Tiruchirappalli">Tiruchirapalli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tharangambadi" title="Tharangambadi">Tharangambadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagapattinam" title="Nagapattinam">Nagapattinam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muthupet" title="Muthupet">Muthupet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koothanallur" title="Koothanallur">Koothanallur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Podakkudi" title="Podakkudi">Podakkudi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These new settlements were now added to the Rowther community. There are some <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid</a> inscriptions found in a wide area from <a href="/wiki/Thanjavur" title="Thanjavur">Tanjore</a> to <a href="/wiki/Thiruvarur" title="Thiruvarur">Thiruvarur</a> and in many villages. These inscriptions are seized by the <a href="/wiki/Government_Museum,_Chennai" title="Government Museum, Chennai">Madras Museum</a>. Some Turkish inscriptions were also stolen from the Big Mosque of <a href="/wiki/Koothanallur" title="Koothanallur">Koothanallur</a> in 1850.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two factions of Rowthers in Tamil Nadu, Tamils cavalry warriors covers majority of Tamil Nadu while Seljuk Turkic clan remains in <a href="/wiki/Chola_Nadu" title="Chola Nadu">Delta districts</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Pandya_Nadu" title="Pandya Nadu">south tamilnadu</a> districts and <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Abraham_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abraham-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both now Tamil and Turkish Hanafi expanded with population and some circumstantial evidence in historical sources that the Rowthers are related to <a href="/wiki/Maravar" title="Maravar">Maravar</a> converts.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rowthers worked in the administration of the Vijayanagar Nayaks.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_system:_kinship">Social system: kinship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowther&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Social system: kinship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Rowthers were an <a href="/wiki/Endogamy" title="Endogamy">endogamous group</a>. But like all modern societies, they have adapted to modern norms and rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kinship_terms">Kinship terms</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowther&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Kinship terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><i><b>English</b></i> </td> <td><i><b>Rowther's Tamil/Malayalam</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Father</i> </td> <td><i>Aththaa or Atthaa</i>/ Vappichi or V<i>appa</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Mother</i> </td> <td><i>Amma</i>/<i>Buva</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Elder Brother</i> </td> <td><i>Annan</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Younger Brother</i> </td> <td><i>Thambi</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Elder Sister</i> </td> <td><i>Akka</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Younger Sister</i> </td> <td><i>Thangai</i>/<i>Thangachi</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Paternal Grandfather</i> </td> <td><i>Atthatha/Ayya/Appa/Radha</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Paternal Grandmother</i> </td> <td><i>Aththamma/Radhima</i> or <i>Thathima</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Maternal Grandfather</i> </td> <td><i>Ayya/Appa or Ammatha/Nanna</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Maternal Grandmother</i> </td> <td><i>Mooma/Ammama/Nannimma</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Father's Elder Brother/ Husband of Mother's Elder Sister</i> </td> <td><i>Periyatha</i> or <i>Periyavaapa</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Mother's Elder Sister / Wife of Father's Elder Brother</i> </td> <td><i>Periyamma</i> or <i>Periyabuva</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Father's Younger Brother</i> </td> <td><i>Chaacha/Chinnaththa</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Mother's Younger Sister</i> </td> <td><i>Khalamma/Chinnamma/Chiththi</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Maternal Uncle</i> </td> <td><i>Mama</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Maternal Aunt</i> </td> <td><i>Maami</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Cousins</i> </td> <td><i>Machan & Machi</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Elder Brother's Wife</i> </td> <td><i>Madhini/Machi</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rites_and_rituals">Rites and rituals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowther&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rites and rituals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowther&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nevertheless, in cities, inter-marriages do occur, although they are rare" (Vines, 1973). Parallel and cross-cousins are potential spouses. Remembering the community's historic valor, during marriage ceremonies, the bridegroom is conducted in a horseback procession.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occupational_activities">Occupational activities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowther&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Occupational activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally the Rowthers were <a href="/wiki/Landlord" title="Landlord">landlords</a> and landowning community (historically mentioned as Rowthers were brave cavaliers and early Muslim horse-traders in Tamil literature<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), but today, they deal with various trade and occupations, mostly being <a href="/wiki/Self-employment" title="Self-employment">self-employed</a>. They deal in gemstones, gold, textiles, and real estate and participate in the <a href="/wiki/Foodservice" title="Foodservice">food, beverage, and hospitality</a> industry, construction work, and general merchandising. Some profess traditionally <a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">white-collar professions</a> like doctors, engineers, advocates, civil servants, accountants, and teachers.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administration_and_justice">Administration and justice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowther&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Administration and justice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is no traditional caste council or panchayat as such among the Rowthers. Learned and Elderly individuals, and Religious Clerics act as advisors. The Rowther have an association that preaches against dowry and collects funds for charity.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowther&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rowthers belong to the <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> sect of Islam and subscribe to the <a href="/wiki/Hanafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanafi">Hanafi</a> school of jurisprudence. They follow the five basic tenets of Islam, which are: </p> <ol><li>Belief in the <a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahadah</a>,</li> <li>Offering mandatory <a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Prayers</a> five times a day, at specific and prescribed time periods,</li> <li>Observing fast during the month of <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a>,</li> <li>Giving charity (<a href="/wiki/Zakah" class="mw-redirect" title="Zakah">Zakah</a>) to the poor, and</li> <li>Going on the <a href="/wiki/Haj" class="mw-redirect" title="Haj">Hajj</a> pilgrimage, once in a person's lifetime, if said person has the means to do so (financially, physically, or otherwise).</li></ol> <p>Their adherence to the <a href="/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafi madhab</a> </p><p>Being Hanafi adherents, Rowthers tend to subscribe to the <a href="/wiki/Deobandi_movement" title="Deobandi movement">Deobandi movement</a>, which is a reformist movement that arose during the 19th century in North India. The aim of this movement is to eradicate <a href="/wiki/Bid%27ah" title="Bid'ah">religious innovations</a> and other practices that the movement might deem 'heretical' or 'deviant', all of which might have crept within the subcontinent's Muslims and their practices over the centuries. </p><p>In contrast, they can also be part of the <a href="/wiki/Barelvi_movement" title="Barelvi movement">Barelvi movement</a> (<i>Sunnat Jamaath</i>), which also began in North India during the late 19th century. The Barelvi movement emphasise more on retaining the centuries of religious traditions and practices, and encourages visiting the resting place (<a href="/wiki/Dargah" class="mw-redirect" title="Dargah">Dargahs</a>) of Awliyas and seeking <a href="/wiki/Tawassul" title="Tawassul">intercession</a>. </p><p>There are some minority, particularly among the youth, that might follow <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a>, primarily due to the efforts and groundwork of reformist Salafi organizations like the <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu_Thowheed_Jamath" title="Tamil Nadu Thowheed Jamath">Tamil Nadu Thowheed Jamaath</a>, who discourage the <a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">practice of sticking to one madhab</a> for religious rulings. </p><p>The major festivals celebrated are <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid-Ul-Fitr</a>, Chandanakudam, and <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Bakr-id</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Closeness_in_Tamil_inscriptions_and_literature">Closeness in Tamil inscriptions and literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowther&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Closeness in Tamil inscriptions and literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The well-known legend of the <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> saint <a href="/wiki/Manikkavacakar" title="Manikkavacakar">Manikkavacakar</a> of the 9th century is connected with the purchase of horses for the Pandya king. In that, the god Shiva who appeared in disguise as a horse trader to protect the saint and he is called as Rowther. Also, the Tamil god <a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Murugan</a> is praised by saint <a href="/wiki/Arunagirinathar" title="Arunagirinathar">Arunagirinathar</a> as <i>சூர் கொன்ற ராவுத்தனே</i> (Oh Ravuttan, who vanquished Sooran) and <i>மாமயிலேரும் ராவுத்தனே</i> (Oh Ravuttan, who rides on the great peacock) in his Kanthar Alangaram (<a class="external text" href="https://ta.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D">கந்தர் அலங்காரம்</a>) and in Kanthar Venba (கந்தர் வெண்பா).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This shows the religious harmony of Rowthers and <a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Saivites</a> in early <a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a> till now.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:8_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were Tamil Rowthers working in the administration of the <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a> in the Khurram Kunda. The inscription details the dedication of the land by the Rowther to a <a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Murugan</a> temple in Cheyyur. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Murugan_Ravuttan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Murugan_Ravuttan.jpg/220px-Murugan_Ravuttan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Murugan_Ravuttan.jpg/330px-Murugan_Ravuttan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Murugan_Ravuttan.jpg/440px-Murugan_Ravuttan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>Arunagirinathar Tamil poet say Murugan as Ravuttar</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sri_Muthallu_Rawother.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Sri_Muthallu_Rawother.JPG/220px-Sri_Muthallu_Rawother.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Sri_Muthallu_Rawother.JPG/330px-Sri_Muthallu_Rawother.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Sri_Muthallu_Rawother.JPG/440px-Sri_Muthallu_Rawother.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Muththal Ravuttar Deity </figcaption></figure> <p>Muththaal Ravuttar (meaning Muslim Rowther is a Prakrit derivation from <i>raja-putra</i>) figures as Tamil male deities who protect Tamil land.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modernisation">Modernisation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowther&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Modernisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rowthers are one of the most prominent Muslim groups in South India, making their mark in various fields, from jurisprudence to Entertainment.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The community gives importance to education. Due to Globalization and <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalisation_in_India" title="Economic liberalisation in India">the 1991 Economic Reforms</a>, a lot of societal and cultural shifts have taken place. The aftermath has resulted in women being more active participants of the workforce and an increase in their participation in higher education and academia.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grants and scholarships have been established by numerous Muslim minority institutions to make education easier for women to seek and access. Thus, women today, are encouraged and emphasised to pursue and excel in secular education as much as it might be encouraged for them to excel in religious education. </p><p>Due to easier and better access to religious resources and more religious awareness, the community has also gradually begun to allow women to pray in <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">masjids</a>, particularly during the occasions of <a href="/wiki/Friday_prayer" title="Friday prayer">Jummah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eid_prayers" title="Eid prayers">Eid</a>, and make them more active participants in masjid activities (hosting seminars, workshops, and classes). Historically, in the Indian subcontinent, due to societal and cultural reasons, more so than any religious mandate, women were discouraged to attend, pray, and participate in masjids.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowther&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Rowthers" title="List of Rowthers">List of Rowthers</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowther&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamils" title="Tamils">Tamil people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._Muhammad_Ismail" title="M. Muhammad Ismail">Quaid-e-Millath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Muslim" title="Tamil Muslim">Tamil Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukkulathor" title="Mukkulathor">Mukkulathor</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowther&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMore1997" class="citation book cs1">More, J. B. Prashant (1997). <i>The political evolution of Muslims in Tamilnadu and Madras, 1930–1947</i>. Hyderabad, India: Orient Longman. pp. 21–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-250-1011-4" title="Special:BookSources/81-250-1011-4"><bdi>81-250-1011-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37770527">37770527</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+political+evolution+of+Muslims+in+Tamilnadu+and+Madras%2C+1930%E2%80%931947&rft.place=Hyderabad%2C+India&rft.pages=21-22&rft.pub=Orient+Longman&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37770527&rft.isbn=81-250-1011-4&rft.aulast=More&rft.aufirst=J.+B.+Prashant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowther" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohan2012" class="citation book cs1">Mohan, A. (24 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7d7NNdswXA4C&dq=Rowthers+Turkish&pg=PA206"><i>Utopia and the Village in South Asian Literatures</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-03189-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-03189-1"><bdi>978-1-137-03189-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Utopia+and+the+Village+in+South+Asian+Literatures&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012-07-24&rft.isbn=978-1-137-03189-1&rft.aulast=Mohan&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7d7NNdswXA4C%26dq%3DRowthers%2BTurkish%26pg%3DPA206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowther" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh1992" class="citation book cs1">Singh, K. S. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=beexzq__jCsC&q=Rowthers+Turkish"><i>People of India: pt.1-3 Kerala</i></a>. Anthropological Survey of India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-85938-99-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-85938-99-8"><bdi>978-81-85938-99-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People+of+India%3A+pt.1-3+Kerala&rft.pub=Anthropological+Survey+of+India&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-81-85938-99-8&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=K.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbeexzq__jCsC%26q%3DRowthers%2BTurkish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowther" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Veneration+of+the+prophet+Muhammad+in+an+Islamic+Pillaittamil.-a014320853">"Veneration of the prophet Muhammad in an Islamic Pillaittamil. - Free Online Library"</a>. <i>www.thefreelibrary.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thefreelibrary.com&rft.atitle=Veneration+of+the+prophet+Muhammad+in+an+Islamic+Pillaittamil.+-+Free+Online+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2FVeneration%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bprophet%2BMuhammad%2Bin%2Ban%2BIslamic%2BPillaittamil.-a014320853&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowther" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTschacher2001" class="citation book cs1">Tschacher, Torsten (2001). <i>Islam in Tamilnadu : varia</i>. Halle (Saale): Institut für Indologie und Südasienwissenschaften der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg. pp. 94, 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-86010-627-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-86010-627-9"><bdi>3-86010-627-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50208020">50208020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+Tamilnadu+%3A+varia&rft.place=Halle+%28Saale%29&rft.pages=94%2C+95&rft.pub=Institut+f%C3%BCr+Indologie+und+S%C3%BCdasienwissenschaften+der+Martin-Luther-Universit%C3%A4t+Halle-Wittenberg&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50208020&rft.isbn=3-86010-627-9&rft.aulast=Tschacher&rft.aufirst=Torsten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowther" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiltebeitel,_Alf1988" class="citation book cs1">Hiltebeitel, Alf (1988). <i>The cult of Draupadī</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-34045-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-34045-7"><bdi>0-226-34045-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/16833684">16833684</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+cult+of+Draupad%C4%AB&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F16833684&rft.isbn=0-226-34045-7&rft.au=Hiltebeitel%2C+Alf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowther" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh,_K._S.1998" class="citation book cs1">Singh, K. S., ed. (1998). <i>People of India: India's communities</i>. New Delhi, India: Oxford University Press. pp. 3001–3002. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-563354-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-563354-7"><bdi>0-19-563354-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/40849565">40849565</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People+of+India%3A+India%27s+communities&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India&rft.pages=3001-3002&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F40849565&rft.isbn=0-19-563354-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowther" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiltebeitel,_Alf1988–1991" class="citation book cs1">Hiltebeitel, Alf (1988–1991). <i>The cult of Draupadī</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 13–14, 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-34045-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-34045-7"><bdi>0-226-34045-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/16833684">16833684</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+cult+of+Draupad%C4%AB&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=13-14%2C+102&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1988%2F1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F16833684&rft.isbn=0-226-34045-7&rft.au=Hiltebeitel%2C+Alf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowther" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMore2004" class="citation book cs1">More, J. B. Prashant (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=11FYACaVySoC&dq=ravuttars++in+tamil+country&pg=PA13"><i>Muslim Identity, Print Culture, and the Dravidian Factor in Tamil Nadu</i></a>. Orient Blackswan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-250-2632-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-250-2632-7"><bdi>978-81-250-2632-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muslim+Identity%2C+Print+Culture%2C+and+the+Dravidian+Factor+in+Tamil+Nadu&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-250-2632-7&rft.aulast=More&rft.aufirst=J.+B.+Prashant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D11FYACaVySoC%26dq%3Dravuttars%2B%2Bin%2Btamil%2Bcountry%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowther" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRājāmukamatu2005" class="citation book cs1">Rājāmukamatu, Je (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HxpuAAAAMAAJ&q=ravuthars+heroic"><i>Maritime History of the Coromandel Muslims: A Socio-historical Study on the Tamil Muslims 1750–1900</i></a>. Director of Museums, Government Museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maritime+History+of+the+Coromandel+Muslims%3A+A+Socio-historical+Study+on+the+Tamil+Muslims+1750%E2%80%931900&rft.pub=Director+of+Museums%2C+Government+Museum&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=R%C4%81j%C4%81mukamatu&rft.aufirst=Je&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHxpuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dravuthars%2Bheroic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowther" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJairath2013" class="citation book cs1">Jairath, Vinod K. (3 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MKIT9muBRuoC&q=Rowthers+caste&pg=PT107"><i>Frontiers of Embedded Muslim Communities in India</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-19679-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-19679-9"><bdi>978-1-136-19679-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frontiers+of+Embedded+Muslim+Communities+in+India&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-04-03&rft.isbn=978-1-136-19679-9&rft.aulast=Jairath&rft.aufirst=Vinod+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMKIT9muBRuoC%26q%3DRowthers%2Bcaste%26pg%3DPT107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowther" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussein2007" class="citation book cs1">Hussein, Asiff (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1kVuAAAAMAAJ&q=Rajputs"><i>Sarandib: An Ethnological Study of the Muslims of Sri Lanka</i></a>. Asiff Hussein. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-955-97262-2-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-955-97262-2-7"><bdi>978-955-97262-2-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sarandib%3A+An+Ethnological+Study+of+the+Muslims+of+Sri+Lanka&rft.pub=Asiff+Hussein&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-955-97262-2-7&rft.aulast=Hussein&rft.aufirst=Asiff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1kVuAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DRajputs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowther" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayly,_Susan1989" class="citation book cs1">Bayly, Susan (1989). <i>Saints, goddesses, and kings : Muslims and Christians in South Indian Society, 1700–1900</i>. 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Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-08118-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-08118-5"><bdi>978-1-107-08118-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indigeneity+and+Legal+Pluralism+in+India%3A+Claims%2C+Histories%2C+Meanings&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015-07-20&rft.isbn=978-1-107-08118-5&rft.aulast=Parmar&rft.aufirst=Pooja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dik3zCQAAQBAJ%26dq%3DRauther%2Btamil%2Bculture%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowther" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterjee2020" class="citation web cs1">Chatterjee, Priyadarshini (23 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livemint.com/mint-lounge/features/a-very-indian-eid-11590161532702.html">"The Indian Eid feast goes beyond biryani and sevaiyan"</a>. <i>mint</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Delhi: Anthropological Survey of India. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-563357-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-563357-1"><bdi>0-19-563357-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35662663">35662663</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communities%2C+segments%2C+synonyms%2C+surnames+and+titles&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pub=Anthropological+Survey+of+India&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35662663&rft.isbn=0-19-563357-1&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=K.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowther" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeneral1964" class="citation book cs1">General, India Office of the Registrar (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hrXUAAAAMAAJ&q=rawthers+khan"><i>Census of India, 1961: Pondicherry state</i></a>. Manager of Publications. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Census+of+India%2C+1961%3A+Pondicherry+state&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Manager+of+Publications&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=General&rft.aufirst=India+Office+of+the+Registrar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhrXUAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Drawthers%2Bkhan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowther" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TjVuAAAAMAAJ&q=pillai+title+Rawthers"><i>Many Rawthers in erstwhile Travancore used the title "Pillai/Pillay" in south kerala, A Handbook of Kerala</i></a>. 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Indian History Congress. 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings&rft.pub=Indian+History+Congress&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbQ9DAAAAYAAJ%26q%3DRavuthar%2Bservai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowther" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8170165/The_Heirs_of_Vijayanagara_Court_Politics_in_Early_Modern_South_India_in_preparation_">The Heirs of Vijayanagara Court Politics in Early-Modern South India</a> Author ; Lennart Bes</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichman1997" class="citation book cs1">Richman, Paula (1 October 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TgqqQAsXOW0C&q=Ravuttars&pg=RA1-PA34"><i>Extraordinary Child: Poems from a South Indian Devotional Genre</i></a>. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1063-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-1063-4"><bdi>978-0-8248-1063-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Extraordinary+Child%3A+Poems+from+a+South+Indian+Devotional+Genre&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1997-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-1063-4&rft.aulast=Richman&rft.aufirst=Paula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTgqqQAsXOW0C%26q%3DRavuttars%26pg%3DRA1-PA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowther" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QGPVAAAAMAAJ&q=Ravuta+title"><i>Indian Studies</i></a>. Ramakrishna Maitra. 1967.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Studies&rft.pub=Ramakrishna+Maitra&rft.date=1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQGPVAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DRavuta%2Btitle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowther" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Aiyangar" class="citation book cs1">Aiyangar, Sakkottai Krishnaswami (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924024066742"><i>South India and her Muhammadan Invaders</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 95–96.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+India+and+her+Muhammadan+Invaders&rft.pages=95-96&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Aiyangar&rft.aufirst=Sakkottai+Krishnaswami&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924024066742&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowther" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Abraham-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abraham_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abraham_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbraham2020" class="citation book cs1">Abraham, George (28 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RK__DwAAQBAJ&q=rawther+muslim+turkish+cavalry&pg=PT404"><i>Lanterns on the Lanes: Lit for Life…</i></a>. Notion Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64899-659-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64899-659-7"><bdi>978-1-64899-659-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lanterns+on+the+Lanes%3A+Lit+for+Life%E2%80%A6&rft.pub=Notion+Press&rft.date=2020-12-28&rft.isbn=978-1-64899-659-7&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRK__DwAAQBAJ%26q%3Drawther%2Bmuslim%2Bturkish%2Bcavalry%26pg%3DPT404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowther" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFragner,_Bert_G.Kauz,_RalphPtak,_RoderichSchottenhammer,_Angela2009" class="citation book cs1">Fragner, Bert G.; Kauz, Ralph; Ptak, Roderich; Schottenhammer, Angela (2009). <i>Pferde in Asian : Geschichte, Handel und Kultur</i> [<i>Horses in Asia : history, trade, and culture</i>]. Wien. pp. 150–160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7001-6638-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7001-6638-2"><bdi>978-3-7001-6638-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1111579097">1111579097</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pferde+in+Asian+%3A+Geschichte%2C+Handel+und+Kultur&rft.place=Wien&rft.pages=150-160&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1111579097&rft.isbn=978-3-7001-6638-2&rft.au=Fragner%2C+Bert+G.&rft.au=Kauz%2C+Ralph&rft.au=Ptak%2C+Roderich&rft.au=Schottenhammer%2C+Angela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowther" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArunachalam,_S.2011" class="citation book cs1">Arunachalam, S. 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Pavai Publications. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7735-656-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7735-656-4"><bdi>978-81-7735-656-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/793080699">793080699</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+of+the+pearl+fishery+of+the+Tamil+coast&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Pavai+Publications&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F793080699&rft.isbn=978-81-7735-656-4&rft.au=Arunachalam%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowther" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTschacher,_Torsten2001" class="citation book cs1">Tschacher, Torsten (2001). <i>Islam in Tamilnadu : varia</i>. Halle (Saale): Institut für Indologie und Südasienwissenschaften der Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-86010-627-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-86010-627-9"><bdi>3-86010-627-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50208020">50208020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+Tamilnadu+%3A+varia&rft.place=Halle+%28Saale%29&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Institut+f%C3%BCr+Indologie+und+S%C3%BCdasienwissenschaften+der+Martin-Luther-Universit%C3%A4t+Halle-Wittenberg&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50208020&rft.isbn=3-86010-627-9&rft.au=Tschacher%2C+Torsten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowther" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuthiah,_S.2008" class="citation book cs1">Muthiah, S., ed. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=A+secular+temple+in+Kongu+heartland&rft.date=2018-06-07&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Anwar&rft.aufirst=Kombai+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fsociety%2Fhistory-and-culture%2Fa-secular-temple-in-the-heart-of-kongu-nadu%2Farticle24103046.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowther" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewire.in/education/more-muslim-women-in-higher-education-than-muslim-men-aishe-report">"More Muslim Women Enrolled in Higher Edu Institutes Than Muslim Men: AISHE Report"</a>. <i>The Wire</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=%27No+ban+on+women+entering+Vavar+mosque%27&rft.date=2019-01-08&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft.aulast=Reporter&rft.aufirst=Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fkerala%2Fno-ban-on-women-entering-vavar-mosque%2Farticle25941783.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowther" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/kerala/juma-masjid-to-be-opened-for-women/article8496761.ece">"Juma Masjid to be opened for women"</a>. <i>The Hindu</i>. 19 April 2016. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0971-751X">0971-751X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=Juma+Masjid+to+be+opened+for+women&rft.date=2016-04-19&rft.issn=0971-751X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fkerala%2Fjuma-masjid-to-be-opened-for-women%2Farticle8496761.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowther" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAafaq2022" class="citation web cs1">Aafaq, Zafar (16 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scroll.in/article/1039610/for-women-jama-masjids-temporary-entry-ban-is-a-reminder-of-their-exclusion-from-mosques-in-india">"For Muslim women in India, mosques remain largely out of bound – even without entry bans"</a>. <i>Scroll.in</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scroll.in&rft.atitle=For+Muslim+women+in+India%2C+mosques+remain+largely+out+of+bound+%E2%80%93+even+without+entry+bans&rft.date=2022-12-16&rft.aulast=Aafaq&rft.aufirst=Zafar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscroll.in%2Farticle%2F1039610%2Ffor-women-jama-masjids-temporary-entry-ban-is-a-reminder-of-their-exclusion-from-mosques-in-india&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowther" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rowther&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>J. P. Mulliner. <i>Rise of Islam in India</i>. University of Leeds chpt. 9. Page 215</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHussein,_Asiff2007" class="citation book cs1">Hussein, Asiff (2007). <i>Sarandib : an ethnological study of the Muslims of Sri Lanka</i> (1st ed.). Nugegoda: Asiff Hussein. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-955-97262-2-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-955-97262-2-7"><bdi>978-955-97262-2-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/132681713">132681713</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sarandib+%3A+an+ethnological+study+of+the+Muslims+of+Sri+Lanka&rft.place=Nugegoda&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Asiff+Hussein&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F132681713&rft.isbn=978-955-97262-2-7&rft.au=Hussein%2C+Asiff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh,_K._S.Thirumalai,_R.Manoharan,_S.1997" class="citation book cs1">Singh, K. S.; Thirumalai, R.; Manoharan, S., eds. (1997). <i>People of India. Tamil Nadu</i>. Madras: Affiliated East-West Press [for] Anthropological Survey of India. pp. 1259–1262. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-85938-88-1" title="Special:BookSources/81-85938-88-1"><bdi>81-85938-88-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48502905">48502905</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People+of+India.+Tamil+Nadu&rft.place=Madras&rft.pages=1259-1262&rft.pub=Affiliated+East-West+Press+%5Bfor%5D+Anthropological+Survey+of+India&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48502905&rft.isbn=81-85938-88-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh,_K._S.Madhava_Menon,_T.Tyagi,_D.Kulirani,_B._Francis2002" class="citation book cs1">Singh, K. S.; Madhava Menon, T.; Tyagi, D.; Kulirani, B. Francis, eds. (2002). <i>Kerala</i>. New Delhi: Affiliated East-West Press [for] Anthropological Survey of India. p. 1306. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-85938-99-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-85938-99-7"><bdi>81-85938-99-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50814919">50814919</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kerala&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=1306&rft.pub=Affiliated+East-West+Press+%5Bfor%5D+Anthropological+Survey+of+India&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50814919&rft.isbn=81-85938-99-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARowther" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mines, Mattison. <i>Social Stratification among the Muslim Tamils in Tamil Nadu, South India</i>, Imtiaz Ahmad, ed, Caste, and Social Stratification among the Muslims, Manohar book service, New Delhi, 1973.</li> <li>Nanjundayya, H.V. and lyer, LK.A, 1931, <i>The Mysore Tribes and Castes, IV</i>, The Mysore University. Mysore.</li> <li>Thurston, E., <i>Castes and Tribes of Southern India</i>, Government Press, Madras, 1909.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 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communities</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Majority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alvi" title="Alvi">Alvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabs_in_India" title="Arabs in India">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arain_(Delhi)" title="Arain (Delhi)">Arain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arghons" title="Arghons">Arghon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momin_Ansari" title="Momin Ansari">Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awan_(tribe)" title="Awan (tribe)">Awan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghban" title="Baghban">Baghban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balti_people" title="Balti people">Balti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behna" title="Behna">Behna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beary" title="Beary">Beary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhatiara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhatiara (page does not exist)">Bhatiara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhishti" title="Bhishti">Bhishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisati" title="Bisati">Bisati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhipa">Chhipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaush_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaush (India)">Chaush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deccani_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccani Muslims">Deccani Muslims</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hyderabadi_Muslims" title="Hyderabadi Muslims">Hyderabadi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Dardic peoples">Dard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Dhobi" title="Muslim Dhobi">Dhobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosi_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghosi tribe">Ghosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurjar" title="Gurjar">Gurjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Biradari" title="Iraqi Biradari">Iraqi Biradari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jat_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jat people">Jat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanzada_Rajputs" title="Khanzada Rajputs">Khanzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiris" title="Kashmiris">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunjra" title="Kunjra">Kunjra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malkana" title="Malkana">Malkana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manihar" title="Manihar">Manihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mappila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mappila">Mappila</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rowther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meo_(ethnic_group)" title="Meo (ethnic group)">Meo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_people" title="Mughal people">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathans_in_India" title="Pathans in India">Pathan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purigpa" title="Purigpa">Purigpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qassab" title="Qassab">Qassab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Rajputs" title="Muslim Rajputs">Muslim Rajputs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauda_Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Brahmins">Garha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Rangrez" title="Muslim Rangrez">Rangrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaikhs_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaikhs in South Asia">Shaikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid" title="Sayyid">Sayyid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajjam" title="Hajjam">Salmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddi" title="Siddi">Siddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Teli" title="Muslim Teli">Teli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu-speaking_people" title="Urdu-speaking people">Urdu-speaking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_people" title="Assamese people">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Muslims" title="Bengali Muslims">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadvi_Bhil" title="Tadvi Bhil">Bhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogra_Muslims" title="Dogra Muslims">Dogra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Raj_Gond" title="Muslim Raj Gond">Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Muslims" title="Gujarati Muslims">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_Muslims" title="Konkani Muslims">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawayath" title="Nawayath">Nawayath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_Muslims" title="Marathi Muslims">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_Muslims" title="Marwari Muslims">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslims_of_Manipur" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslims of Manipur">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_Muslims" title="Odia Muslims">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Muslims" title="Punjabi Muslims">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Muslim" title="Tamil Muslim">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_Muslims" title="Andhra Muslims">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labbay" title="Labbay">Labbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goan_Muslims" title="Goan Muslims">Goan Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohras" title="Alavi Bohras">Alavi Bohras</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bihari_Muslims" title="Bihari Muslims">Bihari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdal_(caste)" title="Abdal (caste)">Abdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momin_Ansari" title="Momin Ansari">Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisati" title="Bisati">Bisati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamail" title="Chamail">Chamail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churihar" title="Churihar">Churihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chik_(community)" title="Chik (community)">Chik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Gaddi" title="Muslim Gaddi">Gaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darzi" title="Darzi">Idrisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanzada_Rajputs" title="Khanzada Rajputs">Khanzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulhaiya" title="Kulhaiya">Kulhaiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Begi" title="Lal Begi">Lal Begi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malkana" title="Malkana">Malkana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_clan_(Bihar)" title="Malik clan (Bihar)">Malik of Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirasi" title="Mirasi">Mirasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirshikar" title="Mirshikar">Mirshikar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_people" title="Mughal people">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muker_tribe" title="Muker tribe">Muker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Chhipi" title="Muslim Chhipi">Muslim Chhipi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turuk_Pasi" title="Turuk Pasi">Pasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_(Muslim)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat (Muslim)">Nat</a></li> <li>Pathans</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Rayeen">Rayeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_(caste)" title="Sai (caste)">Sai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapera_(Muslim)" title="Sapera (Muslim)">Sapera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid" title="Sayyid">Sayyid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_(Mallick)_from_Bihar" class="mw-redirect" title="Syed (Mallick) from Bihar">Syed (Mallick)</a></li> <li>Shaikh of Bihar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shershahabadia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shershahabadia">Shershahabadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thakurai" title="Thakurai">Thakurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Teli" title="Muslim Teli">Teli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdal_(caste)" title="Abdal (caste)">Abdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohras" title="Alavi Bohras">Alavi Bohras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momin_Ansari" title="Momin Ansari">Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_(Gujarat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab (Gujarat)">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attarwala" title="Attarwala">Attarwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bafan" title="Bafan">Bafan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjara_(Muslim)" title="Banjara (Muslim)">Banjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behlim" title="Behlim">Behlim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadala" title="Bhadala">Bhadala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharbhunja_(Muslim)" title="Bharbhunja (Muslim)">Bharbhunja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhishti" title="Bhishti">Bhishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhipa">Chhipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chunara" title="Chunara">Chunara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chundrigar" title="Chundrigar">Chundrigar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Dhobi" title="Muslim Dhobi">Dhobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhuldhoya" title="Dhuldhoya">Dhuldhoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doodwala" title="Doodwala">Doodwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faqir_(clan)" title="Faqir (clan)">Faqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galiara" title="Galiara">Galiara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanchi_(Muslim)" title="Ghanchi (Muslim)">Ghanchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanchi-Pinjara" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghanchi-Pinjara">Ghanchi-Pinjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaypotra" title="Halaypotra">Halaypotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hingorja_(community)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hingorja (community)">Hingorja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hingora" title="Hingora">Hingora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junejo" class="mw-redirect" title="Junejo">Juneja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadia_(Muslim)" title="Kadia (Muslim)">Kadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagzi" title="Kagzi">Kagzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ker_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ker clan">Ker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalifa_(caste)" title="Khalifa (caste)">Khalifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaskheli" title="Khaskheli">Khaskheli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoja" title="Khoja">Khoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiyar" title="Machiyar">Machiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makrani_caste" class="mw-redirect" title="Makrani caste">Makrani</a></li> <li>Maliks of Gujarat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandali_caste" title="Mandali caste">Mandali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Makwana" title="Muslim Makwana">Makwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manka_caste" class="mw-redirect" title="Manka caste">Manka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansoori" title="Mansoori">Mansoori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memon_people" title="Memon people">Memon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta_Qureshi" title="Meta Qureshi">Meta Qureshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miyana_(community)" title="Miyana (community)">Miyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molesalam_Rajput" class="mw-redirect" title="Molesalam Rajput">Molesalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momna" title="Momna">Momna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_people" title="Mughal people">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_(caste)" title="Multani (caste)">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_Lohar" title="Multani Lohar">Multani Lohar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutwa" title="Mutwa">Mutwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagori_(caste)" title="Nagori (caste)">Nagori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_tribe" title="Node tribe">Node</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panar" title="Panar">Panar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Parmar_(Gujarat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Parmar (Gujarat)">Parmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patani_Bohras" class="mw-redirect" title="Patani Bohras"> Patani Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patni_Jamat" title="Patni Jamat">Patni Jamat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathans_of_Gujarat" title="Pathans of Gujarat">Pathans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salaat_(Muslim)" title="Salaat (Muslim)">Salaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samma_(tribe)" title="Samma (tribe)">Samma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandhai_Muslims" title="Sandhai Muslims">Sandhai Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanghar_caste" title="Sanghar caste">Sanghar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Shaikh" title="Gujarati Shaikh">Shaikhs of Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaikhda" title="Shaikhda">Shaikhda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_of_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyid of Gujarat">Sayyid of Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddi" title="Siddi">Siddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipahi_(caste)" title="Sipahi (caste)">Sipahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soomro" title="Soomro">Soomra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymani" title="Sulaymani">Sulaymani Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Bohra" title="Sunni Bohra">Sunni Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_(caste)" title="Tai (caste)">Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turk_Jamat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turk Jamat (page does not exist)">Turk Jamat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vora_Patel" title="Vora Patel">Vora Patel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyapari_(caste)" title="Vyapari (caste)">Vyapari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghban" title="Baghban">Baghban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beary" title="Beary">Beary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaush_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaush (India)">Chaush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhaparband_(Muslim)" title="Chhaparband (Muslim)">Chhaparband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodava_Maaple" title="Kodava Maaple">Kodava Maaple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_Muslims" title="Konkani Muslims">Konkani Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawayath" title="Nawayath">Nawayath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinjara" title="Pinjara">Pinjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddi" title="Siddi">Siddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Asad_ibn_Khuzaymah" class="mw-redirect" title="Banu Asad ibn Khuzaymah">Assadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mappila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mappila">Mappilas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pusalan" title="Pusalan">Pusalans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossan" title="Ossan">Ossans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thangal">Tangals (the Sayyids)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawayath" title="Nawayath">Vattakkolis (the Bhatkalis) or Navayats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labbay" title="Labbay">Labbais</a></li> <li>Nahas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marakkar" title="Marakkar">Marakkars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyi_family" title="Keyi family">Keyis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koya_(Malabar)" title="Koya (Malabar)">Koyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nainars" title="Nainars">Nainars</a></li> <li>Dakhnis or Pathans</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ravuthars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Bohras (Daudi Bohras)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhipa">Chhipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momin_Ansari" title="Momin Ansari">Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjara_(Muslim)" title="Banjara (Muslim)">Banjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Dhobi" title="Muslim Dhobi">Dhobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_people" title="Mughal people">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Chhipi" title="Muslim Chhipi">Muslim Chhipi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathans_of_Madhya_Pradesh" title="Pathans of Madhya Pradesh">Pathans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaikhs_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaikhs in South Asia">Shaikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid" title="Sayyid">Sayyid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attar_(caste)" title="Attar (caste)">Attar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghban" title="Baghban">Baghban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhishti" title="Bhishti">Bhishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaush_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaush (India)">Chaush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhipa">Chhipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhaparband_(Muslim)" title="Chhaparband (Muslim)">Chhaparband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhawad" title="Dhawad">Dhawad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faqir_(clan)" title="Faqir (clan)">Faqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garodi" title="Garodi">Garodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavandi" title="Gavandi">Gavandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachar" title="Kachar">Kachar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagzi" title="Kagzi">Kagzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_Muslims" title="Konkani Muslims">Konkani Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momin_Ansari" title="Momin Ansari">Momin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Raj_Gond" title="Muslim Raj Gond">Muslim Raj Gond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qassab" title="Qassab">Qassab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saiqalgar" title="Saiqalgar">Saiqalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadvi_Bhil" title="Tadvi Bhil">Tadvi Bhil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Momin_Ansari" title="Momin Ansari">Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anderkoti" title="Anderkoti">Anderkoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhipa">Chhipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheetah_caste" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheetah caste">Cheetah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadwa" title="Chadwa">Chadwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a></li> <li>Deshwali</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Gaddi" title="Muslim Gaddi">Gaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosi_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghosi tribe">Ghosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hela_Mehtar" title="Hela Mehtar">Hela Mehtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiranbaz" title="Hiranbaz">Hiranbaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandera" title="Kandera">Kandera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khadem_(caste)" class="mw-redirect" title="Khadem (caste)">Khadem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanzada_Rajputs" title="Khanzada Rajputs">Khanzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langha_(tribe)" title="Langha (tribe)">Langha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganiar" title="Manganiar">Manganiar</a></li> <li>Merat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meo_(ethnic_group)" title="Meo (ethnic group)">Meo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_people" title="Mughal people">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinjara" title="Pinjara">Pinjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaimkhani" title="Qaimkhani">Qaimkhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Rangrez" title="Muslim Rangrez">Rangrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rath_tribe" title="Rath tribe">Rath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaikh_of_Rajasthan" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaikh of Rajasthan">Shaikhs of Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silawat" title="Silawat">Silawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi-Sipahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi-Sipahi">Sindhi-Sipahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singiwala" title="Singiwala">Singiwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorgar" title="Sorgar">Sorgar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rowther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayalar_(Muslim)" title="Kayalar (Muslim)">Kayalar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labbay" title="Labbay">Labbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marakkar" title="Marakkar">Marakkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deccani_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccani Muslims">Deccani Muslims</a> (Pathans)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawayath" title="Nawayath">Nawayath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alvi" title="Alvi">Alvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansari_(surname)" title="Ansari (surname)">Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atishbaz" title="Atishbaz">Atishbaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bachgoti_Khanzada" title="Bachgoti Khanzada">Bachgoti Khanzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghban" title="Baghban">Baghban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluch_(Uttar_Pradesh)" title="Baluch (Uttar Pradesh)">Baluch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Bandhmati" title="Muslim Bandhmati">Bandhmati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjara_(Muslim)" title="Banjara (Muslim)">Banjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Barhai" title="Muslim Barhai">Barhai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behlim" title="Behlim">Behlim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Israil" title="Banu Israil">Banu Israil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behna" title="Behna">Behna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhand" title="Bhand">Bhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharbhunja_(Muslim)" title="Bharbhunja (Muslim)">Bharbhunja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhale_Sultan_Khanzada" title="Bhale Sultan Khanzada">Bhale Sultan Khanzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatti_Khanzada" title="Bhatti Khanzada">Bhatti Khanzada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bhatiara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bhatiara (page does not exist)">Bhatiara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhishti" title="Bhishti">Bhishti</a></li> <li>Muslim Bhumihar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisati" title="Bisati">Bisati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chik_(community)" title="Chik (community)">Chik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deccani_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccani Muslims">Dakhini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dafali" title="Dafali">Dafali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Dhagi" title="Muslim Dhagi">Dhagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharhi" title="Dharhi">Dharhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Dhobi" title="Muslim Dhobi">Dhobi Musalmaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogar" title="Dogar">Dogar</a></li> <li>Fareedi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogi_Faqir" title="Jogi Faqir">Faqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Gaddi" title="Muslim Gaddi">Gaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautam_Khanzada" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautam Khanzada">Gautam Khanzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosi_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghosi tribe">Ghosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goriya" title="Goriya">Goriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Gujjar_(Uttar_Pradesh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Gujjar (Uttar Pradesh)">Gujjar Musalmaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halalkhor" title="Halalkhor">Halalkhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Halwai" title="Muslim Halwai">Halwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darzi" title="Darzi">Idrisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Biradari" title="Iraqi Biradari">Iraqi Biradari</a></li> <li>Jhojha</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabaria" title="Kabaria">Kabaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakori_Shaikh" title="Kakori Shaikh">Kakorvi Shaikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamangars" title="Kamangars">Kamangars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamboj" title="Kamboj">Kamboh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasgar" title="Kasgar">Kasgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Kayasths" title="Muslim Kayasths">Kayastha Musalman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanzada_Rajputs" title="Khanzada Rajputs">Khanzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khokhar_Khanzada" title="Khokhar Khanzada">Khokhar Khanzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khumra_(Islam)" title="Khumra (Islam)">Khumra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingharia" title="Kingharia">Kingharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunjra" title="Kunjra">Kunjra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Begi" title="Lal Begi">Lal Begi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalkhani" title="Lalkhani">Lalkhani Rajput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madari" title="Madari">Madari</a></li> <li>Mandarkia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malkana" title="Malkana">Malkana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manihar" title="Manihar">Manihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meo_(ethnic_group)" title="Meo (ethnic group)">Meo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milki" title="Milki">Milki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirasi" title="Mirasi">Mirasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_people" title="Mughal people">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujavir" title="Mujavir">Mujavir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muker_tribe" title="Muker tribe">Muker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Chhipi" title="Muslim Chhipi">Muslim Chhipi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muley_Jats" class="mw-redirect" title="Muley Jats">Muley Jats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagar_Muslims" title="Nagar Muslims">Nagar Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nalband_(tribe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nalband (tribe) (page does not exist)">Nalband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanbai" title="Nanbai">Nanbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naqqal" title="Naqqal">Naqqal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchpiria" title="Panchpiria">Panchpiria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankhiya" title="Pankhiya">Pankhiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathans_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Pathans of Uttar Pradesh">Pathans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putliwale" title="Putliwale">Putliwale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalandar_(caste)" title="Qalandar (caste)">Qalandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qassab" title="Qassab">Qassab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Saudagaran-e-Delhi" title="Punjabi Saudagaran-e-Delhi">Qaum-e-Punjabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qidwai" title="Qidwai">Qidwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Raibhat" title="Muslim Raibhat">Rai Bhatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_(caste)" title="Raj (caste)">Raj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauda_Brahmins" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda Brahmins">Garha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranghar" title="Ranghar"> Rajput Musalmaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramaiya" title="Ramaiya">Ramaiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Rangrez" title="Muslim Rangrez">Rangrez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Rayeen">Rayeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohilla" title="Rohilla">Rohilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadaat_Amroha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadaat Amroha">Sadaat Amroha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadaat-e-Bara" title="Sadaat-e-Bara">Sadaat-e-Bara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadaat-e-Bilgram" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadaat-e-Bilgram">Sadaat-e-Bilgram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_(caste)" title="Sai (caste)">Sai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajjam" title="Hajjam">Salmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_of_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sayyid of Uttar Pradesh">Sayyid of Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaikh_of_Uttar_Pradesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaikh of Uttar Pradesh">Shaikh of Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27fri" title="Ja'fri">Shaikh Ja'fri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaikhzada" title="Shaikhzada">Shaikhzada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddiqui" title="Siddiqui">Siddiqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Teli" title="Muslim Teli">Teli Musalmaan</a></li> <li>Turk</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagi_(Muslim)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyagi (Muslim)">Tyagi Musalmaan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdal_(caste)" title="Abdal (caste)">Abdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi Bohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedia_(Muslim_clan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedia (Muslim clan)">Bedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faqir_(clan)" title="Faqir (clan)">Faqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosi_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghosi tribe">Ghosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Biradari" title="Iraqi Biradari">Iraqi Biradari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Kahar" title="Muslim Kahar">Kahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kan_(tribe)" title="Kan (tribe)">Kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kela_(tribe)" title="Kela (tribe)">Kela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khotta_people" title="Khotta people">Khotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodha_Muslims" title="Lodha Muslims">Lodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal_Muslim" title="Mal Muslim">Malla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashya_Shaikh" title="Nashya Shaikh">Nashya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patua" title="Patua">Patua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapuria" title="Sapuria">Sapuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shershahabadia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shershahabadia">Shershahabadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Saudagaran-e-Delhi" title="Punjabi Saudagaran-e-Delhi">Shamsi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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