CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Duchy of Brittany - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"66b0fb28-5460-4d17-86b5-40f1c23279ae","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Duchy_of_Brittany","wgTitle":"Duchy of Brittany","wgCurRevisionId":1252680949,"wgRevisionId":1252680949,"wgArticleId":286865,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles containing Breton-language text","Articles containing French-language text","Articles containing Latin-language text","Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters","Pages with Breton IPA","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013","All articles lacking reliable references", "Articles lacking reliable references from January 2013","All accuracy disputes","Accuracy disputes from January 2013","Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from February 2024","Articles with permanently dead external links","Dukes of Brittany","Former duchies","Former monarchies of Europe","History of Brittany","939 establishments","1547 disestablishments in Europe","Dukedoms of France","Christian states"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Duchy_of_Brittany","wgRelevantArticleId":286865,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true, "wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q71747","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready", "ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface", "ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Drapeau_de_la_province_de_Bretagne_%281532%29.svg/1200px-Drapeau_de_la_province_de_Bretagne_%281532%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="802"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Drapeau_de_la_province_de_Bretagne_%281532%29.svg/800px-Drapeau_de_la_province_de_Bretagne_%281532%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="534"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Drapeau_de_la_province_de_Bretagne_%281532%29.svg/640px-Drapeau_de_la_province_de_Bretagne_%281532%29.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="428"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Duchy of Brittany - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Brittany&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Duchy_of_Brittany rootpage-Duchy_of_Brittany skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Duchy+of+Brittany" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Duchy+of+Brittany" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Duchy+of+Brittany" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Duchy+of+Brittany" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Background subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-10th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#10th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>10th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-10th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-11th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#11th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>11th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-11th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-12th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#12th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>12th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-12th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-13th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#13th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>13th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-13th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-14th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#14th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>14th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-14th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-15th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#15th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>15th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-15th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-16th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#16th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>16th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-16th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17th_and_18th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_and_18th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>17th and 18th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th_and_18th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society,_culture_and_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society,_culture_and_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Society, culture and governance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society,_culture_and_governance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Society, culture and governance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Society,_culture_and_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folklore_and_legends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folklore_and_legends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Folklore and legends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folklore_and_legends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_the_Catholic_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Role of the Catholic Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_the_Catholic_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Customs_and_laws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Customs_and_laws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Customs and laws</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Customs_and_laws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_parliamentary_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_parliamentary_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Rise of parliamentary government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_parliamentary_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Richmondshire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Richmondshire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Richmondshire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Richmondshire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Duchy of Brittany</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duc%C3%A1u_de_Breta%C3%B1a" title="Ducáu de Bretaña – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ducáu de Bretaña" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Герцагства Брэтань – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Герцагства Брэтань" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Брэтань (герцагства) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Брэтань (герцагства)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugelezh_Breizh" title="Dugelezh Breizh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dugelezh Breizh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducat_de_Bretanya" title="Ducat de Bretanya – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ducat de Bretanya" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breta%C5%88sk%C3%A9_v%C3%A9vodstv%C3%AD" title="Bretaňské vévodství – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bretaňské vévodství" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugaeth_Llydaw" title="Dugaeth Llydaw – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dugaeth Llydaw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzogtum_Bretagne" title="Herzogtum Bretagne – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Herzogtum Bretagne" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretagne%27i_hertsogkond" title="Bretagne'i hertsogkond – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bretagne'i hertsogkond" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%92%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Δουκάτο της Βρετάνης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δουκάτο της Βρετάνης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducado_de_Breta%C3%B1a" title="Ducado de Bretaña – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ducado de Bretaña" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duklando_Bretonio" title="Duklando Bretonio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Duklando Bretonio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretainiako_dukerria" title="Bretainiako dukerria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bretainiako dukerria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="دوک‌نشین بریتانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دوک‌نشین بریتانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duch%C3%A9_de_Bretagne" title="Duché de Bretagne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Duché de Bretagne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartochdom_Bretanje" title="Hartochdom Bretanje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hartochdom Bretanje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%BAcacht_na_Briot%C3%A1ine" title="Diúcacht na Briotáine – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Diúcacht na Briotáine" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diucaght_y_Vritaan" title="Diucaght y Vritaan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Diucaght y Vritaan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducado_da_Breta%C3%B1a" title="Ducado da Bretaña – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ducado da Bretaña" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%A5%B4%ED%83%80%EB%89%B4_%EA%B3%B5%EA%B5%AD" title="브르타뉴 공국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="브르타뉴 공국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojvodstvo_Bretanja" title="Vojvodstvo Bretanja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vojvodstvo Bretanja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadipaten_Bretonia" title="Kadipaten Bretonia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kadipaten Bretonia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducato_di_Bretagna" title="Ducato di Bretagna – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ducato di Bretagna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9F" title="דוכסות ברטאן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דוכסות ברטאן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B0" title="Војводство Бретања – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Војводство Бретања" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertogdom_Bretagne" title="Hertogdom Bretagne – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hertogdom Bretagne" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%A5%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" title="ブルターニュ公国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブルターニュ公国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducat_de_Bretanha" title="Ducat de Bretanha – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ducat de Bretanha" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%99stwo_Bretanii" title="Księstwo Bretanii – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Księstwo Bretanii" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducado_da_Bretanha" title="Ducado da Bretanha – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ducado da Bretanha" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ducatul_de_Bretania" title="Ducatul de Bretania – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ducatul de Bretania" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Бретань (герцогство) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бретань (герцогство)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojvodstvo_Bretanja" title="Vojvodstvo Bretanja – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Vojvodstvo Bretanja" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA" title="ดัชชีแบรย์ส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดัชชีแบรย์ส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Бретанське герцогство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бретанське герцогство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DA%86%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%81_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%B9%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ڈچی آف برٹنی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ڈچی آف برٹنی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogado_de_Bretagna" title="Dogado de Bretagna – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Dogado de Bretagna" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%88%97%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" title="布列塔尼公国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="布列塔尼公国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q71747#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Duchy_of_Brittany" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Brittany&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Brittany&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Brittany&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Brittany&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Duchy_of_Brittany" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Brittany&oldid=1252680949" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Brittany&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Duchy_of_Brittany&id=1252680949&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDuchy_of_Brittany"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FDuchy_of_Brittany"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Duchy_of_Brittany&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Brittany&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Duchy_of_Brittany" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q71747" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medieval feudal state in northwest France</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Duchy of Brittany</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">Dugelezh Breizh</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a>)</span><br /><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Duché de Bretagne</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">939–1547</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drapeau_de_la_province_de_Bretagne_(1532).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Brittany"><img alt="Flag of Brittany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Drapeau_de_la_province_de_Bretagne_%281532%29.svg/125px-Drapeau_de_la_province_de_Bretagne_%281532%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Drapeau_de_la_province_de_Bretagne_%281532%29.svg/188px-Drapeau_de_la_province_de_Bretagne_%281532%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Drapeau_de_la_province_de_Bretagne_%281532%29.svg/250px-Drapeau_de_la_province_de_Bretagne_%281532%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="1169" /></a></span></div><div style="padding: 2px 0px 3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banniel_Breizh_1.0.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Banniel_Breizh_1.0.svg/125px-Banniel_Breizh_1.0.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Banniel_Breizh_1.0.svg/188px-Banniel_Breizh_1.0.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Banniel_Breizh_1.0.svg/250px-Banniel_Breizh_1.0.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div>Top: <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Brittany" title="Flag of Brittany">Ducal and state flag</a><br />Bottom: The <span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br"><a href="/wiki/Kroaz_Du" title="Kroaz Du">Kroaz Du</a></i></span> was the flag used by the independent duchy in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Jean_III_de_Bretagne.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Brittany"><img alt="Coat of arms of Brittany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Arms_of_Jean_III_de_Bretagne.svg/85px-Arms_of_Jean_III_de_Bretagne.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Arms_of_Jean_III_de_Bretagne.svg/128px-Arms_of_Jean_III_de_Bretagne.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Arms_of_Jean_III_de_Bretagne.svg/170px-Arms_of_Jean_III_de_Bretagne.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a></span></div> <div>Coat of arms</div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">Kentoc'h mervel eget bezañ saotret</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a>)</span><br /><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Potius mori quam fœdari</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>)</span><br /><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Plutôt la mort que la souillure</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span><br /><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">À ma vie</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>)</span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(variant)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Localisation_Duch%C3%A9_de_Bretagne.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Brittany"><img alt="Location of Brittany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Localisation_Duch%C3%A9_de_Bretagne.svg/250px-Localisation_Duch%C3%A9_de_Bretagne.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Localisation_Duch%C3%A9_de_Bretagne.svg/375px-Localisation_Duch%C3%A9_de_Bretagne.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Localisation_Duch%C3%A9_de_Bretagne.svg/500px-Localisation_Duch%C3%A9_de_Bretagne.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Independent duchy (939–942)<br /><a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_West_Franks" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of the West Franks">Kingdom of the West Franks</a> (942–987)<br />Vassal state of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a> (987–1491)<br /><a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a> of the Kingdom of France (1491–1547)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Vannes" title="Vannes">Vannes</a><br />and other cities</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gallo_language" title="Gallo language">Gallo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poitevin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Poitevin language">Poitevin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Brittany" title="Politics of Brittany">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudal monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Brittany" title="List of monarchs of Brittany">Duke</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1514–1524 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Claude_of_France" title="Claude of France">Claude</a> (last)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Estates_of_Brittany" title="Estates of Brittany">Estates of Brittany</a>; <a href="/wiki/Parlement_of_Rennes" title="Parlement of Rennes">Parlement of Rennes</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trans-la-F%C3%B4ret" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Trans-la-Fôret">Battle of Trans-la-Fôret</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1 August 939</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Brittany_and_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Union of Brittany and France">Union with France</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">13 August 1547</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data">Various<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooton201012_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooton201012-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_Wales_without_Green.svg/20px-Flag_of_Wales_without_Green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_Wales_without_Green.svg/30px-Flag_of_Wales_without_Green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Flag_of_Wales_without_Green.svg/40px-Flag_of_Wales_without_Green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Brittany" title="Kingdom of Brittany">Brittany</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Raven_Banner.svg/20px-Raven_Banner.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Raven_Banner.svg/30px-Raven_Banner.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Raven_Banner.svg/40px-Raven_Banner.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1463" data-file-height="1250" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Viking_Brittany" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking Brittany">Viking Brittany</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="France in the Middle Ages">Kingdom of France (910-1593)</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/20px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/30px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/40px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Duchy of Brittany</b> (<a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a>: <i lang="br">Dugelezh Breizh</i>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="br-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Breton" title="Help:IPA/Breton">[dyˈɡɛːlɛs<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈbrɛjs]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Duché de Bretagne</i>) was a <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Feudal" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal">feudal</a> state that existed between approximately 939<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 1547.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its territory covered the northwestern peninsula of Europe, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, and the English Channel to the north. It was also less definitively bordered by the river <a href="/wiki/Loire" title="Loire">Loire</a> to the south, and <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, and other French provinces, to the east. The <a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">Duchy</a> was established after the expulsion of <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> armies from the region around 939. The Duchy, in the 10th and 11th centuries, was politically unstable, with the dukes holding only limited power outside their own personal lands. The Duchy had mixed relationships with the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Normandy" title="Duchy of Normandy">Duchy of Normandy</a>, sometimes allying itself with Normandy, and at other times, such as the <a href="/wiki/Breton%E2%80%93Norman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton–Norman War">Breton–Norman War</a>, entering into open conflict. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II of England</a> invaded Brittany in the mid-12th century and became Count of Nantes in 1158 under a treaty with <a href="/wiki/Conan_IV,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Conan IV, Duke of Brittany">Duke Conan IV</a>. Henry's son, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_II,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany">Geoffrey</a>, became Duke through his marriage to <a href="/wiki/Constance,_Duchess_of_Brittany" title="Constance, Duchess of Brittany">Constance</a>, the hereditary Duchess. The <a href="/wiki/Angevin_kings_of_England" title="Angevin kings of England">Angevins</a> remained in control until the collapse of their empire in northern France in 1204. The French Crown maintained its influence over the Duchy for the rest of the 13th century. Monastic orders supported by the Breton aristocracy spread across the Duchy in the 11th and 12th centuries, and in the 13th, the first of the mendicant orders established themselves in Brittany's major towns. Civil war broke out in the 14th century, as rival claimants for the Duchy vied for power during the <a href="/wiki/Breton_War_of_Succession" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton War of Succession">Breton War of Succession</a>, with different factions supported by England and France. </p><p>The independent sovereign nature of the Duchy began to come to an end upon the death of <a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_Brittany" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis II of Brittany">Francis II</a> in 1488. The Duchy was inherited by his daughter, <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Brittany" title="Anne of Brittany">Anne</a>, but King <a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France" title="Charles VIII of France">Charles VIII of France</a> had her existing marriage annulled and then married her himself. As a result, the King of France acquired the title of Duke of Brittany – <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Jure_uxoris" title="Jure uxoris">jure uxoris</a></i></span>. The Ducal crown became united with the French crown in 1532 through a vote of the <a href="/wiki/Estates_of_Brittany" title="Estates of Brittany">Estates of Brittany</a>, after the death of Queen <a href="/wiki/Claude_of_France" title="Claude of France">Claude of France</a>, the last sovereign duchess. Her sons <a href="/wiki/Francis_III,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Francis III, Duke of Brittany">Francis III, Duke of Brittany</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a> would in any case have created a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> on the death of their father. </p><p>Following the French Revolution, and as a result of the various republican forms of French government since 1792, the duchy was replaced by the French system of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">départements</i></span> (or <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">departments</a>) which continues under the <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">Fifth Republic of France</a>. In modern times the departments have also joined into administrative <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_France" title="Regions of France">regions</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the <a href="/wiki/Brittany_(administrative_region)" title="Brittany (administrative region)">administrative region of Brittany</a> does not encompass the entirety of the medieval duchy. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Brittany&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Brittany&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Brittany" title="Kingdom of Brittany">Kingdom of Brittany</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Brittany" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Brittany">List of rulers of Brittany</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_Kingdom_of_Brittany_845-867-fr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Map_Kingdom_of_Brittany_845-867-fr.svg/220px-Map_Kingdom_of_Brittany_845-867-fr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Map_Kingdom_of_Brittany_845-867-fr.svg/330px-Map_Kingdom_of_Brittany_845-867-fr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Map_Kingdom_of_Brittany_845-867-fr.svg/440px-Map_Kingdom_of_Brittany_845-867-fr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Brittany in the 9th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The Duchy of Brittany that emerged in the early 10th century was influenced by several earlier polities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones19882_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones19882-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the expansion of the Roman Empire into the region, <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gallic</a> tribes had occupied the <a href="/wiki/Armorica" title="Armorica">Armorican</a> peninsula, dividing it into five regions that then formed the basis for the Roman administration of the area, and which survived into the period of the Duchy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones19882_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones19882-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These Gallic tribes – termed the <i>Armorici</i> in Latin – had close relationships with the <a href="/wiki/Britons_(historical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Britons (historical)">Britonnes</a> tribes in Roman Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991130_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991130-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the late 4th and the early 7th centuries, many of these Britonnes migrated to the Armorican peninsula, blending with the local people to form the later Britons,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991128_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991128-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who eventually became the <a href="/wiki/Bretons" title="Bretons">Bretons</a>. The reasons for these migrations remain uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991128–131_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991128–131-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These migrations from Britain contributed to Brittany's name. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones19882–3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones19882–3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Brittany fragmented into small, warring <i>regna</i>, kingdoms, each competing for resources.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith199220–21_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith199220–21-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Frankish <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> conquered the region during the 8th century, starting around 748 taking the whole of Brittany by 799.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice198921_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice198921-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Carolingians tried to create a unitary administration around the centres of <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vannes" title="Vannes">Vannes</a> using the local rulers, but the kings of Brittany's hold on the region remained tenuous.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith19929,_18_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith19929,_18-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverard20009_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverard20009-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradbury200057_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradbury200057-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carolingian technology and culture began to influence Brittany, and the church in Brittany also began to emulate the Frankish model. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991130_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991130-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The greatest influence on the later Duchy, however, was the formation of a unitary Brittany kingdom in the 9th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones19883_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones19883-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 831 <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis the Pious</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/Nominoe" title="Nominoe">Nominoe</a>, the Count of Vannes, ruler of the Bretons, imperial <a href="/wiki/Missus_dominicus" title="Missus dominicus"><i>missus</i></a>, at <a href="/wiki/Ingelheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ingelheim">Ingelheim</a> in 831. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelumeau1969524_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelumeau1969524-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the death of Louis in 840, Nominoe rose to challenge the new emperor, <a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles the Bald</a>, emboldened in part by new <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> raids on the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice198923_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice198923-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles the Bald created the <a href="/wiki/Marches_of_Neustria" title="Marches of Neustria">Marches of Neustria</a> to defend <a href="/wiki/Western_Francia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Francia">Western Francia</a> from the Bretons and the Vikings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Columbia_Encyclopedia19351252_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Columbia_Encyclopedia19351252-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Erispoe fought Charles the Bald, who felt that a quick attack would successfully challenge the new Breton leader. <a href="/wiki/Erispoe" title="Erispoe">Erispoe</a> won a victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jengland" title="Battle of Jengland">Battle of Jengland</a> and, under their Treaty of Angers in 851, Brittany's independence was secured. </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Franco-Breton_wars" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Franco-Breton_wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Franco-Breton wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Franco-Breton_wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Franco-Breton wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Franco-Breton_wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Franco-Breton wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Franco-Breton_wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Franco-Breton wars</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blain" title="Battle of Blain">Blain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ballon" title="Battle of Ballon">Ballon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jengland" title="Battle of Jengland">Jengland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brissarthe" title="Battle of Brissarthe">Brissarthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trans-la-For%C3%AAt" title="Battle of Trans-la-Forêt">Trans-la-Forêt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Conquereuil" title="Battle of Conquereuil">Conquereuil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The new kingdom proved fragile and collapsed under Viking attack.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones19883_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones19883-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 853 the Viking Godfried left the Seine with his fleet, sailed around the Breton peninsula and sacked Nantes. Erispoe entered into an alliance with the leader of another Viking fleet, Sidroc, who betrayed him, resulting in Erispoe's defeat at the hands of the Vikings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice198925–26_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice198925–26-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A weakened Erispoe ruled until 857 when he was assassinated and then followed as Breton ruler by his cousin and rival, <a href="/wiki/Salomon,_King_of_Brittany" title="Salomon, King of Brittany">Salomon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Rennes" title="Count of Rennes">Count of Rennes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Nantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Nantes">Nantes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradbury200057_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradbury200057-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Viking raids continued. <a href="/wiki/Alan_I,_King_of_Brittany" title="Alan I, King of Brittany">Alan I</a> successfully defeated one wave of Vikings around 900, expanding the kingdom to include not only the Breton territories of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_(viscounty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Léon (viscounty)">Léon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Domnon%C3%A9e" title="Domnonée">Domnonée</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornouaille" title="Cornouaille">Cornouaille</a>, and the Vannetais, but also the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> counties of Rennes, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Nantes" title="County of Nantes">Nantes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coutances" title="Coutances">Coutances</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Avranches" title="Avranches">Avranches</a>, as well as the western parts of <a href="/wiki/Poitou" title="Poitou">Poitou</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Anjou" title="County of Anjou">Anjou</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Alan I's military success resulted in a period of peace from Viking invasions and few raids from the Vikings were recorded from 900 through to 907.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice1989355_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice1989355-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Alan I's death in 907, Brittany was overrun once again by Vikings. <a href="/wiki/Fulk_the_Red" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulk the Red">Fulk the Red</a>, Count of Anjou, is said to have occupied Nantes from 907 to 919 when he abandoned it to the invading Vikings. In 919, the great Viking fleet of Rognvaldr landed in Nantes, quickly coming to dominate the region. This invasion accelerated the exodus of Bretons, including that of the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Machtiern&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Machtiern (page does not exist)">machtierns</a></i>, "the local hereditary officers upon whom the civil administration depended".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice1989356–360_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice1989356–360-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the refugees were <a href="/wiki/Mathuedo%C3%AF_I,_Count_of_Poher" title="Mathuedoï I, Count of Poher">Mathedoi, the Count of Poher</a>, and his son <a href="/wiki/Alan_II,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Alan II, Duke of Brittany">Alan Barbetorte</a>, the grandson of Alan I; they fled to England and lived in exile in the courts of <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Elder" title="Edward the Elder">Edward the Elder</a> and Edward's son and successor <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelstan" title="Æthelstan">Æthelstan</a>. The Viking occupation of Brittany lasted until about 936.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice1989Appendix_Two_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice1989Appendix_Two-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Little recorded history of this period is available until Alan Barbetorte returned in 937 to expel the Vikings and reestablish a version of the former Carolingian kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice1989362_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice1989362-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones19883_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones19883-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Brittany&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Brittany" title="History of Brittany">History of Brittany</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="10th_century">10th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Brittany&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 10th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Duchy of Brittany emerged after Alan Barbetorte's return to the region from England in 936.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991168–169_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991168–169-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barbetorte claimed the titles of the Count of Cornouaille and Nantes and, as Alan II, reigned as the new <i>Brittonum dux</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991169_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991169-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using a network of small, defended towns and monastic sites, Alan pushed back the Viking advances.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones198815_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones198815-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 August 939, with the aid of <a href="/wiki/Judicael_Berengar" title="Judicael Berengar">Judicael Berengar</a>, Count of Rennes, and <a href="/wiki/Hugh_I,_Count_of_Maine" title="Hugh I, Count of Maine">Hugh I, Count of Maine</a>, he defeated the Vikings in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trans-la-For%C3%AAt" title="Battle of Trans-la-Forêt">Battle of Trans-la-Forêt</a>, completing their expulsion from Brittany.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHjardarVike2016334_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHjardarVike2016334-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alan's duchy was smaller than the previous Kingdom of Brittany, as, despite gaining <a href="/wiki/Magues" class="mw-redirect" title="Magues">Magues</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tiffauges" title="Tiffauges">Tiffauges</a> in the south, the dukes no longer ruled over the regions of <a href="/wiki/Cotentin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotentin">Cotentin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avranchin" title="Avranchin">Avranchin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mayenne" title="Mayenne">Mayenne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991169_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991169-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alan paid homage to <a href="/wiki/Louis_IV_of_France" title="Louis IV of France">Louis IV of France</a> for Brittany in 942.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones19884_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones19884-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite some older Celtic influences, the new duchy was in many ways similar to the other, post-Carolingian states forming across the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones19882–3_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones19882–3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the coming decades, a network of powerful local lords emerged across Brittany, occupying <a href="/wiki/Motte_and_bailey" class="mw-redirect" title="Motte and bailey">motte and bailey</a> castles and owing a loose <a href="/wiki/Feudal" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal">feudal</a> loyalty to the duke.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991169–170_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991169–170-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The east of Brittany was the first to change, but the practices spread over the next fifty years to the more remote regions of the north- and south-west.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991170–171_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991170–171-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alan II was also allied to <a href="/wiki/Theobald_I_of_Blois" class="mw-redirect" title="Theobald I of Blois">Theobald I of Blois</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Blois" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Blois">count of Chartres</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones19884_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones19884-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alan II had married Theobald's sister, Adelaide, giving Theobald influence all the way to Rennes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBachrach19937_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBachrach19937-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However Alan II's death left a void in Brittany leaving it vulnerable to encroachment by either the Normans or the Angevins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBachrach19938_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBachrach19938-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In turn the recently widowed <a href="/wiki/Fulk_II,_Count_of_Anjou" title="Fulk II, Count of Anjou">Fulk II, Count of Anjou</a>, Theobald's ally, married Alan II's widow.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his death, Alan II was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/Drogo,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Drogo, Duke of Brittany">Drogo</a>. Drogo's rule set the precedent for the role of a regent during the minority of a ducal heir. Throughout his reign, Drogo was under the shared regency of his uncle the Count of Blois, Theobald I (who entrusted the administration of the duchy to Wicohen, Archbishop of <a href="/wiki/Dol-de-Bretagne" title="Dol-de-Bretagne">Dol</a>, and the Count of Rennes <a href="/wiki/Juhel_Berengar" class="mw-redirect" title="Juhel Berengar">Juhel Berengar</a> as administrators), and his stepfather, the Fulk II, Count of Anjou.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBachrach1993261_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBachrach1993261-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Drogo, the duchy continued to experience political instability and he was unable to sustain his line. Drogo died in 958. Two of Alan II's illegitimate sons, <a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%ABl_I,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Hoël I, Duke of Brittany">Hoël</a> and Guerich, attempted to act as Counts of Nantes and preserve their claim to duchy but were eventually unsuccessful. In 990 Juhel Berengar's son <a href="/wiki/Conan_I_of_Rennes" title="Conan I of Rennes">Conan I</a>, the grandson of Pascweten, became Duke and the title passed to the House of <a href="/wiki/Rennes" title="Rennes">Rennes</a>. Conan I ruled for only two years and died fighting against his brother-in-law <a href="/wiki/Fulk_III,_Count_of_Anjou" title="Fulk III, Count of Anjou">Fulk III, Count of Anjou</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Conquereuil" title="Battle of Conquereuil">Battle of Conquereuil</a> on 27 June 992. He was succeeded by his oldest son <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_I,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Geoffrey I, Duke of Brittany">Geoffrey I</a>. Blois threatened Conan's succession. Duke Geoffrey I, a member of the House of Nantes, entered into a dynastic alliance with <a href="/wiki/Richard_II,_Duke_of_Normandy" title="Richard II, Duke of Normandy">Richard II, Duke of Normandy</a> in a diplomatic double marriage between the two houses. The church-sanctioned marriage ceremonies were held at <a href="/wiki/Mont_Saint-Michel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mont Saint-Michel">Mont Saint-Michel</a>. Geoffrey I married <a href="/wiki/Hawise_of_Normandy" title="Hawise of Normandy">Hawise of Normandy</a>, Richard II's sister; and Richard II married <a href="/wiki/Judith_of_Brittany" title="Judith of Brittany">Judith of Brittany</a>, Geoffrey I's sister and Conan I's daughter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrouch200236_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrouch200236-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="11th_century">11th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Brittany&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 11th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alan_III_of_Brittany_(icon).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Alan_III_of_Brittany_%28icon%29.jpg/220px-Alan_III_of_Brittany_%28icon%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Alan_III_of_Brittany_%28icon%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="259" /></a><figcaption>Duke Alan III</figcaption></figure> <p>The 11th century was marked by a failed alliance with Normandy. <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="William I of England">William the Conqueror</a> challenged the Breton dukes, and they formed an alliance with the French king. The death of Geoffrey I, in 1008, allowed Richard II to intervene directly in Brittany during the minority of his nephew, <a href="/wiki/Alan_III,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Alan III, Duke of Brittany">Alan III</a>, against rebellious counts who attempted to take advantage of the youthful duke.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrouch200236_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrouch200236-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The guardianship would be reciprocated later when Alan III was named as one of the primary guardians of <a href="/wiki/William_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="William I of England">William of Normandy</a>. By designating Alan III as a guardian of William, Robert I was "involving a close family member who would not compete with his heir".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrouch200236_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrouch200236-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his guardianship of Duke William, Alan III was allied with Count Gilbert and <a href="/wiki/Robert_II,_Archbishop_of_Rouen" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert II, Archbishop of Rouen">Robert II, Archbishop of Rouen</a>, William's uncles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrouch200236_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrouch200236-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, when Archbishop Robert died in 1037 instability surfaced. Alan III countered the instability by reinforcing the power of the Norman ducal house providing Robert I's two youngest brothers with land and title.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrouch200236_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrouch200236-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by October 1, 1040, Alan III was killed by poison while besieging a rebel castle in <a href="/wiki/Vimoutiers" title="Vimoutiers">Vimoutiers</a>. Tension increased in Normandy following his death, with Count Gilbert dying shortly thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrouch200236_37-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrouch200236-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A rival faction in the guardianship of Normandy emerged, one that would intervene in Brittany, suppressing Alan III's heir, <a href="/wiki/Conan_II,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Conan II, Duke of Brittany">Conan II</a>, from claiming his inheritance. </p><p>At around eight years of age, Conan II succeeded his father Alan III as Duke of Brittany, with the ducal regency entrusted to Alan's brother <a href="/wiki/Odo,_Count_of_Penthi%C3%A8vre" title="Odo, Count of Penthièvre">Odo, Count of Penthièvre</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (January 2013)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This reference citation appears to be to a self-published source. (January 2013)">self-published source</span></a></i>]</sup> However, by the time Conan II reached his majority at age sixteen, around 1048, Odo refused to relinquish power. During the dynastic conflict between uncle and nephew, Hoel of Cornouaille supported Odo in suppressing Conan's inheritance. Odo was Hoèl's brother-in-law as he was married to Hoel's sister Agnes of Cornouaille. By 1057, Conan II captured and imprisoned Odo. He came to terms with Hoèl of Cornouaille later that year. Conan II faced numerous threats posed by the pro-Norman faction in Brittany, including revolts sponsored by William, Duke of Normandy for whom Conan's father had served as Guardian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowarth2008_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowarth2008-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William supported challengers to Conan's authority, encouraging them to rebel against the Breton duke, his cousin. William continued courting the family of Odo, who was imprisoned. In response, Conan promoted his own legitimate claim as Duke of Normandy over William, as the Catholic Church began preferring legitimate heirs born in church-sanctioned marriage over out-of-wedlock issue.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatterson2004_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson2004-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This rivalry led to war between Normandy and Brittany. </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Breton–Norman_War" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Breton-Norman_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Breton-Norman War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Breton-Norman_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Breton-Norman War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Breton-Norman_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Breton-Norman War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Breton–Norman_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Breton%E2%80%93Norman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton–Norman War"><span class="wrap">Breton–Norman War</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dinan" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Dinan">Dinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pouanc%C3%A9" title="Battle of Pouancé">Pouancé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Segr%C3%A9" title="Battle of Segré">Segré</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BayeuxTapestryScene20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/BayeuxTapestryScene20.jpg/300px-BayeuxTapestryScene20.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/BayeuxTapestryScene20.jpg/450px-BayeuxTapestryScene20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/BayeuxTapestryScene20.jpg/600px-BayeuxTapestryScene20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="357" /></a><figcaption>The attack on <a href="/wiki/Dinan" title="Dinan">Dinan</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Bayeux_Tapestry" title="Bayeux Tapestry">Bayeux Tapestry</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The 1064–1065 war between Brittany and Normandy (the Breton-Norman War) was sparked after Duke William supported the rebellion against Conan II led by <a href="/wiki/Rivallon_I_of_Dol" title="Rivallon I of Dol">Rivallon I of Dol</a>. In 1065, before his invasion of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a>, William of Normandy warned his rivals in Brittany and Anjou to abstain from any attacks on his duchy, on the grounds that his mission bore the papal banner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowarth2008_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowarth2008-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Conan II rebuffed the warning and declared that he would press any advantage against William.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatterson2004_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson2004-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While William plotted to take the English crown, Conan consolidated his authority in Brittany and planned to take advantage of William's absence to invade Normandy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatterson2004_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson2004-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First, however, he needed to neutralize Anjou, another historic rival. Once Anjou was pacified he planned to advance into <a href="/wiki/Maine_(province)" title="Maine (province)">Maine</a> and then into Normandy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatterson2004_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson2004-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, during his 1066 siege of Angers, Conan was found dead after wearing poisoned riding gloves. Duke William was widely suspected of organizing the assassination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowarth2008_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowarth2008-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatterson2004_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson2004-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>William the Conqueror successfully invaded England in 1066 with an army that included some Bretons. William was able to attract Bretons into his expeditionary army for the upcoming campaign to claim the English crown.,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrouch200236_37-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrouch200236-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> perhaps in part because the Breton commanders in Duke William's army were the second-sons of Breton lords, such as <a href="/wiki/Alain_Le_Roux" class="mw-redirect" title="Alain Le Roux">Alain Le Roux</a> (son of Eudas of Penthièvre). The Bretons within the Conquest army represented at least three major groupings,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeats-Rohan19923_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeats-Rohan19923-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two of which would become relevant to the long-term future of the duchy. One group was represented by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_de_Gael" title="Ralph de Gael">Ralph de Gael</a>, briefly the Earl of Suffolk. In 1075 he was among the leaders of a "Breton revolt".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeats-Rohan19923_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeats-Rohan19923-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ralph escaped returning to Brittany where he also revolted against the Breton Duke before eventually reconciling with the duchy. To the south and west of England, William granted lands to groups of Breton nobles who were more fractious than united, whether in Brittany or in England. This group had no one singular leader who could serve a unifying role .<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeats-Rohan19924_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeats-Rohan19924-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their numbers included Herve of Leon, the viscount of Leon, who was briefly the Earl of Wiltshire. The third group were those nobles associated with the Richmond-Penthièvre family. Odo of Penthièvre was a principal antagonist of Conan II.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeats-Rohan19923_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeats-Rohan19923-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under William I, three of Odo of Penthièvre's sons (<a href="/wiki/Alan_Rufus" title="Alan Rufus">Alan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen,_Count_of_Tr%C3%A9guier" title="Stephen, Count of Tréguier">Stephen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brian_of_Brittany" title="Brian of Brittany">Brien</a>) were granted substantial lands in England, including the <a href="/wiki/Honour_of_Richmond" title="Honour of Richmond">Honour of Richmond</a>, lands in Suffolk, and the Earldoms of Richmond and Cornwall.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeats-Rohan19923_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeats-Rohan19923-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in 1066, <a href="/wiki/Hawise,_Duchess_of_Brittany" title="Hawise, Duchess of Brittany">Hawise</a> succeeded her brother Conan II as hereditary Duchess of Brittany. She married Hoël of Cornouaille. Hoel ruled as <a href="/wiki/Hoel_II,_Duke_of_Brittany" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoel II, Duke of Brittany">Hoel II, Duke of Brittany</a> and started the House of Kernev which continued to rule Brittany until 1156 (see below). Hoël inherited a divided Brittany which was split into six largely independent regions: Rennes, Panthièvre, Léon, Cornouaille, the Broërec, and Nantes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverard200017_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverard200017-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ducal power was non-existent in Panthièvre and Léon, and even in the rest of Brittany the duke's powers did not extend beyond his own personal lands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverard200017–18_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverard200017–18-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The barons in Brittany did not feel that they were in any way <a href="/wiki/Vassal" title="Vassal">vassals</a> of the duke, owing him service in exchange for their lands, and only attended the ducal courts when they felt it was in their own interests to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverard200019–20_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverard200019–20-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sceau_Alain_Fregent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Sceau_Alain_Fregent.jpg/220px-Sceau_Alain_Fregent.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Sceau_Alain_Fregent.jpg/330px-Sceau_Alain_Fregent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Sceau_Alain_Fregent.jpg/440px-Sceau_Alain_Fregent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="966" /></a><figcaption>Seal of <a href="/wiki/Alan_IV,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Alan IV, Duke of Brittany">Alan IV, Duke of Brittany</a></figcaption></figure> <p>However, the historic rivalry between Brittany and Normandy resurfaced at the close of the 11th century. By 1075, Hoèl returned to the traditional Breton policy of opposing Norman expansion with an alliance with the young king <a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_France" title="Philip I of France">Philip I of France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrouch200236_37-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrouch200236-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ralph de Gael, in exile in Brittany after the unsuccessful 1075 rebellion in England, led incursions into Normandy from his base in Dol.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrouch200236_37-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrouch200236-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1076, King William of England retaliated by leading an army into Brittany to eject Ralph, but was met with a rare defeat by an allied army of Bretons and French forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrouch200236_37-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrouch200236-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the peace negotiations which followed William offered his second daughter Constance in marriage to the Breton heir <a href="/wiki/Alan_IV,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Alan IV, Duke of Brittany">Alan IV</a>, though nothing came of the betrothal at the time. </p><p>By 1086, <a href="/wiki/Alan_IV,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Alan IV, Duke of Brittany">Alan IV</a> was forced to abandon his duchy after an invasion launched by William I of England. However, a peace settlement was reached that same year and in the negotiations that followed Alan IV was forced into marriage with King William I's second daughter <a href="/wiki/Constance_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Constance of England">Constance of England</a>. The marriage ceremonies may have taken place in <a href="/wiki/Bayeux" title="Bayeux">Bayeux</a> in Normandy. <a href="/wiki/William_of_Malmesbury" title="William of Malmesbury">William of Malmesbury</a> wrote that Constance was unpopular at the Breton court because of her 'severe and conservative' manner. William of Malmesbury also alleged that Alan IV had Constance poisoned to death, but this was unverified However, <a href="/wiki/Orderic_Vitalis" title="Orderic Vitalis">Orderic Vitalis</a> wrote that as duchess, Constance did all she could to further the welfare of the Bretons, who grieved deeply at her death in 1090. </p><p>In 1092, Alan IV donated property to <a href="/wiki/Redon_Abbey" title="Redon Abbey">Redon Abbey</a> by charter, and by 1093, married his second wife, <a href="/wiki/Ermengarde_of_Anjou_(d._1146)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ermengarde of Anjou (d. 1146)">Ermengarde of Anjou</a> as part of a political alliance with <a href="/wiki/Fulk_IV,_Count_of_Anjou" title="Fulk IV, Count of Anjou">Fulk IV, Count of Anjou</a> to counter Anglo-Norman influence. With Ermengarde, he had a son, Geoffrey, who died young, <a href="/wiki/Conan_III,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Conan III, Duke of Brittany">Conan III</a>, and a daughter Hawise. Hawise was married to count <a href="/wiki/Baldwin_VII_of_Flanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldwin VII of Flanders">Baldwin VII of Flanders</a>. In 1098, Alan IV joined the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a>, leaving Brittany under the regency of his wife Ermengarde of Anjou until his return early in the 12th century. Ermengarde ruled from Nantes rather than Rennes, as it was closer to her home county of Anjou. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="12th_century">12th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Brittany&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 12th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conan_IV_de_Bretagne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Conan_IV_de_Bretagne.jpg/220px-Conan_IV_de_Bretagne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Conan_IV_de_Bretagne.jpg/330px-Conan_IV_de_Bretagne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Conan_IV_de_Bretagne.jpg/440px-Conan_IV_de_Bretagne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption>Seal of <a href="/wiki/Conan_IV,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Conan IV, Duke of Brittany">Conan IV, Duke of Brittany</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Alan IV returned from Crusade in 1101. In 1112, Alan IV's son Conan III inherited Brittany on the abdication of his father, who retired to the <a href="/wiki/Redon_Abbey" title="Redon Abbey">monastery of Redon</a>. By 1113, Conan III married Maude, an illegitimate daughter of King <a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I of England</a>. With Maude he had three children, <a href="/wiki/Hoel,_Count_of_Nantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoel, Count of Nantes">Hoel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bertha,_Duchess_of_Brittany" title="Bertha, Duchess of Brittany">Bertha</a>, and Constance. During his reign he strengthened the rule of the duchy. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/The_Anarchy" title="The Anarchy">dynastic struggle</a> between <a href="/wiki/Stephen_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen of England">Stephen of England</a> (Stephen of Blois) and the dispossessed <a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Empress Matilda</a>, Conan III allied himself with King Stephen. Empress Matilda's unpopular marriage with <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_V_of_Anjou" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoffrey V of Anjou">Geoffrey V of Anjou</a> was forced upon her by her father Henry I. It reflected the historic rivalry between Brittany, Normandy, and Anjou. </p><p>Conan III sought to counter <a href="/wiki/Angevin_Empire" title="Angevin Empire">Angevin influence</a> and preserve Breton independence. In his alliance with Stephen, Conan III looked for greater influence with Stephen, who needed allies on the continent to out-flank Matilda. Matilda was able to consolidate power in Normandy and Anjou. Brittany's position to the west of the Angevin controlled territory exposed a wide frontier for Stephen to exploit against Matilda. </p><p>In 1138, Conan III's daughter, Bertha, was married to <a href="/wiki/Alan,_1st_Earl_of_Richmond" title="Alan, 1st Earl of Richmond">Alan of Penthièvre</a>, a supporter of King Stephen. For his support, Stephan created Conan's son-in-law Alan as 1st <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Richmond" title="Earl of Richmond">Earl of Richmond</a> in the second creation, a title previously held by Alan's uncle Alain Le Roux. Later, when Alan died in 1146, Bertha returned home to Brittany from England. On his death-bed in 1148, Conan III disinherited his son Hoel, Count of Nantes from succession to the duchy. With this surprise move, Bertha became his heiress and successor as hereditary Duchess of Brittany. However, Hoel was to retain the county of Nantes. </p><p>Duchess Bertha, as <a href="/wiki/Dowager" title="Dowager">dowager</a> countess of Richmond, continued Brittany's alliance with Stephen's England against the Angevins. However this strategy became untenable after 1153, when Stephen's son Eustace died suddenly. Eustace's death provided an opportunity for Matilda's son, <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry FitzEmpress</a>, to land an invasion army in England and press for his mother's claims. In the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wallingford" title="Treaty of Wallingford">Treaty of Wallingford</a>, Stephen was forced to recognize Henry FitzEmpress as his heir, with Matilda abdicating her claim in her son's favour. The treaty exposed Brittany to retaliatory incursions from Henry FitzEmpress and his brother <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_VI,_Count_of_Anjou" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoffrey VI, Count of Anjou">Geoffery FitzEmpress</a>. </p><p>On the death of Bertha in early 1156, her son, <a href="/wiki/Conan_IV,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Conan IV, Duke of Brittany">Conan IV</a>, expected to inherit the ducal throne. However, he was denied his inheritance by his stepfather Odo, <a href="/wiki/Porho%C3%ABt" title="Porhoët">Viscount of Porhoët</a> (also known as Odo II), Bertha's second husband; Odo II refused to relinquish his authority over Brittany. To consolidate his hold on power, Odo II entered into a pact with the disinherited Hoel, Count of Nantes, to divide Brittany between them. But at the same time, Hoel was under threat of rebellion in Nantes, sponsored by Geoffrey Fitzempress, and he could not send any aid to Eudas. Conan IV landed in Brittany and took Rennes, while his ally Raoul de Fougères captured and imprisoned Eudas. Conan IV was formally enthroned as Duke of Brittany in Rennes. While Conan IV was consolidating his inheritance in 1156, Geoffrey FitzEmpress successfully took Nantes from Hoel. </p><p>Upon Geoffrey's death in 1158, Conan IV seized Nantes, reuniting the Duchy once again. However, Henry II, now King of England, seized the Earldom of Richmond, Conan's paternal inheritance. Henry demanded the return of Nantes, and when he obtained control of it from Conan IV, became the Count of Nantes, without obligation to the Duke of Brittany (later dukes would eventually reunite Nantes to Brittany). </p><p>Henry II of England continued to stoke revolts and rebellions in Brittany against Conan IV. In response, Conan IV took the Breton counties of <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A9guier" title="Tréguier">Tréguier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guingamp" title="Guingamp">Guingamp</a> from his uncle Count Henri, a supporter of Henry II of England. Richmond was returned to Conan IV later that year in an agreement reached with Henry II of England. By 1160 Conan was forced to yield to Henry. In the peace negotiations which followed, Conan was obliged to marry Henry's cousin, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_of_Huntingdon,_Duchess_of_Brittany" title="Margaret of Huntingdon, Duchess of Brittany">Margaret of Scotland</a>, in 1160. </p><p>Later, Conan IV was faced with additional revolts from barons, possibly sponsored by Henry II. Conan appealed to Henry II for aid to end the revolts. For his aid Henry II insisted on the betrothal of Conan's only daughter and heiress <a href="/wiki/Constance,_Duchess_of_Brittany" title="Constance, Duchess of Brittany">Constance</a> to Henry's son <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_II,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany">Geoffrey Plantagenet</a>, continuing the policy of interweaving the Breton succession with the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">Plantagenet</a>'s succession. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Territorial_Conquests_of_Philip_II_of_France.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Territorial_Conquests_of_Philip_II_of_France.png/220px-Territorial_Conquests_of_Philip_II_of_France.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Territorial_Conquests_of_Philip_II_of_France.png/330px-Territorial_Conquests_of_Philip_II_of_France.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Territorial_Conquests_of_Philip_II_of_France.png/440px-Territorial_Conquests_of_Philip_II_of_France.png 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="1625" /></a><figcaption>France's influence grows under Philip II</figcaption></figure> <p>Upon her father's abdication in 1166, Constance became duchess, although Henry II held the Duchy until Constance married Geoffrey. Geoffrey and Constance ruled jointly until 1186, when Geoffrey was <a href="/wiki/List_of_horse_accidents" title="List of horse accidents">stamped to death</a> in a riding accident during a <a href="/wiki/Tournament" title="Tournament">tournament</a> in Paris. Constance thereafter ruled the Duchy on her own. Henry II of England next arranged for Constance to marry <a href="/wiki/Ranulph_de_Blondeville,_6th_Earl_of_Chester" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranulph de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester">Ranulph de Blondeville, 6th Earl of Chester</a> on 3 February 1188 or 1189. Henry II died in 1189 and was succeeded by Richard I as King of England. Lacking a male heir, King <a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England" title="Richard I of England">Richard I of England</a> officially proclaimed his nephew, Constance's son, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_I_of_Brittany" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur I of Brittany">Arthur I of Brittany</a>, as his heir presumptive in a treaty signed with <a href="/wiki/Philip_Augustus" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Augustus">Philip Augustus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tancred,_King_of_Sicily" title="Tancred, King of Sicily">Tancred of Sicily</a>. </p><p>To promote her son's position and inheritance, Constance, Duchess of Brittany included Arthur in the government of Brittany in 1196. The same year, Constance's marriage with Ranulph deteriorated, with Ranulph imprisoning Constance. Her imprisonment sparked rebellion across Brittany on her behalf. Ranulph bowed to growing pressure and had the Duchess released in 1198. Once back in Brittany, Constance had her marriage to Ranulph annulled in 1199 (there was no issue from this marriage). Later that year, Constance took <a href="/wiki/Guy,_Duke_of_Brittany" class="mw-redirect" title="Guy, Duke of Brittany">Guy of Thouars</a> as her 'second' husband at <a href="/wiki/Angers" title="Angers">Angers</a>. Throughout these years, Constance advised her son Arthur towards a French alliance, pursuing the policy of her late husband Geoffrey II, despite his designation as Richard I's heir. In Constance bore Guy of Thouars two or three daughters.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first born, <a href="/wiki/Alix,_Duchess_of_Brittany" title="Alix, Duchess of Brittany">Alix of Thouars</a>, was followed by <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Thouars" title="Catherine of Thouars">Catherine of Thouars</a> (1201-c. 1240) and maybe Margaret of Thouars (1201-c. 1216/1220). Constance died due to complications during the delivery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="13th_century">13th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Brittany&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 13th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_I_of_Brittany2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Peter_I_of_Brittany2.jpg/220px-Peter_I_of_Brittany2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Peter_I_of_Brittany2.jpg/330px-Peter_I_of_Brittany2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9a/Peter_I_of_Brittany2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Dreux" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter of Dreux">Pierre Mauclerc</a>: Duke of Brittany <i>jure uxoris</i> with <a href="/wiki/Alix,_Duchess_of_Brittany" title="Alix, Duchess of Brittany">Alix</a>, and Regent to his son <a href="/wiki/John_I,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="John I, Duke of Brittany">John I</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the 13th century England's alliance with Brittany collapsed under King <a href="/wiki/John_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="John of England">John of England</a>. When Richard I died in 1199, Philip agreed to recognize <a href="/wiki/Arthur_of_Brittany" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur of Brittany">Arthur of Brittany</a> as count of Anjou, Maine, and Poitou, in exchange for Arthur swearing fealty to him, and thereby becoming a direct vassal of France. However, in 1202, 15-year-old Arthur was captured by the English while besieging <a href="/wiki/Mirebeau" title="Mirebeau">Mirebeau</a>. By 1203, the imprisoned Arthur was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a>, under the charge of <a href="/wiki/William_de_Braose,_4th_Lord_of_Bramber" title="William de Braose, 4th Lord of Bramber">William de Braose</a>, the court favorite of King John. Arthur vanished mysteriously in April 1203. Arthur's legal successor was <a href="/wiki/Eleanor,_Fair_Maid_of_Brittany" title="Eleanor, Fair Maid of Brittany">Eleanor of Brittany</a>. However John of England had Eleanor captured and imprisoned at <a href="/wiki/Corfe_Castle" title="Corfe Castle">Corfe Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a>. </p><p>Recognizing that John of England could have Eleanor married to a vassal loyal to England, who would rule Brittany through her, Philip II formally recognized Constance's infant daughter Alix as hereditary Duchess of Brittany. Initially Alix's father Guy of Thouars acted as regent. Philip II of France was maneuvering to keep Brittany within his sphere of influence. The marriage of the infant Alix to Capetian cadet <a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Dreux" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter of Dreux">Pierre Mauclerc</a> in 1213, began the new <a href="/wiki/House_of_Dreux" title="House of Dreux">House of Dreux</a>. After Guy of Thouars' regency, Alix ruled as nominal duchess with her husband <a href="/wiki/Peter_I,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Peter I, Duke of Brittany">Pierre</a> as Duke <i>jure uxoris</i>. In 1214, King John sent an expedition into France, in part to establish Eleanor as his puppet duchess, but after his defeat also recognized Alix and Peter as rulers of the Duchy. Eleanor was kept captive in England until her death in 1241, ending the line of Geoffrey II. </p><p>In 1235, the stage was set for the next century's <a href="/wiki/Breton_War_of_Succession" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton War of Succession">Breton War of Succession</a> when <a href="/wiki/Peter_I,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Peter I, Duke of Brittany">Peter I</a> dispossessed the heir of the Penthièvre Dynasty in order to give the countship of Penthièvre to his second child, <a href="/wiki/Yolande_of_Brittany" title="Yolande of Brittany">Yolande</a>. </p><p>Beginning in the 13th century, the Duchy of Brittany experienced nearly a century of peace. Peter I continued as Regent for a time for his son <a href="/wiki/John_I,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="John I, Duke of Brittany">John I</a>. When John I reached his majority, Peter I ceded him the Ducal crown and left Brittany on Crusade.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> John I married <a href="/wiki/Blanche_of_Navarre,_Duchess_of_Brittany" title="Blanche of Navarre, Duchess of Brittany">Blanche of Navarre</a>. Upon the death of his sister Yolande of Brittany, John I seized the countship of Penthièvre for himself. John I in turn was succeeded by his son <a href="/wiki/John_II,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="John II, Duke of Brittany">John II</a>. John II married <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_of_England" title="Beatrice of England">Beatrice of England</a> and ruled until 1305. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="14th_century">14th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Brittany&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 14th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Auray.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Battle_of_Auray.jpg/220px-Battle_of_Auray.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Battle_of_Auray.jpg/330px-Battle_of_Auray.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Battle_of_Auray.jpg/440px-Battle_of_Auray.jpg 2x" data-file-width="565" data-file-height="364" /></a><figcaption>The Battle of Auray in 1364 resulting in victory for the House of Montfort in the Breton War of Succession</figcaption></figure> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="War_of_the_Breton_Succession" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Breton_War_of_Succession" title="Template:Campaignbox Breton War of Succession"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Breton_War_of_Succession" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Breton War of Succession"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Breton_War_of_Succession" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Breton War of Succession"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="War_of_the_Breton_Succession" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Breton_Succession" title="War of the Breton Succession"><span class="wrap">War of the Breton Succession</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Civil_War,_1341" title="Breton Civil War, 1341">Initial campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Civil_War,_1341#French_offensive" title="Breton Civil War, 1341">Nantes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vannes_(1342)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Vannes (1342)">Vannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hennebont_(1342)" title="Siege of Hennebont (1342)">Hennebont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brest_(1342)" title="Battle of Brest (1342)">Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morlaix" title="Battle of Morlaix">Morlaix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truce_of_Malestroit" title="Truce of Malestroit">Truce of Malestroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cadoret" title="Battle of Cadoret">Cadoret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St_Pol_de_L%C3%A9on" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of St Pol de Léon">Saint-Pol-de-Léon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Roche-Derrien" title="Battle of La Roche-Derrien">La Roche-Derrien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_of_the_Thirty" title="Combat of the Thirty">The Thirty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mauron" title="Battle of Mauron">Mauron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montmuran" title="Battle of Montmuran">Montmuran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rennes_(1356-1357)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Rennes (1356-1357)">Rennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Auray" title="Battle of Auray">Auray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gu%C3%A9rande_(1365)" title="Treaty of Guérande (1365)">Treaty of Guérande</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>In the 14th century, the Breton War of Succession ensued; the title of Duke passed to the House of Montfort. John II died in 1305 and was succeeded by this son, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_II,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Arthur II, Duke of Brittany">Arthur II</a> as Duke. Arthur II ruled independently of the French crown. His reign included several administrative innovations including the creation of several "battles" or districts meant to provide a stronger defense, and the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Estates_of_Brittany" title="Estates of Brittany">Estates of Brittany</a>, marking a critical step towards a parliamentary form of government. Arthur II's reign is also distinguished by his two marriages, the first to Mary of Limoges and the second to <a href="/wiki/Yolande_of_Dreux,_Queen_of_Scotland" title="Yolande of Dreux, Queen of Scotland">Yolande of Dreux, Queen of Scotland</a>. </p><p>Arthur II's son by Mary of Limoges, <a href="/wiki/John_III,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="John III, Duke of Brittany">John III</a> became Duke but failed to produce a living heir, despite three marriages. John III's succession efforts were focused on his attempts to deny his half brother, <a href="/wiki/John_of_Montfort" title="John of Montfort">John of Montfort</a> from inheriting the Ducal Crown. He attempted to name the King of France as heir in an act that defied all precedents to maintain Brittany as an independent sovereign state. The Breton nobles predictably rejected the attempt and Brittany's independence continued. John III died in 1341 without a succession plan. </p><p>John III's half-brother, John of Montfort, claimed the title of Duke, but his claim was rejected by the King of France who favored the competing claims of <a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Dreux" class="mw-redirect" title="Joanna of Dreux">Joan of Penthièvre</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and her husband <a href="/wiki/Charles_of_Blois" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles of Blois">Charles of Blois</a>, who also claimed the Ducal title. The Breton War of Succession between the claimants ensued when John of Montfort refused to cede his rights in their favor. The Breton War of Succession was fought from 1341 to 1364 between these two Breton houses, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Blois" title="House of Blois">House of Blois Châtillon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Montfort_of_Brittany" class="mw-redirect" title="Montfort of Brittany">House of Montfort</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charles_I,_Duke_of_Brittany" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles I, Duke of Brittany">Charles of Blois Châtillon</a> claimed the title Duke of Brittany from 1341 to his death. </p><p>During the war, John of Montfort was imprisoned in Paris. Hostilities abated for a short time, and he was freed under the Treaty of Malestroit in 1341. He died in 1345, leaving his son John as the Montfort claimant to the ducal title. John's widowed Duchess Consort, <a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Flanders" title="Joanna of Flanders">Joanna of Flanders</a>, acted as regent for her son John and continued the war in his name. The House of Montfort emerged victorious with substantial help from English allies<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the terms of their surrender, Joan was allowed to keep Penthièvre and retained the title Duchess of Brittany for life. Under the Treaties of Guerande, <a href="/wiki/Salic_law" title="Salic law">semi-Salic</a> succession was agreed under which, if the reigning member of the House of Montfort died without legitimate male issue, the eldest direct legitimate male descendant of Joan would inherit the Ducal crown of Brittany. <a href="/wiki/John_IV,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="John IV, Duke of Brittany">John IV, Duke of Brittany</a> ruled with difficulty after the Breton civil war, and was forced into exile in England for a second time in 1373 where he lived in the court of <a href="/wiki/Edward_III,_King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward III, King of England">Edward III</a>. </p><p>The House of Montfort's victory strengthened the position of England in <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>. One of the effects of the Breton War of Succession was to intensify the rivalries between England and France with Brittany as the contested prize. The Houses of Penthièvre and Montfort were united in the sense of their opposition to the attempted annexation of Brittany by <a href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">Charles V of France</a> as a consequence of this Breton civil war. The French king sent the <a href="/wiki/Constable_of_France" title="Constable of France">Constable of France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_de_Guesclin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertrand de Guesclin">Bertrand de Guesclin</a>, into Brittany with the goal of uniting it to the French crown. When the Breton nobles rebelled against this proposed unification, John IV was able to return from England, assisted once again by a strong army including his English ally, and was able to re-establish his rule.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deposed Joan of Penthièvre joined in the efforts to return John IV to Brittany to defend the Duchy against the advances of Charles V. John IV had three wives but only his third wife, <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_Navarre,_Queen_of_England" title="Joan of Navarre, Queen of England">Joan of Navarre, Queen of England</a>, bore him children. John IV died on 1 November 1399. Joan remained a widow for four years acting as a regent for her son John V.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The House of Montfort's difficulties in maintaining the Ducal crown continued when <a href="/wiki/John_V,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="John V, Duke of Brittany">John V, Duke of Brittany</a> succeeded his father. By 1417, the Duke of Brittany were styled "rulers by the Grace of God".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall200918_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmall200918-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="15th_century">15th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Brittany&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 15th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hundred_years_war.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hundred_years_war.gif/220px-Hundred_years_war.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hundred_years_war.gif/330px-Hundred_years_war.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Hundred_years_war.gif/440px-Hundred_years_war.gif 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="621" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a> evolution. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFF80; color:black;"> </span> French</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#B2B2B2; color:black;"> </span> English</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#868686; color:black;"> </span> Burgundian</div> England and France competed for influence over the Duchy of Brittany during the war.</figcaption></figure> <p>The intrigues and contests between the House of Montfort and the House of Penthièvre continued well after the Breton War of Succession. John IV's successor, John V, Duke of Brittany, was kidnapped by the grandson of <a href="/wiki/Joan,_Duchess_of_Brittany" title="Joan, Duchess of Brittany">Joan of Penthièvre</a>. He was freed through the efforts of his wife the Duchess of Brittany, <a href="/wiki/Joan_of_France,_Duchess_of_Brittany" title="Joan of France, Duchess of Brittany">Joan of France</a> and the remaining wealth of the Penthièvre family was confiscated. John V was succeeded first by his son <a href="/wiki/Francis_I,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Francis I, Duke of Brittany">Francis I</a>. Since Francis I had no male heir, he was followed by a younger son of John V, <a href="/wiki/Peter_II,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Peter II, Duke of Brittany">Peter II</a>. When Peter II died without issue, the Ducal Crown passed to his uncle <a href="/wiki/Arthur_III,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Arthur III, Duke of Brittany">Arthur III</a>. He was, in turn, succeeded by his nephew <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Francis II, Duke of Brittany">Francis II</a>. </p><p>The reign of Francis II was notable in many respects including two wars against <a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France" title="Charles VIII of France">Charles VIII of France</a>, both of which were lost, the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Parlement_of_Rennes" title="Parlement of Rennes">Parlement of Rennes</a>, and the death of all of his children save for his daughter <a href="/wiki/Anne_of_Brittany" title="Anne of Brittany">Anne of Brittany</a>. Francis II's rule as Duke was also marked by continued intrigues with the House of Penthièvre. Joan of Penthièvre's later descendants, the Brosse line of the House of Penthièvre through <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Brosse" title="Jean de Brosse">Jean de Brosse</a>, were denied their claims to the Ducal Crown in the 15th century, possibly as an alteration of the rules of inheritance by the then Duke of Brittany Francis II. The wars with France eventually cost Ducal Brittany its independence, while the Parlement ensured a degree of autonomy that would continue through the reign of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV of France</a>. That Francis II's sole heir was his daughter Anne assured an inheritance contest on his death that would pit the power of the House of Montfort against conflicting treaty obligations to the House of Penthièvre in Brittany, and the House of Valois in France, and would also be a test of the Breton tradition of semi-Salic law in which a daughter could be the principal inheritor. The position of the King of France dominated these events through two wars. After the first war, under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verger" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Verger">Treaty of Verger</a>, the marriage of Francis II's sole surviving issue, Anne, would need to be approved by the King of France.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Francis II worked to seek a husband for Anne who would be strong enough to defend Brittany from further influence from the French Crown. Duchesse Anne of Brittany was initially betrothed to <a href="/wiki/Edward_V_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward V of England">Edward, Prince of Wales</a>, the son of <a href="/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward IV of England">Edward IV of England</a>, but upon the king's death his son disappeared and the English throne passed to <a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III of England</a>. Anne was then married to <a href="/wiki/Maximillian_I_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Maximillian I of Austria">Maximillian I of Austria</a>. </p><p>However, relations between Brittany and France deteriorated and Francis II was forced into the last Franco-Breton war, which he lost. At the end of the second war between Francis II and Charles VIII of France, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Mad_War" title="Mad War">Mad War</a>, Anne of Brittany's first marriage to Maximillian was declared illegal on the basis that the French King had not approved it under the terms of the Treaty of Verger. Anne was married to Charles VIII of France in a ceremony that was validated by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_VIII" title="Pope Innocent VIII">Pope Innocent VIII</a>. Once they were married, Charles did not allow Anne to use the title Duchess of Brittany. However, upon his death, Anne returned to Brittany and took steps to return the Duchy to independent rule under herself as Duchess. The children of Charles and Anne did not reach adulthood and this presented a new Breton succession problem as well as one for France. Both succession issues were solved upon Anne's marriage to <a href="/wiki/Louis_XII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XII of France">Louis XII of France</a> but at the cost of restoring and furthering the independence of Brittany.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1499, the birth of Anne of Brittany's sole heir with Louis XII of France, her daughter <a href="/wiki/Claude_of_France" title="Claude of France">Claude of France</a>, introduced a new succession issue in Brittany and France. In Brittany, with the provisions of the Treaty of Guerande set aside by the Estates of Brittany, Claude could claim to be Duchess of Brittany in her own right, as several Duchesses by right of inheritance had done over the centuries. France, however operated under strict Salic law, requiring a male heir. The French requirement was solved upon Claude's marriage to <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I of France</a>. The birth of Claude's sons Francis (who became <a href="/wiki/Francis_III,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Francis III, Duke of Brittany">Francis III, Duke of Brittany</a>, as well as the Dauphin of France) and <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a> represented a resolution to these contrasting succession issues but accelerated the loss of Brittany's independence and the eventual disappearance of the Ducal title as an independent sovereign Ducal crown. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="16th_century">16th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Brittany&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 16th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_unknown,_formerly_known_as_Claude_de_France_(Corneille_de_Lyon,_1535-1540,_Pushkin_museum).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Portrait_of_unknown%2C_formerly_known_as_Claude_de_France_%28Corneille_de_Lyon%2C_1535-1540%2C_Pushkin_museum%29.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_unknown%2C_formerly_known_as_Claude_de_France_%28Corneille_de_Lyon%2C_1535-1540%2C_Pushkin_museum%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Portrait_of_unknown%2C_formerly_known_as_Claude_de_France_%28Corneille_de_Lyon%2C_1535-1540%2C_Pushkin_museum%29.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_unknown%2C_formerly_known_as_Claude_de_France_%28Corneille_de_Lyon%2C_1535-1540%2C_Pushkin_museum%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Portrait_of_unknown%2C_formerly_known_as_Claude_de_France_%28Corneille_de_Lyon%2C_1535-1540%2C_Pushkin_museum%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="334" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Claude_of_France" title="Claude of France">Claude, Duchess of Brittany</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Anne of Brittany's second marriage making her Queen Consort of France continued into the 16th century; and she died in 1514. Queen Claude of France, reigned as duchess of Brittany from 1514, but under her husband king Francis was not able to maintain an independent government in the Duchy of Brittany. Claude's son Francis I was invested as duke of Brittany. But this act meant next to nothing to advance Breton independence. Some members of the <a href="/wiki/Counts_and_dukes_of_Penthi%C3%A8vre" title="Counts and dukes of Penthièvre">House of Penthièvre</a> were appointed as royal governors of Brittany by the French. Their failure to reassert their Ducal rights successfully hastened the merger of the Ducal crown into the Kingdom of France. At this time the title Duke of Brittany began to lose independent sovereign status and began to become only titular in character; the Breton region lost independence and became a province of France.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>During the Middle Ages, the Kings of France considered that the Duchy of Brittany was feudally a part of their Kingdom of France (i.e. it was within the traditional borders of the realm, and the King of France was deemed to be overlord of the Duchy). In practice, however, the Duchy of Brittany was a largely independent sovereign state. </p><p>The independent sovereign nature of the Duchy began to come to an end upon the death of Francis II, Duke of Brittany. The Duchy was inherited by his daughter, Anne, but King Charles VIII of France, determined to bring the territory under royal control, had her marriage annulled and then forced her to marry him in a series of actions that were acknowledged by the Pope. As a result, the Kingdom of France and the Duchy of Brittany were placed in the personal union of their marriage, and the King of France also held the title of Duke of Brittany <i>jure uxoris</i>. During their marriage, Charles VIII prohibited Anne of Brittany from using the title Duchess of Brittany, and imposed a Royal Governor from the House of Penthièvre on the Duchy. </p><p>Legally, however, the Duchy remained separate from France proper; the two titles were linked only by the marriage of the King and Queen and, in 1498 when Charles VIII died childless, the title <i>Duke of Brittany</i> remained with Anne, rather than passing to the heir of France, Louis XII. Anne of Brittany returned to Brittany and began to re-establish an independent sovereign rule. However, the new French king, Louis XII married Anne himself, and so the King of France was once more Duke of Brittany <i>jure uxoris</i>. Legally, Brittany still remained distinct, and its future remained dependent on the Ducal bloodline, now held by the House of Montfort. When Anne died, Brittany passed to her daughter and heiress, Claude, rather than remaining with the King of France, her father. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henri_II,_Corneille_de_Lyon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Henri_II%2C_Corneille_de_Lyon.jpg/220px-Henri_II%2C_Corneille_de_Lyon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Henri_II%2C_Corneille_de_Lyon.jpg/330px-Henri_II%2C_Corneille_de_Lyon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Henri_II%2C_Corneille_de_Lyon.jpg/440px-Henri_II%2C_Corneille_de_Lyon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="698" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Francis_III,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Francis III, Duke of Brittany">Francis III, Duke of Brittany</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Claude married the future King of France, <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a>. By this marriage, and through the succession to the French crown, the King of France became Duke of Brittany <i>jure uxoris</i> once more. Claude's death in 1524 separated the Duchy from the crown again, and (it would transpire) for the final time. Because Claude, like her mother, was sovereign Duchess, the title of 'Duke' did not remain with her husband, but instead passed to her son, <a href="/wiki/Francis_III,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Francis III, Duke of Brittany">Francis III of Brittany</a>, who was also <a href="/wiki/Dauphin_of_France" title="Dauphin of France">Dauphin of France</a>. Legally, the Crown and Duchy were again separate, but the Duke was a child, and the Duchy had been governed as an integral part of France for years; the King had little trouble in maintaining royal control over the Duchy. Breton independence was effectively ended when in 1532 the Estates of Brittany proclaimed the perpetual union of Brittany with the French crown. Legally, the Duchy was part of France. </p><p>Francis III remained Duke of Brittany, but died without attaining the French crown in 1536. He was succeeded by his brother Henry, who was the first person to become both King of France and Duke of Brittany in his own right. Any trace of Breton independence ended with the ascension of Henry, as Henry II of France, to the French throne. The French Crown and Breton Duchy were now united by inheritance, and the merging of Brittany into France was thus completed. Henry II was not crowned separately as Duke of Brittany. However Henry attempted to create a separate legal status for Brittany vis-a-vis the Kingdom of France similar to the position of the Duchy of Cornwall to the Kingdom of Great Britain.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In some histories it is meant to be a ducal territory he would attempt to preserve for himself and his heirs if he were to lose the French Crown. This attempt at legal separation did not survive his reign. </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III</a> (last direct male from Claude of France) died, Brittany passed as part of the Crown to the next heir of France, <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry of Navarre</a>, rather than to Claude's most senior heirs (either <a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Duke_of_Lorraine" title="Henry II, Duke of Lorraine">Henry II, Duke of Lorraine</a> or Infanta <a href="/wiki/Isabella_Clara_Eugenia" title="Isabella Clara Eugenia">Isabella Clara Eugenia</a>). While these nobles were technically Henry's heirs, there were problems with both claimants to the Ducal crown. The most important issue was that the crown, as a Sovereign Duke, could not be separated from that of the French Crown. Meanwhile, the French Crown and the Spanish Crown had been permanently separated beginning with the reign of Philip of Spain. </p><p>In 1582, Henry III of France, last living male-line grandson of <a href="/wiki/Claude,_Duchess_of_Brittany" class="mw-redirect" title="Claude, Duchess of Brittany">Claude, Duchess of Brittany</a>, made <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Emmanuel,_Duke_of_Merc%C5%93ur" title="Philippe Emmanuel, Duke of Mercœur">Philippe Emmanuel, Duke of Mercœur</a>, his brother-in-law and a leader of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)" title="Catholic League (French)">Catholic League</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Brittany" title="Governor of Brittany">governor of Brittany</a>. Invoking the hereditary rights of his wife Marie de Luxembourg, he endeavoured to make himself independent in that province from 1589 onward, and organized a government at Nantes, proclaiming their young son <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philippe_Louis_de_Lorraine-Merc%C5%93ur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philippe Louis de Lorraine-Mercœur (page does not exist)">Philippe Louis de Lorraine-Mercœur</a> "prince and duke of Brittany". (Infanta Isabella was the eldest daughter of the eldest sister of Henry III but being female weakened her status, and her position as Infanta all but blocked inheritance to the Breton Duchy.) Through maternal ancestry he was the direct <a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogenitural heir</a> of Duchess Joan, of the House of Penthièvre, wife of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I,_Duke_of_Brittany" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles I, Duke of Brittany">Charles of Blois</a>. Mercœur organized a government at Nantes, supported by the Spaniards. He prevented Henry IV's attempts to subjugate Brittany until 20 March 1598, when Mercœur was forced to surrender. Henry IV then had one of his own illegitimate sons marry the young daughter of the Mercœurs, and thereby assured direct French control of the province. Mercœur subsequently went in exile to <a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary#Decline_(1490–1526)" title="History of Hungary">Hungary</a>. </p><p>The title <i>Duke of Brittany</i> largely ceased to be used as a title of the King of France. When it appeared the title was bestowed by the King of France to one of his direct descendants, and was in any event titular in status. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th_and_18th_centuries">17th and 18th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Brittany&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 17th and 18th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_de_bourbon_(1707-1712).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Louis_de_bourbon_%281707-1712%29.jpg/220px-Louis_de_bourbon_%281707-1712%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Louis_de_bourbon_%281707-1712%29.jpg/330px-Louis_de_bourbon_%281707-1712%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Louis_de_bourbon_%281707-1712%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="376" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Dauphin_of_France,_Duke_of_Brittany" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis, Dauphin of France, Duke of Brittany">Louis, the last Duke of Brittany</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Under the Kings of France the nobles of Brittany continued to enjoy the privileges that had been accorded them by the various independent Dukes of Brittany. Brittany's Celtic legal traditions were maintained, to a degree, and the Estates of Brittany and the Parlement of Rennes were kept separate from the French parliamentary system in Paris. The Breton noble privileges protected in this parliamentary system included exemption from taxes, representation in the Breton Parlement, and the maintenance of Breton titles in the tradition of the Duchy rather than that of France, including, in theory, the application of Brittany's form of semi-Salic, rather than pure Salic Law to the succession issues. </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II</a>, the title Duke of Brittany was not used for over 200 years. The title Duke of Brittany reappeared when a great-grandson of <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a> was named <a href="/wiki/Louis,_Dauphin_of_France,_Duke_of_Brittany" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis, Dauphin of France, Duke of Brittany">Louis, Duke of Brittany</a>; He was the last holder of the title prior to the French Revolution and did not live to inherit the French throne. At his death the title in essence became defunct. </p><p>Claims on the titular Ducal title by Spanish nobles at various times were not to be considered legitimate by the French, and its use by Louis XIV demonstrated that as the title had merged into the crown of France only the King could assert the title himself or bestow it on another. Louis XIV's actions with regard to the Ducal title also underscored the fact that the Spanish or cadet branch of the House of Bourbon had relinquished all French claims and inheritance rights as a condition of gaining the crown of Spain under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a>. </p><p>Shortly before the French Revolution the leaders of the Parlement of Rennes issued Remonstrances to <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVI of France">Louis XVI</a>, in part to remind the King of his duties as Duke and to preserve the privileges of the Breton people under the Treaty of Union. The King's response was to close the Breton Parlement. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Remontrances&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Remontrances (page does not exist)">Remontrances</a> were delivered to the King by Members of the Breton Parlement led by the Comte de Saisy de Kerampuil, and others. </p><p>When French King Louis XVI dissolved the Breton Parlement he did so to strengthen his claims as an absolute monarch (where a representative parliament was not necessary). He also did this to advance a centralized federal form of government, but in so doing preserved the nature of the Brittany's autonomy by acknowledging its nobles' traditional privileges, and acted as the Duke of Brittany. </p><p>The Breton Parlement has not met since this event. During the French Revolution, the legal state of Brittany was dissolved by the French National Assembly. The province of Brittany was divided and replaced by the 5 departements that have continued in the modern French Republic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society,_culture_and_governance"><span id="Society.2C_culture_and_governance"></span>Society, culture and governance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Brittany&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Society, culture and governance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy">Economy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Brittany&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The north and western parts of the territory relied on a pastoral farming economy; the south-east enjoyed warmer weather and conducted mixed-arable and pastoral farming, based around small holdings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith199225–26_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith199225–26-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The region enjoyed a strong and diverse maritime economy including active ports of trade and fishing. Over the time of the Duchy, many currencies were present, and the Dukes of Brittany sometimes minted their own coins. Gold and silver were also used for trade. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folklore_and_legends">Folklore and legends</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Brittany&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Folklore and legends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tristan_Iseult_fountain_Louvre_OA10958.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Tristan_Iseult_fountain_Louvre_OA10958.jpg/220px-Tristan_Iseult_fountain_Louvre_OA10958.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Tristan_Iseult_fountain_Louvre_OA10958.jpg/330px-Tristan_Iseult_fountain_Louvre_OA10958.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Tristan_Iseult_fountain_Louvre_OA10958.jpg/440px-Tristan_Iseult_fountain_Louvre_OA10958.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="970" /></a><figcaption>14th-century depiction of the Breton romance <i><a href="/wiki/Tristan_and_Iseult" title="Tristan and Iseult">Tristan and Iseult</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>In the 12th century, legends of <a href="/wiki/Conan_Meriadoc" title="Conan Meriadoc">Conan Meriadoc</a> became popular in North-West Europe. By the 18th century these accounts had been described as mythical.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991131_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991131-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A reference is made by the <a href="/wiki/Chronicler" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronicler">chronicler</a> <a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a> to a commander named <a href="/wiki/Riothamus" title="Riothamus">Riothamus</a> – the Celtic for "supreme leader" – fighting in the region on behalf of the Roman emperor around 470 but little other evidence exists for this period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991131–132_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991131–132-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The chroniclers of Viking raids in Brittany and Normandy recounted that <a href="/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Norway" title="Olaf II of Norway">St Olaf</a> raided the northern coast of Brittany in the area of the town of <a href="/wiki/Dol-de-Bretagne" title="Dol-de-Bretagne">Dol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice198914_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice198914-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_the_Catholic_Church">Role of the Catholic Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Brittany&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Role of the Catholic Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dol-de-Bretagne_-_Nef_de_la_cathedrale_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Dol-de-Bretagne_-_Nef_de_la_cathedrale_01.jpg/170px-Dol-de-Bretagne_-_Nef_de_la_cathedrale_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Dol-de-Bretagne_-_Nef_de_la_cathedrale_01.jpg/255px-Dol-de-Bretagne_-_Nef_de_la_cathedrale_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Dol-de-Bretagne_-_Nef_de_la_cathedrale_01.jpg/340px-Dol-de-Bretagne_-_Nef_de_la_cathedrale_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>Interior of Dol Cathedral, Seat of the Ancient Archbishopric of Dol, dedicated to St Samson</figcaption></figure> <p>The Duchy was influenced by the growth of the major monastic orders in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregorian reforms">Gregorian reforms</a> of the 11th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991267–268_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991267–268-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Backed by the Breton aristocracy, new churches and priories were built and the Church administration became more active.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991268_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991268-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 13th century, the new mendicant orders spread across the towns of the Duchy, again with support of the lords who controlled the urban centres.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991268–269_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991268–269-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These mendicant orders were popular, and became more so in the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991270_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991270-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relics of local saints remained popular, but relics associated with central Catholic figures such as the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John the Apostle</a> became increasingly popular in the 13th and 14th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991270–272_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991270–272-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Customs_and_laws">Customs and laws</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Brittany&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Customs and laws"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Duchy that formed in the 10th and the 11th centuries was a feudal society, with laws and customs run through a hierarchy of Breton lords, from the numerous holders of local castles through to the handful of counts and the Duke in the urban centres.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991170–169_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991170–169-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This reliance on the mass of local lords was a break with the former Celtic and Carolingian polities in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991171–172_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991171–172-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aristocracy in Breton were, as historians Galliou and Jones describe, "conservative and tenancious" in their outlook, but heavily influenced by French society and culture, which sometimes produced tensions with older, more local traditions and customs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991172_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991172-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_parliamentary_government">Rise of parliamentary government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Brittany&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Rise of parliamentary government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artur_Bretan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Artur_Bretan.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="362" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="164" data-file-height="362" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arthur_II,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Arthur II, Duke of Brittany">Arthur II</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Estates of Brittany were founded by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_II,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Arthur II, Duke of Brittany">Arthur II</a> who was considered completely independent of the Kingdom of France. He convoked the first Estates of Brittany in 1309. In addition to creating a parliamentary body, Arthur II added the innovation of including the <a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">Third Estate</a>. </p><p>These parliamentary bodies figured prominently in the Breton War of Succession and helped to resolve the Ducal Claims of the House of Penthièvre in favor of the House of Montfort. The Estates of Brittany acted during the reign of Francis II, of the House of Montfort, to nullify provisions of the Treaty of Guerande and to confirm that <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Duchess_of_Brittany" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne, Duchess of Brittany">Anne</a> was Francis II's sole and legal Ducal heir. The action in favor of Anne, Duchess of Brittany effectively ended the Ducal claims of the House of Penthièvre. </p><p>The Parlement of Rennes was founded in 1485 by Francis II and first met in Vannes. Later the Parlement was moved to Rennes where the Parlement building remains in use to today as a Court of Justice. Initially the Parlement of Rennes functioned as a sovereign court of justice and was designed, among other things, to protect the ancient rights of the Breton nobles. Many of its members were also members of the Estates of Brittany. </p><p>After the Duchy of Brittany was merged into the Crown of France, the Parlement of Rennes took on greater responsibility to manage and preserve the rights of the Duchy as separate from the Kingdom of France. While Henry II of France held all rights as Duke of Brittany he was neither frequently present in the Duchy nor entirely inclined to preserve the independent actions of its parliament. As the Kings of France moved to greater centralized authority under Louis XIV of France, Louis XV of France, and Louis XVI of France, tensions between the Kingdom and the Duchy grew. In September 1771, the Parlement was closed by order of Louis XVI of France; the National Assembly subsequently issued a French law to close the Parlement in 1790. The Parlement of Rennes met and they established that these actions had no force of law based on the Breton laws and traditions on which the Parliament had been founded. Notwithstanding this claim, the Parlement of Rennes has not met since 1790. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Richmondshire">Richmondshire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Brittany&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Richmondshire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nobles from the Breton Ducal family who fought for William the Conqueror in 1066 were the first Lords of Richmond, and eventually the first in a series of <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Richmond" title="Earl of Richmond">Earls of Richmond</a> in England. <a href="/wiki/Alan_Rufus" title="Alan Rufus">Alan Rufus</a> was among William's Earls and built <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Castle" title="Richmond Castle">Richmond Castle</a>. Conan III allied himself with <a href="/wiki/Stephen_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen of England">Stephen of England</a> in his war against the dispossessed <a href="/wiki/Empress_Matilda" title="Empress Matilda">Empress Matilda</a>. For his support, Stephen created Conan's son-in-law Alan 1st Earl of Richmond. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Arthur_III_of_Brittany" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur III of Brittany">Arthur III of Brittany</a> (August 24, 1393 – December 26, 1458), was known as Arthur de Richemont, and was the titular Earl of Richmond. For eleven months at the very end of his life, Arthur was both Duke of Brittany and Count of Montfort, after inheriting those titles upon the death of his nephew. After the death of Arthur's father, John V of Brittany, the English refused to recognize his heirs as earls. Nevertheless, the Breton Dukes continued to style themselves "Count of Richmond", while the English title was given to <a href="/wiki/John_of_Lancaster,_1st_Duke_of_Bedford" class="mw-redirect" title="John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford">John of Lancaster</a> (1389–1435) in 1414. </p><p>Francis II was host to Henry Tudor, the future <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII of England</a> when he fled England to seek safety from Richard III of England. Brittany's possessions in Richmond passed indisputably to England when <a href="/wiki/Francis_II,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Francis II, Duke of Brittany">Francis II, Duke of Brittany</a>, surrendered his rights to Henry, thereby permitting him to take the title Earl of Richmond. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Brittany&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PanoDonjonDinanM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/PanoDonjonDinanM.jpg/220px-PanoDonjonDinanM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/PanoDonjonDinanM.jpg/330px-PanoDonjonDinanM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/PanoDonjonDinanM.jpg/440px-PanoDonjonDinanM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="898" /></a><figcaption>The 14th-century <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Dinan" title="Château de Dinan">Château de Dinan</a>, the <i>Keep of the Duchesse Anne</i></figcaption></figure> <p>There is no modern-day Duchy of Brittany. The Duchy of Brittany and the sovereign title and role of the Duke of Brittany no longer exist in the modern <a href="/wiki/Fifth_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth French Republic">5th Republic of France</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Breton_Parlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton Parlement">Breton Parlement</a> no longer exists. Its seat was in Rennes. It was disbanded by Louis XIV but the Parlement voted to ignore the King's order of dissolution upon the claim it alone had the authority to dissolve this legislative and judicial body. Since 1956, there does exist the administrative <a href="/wiki/Brittany_(administrative_region)" title="Brittany (administrative region)">Region of Brittany</a> – which, however, includes only 80 percent of the former Duchy of Brittany. The remaining 20 percent of the former Duchy is the <a href="/wiki/Loire-Atlantique" title="Loire-Atlantique">Loire-Atlantique</a> <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_France" title="Departments of France">department</a> which now lies inside the <a href="/wiki/Pays_de_la_Loire" title="Pays de la Loire">Pays de la Loire</a> region, whose capital, Nantes, was the historical capital of the Duchy of Brittany. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Brittany&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_I,_Duke_of_Brittany" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles I, Duke of Brittany">Charles de Blois Châtillon</a>, the Blessed</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_des_ducs_de_Bretagne" title="Château des ducs de Bretagne">Château des ducs de Bretagne</a> (Castle of the Dukes of Brittany) in Nantes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukes_of_Brittany_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukes of Brittany family tree">Dukes of Brittany family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_figures_of_Brittany" title="List of religious figures of Brittany">List of religious figures of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Brittany" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Brittany">List of rulers of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_consorts_of_Brittany" class="mw-redirect" title="List of consorts of Brittany">List of consorts of Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_between_Brittany_and_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Union between Brittany and France">Union between Brittany and France</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Brittany&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This was the date of the Battle of Trans-la-Fôret</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The year the titles of King of France and Duke of Brittany were joined in one ruler, <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II of France</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The creation of regions in modern France occurred pursuant to the Law of Decentralisation (2 March 1982)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mid-20th-century historians Ferdinand Lot and Nora Kershaw Chadwick argued that this had occurred in response to hostile raids into Britain. But late 20th-century historians, including Patrick Galliou and Michael Jones, have emphasised the paucity of evidence supporting this analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991130–131_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991130–131-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brittany was free of any royal French influence until 1123, when <a href="/wiki/Louis_VI_of_France" title="Louis VI of France">Louis VI of France</a> confirmed the bishop of Nantes. See Jones, 1988, page 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The existence of Constance and Guy's third daughter is still disputed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Joan of Penthièvre was John of Montfort's half-niece by his half brother, Guy. John III, Guy and John of Montfort were all sons of Arthur II.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> At the beginning of the conflict when John de Montfort was nearly routed by Charles of Blois, John's wife <a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Flanders" title="Joanna of Flanders">Joanna of Flanders</a> was able to successfully defend Brest and turn the tide of the war with the assistance of the English naval forces led by <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Manny,_1st_Baron_Manny" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Manny, 1st Baron Manny">Walter de Manny, 1st Baron Manny</a>. When Jean de Montfort's son launched his attack on the forces of Charles de Blois, his British allies were led by <a href="/wiki/John_Chandos" title="John Chandos">John Chandos</a>. Years after the Breton Civil War, John IV returned from exile in England a second time with British allies led by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Woodstock,_1st_Duke_of_Gloucester" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester">Thomas Woodstock</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John IV relied on two English military leaders to execute his two military campaigns to regain the Duchy, John Chandos and Thomas Woodstock.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to the <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, affection developed between Joanna and Henry Bolingbroke (the future King Henry IV) while he resided at the Breton court during his banishment from England. In 1403, Joan became the second wife of <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry IV, King of England">Henry IV, King of England</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Brittany&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooton201012-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBooton201012_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBooton2010">Booton 2010</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones19882-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones19882_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones19882_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones1988">Jones 1988</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991130-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991130_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991130_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalliouJones1991">Galliou & Jones 1991</a>, p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991128-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991128_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalliouJones1991">Galliou & Jones 1991</a>, p. 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991128–131-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991128–131_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalliouJones1991">Galliou & Jones 1991</a>, pp. 128–131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991130–131-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991130–131_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalliouJones1991">Galliou & Jones 1991</a>, pp. 130–131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones19882–3-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones19882–3_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones19882–3_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones1988">Jones 1988</a>, pp. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith199220–21-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith199220–21_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1992">Smith 1992</a>, pp. 20–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice198921-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice198921_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrice1989">Price 1989</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith19929,_18-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith19929,_18_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1992">Smith 1992</a>, pp. 9, 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverard20009-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverard20009_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEverard2000">Everard 2000</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradbury200057-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradbury200057_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBradbury200057_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBradbury2000">Bradbury 2000</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones19883-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones19883_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones19883_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones19883_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones1988">Jones 1988</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDelumeau1969524-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDelumeau1969524_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDelumeau1969">Delumeau 1969</a>, p. 524.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice198923-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice198923_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrice1989">Price 1989</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Columbia_Encyclopedia19351252-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Columbia_Encyclopedia19351252_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_Columbia_Encyclopedia1935">The Columbia Encyclopedia 1935</a>, p. 1252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice198925–26-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice198925–26_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrice1989">Price 1989</a>, pp. 25–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice1989355-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice1989355_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrice1989">Price 1989</a>, p. 355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice1989356–360-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice1989356–360_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrice1989">Price 1989</a>, pp. 356–360.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice1989Appendix_Two-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice1989Appendix_Two_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrice1989">Price 1989</a>, Appendix Two.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice1989362-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice1989362_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrice1989">Price 1989</a>, p. 362.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991168–169-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991168–169_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalliouJones1991">Galliou & Jones 1991</a>, pp. 168–169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991169-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991169_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991169_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalliouJones1991">Galliou & Jones 1991</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones198815-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones198815_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones1988">Jones 1988</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHjardarVike2016334-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHjardarVike2016334_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHjardarVike2016">Hjardar & Vike 2016</a>, p. 334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones19884-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones19884_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones19884_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJones1988">Jones 1988</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991169–170-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991169–170_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalliouJones1991">Galliou & Jones 1991</a>, pp. 169–170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991170–171-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991170–171_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalliouJones1991">Galliou & Jones 1991</a>, pp. 170–171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBachrach19937-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBachrach19937_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBachrach1993">Bachrach 1993</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBachrach19938-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBachrach19938_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBachrach1993">Bachrach 1993</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBachrach1993261-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBachrach1993261_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBachrach1993">Bachrach 1993</a>, p. 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrouch200236-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrouch200236_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrouch200236_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrouch200236_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrouch200236_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrouch200236_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrouch200236_37-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrouch200236_37-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrouch200236_37-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrouch200236_37-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrouch200236_37-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrouch2002">Crouch 2002</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowarth2008-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowarth2008_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowarth2008_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHowarth2008_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHowarth2008">Howarth 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatterson2004-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatterson2004_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatterson2004_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatterson2004_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatterson2004_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatterson2004_39-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPatterson2004">Patterson 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeats-Rohan19923-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeats-Rohan19923_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeats-Rohan19923_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeats-Rohan19923_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeats-Rohan19923_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeats-Rohan1992">Keats-Rohan 1992</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeats-Rohan19924-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeats-Rohan19924_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeats-Rohan1992">Keats-Rohan 1992</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverard200017-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverard200017_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEverard2000">Everard 2000</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverard200017–18-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverard200017–18_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEverard2000">Everard 2000</a>, pp. 17–18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEverard200019–20-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEverard200019–20_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEverard2000">Everard 2000</a>, pp. 19–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmall200918-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmall200918_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmall2009">Small 2009</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith199225–26-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith199225–26_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1992">Smith 1992</a>, pp. 25–26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991131-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991131_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalliouJones1991">Galliou & Jones 1991</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991131–132-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991131–132_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalliouJones1991">Galliou & Jones 1991</a>, pp. 131–132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrice198914-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrice198914_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrice1989">Price 1989</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991267–268-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991267–268_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalliouJones1991">Galliou & Jones 1991</a>, pp. 267–268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991268-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991268_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalliouJones1991">Galliou & Jones 1991</a>, p. 268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991268–269-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991268–269_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalliouJones1991">Galliou & Jones 1991</a>, pp. 268–269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991270-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991270_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalliouJones1991">Galliou & Jones 1991</a>, p. 270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991270–272-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991270–272_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalliouJones1991">Galliou & Jones 1991</a>, pp. 270–272.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991170–169-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991170–169_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalliouJones1991">Galliou & Jones 1991</a>, pp. 170–169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991171–172-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991171–172_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalliouJones1991">Galliou & Jones 1991</a>, pp. 171–172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991172-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalliouJones1991172_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalliouJones1991">Galliou & Jones 1991</a>, p. 172.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Brittany&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBachrach1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bachrach" title="Bernard Bachrach">Bachrach, Bernard S.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KCMUeOEjf8AC"><i>Fulk Nerra the Neo-Roman Consul, 987-1040: A Political Biography of the Angevin Count</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-07996-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-07996-5"><bdi>0-520-07996-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fulk+Nerra+the+Neo-Roman+Consul%2C+987-1040%3A+A+Political+Biography+of+the+Angevin+Count&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-520-07996-5&rft.aulast=Bachrach&rft.aufirst=Bernard+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKCMUeOEjf8AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Brittany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooton2010" class="citation book cs1">Booton, Diane E. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Drw4hGK8OTEC&q=Booton,+Diane+E..+Manuscripts,+Market+and+the+Transition+to+Print+in+Late+Medieval+Brittany&pg=PA12"><i>Manuscripts, Market and the Transition to Print in Late Medieval Brittany</i></a>. Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780754666233" title="Special:BookSources/9780754666233"><bdi>9780754666233</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manuscripts%2C+Market+and+the+Transition+to+Print+in+Late+Medieval+Brittany&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780754666233&rft.aulast=Booton&rft.aufirst=Diane+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDrw4hGK8OTEC%26q%3DBooton%2C%2BDiane%2BE..%2BManuscripts%2C%2BMarket%2Band%2Bthe%2BTransition%2Bto%2BPrint%2Bin%2BLate%2BMedieval%2BBrittany%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Brittany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradbury2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jim_Bradbury" title="Jim Bradbury">Bradbury</a>, Jim (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mAgDwx4pS0QC"><i>The Capetians: Kings of France, 987-1328</i></a>. London: Hambledon Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-528-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-528-4"><bdi>978-1-85285-528-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Capetians%3A+Kings+of+France%2C+987-1328&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hambledon+Continuum&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-85285-528-4&rft.aulast=Bradbury&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmAgDwx4pS0QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Brittany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Columbia_Encyclopedia1935" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/The-Columbia-Encyclopedia-One-Volume/dp/B000O7ZPDG"><i>The Columbia Encyclopedia in One Volume</i></a>. Morningside Heights, New York City, New York, USA: Columbia University Press, Clarke F Ansley, Editor in Chief. 1935.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Encyclopedia+in+One+Volume&rft.place=Morningside+Heights%2C+New+York+City%2C+New+York%2C+USA&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press%2C+Clarke+F+Ansley%2C+Editor+in+Chief&rft.date=1935&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FThe-Columbia-Encyclopedia-One-Volume%2Fdp%2FB000O7ZPDG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Brittany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrouch2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Crouch_(historian)" title="David Crouch (historian)">Crouch</a>, David (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mBRouRJrhz0C"><i>The Normans: The History of a Dynasty</i></a>. London: Hambledon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-595-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-595-6"><bdi>978-1-85285-595-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Normans%3A+The+History+of+a+Dynasty&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hambledon&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-85285-595-6&rft.aulast=Crouch&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmBRouRJrhz0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Brittany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelumeau1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Delumeau" title="Jean Delumeau">Delumeau, Jean</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Histoire-Bretagne-J-Delumeau/dp/B0010ZUBW6"><i>Histoire de la Bretagne</i></a>. Toulouse, France: Edouard Privat editeur; Jean Delumeau, directeur, with contributing authors <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Roland_Giot" title="Pierre-Roland Giot">P-R Giot</a>, J L'Helgouach, J Briard, J-B Colbert de Beaulieu, L Pape, P Rache, G Devailly, H Touchard, J Meyer, A Mussat, and G Le Guen (chapters do not specify individual authors).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+la+Bretagne&rft.place=Toulouse%2C+France&rft.pub=Edouard+Privat+editeur%3B+Jean+Delumeau%2C+directeur%2C+with+contributing+authors+P-R+Giot%2C+J+L%27Helgouach%2C+J+Briard%2C+J-B+Colbert+de+Beaulieu%2C+L+Pape%2C+P+Rache%2C+G+Devailly%2C+H+Touchard%2C+J+Meyer%2C+A+Mussat%2C+and+G+Le+Guen+%28chapters+do+not+specify+individual+authors%29&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Delumeau&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FHistoire-Bretagne-J-Delumeau%2Fdp%2FB0010ZUBW6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Brittany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverard2000" class="citation book cs1">Everard, Judith A. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rgQl7wOifdgC"><i>Brittany and the Angevins: Province and Empire 1158–1203</i></a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66071-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66071-6"><bdi>978-0-521-66071-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brittany+and+the+Angevins%3A+Province+and+Empire+1158%E2%80%931203&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-66071-6&rft.aulast=Everard&rft.aufirst=Judith+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrgQl7wOifdgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Brittany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrélaut2000" class="citation book cs1">Frélaut, Bertrand (2000). <i><span></span></i>Histoire de Vannes<i><span></span></i>. Éditions Jean-Paul Gisserot. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-87747-527-1" title="Special:BookSources/2-87747-527-1"><bdi>2-87747-527-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+Vannes&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Jean-Paul+Gisserot&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=2-87747-527-1&rft.aulast=Fr%C3%A9laut&rft.aufirst=Bertrand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Brittany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalliouJones1991" class="citation book cs1">Galliou, Patrick; <a href="/wiki/Michael_Jones_(historian)" title="Michael Jones (historian)">Jones, Michael</a> (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bretons00gall"><i>The Bretons</i></a></span>. Oxford, England and Cambridge, US: Blackwells. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780631164067" title="Special:BookSources/9780631164067"><bdi>9780631164067</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bretons&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England+and+Cambridge%2C+US&rft.pub=Blackwells&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780631164067&rft.aulast=Galliou&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Jones%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbretons00gall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Brittany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHallamEverard2001" class="citation book cs1">Hallam, Elizabeth M.; Everard, Judith A. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6sxnAAAAMAAJ"><i>Capetian France, 987–1328</i></a> (2nd ed.). Harlow, England: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-40428-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-40428-1"><bdi>978-0-582-40428-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capetian+France%2C+987%E2%80%931328&rft.place=Harlow%2C+England&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-582-40428-1&rft.aulast=Hallam&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+M.&rft.au=Everard%2C+Judith+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6sxnAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Brittany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHjardarVike2016" class="citation book cs1">Hjardar, Kim; Vike, Vegard (2016). <i>Vikings at War</i>. Casemate Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vikings+at+War&rft.pub=Casemate+Publishers&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Hjardar&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft.au=Vike%2C+Vegard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Brittany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowarth2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Howarth_(author)" title="David Howarth (author)">Howarth, David</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NF6bPwAACAAJ&q=Howarth,+1066:+The+Year+of+the+Conquest"><i>1066: The Year of the Conquest</i></a>. Paw Prints. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4395-1242-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4395-1242-5"><bdi>978-1-4395-1242-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1066%3A+The+Year+of+the+Conquest&rft.pub=Paw+Prints&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4395-1242-5&rft.aulast=Howarth&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNF6bPwAACAAJ%26q%3DHowarth%2C%2B1066%3A%2BThe%2BYear%2Bof%2Bthe%2BConquest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Brittany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jones_(historian)" title="Michael Jones (historian)">Jones</a>, Michael (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XfgHKGYI92kC&q=Gourmaelon%2C+Dukes+of+Brittany&pg=PA30"><i>The Creation of Brittany: A Late Medieval State</i></a>. London: Hambledon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-907628-80-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-907628-80-X"><bdi>0-907628-80-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Creation+of+Brittany%3A+A+Late+Medieval+State&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hambledon+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-907628-80-X&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXfgHKGYI92kC%26q%3DGourmaelon%252C%2BDukes%2Bof%2BBrittany%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Brittany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeats-Rohan1992" class="citation book cs1">Keats-Rohan (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724225436/http://www.coelweb.co.uk/FamFIEF.pdf"><i>"The Bretons and Normans of England 1066–1154" </i>Nottingham Medieval Studies<i><span></span></i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coelweb.co.uk/FamFIEF.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-07-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-02-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22The+Bretons+and+Normans+of+England+1066%E2%80%931154%22+Nottingham+Medieval+Studies&rft.date=1992&rft.au=Keats-Rohan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coelweb.co.uk%2FFamFIEF.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Brittany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNouailhat1979" class="citation book cs1">Nouailhat, Yves Henri (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trove.nla.gov.au/work/26362934?selectedversion=NBD2296991"><i><span></span></i>Bretagne: écologie, économie, art, littérature, langue, histoire, traditions populaires<i>, in vol. 16. </i>d'Encyclopédies régionales<i><span></span></i></a>. France: Le Puy, C Bonneton editor.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bretagne%3A+%C3%A9cologie%2C+%C3%A9conomie%2C+art%2C+litt%C3%A9rature%2C+langue%2C+histoire%2C+traditions+populaires%2C+in+vol.+16.+d%27Encyclop%C3%A9dies+r%C3%A9gionales&rft.place=France&rft.pub=Le+Puy%2C+C+Bonneton+editor&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Nouailhat&rft.aufirst=Yves+Henri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fwork%2F26362934%3Fselectedversion%3DNBD2296991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Brittany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson2004" class="citation book cs1">Patterson, Benton Rain (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rtZFPgAACAAJ&q=Harold+and+William;+The+Battle+for+England,+A.D.+1064-1066"><i>Harold and William; The Battle for England, A.D. 1064–1066</i></a>. The History Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-2984-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-2984-7"><bdi>978-0-7524-2984-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harold+and+William%3B+The+Battle+for+England%2C+A.D.+1064%E2%80%931066&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-2984-7&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Benton+Rain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrtZFPgAACAAJ%26q%3DHarold%2Band%2BWilliam%3B%2BThe%2BBattle%2Bfor%2BEngland%2C%2BA.D.%2B1064-1066&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Brittany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Price_(archaeologist)" title="Neil Price (archaeologist)">Price</a>, Neil S. (1989). <i>The Vikings in Brittany</i>. Viking Society for Northern Research, University College London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-903521-22-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-903521-22-2"><bdi>978-0-903521-22-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vikings+in+Brittany&rft.pub=Viking+Society+for+Northern+Research%2C+University+College+London&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-903521-22-2&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=Neil+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Brittany" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmall2009" class="citation book cs1">Small, Graeme (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xEYdBQAAQBAJ&q=dukes+brittany+by+the+grace+of+god&pg=PA18"><i>Late Medieval France</i></a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137102157" title="Special:BookSources/9781137102157"><bdi>9781137102157</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Late+Medieval+France&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781137102157&rft.aulast=Small&rft.aufirst=Graeme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxEYdBQAAQBAJ%26q%3Ddukes%2Bbrittany%2Bby%2Bthe%2Bgrace%2Bof%2Bgod%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Brittany" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1992" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Julia M. H. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sUzJl8I-S0EC"><i>Province and Empire: Brittany and the Carolingians</i></a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-38285-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-38285-4"><bdi>978-0-521-38285-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Province+and+Empire%3A+Brittany+and+the+Carolingians&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-521-38285-4&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Julia+M.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsUzJl8I-S0EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADuchy+of+Brittany" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q71747#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q71747#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q71747#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/164363605">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjRX3drDv33p9mGDykbh3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n2011005387">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12050382g">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12050382g">BnF data</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046704">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Brittany&oldid=1252680949">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Brittany&oldid=1252680949</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dukes_of_Brittany" title="Category:Dukes of Brittany">Dukes of Brittany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_duchies" title="Category:Former duchies">Former duchies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_monarchies_of_Europe" title="Category:Former monarchies of Europe">Former monarchies of Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Brittany" title="Category:History of Brittany">History of Brittany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:939_establishments" title="Category:939 establishments">939 establishments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1547_disestablishments_in_Europe" title="Category:1547 disestablishments in Europe">1547 disestablishments in Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dukedoms_of_France" title="Category:Dukedoms of France">Dukedoms of France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_states" title="Category:Christian states">Christian states</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Breton-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Breton-language text">Articles containing Breton-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_country_or_infobox_former_country_with_the_flag_caption_or_type_parameters" title="Category:Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters">Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the flag caption or type parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Breton_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Breton IPA">Pages with Breton IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2013" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_January_2013" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from January 2013">Articles lacking reliable references from January 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_accuracy_disputes" title="Category:All accuracy disputes">All accuracy disputes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Accuracy_disputes_from_January_2013" title="Category:Accuracy disputes from January 2013">Accuracy disputes from January 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_January_2013" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013">Articles with unsourced statements from January 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2013" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_February_2024" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from February 2024">Articles with dead external links from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 October 2024, at 13:58<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Brittany&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5cd4cd96d5-bjkxr","wgBackendResponseTime":191,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.611","walltime":"1.955","ppvisitednodes":{"value":11363,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":135975,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":24476,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":12,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":117899,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1739.796 1 -total"," 31.62% 550.128 1 Template:Infobox_country"," 18.34% 319.044 78 Template:Sfn"," 16.81% 292.383 19 Template:Cite_book"," 11.19% 194.649 6 Template:Native_name"," 8.23% 143.225 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.64% 132.975 3 Template:Campaignbox"," 7.54% 131.135 1 Template:Campaignbox_Franco-Breton_wars"," 5.31% 92.437 9 Template:Fix"," 5.09% 88.504 1 Template:ISO_3166_code"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.088","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":15176380,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBachrach1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBooton2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBradbury2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrouch2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelumeau1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEverard2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrélaut2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalliouJones1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHallamEverard2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHjardarVike2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowarth2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeats-Rohan1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNouailhat1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatterson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrice1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmall2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Columbia_Encyclopedia1935\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox Breton War of Succession\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox Franco-Breton wars\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignox Breton-Norman War\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 19,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Brittany, Duchy of\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 10,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA-br\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 3,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Legend\"] = 3,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Native name\"] = 6,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Self-published source\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 78,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","280","23.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","260","22.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","80","6.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","80","6.8"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","60","5.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","5.1"],["safe_join \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:899\u003E","40","3.4"],["(for generator)","40","3.4"],["rawset","40","3.4"],["makeMessage \u003Cmw.message.lua:76\u003E","20","1.7"],["[others]","220","18.6"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-k78cw","timestamp":"20241125143056","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Duchy of Brittany","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Duchy_of_Brittany","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q71747","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q71747","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-08-03T02:52:48Z","dateModified":"2024-10-22T13:58:53Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/6a\/Drapeau_de_la_province_de_Bretagne_%281532%29.svg","headline":"former European sovereign state 939\u20131547, then dukedom of the Kingdom of France"}</script> </body> </html>