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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Icasa" redirects here. For the Brazilian association football club, see <a href="/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Desportiva_Recreativa_e_Cultural_Icasa" title="Associação Desportiva Recreativa e Cultural Icasa">Associação Desportiva Recreativa e Cultural Icasa</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">Independent Communications Authority of South Africa</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">ICASA</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ICASA_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/ICASA_logo.png" decoding="async" width="265" height="161" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="221" data-file-height="134" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">logo</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">1 July 2000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceding agencies</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">South African Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (SATRA)</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data">Government of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of South Africa">Republic of South Africa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Centurion,_South_Africa" title="Centurion, South Africa">Centurion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gauteng" title="Gauteng">Gauteng</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Minister responsible</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Solly_Malatsi" title="Solly Malatsi">Solly Malatsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Communications_and_Digital_Technologies" title="Minister of Communications and Digital Technologies">Minister of Communications and Digital Technologies</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Agency executives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Mothibi Ramusi, Chairperson</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Ms. Tshiamo Maluleka-Disemelo, CEO</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Child agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Complaints and Compliance Committee</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icasa.org.za/">ICASA</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Independent Communications Authority of South Africa</b> (<b>ICASA</b>) is an independent regulatory body of the <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South African</a> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Africa" title="Government of South Africa">government</a>, established in 2000 by the ICASA Act to regulate both the <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> and <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcasting</a> sectors in the public interest. </p><p>Traditionally, telecommunications and broadcasting services operated separately and so has the regulation of the sectors. Broadcasting in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> was regulated by the Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA), whereas telecommunications was regulated by the <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South African</a> Telecommunications Regulatory Authority (SATRA). Rapid technological developments have led to the convergence of broadcasting and telecommunications services. This also had an influence on the convergence of regulation resulting in the merging of the IBA and SATRA. ICASA functions under the Department of Communications (DoC). It was initially composed of seven Council members. The ICASA amendment Act of 2006 included the Postal services, previously regulated by the Postal Authority into ICASA's mandate. It increased the Council members from seven to nine to accommodate the new members from the Postal Authority. </p><p>The ICASA approved label found on internationally manufactured products implies the products meet, along with the approved stipulated frequency, the strict Radio Frequency Interference standards stipulated by ICASA. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_Communications_Authority_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1923–1989"><span id="1923.E2.80.931989"></span>1923–1989</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_Communications_Authority_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1923–1989"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, the first radio and television broadcasts were done in 1923 and 1976 respectively. The first Broadcasting Act was promulgated in 1936 and it established the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Broadcasting Corporation">South African Broadcasting Corporation</a> (<a href="/wiki/SABC" title="SABC">SABC</a>) solely for radio broadcasting. In 1976, the Broadcasting Act was amended to include television broadcasting. The <a href="/wiki/SABC" title="SABC">SABC</a> acted as a state broadcaster and was used as a political propaganda instrument of the government to support its policies. The <a href="/wiki/SABC" title="SABC">SABC</a> had monopoly over the airwaves even though there were some free-to-air broadcasting services in the former <a href="/wiki/Bantustans" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantustans">Bantustans</a>. These broadcasting services (like Radio Bop, Bop TV, Capital Radio and Radio 702) partially overlapped from the Bantustan areas into certain parts of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a> was provided and regulated by a monopoly parastatal, the South African Post and Telecommunications (SAPT). In the late 1980s, certain aspects of the <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> market were liberalised. The Private Automatic Branch Exchange (<a href="/wiki/PABX" class="mw-redirect" title="PABX">PABX</a>) and Value-added Network Service (VANS) markets were opened up to competition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990–2006"><span id="1990.E2.80.932006"></span>1990–2006</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_Communications_Authority_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1990–2006"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width: 18em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Competition_law" title="Competition law">Competition law</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scale_of_justice_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/100px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/150px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Scale_of_justice_2.svg/200px-Scale_of_justice_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="208" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#98FB98;"> Basic concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_competition_law" title="History of competition law">History of competition law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oligopoly" title="Oligopoly">oligopoly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coercive_monopoly" title="Coercive monopoly">Coercive monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">Natural monopoly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barriers_to_entry" title="Barriers to entry">Barriers to entry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herfindahl%E2%80%93Hirschman_index" title="Herfindahl–Hirschman index">Herfindahl–Hirschman index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_concentration" title="Market concentration">Market concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_power" title="Market power">Market power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_but_significant_and_non-transitory_increase_in_price" title="Small but significant and non-transitory increase in price">SSNIP test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relevant_market" title="Relevant market">Relevant market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merger_control" title="Merger control">Merger control</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#98FB98;"> <a href="/wiki/Anti-competitive_practices" title="Anti-competitive practices">Anti-competitive practices</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monopolization" title="Monopolization">Monopolization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collusion" title="Collusion">Collusion</a> <ul><li>Formation of <a href="/wiki/Cartel" title="Cartel">cartels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_fixing" title="Price fixing">Price fixing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Price_fixing_cases" class="mw-redirect" title="Price fixing cases">cases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bid_rigging" title="Bid rigging">Bid rigging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacit_collusion" title="Tacit collusion">Tacit collusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_licensing" title="Occupational licensing">Occupational licensing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_bundling" title="Product bundling">Product bundling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tying_(commerce)" title="Tying (commerce)">tying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusal_to_deal" title="Refusal to deal">Refusal to deal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_boycott" title="Group boycott">Group boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essential_facilities_doctrine" title="Essential facilities doctrine">Essential facilities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_dealing" title="Exclusive dealing">Exclusive dealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dividing_territories" title="Dividing territories">Dividing territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_closure" title="Occupational closure">Occupational closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predatory_pricing" title="Predatory pricing">Predatory pricing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_misuse" title="Patent misuse">Misuse of patents</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copyright_misuse" title="Copyright misuse">copyrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulatory_capture" title="Regulatory capture">Regulatory capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rent-seeking" title="Rent-seeking">Rent-seeking</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#98FB98;"> Enforcement authorities and organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Competition_Network" title="International Competition Network">International Competition Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competition_regulator" title="Competition regulator">List of competition regulators</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Competition_law" title="Template:Competition law"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Competition_law" title="Template talk:Competition law"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Competition_law" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Competition law"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 1990 the Viljoen Task Group was appointed to investigate the future of broadcasting. At the same time the <a href="/wiki/SABC" title="SABC">SABC</a> initiated a process of internal restructuring. The restructuring was aided by the Jabulani! Freedom of Airwaves Conference which took place in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> in 1991. This conference made recommendations that set the terms of public debate. </p><p>In 1991, <a href="/wiki/Telkom_SA_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Telkom SA Limited">Telkom SA Limited</a> (Telkom) was established as a parastatal to undertake the provision of <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> services in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. It separated from SAPT, which acted as an industry regulator. </p><p>In the beginning of 1992, the Congress of Democratic South Africa (<a href="/wiki/CODESA" class="mw-redirect" title="CODESA">CODESA</a>) started negotiations on the future democratic political dispensation of the country, the drafting of the Interim Constitution, the Local Government Transition Act and the establishment of the Independent Broadcasting Authority Act (the IBA Act). The IBA Act was designed to provide, among other things, for the licensing of commercial and community broadcasters (these were not allowed under the apartheid government) and for the transformation of the <a href="/wiki/SABC" title="SABC">SABC</a> from a state to a public broadcaster. However, telecommunications reform remained unaddressed at the negotiations and in 1993 the apartheid government proceeded to license two mobile cellular operators (<a href="/wiki/Vodacom" title="Vodacom">Vodacom</a> and <a href="/wiki/MTN_Group" title="MTN Group">MTN</a>). </p><p>After the 1994 elections, the National Telecommunications Forum (NTF), including government, business, labour, user groups and civic organizations was established as the key stake-holder forum which debated the Telecommunications Green and White Papers. <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>'s telecommunications reform process culminated in the Telecommunications Act of 1996. The key aspect of this act was the establishment of an independent regulator, SATRA, to regulate the telecommunications sector. Telkom was also granted exclusivity to provide basic telecommunications services for a period of five years with an option for a further year of exclusivity should it meet its roll-out targets. </p><p>On 1 July 2000, the Independent Communications Authority of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> (ICASA) was established. It was established as a single electronic communications regulator in the country in terms of the ICASA Act of 2000 merging SATRA with the IBA.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001, the second wave of re-regulation of the telecommunications industry took place with the passage of the Telecommunications Amendment Act of 2001. This Act introduced some far-reaching changes to the existing regime, for an example, the provision for the Second Network Operator (SNO) as of 7 May 2002. In August 2001, the Minister of Communications issued policy directions which were amended in April 2002, setting out the process in relation to the licensing of the SNO (<a href="/wiki/Neotel" title="Neotel">Neotel</a>) in broad terms. The third mobile cellular telephone operator license was issued on 22 June 2001 to <a href="/wiki/Cell_C" title="Cell C">Cell C</a>. On 19 August 2002, ICASA issued new national Mobile Cellular Telephone Service (MCTS) licenses in terms of section 37(1) of the Telecommunications Act to <a href="/wiki/Vodacom" title="Vodacom">Vodacom</a> and <a href="/wiki/MTN_Group" title="MTN Group">MTN</a>. </p><p>In 2002, two new pieces of telecommunications-related legislation were passed, the Electronic Communications and Transactions Act (ECT Act) of 2000 and the Regulation of Interception of Communications and Provision of Communication-related Information Act (Interception Act). The ECA of 2005 was passed and came into effect on 19 July 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_2007">Since 2007</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_Communications_Authority_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Since 2007"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2013, the ICASA led a state-wide campaign to encourage consumers to turn in their illegally-bought cordless phones, which were responsible for clogging the telecommunication networks with improper data properties.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ICASA was also criticized for undermining the issue of high rates of mobile calls, and for not handling the monopolistic hold of MTN and Vodacom on the SA mobile market (91% of market shares).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, the broadcast request of <a href="/wiki/TopTV" class="mw-redirect" title="TopTV">TopTV</a> (broadcaster of adult content channels <a href="/wiki/Playboy_TV" title="Playboy TV">Playboy TV</a>, Desire TV and <a href="/wiki/Private_Spice" class="mw-redirect" title="Private Spice">Private Spice</a>) was refused by the ICASA.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2013, the ICASA allowed TopTV to broadcast between 8pm and 5am in April 2013<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then backtracked on its decision in July 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2016, the ICASA launched the 700 MHz, 800 MHz and 2.6 GHz spectrum licences<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the North Gauteng High Court blocked this auction after Cell C requested further reviews of the process.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2021, the High court of Pretoria ordered the ICASA to stop the biddings on the auction of the 5G spectrum that started in October 2020, after Telkom and Etv obtained an interdict in a separate case.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2021, the ICASA reset the auction's deadline to March 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mandate_and_purpose">Mandate and purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_Communications_Authority_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mandate and purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ICASA's mandate is to regulate electronic communications (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcasting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a>) and postal services in the public interest. It derives its mandate from the following primary pieces of legislation (and subsequent amendments thereto): </p> <ul><li>The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa;</li> <li>The Independent Communications Authority of South Africa Act No 13 of 2000 (ICASA Act);</li> <li>The Electronic Communications Act No 36 of 2005 (ECA)</li> <li>The Broadcasting Act No 4 of 1999;</li> <li>The Electronic Communications and Transaction Act No 25 of 2002 (ECT Act);</li> <li>The Promotion of Administration Justice Act No 3 of 2000 (PAJA).</li></ul> <p>Some of functions of ICASA include the following: </p> <ul><li>To license broadcasters, signal distributors, providers of telecommunication services and postal services;</li> <li>To make regulations;</li> <li>To impose license conditions;</li> <li>To plan, assign, control, enforce and manage the frequency spectrum;</li> <li>To ensure international and regional co-operation;</li> <li>To consult with Ministry of Communications;</li> <li>To give effect to the EC Act of 2005; and</li> <li>Ultimately decide on complaints.</li></ul> <p>Below are some of the relevant sections from the legislations highlighting ICASA's mandate and purpose :- </p> <ul><li>The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa <ul><li>"The constitution of the Republic of <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> (SA) places a duty on Parliament to establish an independent regulatory institution which is required to provide for the regulation of broadcasting in the public interest, and to ensure fairness and a diversity of views broadly representing <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South African</a> society. Parliament has deemed it fit to add the regulation of electronic communications and postal services to this function." (ICASA, Mr Paris Mashile, 9 January 2007)(S192) <link></li> <li>ICASA is a licensing body, a regulator and a quasi judicial body because it licenses, regulates, adjudicates and issues sanctions.(S34)</li> <li>ICASA is also an organ of state bound by the Bill of Rights (S8).</li> <li>"The work of ICASA is aimed at the protection of democracy and ensuring free and open airwaves and access to accommodation."<sup id="cite_ref-ICASA1800_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICASA1800-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (S16)</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>The Broadcasting Amentment Act of 2002 <ul><li>The Act amended the IBA Act of 1993, and sought to clarify the powers of the Minister and the regulator</li> <li>The Act called for a new Broadcasting Policy that will, among others, contribute to democracy, development of society, gender equality, nation building, provision of education and strengthening the spiritual and moral fibre of society.</li></ul></li> <li>The Independent Communications Authority of South Africa Act of 2006 (ICASA Amendment Act) <ul><li>The primary object of this Act was to provide for the regulation and control of telecommunication matters in the public interest. It sought, among others, to promote the universal and affordable provision of telecommunication services (Chpt 1).</li> <li>The Act established the <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South African</a> Telecommunications Regulatory Authority, and this regulator shall be independent and impartial(Chpt II ).</li></ul></li> <li>The Electronic Communications Act of 2005 (ECA) <ul><li>The substantive regulatory function of ICASA is pertaining to broadcasting, postal services and electronic communications sector.</li> <li>ICASA plays a concurrent function with Competition Commission of competition matters(Chapter 10).</li> <li>The Code and mechanism of the National Association of Broadcasters on content regulation has been approved by ICASA (S54(2)).</li> <li>ICASA strives to create a conducive and predictable regulatory environment to achieve the stated objects of EC Act of 2005, section 2 (S2).</li></ul></li> <li>The Competition Act of 1998 <ul><li>The Competition Commission and Competition Tribunal plays a complementary role or co-jurisdiction role with ICASA on competition matters within the electronic communications environment (s82 (1)).</li> <li>The Competition Commission holds an ex post jurisdiction over competition related matters. ICASA holds an ex ante and ex post jurisdiction over competition related matters.</li></ul></li> <li>The Promotion of Administration Justice Act of 2000 (PAJA) and <ul><li>PAJA binds ICASA in its deciding functions and the Complaints and Compliance in their exercise of their administrative and judicial functions. According to Mr Paris Mashile (9 January 2007, p. 5) "...ICASA has been entrusted, full consultation and transparency are governing principles as prescribed by PAJA and the law dictates of administrative justice.</li></ul></li> <li>The Postal Services Act of 1998</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_and_functions">Structure and functions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_Communications_Authority_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Structure and functions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divisions">Divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_Communications_Authority_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ICASA is subdivided into various divisions with some listed below:- </p> <ul><li>The <b>Engineering and Technology Division </b> is made up of the frequency spectrum and the radio monitoring departments. The main responsibilities include frequency and station license allocations, issuing of certificates and authorizations.</li> <li>The <b>Licensing and Compliance Division</b> is responsible for developing policy, issuing licenses and ensuring compliance in relation to the provision of broadcasting, telecommunications and postal services.</li> <li>The <b>Markets and Competition Division</b> is responsible for promoting competition, innovation and investment in services and facilities provided in the broadcasting, telecommunications and postal services sectors.</li> <li>The <b>Complaints Division</b> receives and addresses complaints from consumers and members of the public regarding communication services and products. The department intervenes or escalates these complaints to operators for resolution or to the Complaints & Compliance Committee (CCC) for adjudication.</li> <li>The <b>Consumer Affairs Division</b> is responsible for protecting consumers from unfair business practices, ensuring access to safe and good quality products, and protecting the interests of people with disabilities in relation to the provision of communications and postal services.</li> <li>The <b>Legal Division</b> is responsible for the litigation of regulatory matters.</li> <li>The <b>Communications Division</b> is responsible for the Authority's corporate communications and international relations.<sup id="cite_ref-ICASAHome_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICASAHome-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Council">Council</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_Communications_Authority_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Council"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ICASA is under the DoC with a council composed of nine members, the chairman and eight councilors appointed by the minister with the recommendations from the National Assembly. Initially, the number of council members was seven and it was increased to nine as per the ICASA amendment Act of 2005 when the postal services were integrated to ICASA. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Current_Chairperson,_Councillors_and_Secretariat"><span id="Current_Chairperson.2C_Councillors_and_Secretariat"></span>Current Chairperson, Councillors and Secretariat</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_Communications_Authority_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Current Chairperson, Councillors and Secretariat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Mothibi Ramusi (Chairperson)</li> <li>Thabisa Faye (Councillor)</li> <li>Catherine Mushi (Councillor)</li> <li>Nompucuko Nontombana (Councillor)</li> <li>Ntombiza Sithole (Councillor)</li> <li>Nicholous Mabilane (Company Secretary)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Previous_Chairpersons">Previous Chairpersons</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_Communications_Authority_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Previous Chairpersons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Mothibi Ramusi (Chairperson)(2 May 2024 - current)</li> <li>Catherine Mushi (acting Chairperson)(4 April 2024 - 1 May 2024)</li> <li>Yolisa Kedama (acting Chairperson)(4 April 2023 - 3 April 2024)</li> <li>Dr Charley Lewis (acting Chairperson)(16 July 2022 - 3 April 2023)</li> <li>Dr Keabetswe Modimoeng (24 August 2020 - 15 July 2022)</li> <li>Adv Dimakatso Qocha (acting Chairperson) (11 June 2020 - 23 August 2020)</li> <li>Dr Keabetswe Modimoeng (acting Chairperson) (25 March 2019 - 10 June 2020)</li> <li>Rubben Mohlaloga (1 December 2017 - 24 March 2019)</li> <li>Paris Mashile (acting Chairperson) (September 2017 - November 2017)</li> <li>Rubben Mohlaloga (acting Chairperson)(June 2016 - September 2017)</li> <li>Rotation of acting appointments between Councillors (July 2015 - June 2016)</li> <li>Dr Stephen Sipho Mncube (July 2010 – July 2015)</li> <li>Paris Mashile (1 July 2005 – 30 June 2010)</li> <li>Mandla Langa (1 July 2000 – 30 June 2005)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Highlights_and_Controversies">Highlights and Controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_Communications_Authority_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Highlights and Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 2000, a little less than five months before ICASA was formed, SATRA declared <a href="/wiki/Cell_C" title="Cell C">Cell C</a> as a winning bidder of the third mobile cellular network operator. NextCom, one of the losing bidders, engaged ICASA in a number of court interdicts alleging that the decision to award <a href="/wiki/Cell_C" title="Cell C">Cell C</a> was not fair and was influenced by the National Executive. In June 2001, NextCom withdrew from a judicial review that was ordered by the High Court allowing <a href="/wiki/Cell_C" title="Cell C">Cell C</a> to continue its operations.<sup id="cite_ref-ICASANextCom_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICASANextCom-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vodacom and MTN threatened to go to court to claim the use of the 1800 MHz frequency band which GSM 1800 license was issued only to <a href="/wiki/Cell_C" title="Cell C">Cell C</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ICASA18002_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICASA18002-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The conversion of the VANS licenses issued through the repealed Telecommunications Act to the new ECNS or ECS licenses provisioned in the EC Act resulted in a court interdict where Altech challenged ICASA on its decision to exclude it on the list of the new ECNS licensees. Altech's claim was that all the VANS licensees be granted the ECNS licenses as per the EC Act. The High Court judgment ruled in favour of Altech resulting in all the VANS licensees being granted ECNS licenses.<sup id="cite_ref-ICASA_Altech_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICASA_Altech-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The listing and unbundling of <a href="/wiki/Vodacom" title="Vodacom">Vodacom</a> shares raised a number of questions regarding the role and independence of ICASA as the sector regulator. Vodacom exercised its right as granted by the Electronic Communications Network Services license issued by ICASA to unilaterally sell its shares without the involvement of ICASA or Minister of Communications as it was the case in the previous licensing regime. This was not well received by the Trade Union, <a href="/wiki/COSATU" class="mw-redirect" title="COSATU">COSATU</a>, which challenged the decision made by ICASA to clear the Vodacom share transaction. This transaction resulted in ICASA's independence status being questioned as it was influenced by <a href="/wiki/COSATU" class="mw-redirect" title="COSATU">COSATU</a> to rescind its initial decision allowing Vodacom to unbundle its shares.<sup id="cite_ref-ICASA_Vadacom_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICASA_Vadacom-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_Communications_Authority_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWoolmanT_RouxM_Bishop" class="citation journal cs1">Woolman, S; T Roux; M Bishop. "Independent Communications Authority of South Africa (ICASA)". <i>The Constitutional Law of South Africa</i>: 24E–1–24E–16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Constitutional+Law+of+South+Africa&rft.atitle=Independent+Communications+Authority+of+South+Africa+%28ICASA%29&rft.pages=24E-1-24E-16&rft.aulast=Woolman&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=T+Roux&rft.au=M+Bishop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependent+Communications+Authority+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWhite2006" class="citation journal cs1">White, Justine (September 2006). "Introduction: An overview of the South African Legal system and the history of Liberalisation and re-regulation of the South African Telecommunications Sector". <i>Global Telecommunications Law and Practice. 13</i>: <span class="nowrap">5201–</span>5288.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Telecommunications+Law+and+Practice.+13&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+An+overview+of+the+South+African+Legal+system+and+the+history+of+Liberalisation+and+re-regulation+of+the+South+African+Telecommunications+Sector&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5201-%3C%2Fspan%3E5288&rft.date=2006-09&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Justine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependent+Communications+Authority+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developerz.software/2021/03/20/the-issue-of-illegal-mobile-phones-in-south-africa/">The issue of illegal mobile phones in South Africa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220214150324/https://developerz.software/2021/03/20/the-issue-of-illegal-mobile-phones-in-south-africa/">Archived</a> 14 February 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Developerz.software</i>, 20 March 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mg.co.za/article/2013-07-31-icasa-berated-over-high-cellphone-charges/">Icasa berated over high cellphone charges</a>, <i>Mg.co.za</i>, 31 July 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mybroadband.co.za/news/broadcasting/45277-why-icasa-blocked-toptv-porn.html">Why ICASA blocked TopTV porn</a>, <i>Mybroadband.co.za</i>, 8 March 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Craig Wilson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techcentral.co.za/icasa-about-turn-on-toptv-porn/187762/">Icasa about-turn on TopTV porn</a>, <i>Techcentral.co.za</i>, 24 April 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://businesstech.co.za/news/media/43252/why-icasa-backtracked-on-porn-tv-decision/">Why Icasa backtracked on porn TV decision</a>, <i>Businesstech.co.za</i>, 30 July 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://businesstech.co.za/news/mobile/130278/icasa-to-auction-off-spectrum-for-r12-billion-minimum/">Icasa to auction off spectrum for R12 billion – minimum</a>, <i>Businesstech.co.za</i>, 15 July 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://businesstech.co.za/news/telecommunications/138657/sa-court-backs-blocking-of-r12-billion-broadband-tender/">SA court backs blocking of R12 billion broadband tender</a>, <i>Businesstech.co.za</i>, 30 September 2016</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Melanie Mingas, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.capacitymedia.com/articles/3827946/icasa-ordered-to-halt-spectrum-auction">ICASA ordered to halt spectrum auction</a>, <i>Capacitymedia.com</i>, 9 March 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.news24.com/fin24/companies/ict/icasa-announces-new-deadlines-for-spectrum-auction-20211001">Icasa announces new deadlines for spectrum auction</a>, <i>News24.com</i>, 1 October 2021</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICASA1800-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ICASA1800_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icasa.org.za">"ICASA, ICASA"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ICASA%2C+ICASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icasa.org.za&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependent+Communications+Authority+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICASAHome-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ICASAHome_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icasa.org.za/">"Independent Communications Authority of South Africa, ICASA"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Independent+Communications+Authority+of+South+Africa%2C+ICASA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icasa.org.za%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependent+Communications+Authority+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICASANextCom-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ICASANextCom_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cellular.co.za/news_2001/01252001-icasa_files_answering_affidavit.htm">"ICASA files answering affidavit in third cell phone court case, Cellular"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ICASA+files+answering+affidavit+in+third+cell+phone+court+case%2C+Cellular&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cellular.co.za%2Fnews_2001%2F01252001-icasa_files_answering_affidavit.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependent+Communications+Authority+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICASA18002-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ICASA18002_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cellular.co.za/news_2001/06112001-cellphone_license_saga_ends_with.htm">"Cellphone License Saga Ends With Cash Payout, Cellular"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cellphone+License+Saga+Ends+With+Cash+Payout%2C+Cellular&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cellular.co.za%2Fnews_2001%2F06112001-cellphone_license_saga_ends_with.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependent+Communications+Authority+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICASA_Altech-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ICASA_Altech_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southafricaconnect.org.za/?p=20">"Implications of Altech ruling, South Africa Connect"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Implications+of+Altech+ruling%2C+South+Africa+Connect&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southafricaconnect.org.za%2F%3Fp%3D20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependent+Communications+Authority+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ICASA_Vadacom-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ICASA_Vadacom_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/icasa-wont-oppose-vodacom-ruling-independence-questioned-2009-05-18">"Icasa won't oppose Vodacom ruling, independence questioned, Engineering News"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Icasa+won%27t+oppose+Vodacom+ruling%2C+independence+questioned%2C+Engineering+News&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.engineeringnews.co.za%2Farticle%2Ficasa-wont-oppose-vodacom-ruling-independence-questioned-2009-05-18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndependent+Communications+Authority+of+South+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_Communications_Authority_of_South_Africa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icasa.org.za/">Official website</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Department_of_Basic_Education" title="Department of Basic Education">Basic Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Communications_and_Digital_Technologies" title="Department of Communications and Digital Technologies">Communications and Digital Technologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Cooperative_Governance" title="Department of Cooperative Governance">Cooperative Governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Correctional_Services_(South_Africa)" title="Department of Correctional Services (South Africa)">Correctional Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Defence_(South_Africa)" title="Department of Defence (South Africa)">Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Economic_Development_(South_Africa)" title="Department of Economic Development (South Africa)">Economic Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Employment_and_Labour" title="Department of Employment and Labour">Employment and Labour</a></li> <li><a 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Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Justice_and_Constitutional_Development" title="Department of Justice and Constitutional Development">Justice and Constitutional Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Military_Veterans" title="Department of Military Veterans">Military Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Mineral_Resources_and_Energy" title="Department of Mineral Resources and Energy">Mineral Resources and Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Police_(South_Africa)" title="Department of Police (South Africa)">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Public_Enterprises" title="Department of Public Enterprises">Public Enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Public_Service_and_Administration" title="Department of Public Service and Administration">Public Service and Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Public_Works_and_Infrastructure" title="Department of Public Works and Infrastructure">Public Works and Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Science_and_Innovation" title="Department of Science and Innovation">Science and Innovation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Small_Business_Development" title="Department of Small Business Development">Small Business Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Social_Development_(South_Africa)" title="Department of Social Development (South Africa)">Social Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Sports,_Arts_and_Culture" title="Department of Sports, Arts and Culture">Sports, Arts and Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Security_Agency_(South_Africa)" title="State Security Agency (South Africa)">State Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Tourism_(South_Africa)" title="Department of Tourism (South Africa)">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Trade,_Industry_and_Competition" title="Department of Trade, Industry and Competition">Trade, Industry and Competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Traditional_Affairs" title="Department of Traditional Affairs">Traditional Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Transport_(South_Africa)" title="Department of Transport (South Africa)">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Water_and_Sanitation" title="Department of Water and Sanitation">Water and Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Women,_Youth_and_Persons_with_Disabilities" title="Department of Women, Youth and Persons with Disabilities">Women, Youth and Persons with Disabilities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agencies with<br />department status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_Communication_and_Information_System" title="Government Communication and Information System">Government Communication and Information System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Police_Investigative_Directorate" title="Independent Police Investigative Directorate">Independent Police Investigative Directorate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_School_of_Government_(South_Africa)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National School of Government (South Africa) (page does not exist)">National School of Government</a></li> <li>Office of the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_South_Africa" title="Chief Justice of South Africa">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Public_Service_Commission_(South_Africa)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Public Service Commission (South Africa) (page does not exist)">Public Service Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics_South_Africa" title="Statistics South Africa">Statistics South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications802" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this 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title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" 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