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Russia, a nuclear power, still counts as a military superpower. The military forces, which were founded to carry out space tasks — but their very first task was to construct a scientific-experimental shooting range — has become the guarantee of this retarding force during the six years of their existence.84 Their name today is Aerospace Defence Forces (Voyska VozdushnoKosmicheskoy Oborony, VVKO) and their effectiveness according to president Putin is “fundamentally the guarantee of the firmness of our retarding force and at the same time the defence of the territory of our country from aerial and cosmic attacks”.85","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"József Deák","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/J%C3%B3zsefDe%C3%A1k4"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2022-06-29","datePublished":"2015-01-01","headline":"Russia’s space defence from its beginning to the present 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Russia, a nuclear power, still counts as a military superpower. The military forces, which were founded to carry out space tasks — but their very first task was to construct a scientific-experimental shooting range — has become the guarantee of this retarding force during the six years of their existence.84 Their name today is Aerospace Defence Forces (Voyska VozdushnoKosmicheskoy Oborony, VVKO) and their effectiveness according to president Putin is “fundamentally the guarantee of the firmness of our retarding force and at the same time the defence of the territory of our country from aerial and cosmic attacks”.85","ai_title_tag":"Evolution of Russia's Aerospace Defence Forces","publication_date":"2015,,"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Russia’s space defence from its beginning to the present time","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [158822077]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":88091805,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Russia’s space defence from its beginning to the present time”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/88091805/mini_magick20220629-28656-oez6h9.png?1656525627" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Russia’s space defence from its beginning to the present time</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="158822077" href="https://independent.academia.edu/J%C3%B3zsefDe%C3%A1k4"><img alt="Profile image of József Deák" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/158822077/87219604/75896657/s65_j_zsef.de_k.png" />József Deák</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2015</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">15 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 82353823; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Moscow commemorated the Victory Day with the greatest parade83 since the disintegration of the Soviet Union. Russia, a nuclear power, still counts as a military superpower. The military forces, which were founded to carry out space tasks — but their very first task was to construct a scientific-experimental shooting range — has become the guarantee of this retarding force during the six years of their existence.84 Their name today is Aerospace Defence Forces (Voyska VozdushnoKosmicheskoy Oborony, VVKO) and their effectiveness according to president Putin is “fundamentally the guarantee of the firmness of our retarding force and at the same time the defence of the territory of our country from aerial and cosmic attacks”.85</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":88091805,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/82353823/Russia_s_space_defence_from_its_beginning_to_the_present_time"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":88091805,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/82353823/Russia_s_space_defence_from_its_beginning_to_the_present_time"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Russia's Posture in Space","attachmentId":101744761,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/101115568/Russias_Posture_in_Space","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/101115568/Russias_Posture_in_Space"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="65378400" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/65378400/Russian_concept_of_the_Eurasian_Aerospace_Defense_System_Analysis_of_the_problem">Russian concept of the Eurasian Aerospace Defense System. Analysis of the problem</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="67622927" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DanutaKrzak">Danuta Krzak</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">the author of the article describes the most important theses of a. Podberezkin plan against the geopolitical russia background which form a paradigm of a common security in Russian terms on a strategic area of Eurasia. It is of a particular significance in view of the growing threats to modern world. especially of hazardous nature is current problem of north Korea in connection with nuclear testing carried out by unpredictable regime of Kim Jong-un which creates the risk that sudden conflict can drag the whole Peninsula into a war. this, in turn, would lead to the us intervention there. Effects of the possible conflict involving superpower are hard to predict. Another current problem is Moscow-Washington conflict and Moscow-European Union conflict. Indeed, NATO enlargement to the east transformed the block from regional to global and included the whole eurasia into their scope of responsibility. Meanwhile, russia being in opposition to such strategy, has been trying to build counte...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Russian concept of the Eurasian Aerospace Defense System. Analysis of the problem","attachmentId":77001242,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/65378400/Russian_concept_of_the_Eurasian_Aerospace_Defense_System_Analysis_of_the_problem","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/65378400/Russian_concept_of_the_Eurasian_Aerospace_Defense_System_Analysis_of_the_problem"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="38988379" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38988379/Russian_Air_Defense_Showcasing_Achievements_Silencing_Problems_Part_One_">Russian Air Defense: Showcasing Achievements, Silencing Problems (Part One)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6317022" href="https://trentu.academia.edu/SergeySukhankin">Sergey Sukhankin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Several Russian mainstream information outlets along with military experts and officials have, in recent months, presented a long list of achievements that are purportedly raising the country’s Air and Missile Defense Forces (Voyska Protivovozdushnoy i Protivoraketnoy Oborony—PVO-PRO) to a qualitatively new level. In addition to the much-discussed S-500 Triumfator-M surface-to-air missile (SAM) system currently under development, Russia is actively working on medium- and short-range anti-aircraft and anti-missile complexes that will play increasingly important roles in Russia’s integrated PVO-PRO framework.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Russian Air Defense: Showcasing Achievements, Silencing Problems (Part One)","attachmentId":59094692,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/38988379/Russian_Air_Defense_Showcasing_Achievements_Silencing_Problems_Part_One_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/38988379/Russian_Air_Defense_Showcasing_Achievements_Silencing_Problems_Part_One_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="39054990" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39054990/Russian_Air_Defense_Showcasing_Achievements_Silencing_Problems_Part_Two_">Russian Air Defense: Showcasing Achievements, Silencing Problems (Part Two)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6317022" href="https://trentu.academia.edu/SergeySukhankin">Sergey Sukhankin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Historically, the Air and Missile Defense Forces (Voyska Protivovozdushnoy i Protivoraketnoy Oborony—PVO-PRO) have constituted one of the main strengths of the Soviet/Russian Armed Forces and an indispensable national security element.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Russian Air Defense: Showcasing Achievements, Silencing Problems (Part Two)","attachmentId":59169249,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/39054990/Russian_Air_Defense_Showcasing_Achievements_Silencing_Problems_Part_Two_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/39054990/Russian_Air_Defense_Showcasing_Achievements_Silencing_Problems_Part_Two_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="9919248" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9919248/040300_The_contours_of_new_Russian_airpower_thinking">040300 The contours of new Russian airpower thinking</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="23439210" href="https://haifa.academia.edu/MarceldeHaas">Mordechai de Haas</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"040300 The contours of new Russian airpower thinking","attachmentId":36073080,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9919248/040300_The_contours_of_new_Russian_airpower_thinking","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/9919248/040300_The_contours_of_new_Russian_airpower_thinking"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="81264829" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/81264829/Russia_Targets_Missile_Defense">Russia Targets Missile Defense</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="63342598" href="https://independent.academia.edu/StephenBlank2">Stephen Blank</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2007</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Since spring 2006, Russian military commanders, and, subsequently, political leaders, consistently have attacked America's plans to station missile defenses in Poland and the Czech Republic and argued against the possible emplacement of such defenses in Ukraine and Georgia. (1) These programs appear to be leading to the revival of the idea that the US and NATO are the main threats to Russian security, a familiar, and perhaps congenial, position for the armed forces. (2) In this vein, in April President Putin announced the suspension of Russia's observance of the Conventional Forces in Europe Treaty (CFE) because of these planned defenses. (3) Last month, Putin announced his decision to withdraw Russia from the CFE completely. Obviously, the missile defense plans bring together two things Moscow greatly opposes: NATO</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Russia Targets Missile Defense","attachmentId":87369746,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/81264829/Russia_Targets_Missile_Defense","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/81264829/Russia_Targets_Missile_Defense"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="14901885" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/14901885/Russian_Ballistic_Missile_Defence_Rhetoric_and_Reality">Russian Ballistic Missile Defence: Rhetoric and Reality</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="257331" href="https://conflictstudies.academia.edu/KeirGiles">Keir Giles</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">While this monograph was being researched and written, Russian actions in Crimea and eastern Ukraine brought U.S.-Russian relations to a new low in the post-Cold War era. Normal relations and conversations between the United States and Russia were apparently on hold during an unprecedented, and apparently intractable, crisis of European security. But the longer view of relations between the two former superpowers shows precedents that suggest relations stand a strong chance of early recovery, despite Russia’s hard line and unpalatable actions. With or without this recovery, some persistent challenges to the relationship will remain; the state of relations will affect how these challenges are presented, rather than the underlying contradictions themselves. One of these challenges is ballistic missile defense (BMD), and its implications for nuclear deterrence. For the past 7 years, plans for BMD capability in Europe have been a consistent sticking point in relations between the United States and Russia. In brief, Russia’s strenuous opposition to these plans is based on claims, not all of them disingenuous, that this capability is intended to compromise Russia’s nuclear deterrent capability. Yet all discussion of the subject highlights the U.S. current and proposed deployments and entirely ignores Russia’s own missile interception systems, which are claimed to have comparable capability. While Moscow continues to strengthen its armed forces and seeks to reduce the capability gap with the United States, the perception of vulnerability leads Russia to invest heavily in strategic weapons and aerospace defense, including both defense against nuclear missiles and precision guided munitions. Russia protests that U.S. SM-3 missiles pose a potential threat to strategic stability, and has made belligerent threats of direct military action to prevent their deployment. But no mention at all is made of the strategic implications of Russia’s own S-400 and S-500 systems, despite the fact that, if the performance and capabilities claimed for them by Russian sources are accurate, they pose at least as great a threat to deterrence as do SM-3s. This monograph therefore aims to describe Russia’s claims for its missile defense systems and, where possible, to assess the likelihood that these claims are true. This will form a basis for considering whether discussion of Russian capabilities should be an integral part of future conversations with Russia on the deployment of U.S. and allied BMD assets. An assessment of this kind requires an essential caveat. Research for this monograph has been conducted from open sources in Russian and English, and unclassified discussion with knowledgeable individuals on both sides of the debate. As such, it has obvious limitations, especially in a field where the fine detail of capabilities and deployments is highly classified. In addition, the proliferation of designations used by Russia for systems still in development, and the confused and contradictory reporting of them in open source media, adds a further layer of obfuscation. In the words of one assessment—tellingly entitled, “Experts Baffled by Profusion of Russian Missile Projects”—the resulting linguistic labyrinth has been further confused, perhaps deliberately, by a proliferation of new names in Russian reports. The descriptions in this monograph of specific Russian projects are therefore a synthesis of public declarations by Russia as carried in open sources, Executive Summary Strategic Studies Institute and U.S. Army War College Press rather than an authoritative and verified systems handbook. Nonetheless, they have value since responses to Russian claims for their missile defense systems must necessarily rely on public pronouncements.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Russian Ballistic Missile Defence: Rhetoric and Reality","attachmentId":38466802,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/14901885/Russian_Ballistic_Missile_Defence_Rhetoric_and_Reality","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/14901885/Russian_Ballistic_Missile_Defence_Rhetoric_and_Reality"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="107025766" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/107025766/Russia_and_China_in_Space_Security_and_Defense_Capabilities_Implications_of_Bilateral_Cooperation">Russia and China in Space: Security and Defense Capabilities. Implications of Bilateral Cooperation</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="265488478" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GeorgeManouras">George Manouras</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">RUSSIA AND CHINA IN SPACE: SECURITY AND DEFENSE CAPABILITIES. IMPLICATIONS OF BILATERAL COOPERATION., 2023</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This thesis provides an in-depth analysis of the defense and security aspects of the Russian and Chinese space programs. It examines the countries’ policies and priorities in space, their strategies for utilizing space assets, and their prospects for international collaboration. The study focuses on military applications of space technology including satellite defense systems and anti-satellites weapons. It also considers the geopolitical implications of the space programs of these two countries. China is a rising power in geopolitics, economics, and technology, challenging the global dominance of the U.S. Its collaboration with Russia holds significant strategic importance. The invasion of Ukraine by Russia has shifted the geopolitical landscape, triggering changes in economic, military, and technological alliances. This thesis examines these developments and their expected international implications for the space industry and collaboration among space organizations, particularly after the imposition of Western sanctions against Russia.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Russia and China in Space: Security and Defense Capabilities. Implications of Bilateral Cooperation","attachmentId":105879882,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/107025766/Russia_and_China_in_Space_Security_and_Defense_Capabilities_Implications_of_Bilateral_Cooperation","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/107025766/Russia_and_China_in_Space_Security_and_Defense_Capabilities_Implications_of_Bilateral_Cooperation"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="100953931" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/100953931/Russian_nuclear_forces_2013">Russian nuclear forces, 2013</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="104666807" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RobertStandishNorris">Robert Standish Norris</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, 2013</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Russia is in the middle of modernizing its nuclear forces, replacing Soviet-era ballistic missiles with fewer improved missiles. In a decade, almost all Soviet-era weapons will be gone, leaving a smaller but still effective force that will be more mobile than what it replaced. As of early 2013, Russia has a stockpile of approximately 4,500 nuclear warheads, of which roughly 1,800 strategic warheads are deployed on missiles and at bomber bases. Another 700 strategic warheads are in storage, along with 2,000 nonstrategic warheads. There is some uncertainty in these estimates because Russia does not disclose how many nuclear weapons it has and the United States has stopped releasing data supplied by Russia under strategic arms reduction agreements. The authors use public statements made by Russian officials, newspaper articles, observations from commercial satellite images, private conversations with government officials, and analysis of Russian nuclear forces over many years to provide the best available unclassified estimate of Russian nuclear forces.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Russian nuclear forces, 2013","attachmentId":101628573,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100953931/Russian_nuclear_forces_2013","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/100953931/Russian_nuclear_forces_2013"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="38106217" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38106217/Modern_Russian_Defense_Doctrine">Modern Russian Defense Doctrine</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="13528463" href="https://dia.academia.edu/sajadabedi">Sajad Abedi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Modern diplomacy</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Modern Russian Defense Doctrine","attachmentId":58135041,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/38106217/Modern_Russian_Defense_Doctrine","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/38106217/Modern_Russian_Defense_Doctrine"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":88091805,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":88091805,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_88091805" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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