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id="toc-Nat_Turner_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nat_Turner_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Nat Turner controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nat_Turner_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Benjamin_Reid_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Benjamin_Reid_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Benjamin Reid controversy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benjamin_Reid_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sophie's_Choice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sophie's_Choice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span><i>Sophie's Choice</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sophie's_Choice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Darkness_Visible" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Darkness_Visible"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span><i>Darkness Visible</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Darkness_Visible-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_work_and_acclaim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_work_and_acclaim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Later work and acclaim</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_work_and_acclaim-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Later work and acclaim subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Later_work_and_acclaim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Port_Warwick_street_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Port_Warwick_street_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Port Warwick street names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Port_Warwick_street_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Personal life and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links_and_further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links_and_further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links and further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links_and_further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">William Styron</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="ويليام ستايرون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ويليام ستايرون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%86" title="ویلیام استیرن – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ویلیام استیرن" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Уільям Стайран – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Уільям Стайран" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Уилям Стайрън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уилям Стайрън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Styron" title="William Styron – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="William Styron" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Styron" title="William Styron – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="William Styron" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Styron" title="William Styron – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="William Styron" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Styron" title="William Styron – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="William Styron" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Styron" title="William Styron – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="William Styron" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Styron" title="William Styron – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="William Styron" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BC_%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Γουίλιαμ Στάιρον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γουίλιαμ Στάιρον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Styron" title="William Styron – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="William Styron" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Styron" title="William Styron – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="William Styron" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Styron" title="William Styron – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="William Styron" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%86" title="ویلیام استیرن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویلیام استیرن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Styron" title="William Styron – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="William Styron" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Styron" title="William Styron – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="William Styron" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Styron" title="William Styron – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="William Styron" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%84_%EC%8A%A4%ED%83%80%EC%9D%B4%EB%9F%B0" title="윌리엄 스타이런 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="윌리엄 스타이런" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B4_%D5%8D%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Վիլյամ Սթայրոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիլյամ Սթայրոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A8" title="विलियम स्टैरन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विलियम स्टैरन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Styron" title="William Styron – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="William Styron" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Styron" title="William Styron – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="William Styron" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Styron" title="William Styron – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="William Styron" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9D_%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9F" title="ויליאם סטיירון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויליאם סטיירון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="უილიამ სტაირონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უილიამ სტაირონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Styron" title="William Styron – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="William Styron" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Styron" title="William Styron – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="William Styron" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Уилям Стайрон – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Уилям Стайрон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulielmus_Styron" title="Gulielmus Styron – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gulielmus Styron" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Styron" title="William Styron – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="William Styron" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="ويليام ستايرون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ويليام ستايرون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Styron" title="William Styron – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="William Styron" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AD%E3%83%B3" title="ウィリアム・スタイロン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウィリアム・スタイロン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Styron" title="William Styron – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="William Styron" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Styron" title="William Styron – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="William Styron" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC" title="Стайрон, Уильям – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стайрон, Уильям" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American writer (1925–2006)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">William Styron</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Styron,_author,_cropped_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="William Styron in 1967"><img alt="William Styron in 1967" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/William_Styron%2C_author%2C_cropped_%282%29.jpg/220px-William_Styron%2C_author%2C_cropped_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/William_Styron%2C_author%2C_cropped_%282%29.jpg/330px-William_Styron%2C_author%2C_cropped_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/William_Styron%2C_author%2C_cropped_%282%29.jpg/440px-William_Styron%2C_author%2C_cropped_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2322" data-file-height="3083" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">William Styron in 1967</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">William Clark Styron Jr.<br />June 11, 1925<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart bday">1925-06-11</span>)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia" title="Newport News, Virginia">Newport News, Virginia</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">November 1, 2006<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend dday deathdate">2006-12</span>)</span> (aged 81)<br /><a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts">Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;">Novelist, essayist</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Education</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Davidson_College" title="Davidson College">Davidson College</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Period</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">1951–2006</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Lie_Down_in_Darkness_(novel)" title="Lie Down in Darkness (novel)">Lie Down in Darkness</a></i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/The_Confessions_of_Nat_Turner" title="The Confessions of Nat Turner">The Confessions of Nat Turner</a></i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Sophie%27s_Choice_(novel)" title="Sophie's Choice (novel)">Sophie's Choice</a></i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Darkness_Visible_(memoir)" title="Darkness Visible (memoir)">Darkness Visible</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Rose_Burgunder" class="mw-redirect" title="Rose Burgunder">Rose Burgunder</a> </div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1953)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Children</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">4, including <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Styron" title="Alexandra Styron">Alexandra</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WilliamStyronSignature.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/WilliamStyronSignature.png/150px-WilliamStyronSignature.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/WilliamStyronSignature.png/225px-WilliamStyronSignature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/WilliamStyronSignature.png/300px-WilliamStyronSignature.png 2x" data-file-width="554" data-file-height="183" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://william-styron.com">william-styron<wbr />.com</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>William Clark Styron Jr.</b> (June 11, 1925 – November 1, 2006) was an American <a href="/wiki/Novelist" title="Novelist">novelist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Essayist" class="mw-redirect" title="Essayist">essayist</a> who won major literary awards for his work.<sup id="cite_ref-dies_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dies-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Styron&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Styron was born in the <a href="/wiki/Hilton_Village" title="Hilton Village">Hilton Village</a> historic district<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia" title="Newport News, Virginia">Newport News, Virginia</a>, the son of Pauline Margaret (Abraham) and William Clark Styron.<sup id="cite_ref-dies_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dies-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His birthplace was less than a hundred miles from the site of <a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner's slave rebellion</a>, the inspiration for Styron's most famous and controversial novel. </p><p>Styron's mother was from the <a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">North</a> while his father was a <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a> <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a>, laying out broad racial perspectives in the household. Styron's father, a shipyard engineer, suffered <a href="/wiki/Clinical_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical depression">clinical depression</a>, as would later Styron himself. In 1939, at age 14, Styron lost his mother after her decade-long battle with <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a>. </p><p>Styron attended public school in Warwick County, first at <a href="/wiki/Hilton_Elementary_School_(Newport_News,_Virginia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilton Elementary School (Newport News, Virginia)">Hilton School</a> and then at Morrison High School (now known as <a href="/wiki/Warwick_High_School_(Newport_News)" class="mw-redirect" title="Warwick High School (Newport News)">Warwick High School</a>) for two years, until his father sent him to <a href="/wiki/Christchurch_School" title="Christchurch School">Christchurch School</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church in the United States of America">Episcopal</a> <a href="/wiki/College-preparatory_school" title="College-preparatory school">college-preparatory school</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tidewater_region_of_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidewater region of Virginia">Tidewater region of Virginia</a>. Styron once said "of all the schools I attended ... only Christchurch ever commanded something more than mere respect—which is to say, my true and abiding affection."<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On graduation, Styron enrolled in <a href="/wiki/Davidson_College" title="Davidson College">Davidson College</a><sup id="cite_ref-Eric_Homberger_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eric_Homberger-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and joined <a href="/wiki/Phi_Delta_Theta" title="Phi Delta Theta">Phi Delta Theta</a>. By age eighteen he was reading the writers who would have a lasting influence on his own work, especially <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wolfe" title="Thomas Wolfe">Thomas Wolfe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eric_Homberger_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eric_Homberger-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Styron transferred to <a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a> in 1943 as a part of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">U.S. Navy</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a> <a href="/wiki/V-12_Navy_College_Training_Program" title="V-12 Navy College Training Program">V-12 program</a> aimed at fast-tracking officer candidates by enrolling them simultaneously in basic training and bachelor's degree programs. There he published his first fiction, a short story heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a>, in an anthology of student work <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Styron published several short stories in the university literary magazine, <i>The Archive</i>, between 1944 and 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-StyronPapers_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StyronPapers-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Styron was made a <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant" title="Lieutenant">lieutenant</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">U.S. Marine Corps</a>, the Japanese surrendered before his ship left <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>. After the war, he returned to full-time studies at Duke and completed his Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) in <a href="/wiki/English_studies" title="English studies">English</a> in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-StyronPapers_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StyronPapers-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Styron&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After graduation, Styron took an editing position with <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. Styron later recalled the misery of this work in an autobiographical passage of <i>Sophie’s Choice</i>. After provoking his employers into firing him, he set about writing his first novel in earnest. Three years later, he published the novel, <i><a href="/wiki/Lie_Down_in_Darkness_(novel)" title="Lie Down in Darkness (novel)">Lie Down in Darkness</a></i> (1951), the story of a dysfunctional Virginia family. The novel received overwhelming critical acclaim. For this novel, Styron received the <a href="/wiki/Rome_Prize" title="Rome Prize">Rome Prize</a>, awarded by the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_in_Rome" title="American Academy in Rome">American Academy in Rome</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Letters" title="American Academy of Arts and Letters">American Academy of Arts and Letters</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_service">Military service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Styron&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Military service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His recall into the military due to the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> prevented him from immediately accepting the Rome Prize. Styron joined the Marine Corps, but was discharged in 1952 for eye problems. However, he was to transform his experience at <a href="/wiki/Camp_Lejeune" class="mw-redirect" title="Camp Lejeune">Camp Lejeune</a>, North Carolina into his short novel, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Long_March_(novel)" title="The Long March (novel)">The Long March</a></i>, published serially the following year. This was adapted for the <i><a href="/wiki/Playhouse_90" title="Playhouse 90">Playhouse 90</a></i> episode "The Long March" in 1958. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travels_in_Europe">Travels in Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Styron&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Travels in Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Styron spent an extended period in Europe. In <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, he became friends with writers <a href="/wiki/Romain_Gary" title="Romain Gary">Romain Gary</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Plimpton" title="George Plimpton">George Plimpton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Matthiessen" title="Peter Matthiessen">Peter Matthiessen</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Jones_(author)" title="James Jones (author)">James Jones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irwin_Shaw" title="Irwin Shaw">Irwin Shaw</a>, among others. In 1953, the group founded the magazine <i><a href="/wiki/The_Paris_Review" title="The Paris Review">The Paris Review</a></i>, which became a celebrated literary journal.<sup id="cite_ref-Eric_Homberger_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eric_Homberger-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The year 1953 was eventful for Styron in another way. Finally able to take advantage of his Rome Prize, he traveled to Italy, where he became friends with <a href="/wiki/Truman_Capote" title="Truman Capote">Truman Capote</a>. At the American Academy, he renewed an acquaintance with a young <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> poet, <a href="/wiki/Rose_Burgunder" class="mw-redirect" title="Rose Burgunder">Rose Burgunder</a>, to whom he had been introduced the previous fall at <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a>. They were married in Rome in the spring of 1953. </p><p>Some of Styron's experiences during this period inspired his third published book <i><a href="/wiki/Set_This_House_on_Fire" title="Set This House on Fire">Set This House on Fire</a></i> (1960), a novel about intellectual American <a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">expatriates</a> on the Amalfi coast of Italy. The novel received mixed reviews in the United States, although its publisher considered it successful in terms of sales. In Europe its translation into French achieved best-seller status, far outselling the American edition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nat_Turner_controversy">Nat Turner controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Styron&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nat Turner controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Styron's next two novels, published between 1967 and 1979, sparked much controversy. Feeling wounded by his first truly harsh reviews<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for <i>Set This House on Fire</i>, Styron spent the years after its publication researching and writing his next novel, the fictitious memoirs of the historical <a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner" title="Nat Turner">Nathaniel "Nat" Turner</a>, a slave who led a slave rebellion in 1831. </p><p>During the 1960s, Styron became an eyewitness to another time of rebellion in the United States, living and writing at the heart of that turbulent decade, a time highlighted by the <a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">counterculture revolution</a> with its political struggle, civil unrest, and racial tension. The public response to this social upheaval was furious and intense: battle lines were being drawn. In 1968, Styron signed the "<a href="/wiki/Writers_and_Editors_War_Tax_Protest" class="mw-redirect" title="Writers and Editors War Tax Protest">Writers and Editors War Tax Protest</a>" pledge, a vow refusing to pay taxes as a protest against the Vietnam War.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In this atmosphere of dissent, many<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (July 2012)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> had criticized Styron's friend James Baldwin for his novel <i><a href="/wiki/Another_Country_(novel)" title="Another Country (novel)">Another Country</a></i>, published in 1962. Among the criticisms was outrage over a black author choosing a white woman as the <a href="/wiki/Protagonist" title="Protagonist">protagonist</a> in a story that tells of her involvement with a black man. Baldwin was Styron's house guest for several months following the critical storm generated by <i>Another Country</i>. During that time, he read early drafts of Styron's new novel, and predicted that Styron's book would face even harsher scrutiny than <i>Another Country</i>. "Bill's going to catch it from both sides", he told an interviewer immediately following the 1967 publication of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Confessions_of_Nat_Turner" title="The Confessions of Nat Turner">The Confessions of Nat Turner</a></i>. </p><p>Baldwin's prediction was correct, and despite public defenses of Styron by leading artists of the time, including Baldwin and <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Ellison" title="Ralph Ellison">Ralph Ellison</a>, numerous other black critics reviled Styron's portrayal of Turner as racist stereotyping. The historian and critic <a href="/wiki/John_Henrik_Clarke" title="John Henrik Clarke">John Henrik Clarke</a> edited and contributed to a polemical anthology, <i>William Styron's Nat Turner: Ten Black Writers Respond</i>, published in 1968 by Beacon Press. Particularly controversial was a passage in which Turner fantasizes about <a href="/wiki/Rape" title="Rape">raping</a> a white woman. Several critics pointed to this as a dangerous perpetuation of a traditional Southern justification for <a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">lynching</a>. Styron also writes of a situation where Turner and another slave boy have a homosexual encounter while alone in the woods. Despite the controversy, the novel was a runaway critical and financial success, and won both the 1968 <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction" title="Pulitzer Prize for Fiction">Pulitzer Prize for Fiction</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/William_Dean_Howells_Medal" title="William Dean Howells Medal">William Dean Howells Medal</a> in 1970. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Benjamin_Reid_controversy">Benjamin Reid controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Styron&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Benjamin Reid controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 1960s, Styron became a mentor to prisoner Benjamin Reid, who in 1957 had beaten a woman to death with a hammer in a botched robbery attempt. Through his writings and advocacy, Styron successfully helped to have Reid's death sentence commuted in 1962. In 1970, Reid escaped prison before his scheduled parole and kidnapped and raped a woman.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sophie's_Choice"><span id="Sophie.27s_Choice"></span><i>Sophie's Choice</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Styron&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sophie's Choice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Styron's next novel, <i><a href="/wiki/Sophie%27s_Choice_(novel)" title="Sophie's Choice (novel)">Sophie's Choice</a></i> (1979), also generated significant controversy, in part due to Styron's decision to portray a non-<a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jewish</a> victim of <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> and in part due to its explicit sexuality and profanity. It was banned in South Africa, censored in the Soviet Union, and banned in Poland for "its unflinching portrait of Polish anti-Semitism."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been banned in some high schools in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The novel tells the story of Sophie (a Polish <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> who survives <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a>), Nathan (her brilliant Jewish lover who has paranoid schizophrenia), and Stingo (a Southern transplant in post-World War II-<a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a> who falls in love with Sophie). It won the 1980 <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Award" title="National Book Award">National Book Award</a><sup id="cite_ref-nba1980_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nba1980-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was a nationwide bestseller. A 1982 <a href="/wiki/Sophie%27s_Choice_(film)" title="Sophie's Choice (film)">film version</a> was nominated for five <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Meryl_Streep" title="Meryl Streep">Meryl Streep</a> winning the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actress" title="Academy Award for Best Actress">Academy Award for Best Actress</a> for her portrayal of Sophie. <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Kline" title="Kevin Kline">Kevin Kline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_MacNicol" title="Peter MacNicol">Peter MacNicol</a> played Nathan and Stingo, respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Darkness_Visible"><i>Darkness Visible</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Styron&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Darkness Visible"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Styron's readership expanded with the publication of <a href="/wiki/Darkness_Visible_(memoir)" title="Darkness Visible (memoir)"><i>Darkness Visible</i></a> in 1990. This memoir, which began as a magazine article, chronicles the author's descent into <a href="/wiki/Major_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Major depression">depression</a> and his near-fatal night of "despair beyond despair".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a first-hand account of a major depressive episode and challenged the modern taboo on acknowledging such issues. The memoir's goals included increasing knowledge and decreasing stigmatization of major depressive disorders and suicide. It explored the <a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(psychology)" title="Phenomenology (psychology)">phenomenology</a> of the disease among those with depression, their loved ones, and the general public as well. </p><p>Earlier, in December 1989, Styron had written an op-ed for <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> responding to the disappointment and mystification among scholars about the apparent suicide of <a href="/wiki/Primo_Levi" title="Primo Levi">Primo Levi</a>, the remarkable Italian writer who survived the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_death_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi death camps">Nazi death camps</a>, but apparently had depression in his final years. Reportedly, it was the public's unsympathetic response to Levi's death that impelled Styron to take a more active role as an advocate for educating the public about the nature of depression and the role it played in mental health and suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-Eric_Homberger_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eric_Homberger-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Styron noted in an article for <i><a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (magazine)">Vanity Fair</a></i> that</p><blockquote><p>the pain of severe depression is quite unimaginable to those who have not suffered it, and it kills in many instances because its anguish can no longer be borne. The prevention of many suicides will continue to be hindered until there is a general awareness of the nature of this pain. Through the healing process of time—and through medical intervention or hospitalization in many cases—most people survive depression, which may be its only blessing; but to the tragic legion who are compelled to destroy themselves there should be no more reproof attached than to the victims of terminal cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-Vanity_Fair_Darkness_visible_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vanity_Fair_Darkness_visible-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_work_and_acclaim">Later work and acclaim</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Styron&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Later work and acclaim"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bill_Styron_in_his_West_Chop_writing_room_on_Martha%27s_Vineyard_-_August_1989.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bill_Styron_in_his_West_Chop_writing_room_on_Martha%27s_Vineyard_-_August_1989.jpg/220px-Bill_Styron_in_his_West_Chop_writing_room_on_Martha%27s_Vineyard_-_August_1989.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bill_Styron_in_his_West_Chop_writing_room_on_Martha%27s_Vineyard_-_August_1989.jpg/330px-Bill_Styron_in_his_West_Chop_writing_room_on_Martha%27s_Vineyard_-_August_1989.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Bill_Styron_in_his_West_Chop_writing_room_on_Martha%27s_Vineyard_-_August_1989.jpg/440px-Bill_Styron_in_his_West_Chop_writing_room_on_Martha%27s_Vineyard_-_August_1989.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1380" data-file-height="2044" /></a><figcaption>Styron in 1989</figcaption></figure> <p>Styron was awarded the <a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Literary_Award" title="St. Louis Literary Award">St. Louis Literary Award</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_University" title="Saint Louis University">Saint Louis University</a> Library Associates.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Styron was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Prix_mondial_Cino_Del_Duca" title="Prix mondial Cino Del Duca">Prix mondial Cino Del Duca</a> in 1985. </p><p>His short story "Shadrach" was filmed in 1998, under the <a href="/wiki/Shadrach_(film)" title="Shadrach (film)">same title</a>. It was co-directed by his daughter Susanna Styron. </p><p>Other works published during his lifetime include the play <i>In the Clap Shack</i> (1973), and a collection of his nonfiction, <i>This Quiet Dust</i> (1982). </p><p>French president <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> invited Styron to his first Presidential inauguration, and later made him a Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Legion of Honor">Legion of Honor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1993, Styron was awarded the <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Arts" title="National Medal of Arts">National Medal of Arts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2002 an opera by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Maw" title="Nicholas Maw">Nicholas Maw</a> based on <i>Sophie's Choice</i> premièred at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Opera_House" title="Royal Opera House">Royal Opera House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Covent_Garden" title="Covent Garden">Covent Garden</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. Maw wrote the <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretto</a> and composed the music. He had approached Styron about writing the libretto, but Styron declined. Later the opera received a new production by stage director Markus Bothe at the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Oper_Berlin" title="Deutsche Oper Berlin">Deutsche Oper Berlin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Volksoper_Wien" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksoper Wien">Volksoper Wien</a>, and had its North American premiere at the <a href="/wiki/Washington_National_Opera" title="Washington National Opera">Washington National Opera</a> in October 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-Maw_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-Maw-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A collection of Styron's papers and records is housed at the Rubenstein Library, Duke University.<sup id="cite_ref-StyronPapers_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StyronPapers-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1996 William Styron received the 1st Fitzgerald Award on the centenary of F. Scott Fitzgerald's birth. The F. Scott Fitzgerald Award for Achievement in American Literature award is given annually in Rockville Maryland, the city where Fitzgerald, his wife, and his daughter are buried, as part of the F. Scott <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fscottfestival.org/">Fitzgerald Literary Festival</a>. In 1988 he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Edward_MacDowell_Medal" title="Edward MacDowell Medal">Edward MacDowell Medal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was a Charter member of the <a href="/wiki/Fellowship_of_Southern_Writers" title="Fellowship of Southern Writers">Fellowship of Southern Writers</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Port_Warwick_street_names">Port Warwick street names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Styron&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Port Warwick street names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Port_Warwick" title="Port Warwick">Port Warwick</a> neighborhood of Newport News, Virginia, was named after the fictional city in Styron's <i>Lie Down in Darkness</i>. The neighborhood describes itself as a "mixed-use <a href="/wiki/New_urbanism" class="mw-redirect" title="New urbanism">new urbanism</a> development." The most prominent feature of Port Warwick is William Styron Square along with its two main <a href="/wiki/Boulevard" title="Boulevard">boulevards</a>, Loftis Boulevard and Nat Turner Boulevard, named after characters in Styron's novels. Styron himself was appointed to design a naming system for Port Warwick, deciding to "honor great American writers", resulting in <a href="/wiki/Philip_Roth" title="Philip Roth">Philip Roth</a> Street, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wolfe" title="Thomas Wolfe">Thomas Wolfe</a> Street, <a href="/wiki/Flannery_O%27Connor" title="Flannery O'Connor">Flannery O'Connor</a> Street, <a href="/wiki/Herman_Melville" title="Herman Melville">Herman Melville</a> Avenue and others.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_death">Personal life and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Styron&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Personal life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1985, he had his first serious bout with <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>. Once he recovered from his illness, Styron was able to write the memoir <i><a href="/wiki/Darkness_Visible_(memoir)" title="Darkness Visible (memoir)">Darkness Visible</a></i> (1990), the work for which he became best known during the last two decades of his life. </p><p>While doing a fellowship at the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_in_Rome" title="American Academy in Rome">American Academy in Rome</a>, Styron renewed a passing acquaintance with young <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> poet Rose Burgunder. They married in Rome in the spring of 1953. Together, they had four children: daughter Susanna Styron is a film director; daughter Paola is an internationally acclaimed modern dancer; daughter <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Styron" title="Alexandra Styron">Alexandra</a> is a writer, known for the 2001 novel <i>All The Finest Girls</i> and 2011 memoir <i>Reading My Father: A Memoir</i>; and son Thomas is a professor of <a href="/wiki/Clinical_psychology" title="Clinical psychology">clinical psychology</a> at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>. </p><p>Styron died from <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> on November 1, 2006, at age 81, on <a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard" title="Martha's Vineyard">Martha's Vineyard</a>. He is buried at <a href="/wiki/West_Chop" title="West Chop">West Chop</a> Cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Vineyard_Haven" class="mw-redirect" title="Vineyard Haven">Vineyard Haven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dukes_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukes County">Dukes County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Styron&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Note</b> – the following is a list of the first American editions of Styron's books </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lie_Down_in_Darkness_(novel)" title="Lie Down in Darkness (novel)">Lie Down in Darkness</a></i>. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1951.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Long_March_(novel)" title="The Long March (novel)">The Long March</a></i>. New York: Random House, 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Set_This_House_on_Fire" title="Set This House on Fire">Set This House on Fire</a></i>. New York: Random House, 1960</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Confessions_of_Nat_Turner" title="The Confessions of Nat Turner">The Confessions of Nat Turner</a></i>. New York: Random House, 1967.</li> <li><i>In the Clap Shack</i>. New York: Random House, 1973.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sophie%27s_Choice_(novel)" title="Sophie's Choice (novel)">Sophie's Choice</a></i>. New York: Random House, 1979.</li> <li><i>Shadrach</i>. Los Angeles: <a href="/wiki/Sylvester_%26_Orphanos" title="Sylvester & Orphanos">Sylvester & Orphanos</a>, 1979.</li> <li><i>This Quiet Dust and Other Writings.</i> New York: Random House, 1982. Expanded edition, New York: Vintage, 1993.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darkness_Visible_(memoir)" title="Darkness Visible (memoir)">Darkness Visible: A Memoir of Madness</a></i>. New York: Random House, 1990.</li> <li><i>A Tidewater Morning: Three Tales from Youth</i>. New York: Random House, 1993</li> <li><i>Inheritance of Night: Early Drafts of Lie Down in Darkness</i>. Preface by William Styron. Ed. James L. W. West III. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1993.</li> <li><i>Havanas in Camelot: Personal Essays</i>. New York: Random House, 2008.</li> <li><i>The Suicide Run: Fives Tales of the Marine Corps</i>. New York: Random House, 2009.</li> <li><i>Selected Letters of William Styron</i>. Edited by Rose Styron, with R. Blakeslee Gilpin. New York: Random House, 2012.</li> <li><i>My Generation: Collected Nonfiction</i>. Edited by James L.W. I West III. New York: Random House, 2015.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Styron&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> This was the 1980 <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Award_for_Fiction#1980_to_1989" title="National Book Award for Fiction">award for hardcover general Fiction</a>. <br />From 1980 to 1983 in <a href="/wiki/National_Book_Awards#History" class="mw-redirect" title="National Book Awards">National Book Awards history</a> there were dual hardcover and paperback awards in most categories, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_winners_of_the_National_Book_Award#Miscellaneous_1980_to_1985" title="List of winners of the National Book Award">multiple fiction categories, especially in 1980</a>. Most of the paperback award-winners were reprints, including the 1980 general Fiction.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1952 (serial), 1956 (book)</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Styron&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dies-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dies_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dies_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLehmann-Haupt2006" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lehmann-Haupt" title="Christopher Lehmann-Haupt">Lehmann-Haupt, Christopher</a> (November 2, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/02/books/02styron.html">"William Styron, Novelist, Dies at 81"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 9,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=William+Styron%3B+Noted+Author+of+%27Nat+Turner%2C%27+%27Sophie%27s+Choice%27&rft.date=2006-11-01&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flocal%2F2006%2F11%2F02%2Fwilliam-styron%2F6a29d7d5-dcab-4a86-b23c-f74d43b84576%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Styron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sirlin, Rhoda and West III, James L. W. <i>Sophie's Choice: A Contemporary Casebook</i>. Newcastle UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2007. p. ix. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cambridgescholars.com/download/sample/60485">http://www.cambridgescholars.com/download/sample/60485</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170728042812/http://www.cambridgescholars.com/download/sample/60485">Archived</a> July 28, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Accessed January 5, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Helfand, Duke. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-dec-22-me-17211-story.html">"Students Fight for 'Sophie's Choice"</a> <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. December 22, 2001. Accessed January 5, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nba1980-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nba1980_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalbook.org/awards-prizes/national-book-awards-1980">"National Book Awards – 1980"</a>. National Book Foundation. Retrieved 2012-03-15. <br />With essay by Robert Weil from the Awards 60-year anniversary blog.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKakutani2006" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michiko_Kakutani" title="Michiko Kakutani">Kakutani, Michiko</a> (November 3, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/03/books/03styr.html">"Styron Visible: Naming the Evils That Humans Do"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Styron+Visible%3A+Naming+the+Evils+That+Humans+Do&rft.date=2006-11-03&rft.aulast=Kakutani&rft.aufirst=Michiko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F11%2F03%2Fbooks%2F03styr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Styron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vanity_Fair_Darkness_visible-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vanity_Fair_Darkness_visible_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStyron1989" class="citation news cs1">Styron, William (December 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130413093401/http://www.vanityfair.com/magazine/archive/1989/12/styron198912">"Darkness Visible"</a>. <i>Vanity Fair</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vanity+Fair&rft.atitle=Darkness+Visible&rft.date=1989-12&rft.aulast=Styron&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanityfair.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F1989%2F12%2Fstyron198912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Styron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160823003924/http://www.slu.edu/libraries/associates/award.html">"Website of St. Louis Literary Award"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slu.edu/libraries/associates/award.html">the original</a> on August 23, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lifetime+Honors+%E2%80%93+National+Medal+of+Arts&rft.pub=Nea.gov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nea.gov%2Fhonors%2Fmedals%2Fmedalists_year.html%2393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Styron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-Maw-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-Maw_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKozinn2009" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allan_Kozinn" title="Allan Kozinn">Kozinn, Allan</a> (May 19, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/20/arts/music/20maw.htm">"Nicholas Maw, British Composer, Is Dead at 73"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Nicholas+Maw%2C+British+Composer%2C+Is+Dead+at+73&rft.date=2009-05-19&rft.aulast=Kozinn&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F05%2F20%2Farts%2Fmusic%2F20maw.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Styron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/theatre/theatre-news/8447621/MacDowell-Medal-winners-1960-2011.html">"MacDowell Medal winners — 1960–2011"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=MacDowell+Medal+winners+%E2%80%94+1960%E2%80%932011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Ftheatre%2Ftheatre-news%2F8447621%2FMacDowell-Medal-winners-1960-2011.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Styron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portwarwick.com/william-styron/">"William Styron"</a>. Portwarwick.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 29,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=William+Styron&rft.pub=Portwarwick.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portwarwick.com%2Fwilliam-styron%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Styron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q7B4AAAAMAAJ"><i>The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture: Literature</i></a>. University of North Carolina Press. 2006. p. 438. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3190-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3190-8"><bdi>978-0-8078-3190-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Encyclopedia+of+Southern+Culture%3A+Literature&rft.pages=438&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-3190-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq7B4AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Styron" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links_and_further_reading">External links and further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Styron&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links and further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/William_Styron" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/William Styron">William Styron</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Matthiessen_and_George_Plimpton1954" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Peter Matthiessen and George Plimpton (Spring 1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/5114/the-art-of-fiction-no-5-william-styron">"William Styron, The Art of Fiction No. 5"</a>. <i>The Paris Review</i>. Spring 1954 (5).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Paris+Review&rft.atitle=William+Styron%2C+The+Art+of+Fiction+No.+5&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=Spring+1954&rft.issue=5&rft.date=1954&rft.au=Peter+Matthiessen+and+George+Plimpton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theparisreview.org%2Finterviews%2F5114%2Fthe-art-of-fiction-no-5-william-styron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Styron" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Plimpton1999" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">George Plimpton (Spring 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/987/the-art-of-fiction-no-156-william-styron">"William Styron, The Art of Fiction No. 156"</a>. <i>The Paris Review</i>. Spring 1999 (150).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Paris+Review&rft.atitle=William+Styron%2C+The+Art+of+Fiction+No.+156&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=Spring+1999&rft.issue=150&rft.date=1999&rft.au=George+Plimpton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theparisreview.org%2Finterviews%2F987%2Fthe-art-of-fiction-no-156-william-styron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWilliam+Styron" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,12084,918606,00.html">James Campbell, "Tidewater traumas"</a>, <i>The Guardian Unlimited</i> website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0836612/">William Styron</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li>Kenneth S. Greenberg, ed. <i>Nat Turner: A Slave Rebellion in History and Memory</i>, New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. xix + 289 pp., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513404-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513404-9">978-0-19-513404-9</a> (cloth); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517756-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517756-5">978-0-19-517756-5</a> (paper).</li> <li>James L. W. West III [editor], <i>Conversations with William Styron</i>, Jackson, MS: University of Mississippi Press, 1985. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87805-260-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87805-260-7">0-87805-260-7</a>.</li> <li>James L. W. West III, <i>William Styron: A Life</i>, New York: Random House, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-41054-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-41054-6">0-679-41054-6</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013032440/http://www.charlierose.com/shows/1998/05/22/3/a-discussion-about-mental-illness">Charlie Rose with William Styron</a>, A discussion about mental illness, 50-minute interview</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/7341213">William Styron interview with William Waterway Marks on "The Vineyard Voice"</a>/1989/covers a range of topics.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012030014/http://www.charlierose.com/shows/2006/11/03/2/an-appreciation-of-author-william-styron">"An Appreciation of William Styron"</a>, <i>Charlie Rose</i>, – 55-minute-long video</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neh.gov/news/humanities/1997-05/styron2.html">A Conversation with William Styron</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150907173532/http://www.neh.gov/news/humanities/1997-05/styron2.html">Archived</a> September 7, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on-line reprint of interview published in <i>Humanities</i>, 18,3 (1997),</li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/William_Styron_-_interview" class="extiw" title="s:William Styron - interview">William Styron interview on Martha's Vineyard</a>, William Styron interview by author and TV host William Waterway Marks with rare photo of Styron sitting at desk in his island writing studio.</li> <li>Michael Lackey, "The Theology of Nazi Anti-Semitism in William Styron's Sophie's Choice," <i>Lit: Literature Interpretation Theory</i>, 22,4 (2011), 277–300.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kcrw.com/etc/programs/bw/bw920511william_styron">KCRW Bookworm Interview</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.simonandschuster.com/Reading-My-Father/Alexandra-Styron/9781416591818">A memoir of life with Styron by his writer daughter, Alexandra Styron</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.lib.ecu.edu/special/ead/findingaids/1169-011">Stuart Wright Collection: William Styron Papers (#1169-011), East Carolina Manuscript Collection, J. Y. Joyner Library, East Carolina University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://william-styron.com/">William Styron: An Author's Life and Career</a>, a comprehensive website maintained by James L. W. West III, Styron's biographer.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Book_Award_for_Fiction" title="Template:National Book Award for Fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Book_Award_for_Fiction" title="Template talk:National Book Award for Fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Book_Award_for_Fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Book Award for Fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_Book_Award_for_Fiction71" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Book_Award_for_Fiction" title="National Book Award for Fiction">National Book Award for Fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_with_the_Golden_Arm_(novel)" title="The Man with the Golden Arm (novel)">The Man with the Golden Arm</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Algren" title="Nelson Algren">Nelson Algren</a> (1950)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Collected_Stories_of_William_Faulkner" title="Collected Stories of William Faulkner">Collected Stories of William Faulkner</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a> (1951)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/From_Here_to_Eternity_(novel)" title="From Here to Eternity (novel)">From Here to Eternity</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/James_Jones_(author)" title="James Jones (author)">James Jones</a> (1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Invisible_Man" title="Invisible Man">Invisible Man</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Ellison" title="Ralph Ellison">Ralph Ellison</a> (1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Adventures_of_Augie_March" title="The Adventures of Augie March">The Adventures of Augie March</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a> (1954)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Fable" title="A Fable">A Fable</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ten_North_Frederick" title="Ten North Frederick">Ten North Frederick</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Hara" title="John O'Hara">John O'Hara</a> (1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Field_of_Vision" title="The Field of Vision">The Field of Vision</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Wright_Morris" title="Wright Morris">Wright Morris</a> (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wapshot_Chronicle" title="The Wapshot Chronicle">The Wapshot Chronicle</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Cheever" title="John Cheever">John Cheever</a> (1958)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magic_Barrel" title="The Magic Barrel">The Magic Barrel</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Malamud" title="Bernard Malamud">Bernard Malamud</a> (1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Goodbye,_Columbus" title="Goodbye, Columbus">Goodbye, Columbus</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Roth" title="Philip Roth">Philip Roth</a> (1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Waters_of_Kronos" title="The Waters of Kronos">The Waters of Kronos</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Richter" title="Conrad Richter">Conrad Richter</a> (1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Moviegoer" title="The Moviegoer">The Moviegoer</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Walker_Percy" title="Walker Percy">Walker Percy</a> (1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Morte_d%27Urban" title="Morte d'Urban">Morte d'Urban</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/J._F._Powers" title="J. F. Powers">J. F. Powers</a> (1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Centaur" title="The Centaur">The Centaur</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Updike" title="John Updike">John Updike</a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Herzog_(novel)" title="Herzog (novel)">Herzog</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Collected_Stories_of_Katherine_Anne_Porter" title="The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter">The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Anne_Porter" title="Katherine Anne Porter">Katherine Anne Porter</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fixer_(novel)" title="The Fixer (novel)">The Fixer</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Malamud" title="Bernard Malamud">Bernard Malamud</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Eighth_Day_(Wilder_novel)" title="The Eighth Day (Wilder novel)">The Eighth Day</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Thornton_Wilder" title="Thornton Wilder">Thornton Wilder</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Steps_(book)" title="Steps (book)">Steps</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Kosi%C5%84ski" title="Jerzy Kosiński">Jerzy Kosiński</a> (1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Them_(novel)" title="Them (novel)">them</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Joyce_Carol_Oates" title="Joyce Carol Oates">Joyce Carol Oates</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Sammler%27s_Planet" title="Mr. Sammler's Planet">Mr. Sammler's Planet</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a> (1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Complete_Stories_(O%27Connor)" title="The Complete Stories (O'Connor)">The Complete Stories</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Flannery_O%27Connor" title="Flannery O'Connor">Flannery O'Connor</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(Barth_novel)" title="Chimera (Barth novel)">Chimera</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Barth" title="John Barth">John Barth</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(Williams_novel)" title="Augustus (Williams novel)">Augustus</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Edward_Williams" title="John Edward Williams">John Williams</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Gravity%27s_Rainbow" title="Gravity's Rainbow">Gravity's Rainbow</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pynchon" title="Thomas Pynchon">Thomas Pynchon</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Crown_of_Feathers_and_Other_Stories" title="A Crown of Feathers and Other Stories">A Crown of Feathers and Other Stories</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Bashevis_Singer" title="Isaac Bashevis Singer">Isaac Bashevis Singer</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dog_Soldiers_(novel)" title="Dog Soldiers (novel)">Dog Soldiers</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stone_(novelist)" title="Robert Stone (novelist)">Robert Stone</a> (1975)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hair_of_Harold_Roux" title="The Hair of Harold Roux">The Hair of Harold Roux</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Williams_(writer)" title="Thomas Williams (writer)">Thomas Williams</a> (1975)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/J_R" title="J R">J R</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Gaddis" title="William Gaddis">William Gaddis</a> (1976)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spectator_Bird" title="The Spectator Bird">The Spectator Bird</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Stegner" title="Wallace Stegner">Wallace Stegner</a> (1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Blood_Tie_(Settle_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood Tie (Settle novel)">Blood Tie</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Lee_Settle" title="Mary Lee Settle">Mary Lee Settle</a> (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Going_After_Cacciato" title="Going After Cacciato">Going After Cacciato</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Tim_O%27Brien_(author)" title="Tim O'Brien (author)">Tim O'Brien</a> (1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Sophie%27s_Choice_(novel)" title="Sophie's Choice (novel)">Sophie's Choice</a></i> by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">William Styron</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_World_According_to_Garp" title="The World According to Garp">The World According to Garp</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Irving" title="John Irving">John Irving</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i>Plains Song: For Female Voices</i> by <a href="/wiki/Wright_Morris" title="Wright Morris">Wright Morris</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Stories_of_John_Cheever" title="The Stories of John Cheever">The Stories of John Cheever</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Cheever" title="John Cheever">John Cheever</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Rabbit_Is_Rich" title="Rabbit Is Rich">Rabbit Is Rich</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Updike" title="John Updike">John Updike</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/So_Long,_See_You_Tomorrow_(novel)" title="So Long, See You Tomorrow (novel)">So Long, See You Tomorrow</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Keepers_Maxwell,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William Keepers Maxwell, Jr.">William Maxwell</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Color_Purple" title="The Color Purple">The Color Purple</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Alice_Walker" title="Alice Walker">Alice Walker</a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Collected_Stories_of_Eudora_Welty" title="The Collected Stories of Eudora Welty">The Collected Stories of Eudora Welty</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Eudora_Welty" title="Eudora Welty">Eudora Welty</a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i>Victory Over Japan</i> by <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Gilchrist" title="Ellen Gilchrist">Ellen Gilchrist</a> (1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/White_Noise_(novel)" title="White Noise (novel)">White Noise</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Don_DeLillo" title="Don DeLillo">Don DeLillo</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/World%27s_Fair_(novel)" title="World's Fair (novel)">World's Fair</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/E._L._Doctorow" title="E. L. Doctorow">E. L. Doctorow</a> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Paco%27s_Story" title="Paco's Story">Paco's Story</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Larry_Heinemann" title="Larry Heinemann">Larry Heinemann</a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Paris_Trout_(novel)" title="Paris Trout (novel)">Paris Trout</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Pete_Dexter" title="Pete Dexter">Pete Dexter</a> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Spartina_(novel)" title="Spartina (novel)">Spartina</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Casey_(novelist)" title="John Casey (novelist)">John Casey</a> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage_(novel)" title="Middle Passage (novel)">Middle Passage</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Johnson" title="Charles R. Johnson">Charles Johnson</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Mating_(novel)" title="Mating (novel)">Mating</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Rush" title="Norman Rush">Norman Rush</a> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/All_the_Pretty_Horses_(novel)" title="All the Pretty Horses (novel)">All the Pretty Horses</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Cormac_McCarthy" title="Cormac McCarthy">Cormac McCarthy</a> (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shipping_News" title="The Shipping News">The Shipping News</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Annie_Proulx" title="Annie Proulx">E. Annie Proulx</a> (1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/A_Frolic_of_His_Own" title="A Frolic of His Own">A Frolic of His Own</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Gaddis" title="William Gaddis">William Gaddis</a> (1994) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Sabbath%27s_Theater" title="Sabbath's Theater">Sabbath's Theater</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Roth" title="Philip Roth">Philip Roth</a> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i>Ship Fever and Other Stories</i> by <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Barrett" title="Andrea Barrett">Andrea Barrett</a> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Cold_Mountain_(novel)" title="Cold Mountain (novel)">Cold Mountain</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Frazier" title="Charles Frazier">Charles Frazier</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Charming_Billy" title="Charming Billy">Charming Billy</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Alice_McDermott" title="Alice McDermott">Alice McDermott</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Waiting_(novel)" title="Waiting (novel)">Waiting</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ha_Jin" title="Ha Jin">Ha Jin</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/In_America_(novel)" title="In America (novel)">In America</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag">Susan Sontag</a> (2000)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Corrections" title="The Corrections">The Corrections</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Franzen" title="Jonathan Franzen">Jonathan Franzen</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Junes" title="Three Junes">Three Junes</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Julia_Glass" title="Julia Glass">Julia Glass</a> (2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Fire_(Hazzard_novel)" title="The Great Fire (Hazzard novel)">The Great Fire</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Hazzard" title="Shirley Hazzard">Shirley Hazzard</a> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_News_from_Paraguay" title="The News from Paraguay">The News from Paraguay</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Lily_Tuck" title="Lily Tuck">Lily Tuck</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Europe_Central" title="Europe Central">Europe Central</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_T._Vollmann" title="William T. Vollmann">William T. Vollmann</a> (2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Echo_Maker" title="The Echo Maker">The Echo Maker</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Powers" title="Richard Powers">Richard Powers</a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_Smoke" title="Tree of Smoke">Tree of Smoke</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Denis_Johnson" title="Denis Johnson">Denis Johnson</a> (2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Country" title="Shadow Country">Shadow Country</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Matthiessen" title="Peter Matthiessen">Peter Matthiessen</a> (2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Let_the_Great_World_Spin" title="Let the Great World Spin">Let the Great World Spin</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Colum_McCann" title="Colum McCann">Colum McCann</a> (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Misrule_(novel)" title="Lord of Misrule (novel)">Lord of Misrule</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jaimy_Gordon" title="Jaimy Gordon">Jaimy Gordon</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Salvage_the_Bones" title="Salvage the Bones">Salvage the Bones</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jesmyn_Ward" title="Jesmyn Ward">Jesmyn Ward</a> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Round_House_(novel)" title="The Round House (novel)">The Round House</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Louise_Erdrich" title="Louise Erdrich">Louise Erdrich</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Lord_Bird" title="The Good Lord Bird">The Good Lord Bird</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/James_McBride_(writer)" title="James McBride (writer)">James McBride</a> (2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Redeployment_(short_story_collection)" title="Redeployment (short story collection)">Redeployment</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Phil_Klay" title="Phil Klay">Phil Klay</a> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Fortune_Smiles" title="Fortune Smiles">Fortune Smiles</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Johnson_(writer)" title="Adam Johnson (writer)">Adam Johnson</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Underground_Railroad_(novel)" title="The Underground Railroad (novel)"> The Underground Railroad</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Colson_Whitehead" title="Colson Whitehead">Colson Whitehead</a> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Sing,_Unburied,_Sing" title="Sing, Unburied, Sing">Sing, Unburied, Sing</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jesmyn_Ward" title="Jesmyn Ward">Jesmyn Ward</a> (2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Friend_(novel)" title="The Friend (novel)">The Friend</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Sigrid_Nunez" title="Sigrid Nunez">Sigrid Nunez</a> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Trust_Exercise" title="Trust Exercise">Trust Exercise</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Susan_Choi" title="Susan Choi">Susan Choi</a> (2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Interior_Chinatown" title="Interior Chinatown">Interior Chinatown</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Yu" title="Charles Yu">Charles Yu</a> (2020)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Hell_of_a_Book" title="Hell of a Book">Hell of a Book</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jason_Mott" title="Jason Mott">Jason Mott</a> (2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rabbit_Hutch" title="The Rabbit Hutch">The Rabbit Hutch</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Tess_Gunty" title="Tess Gunty">Tess Gunty</a> (2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Blackouts_(novel)" title="Blackouts (novel)">Blackouts</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Justin_Torres" title="Justin Torres">Justin Torres</a> (2023)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_(1990s)420" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_1990s" title="Template:National Medal of Arts recipients 1990s"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_1990s" title="Template talk:National Medal of Arts recipients 1990s"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_1990s" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Medal of Arts recipients 1990s"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_(1990s)420" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Arts" title="National Medal of Arts">National Medal of Arts recipients</a> (1990s)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Abbott" title="George Abbott">George Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hume_Cronyn" title="Hume Cronyn">Hume Cronyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Tandy" title="Jessica Tandy">Jessica Tandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merce_Cunningham" title="Merce Cunningham">Merce Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasper_Johns" title="Jasper Johns">Jasper Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Lawrence" title="Jacob Lawrence">Jacob Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B.B._King" class="mw-redirect" title="B.B. King">Riley "B.B." King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_Kreeger" title="David Lloyd Kreeger">David Lloyd Kreeger</a></li> <li>Harris & Carroll Sterling Masterson</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_McHarg" title="Ian McHarg">Ian McHarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_Sills" title="Beverly Sills">Beverly Sills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BellSouth" title="BellSouth">Southeastern Bell Corporation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Abravanel" title="Maurice Abravanel">Maurice Abravanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Acuff" title="Roy Acuff">Roy Acuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Belluschi" title="Pietro Belluschi">Pietro Belluschi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Carter_Brown_III" class="mw-redirect" title="John Carter Brown III">John Carter Brown III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_%22Honi%22_Coles" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles "Honi" Coles">Charles "Honi" Coles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crosby_(conductor)" title="John Crosby (conductor)">John Crosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Diebenkorn" title="Richard Diebenkorn">Richard Diebenkorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._Philip_Hanes" class="mw-redirect" title="R. Philip Hanes">R. Philip Hanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitty_Carlisle" title="Kitty Carlisle">Kitty Carlisle Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Primus" title="Pearl Primus">Pearl Primus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Stern" title="Isaac Stern">Isaac Stern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texaco" title="Texaco">Texaco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1992</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Horne" title="Marilyn Horne">Marilyn Horne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Jones" title="James Earl Jones">James Earl Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Houser" title="Allan Houser">Allan Houser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minnie_Pearl" title="Minnie Pearl">Minnie Pearl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Saudek" title="Robert Saudek">Robert Saudek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Scruggs" title="Earl Scruggs">Earl Scruggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Shaw_(conductor)" title="Robert Shaw (conductor)">Robert Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Taylor" title="Billy Taylor">Billy Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Venturi" title="Robert Venturi">Robert Venturi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denise_Scott_Brown" title="Denise Scott Brown">Denise Scott Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wise" title="Robert Wise">Robert Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lila_Acheson_Wallace" title="Lila Acheson Wallace">Lila Wallace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1993</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Annenberg" title="Walter Annenberg">Walter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonore_Annenberg" title="Leonore Annenberg">Leonore Annenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cab_Calloway" title="Cab Calloway">Cabell "Cab" Calloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles" title="Ray Charles">Ray Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bess_Lomax_Hawes" title="Bess Lomax Hawes">Bess Lomax Hawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kunitz" title="Stanley Kunitz">Stanley Kunitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Merrill" title="Robert Merrill">Robert Merrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Miller" title="Arthur Miller">Arthur Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rauschenberg" title="Robert Rauschenberg">Robert Rauschenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Richards" title="Lloyd Richards">Lloyd Richards</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William Styron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Taylor_(choreographer)" title="Paul Taylor (choreographer)">Paul Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Wilder" title="Billy Wilder">Billy Wilder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1994</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Brubeck" title="Dave Brubeck">Dave Brubeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celia_Cruz" title="Celia Cruz">Celia Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_DeLay" title="Dorothy DeLay">Dorothy DeLay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Harris" title="Julie Harris">Julie Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erick_Hawkins" title="Erick Hawkins">Erick Hawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Kelly" title="Gene Kelly">Gene Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Filene_Shouse" title="Catherine Filene Shouse">Catherine Filene Shouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Thiebaud" title="Wayne Thiebaud">Wayne Thiebaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wilbur" title="Richard Wilbur">Richard Wilbur</a></li> <li>Young Audiences</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1995</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Licia_Albanese" title="Licia Albanese">Licia Albanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Brooks" title="Gwendolyn Brooks">Gwendolyn Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Gerald_Cantor" title="B. Gerald Cantor">B. Gerald</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iris_Cantor" title="Iris Cantor">Iris Cantor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossie_Davis" title="Ossie Davis">Ossie Davis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Dee" title="Ruby Dee">Ruby Dee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Diamond_(composer)" title="David Diamond (composer)">David Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ingo_Freed" title="James Ingo Freed">James Ingo Freed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Lichtenstein" title="Roy Lichtenstein">Roy Lichtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Mitchell_(dancer)" title="Arthur Mitchell (dancer)">Arthur Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Monroe" title="Bill Monroe">Bill Monroe</a></li> <li>Urban Gateways</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1996</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Albee" title="Edward Albee">Edward Albee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Caldwell" title="Sarah Caldwell">Sarah Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Callahan_(photographer)" title="Harry Callahan (photographer)">Harry Callahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zelda_Fichandler" title="Zelda Fichandler">Zelda Fichandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalo_Guerrero" title="Lalo Guerrero">Eduardo "Lalo" Guerrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Hampton" title="Lionel Hampton">Lionel Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bella_Lewitzky" title="Bella Lewitzky">Bella Lewitzky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_List" class="mw-redirect" title="Vera List">Vera List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Redford" title="Robert Redford">Robert Redford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Sendak" title="Maurice Sendak">Maurice Sendak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sondheim" title="Stephen Sondheim">Stephen Sondheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boys_Choir_of_Harlem" title="Boys Choir of Harlem">Boys Choir of Harlem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1997</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Bourgeois" title="Louise Bourgeois">Louise Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Carter" title="Betty Carter">Betty Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Gund" title="Agnes Gund">Agnes Gund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Kiley" title="Dan Kiley">Daniel Urban Kiley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Lansbury" title="Angela Lansbury">Angela Lansbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Levine" title="James Levine">James Levine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito_Puente" title="Tito Puente">Tito Puente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Robards" title="Jason Robards">Jason Robards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Villella" title="Edward Villella">Edward Villella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doc_Watson" title="Doc Watson">Doc Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacDowell_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="MacDowell Colony">MacDowell Colony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1998</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_d%27Amboise_(dancer)" title="Jacques d'Amboise (dancer)">Jacques d'Amboise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fats_Domino" title="Fats Domino">Antoine "Fats" Domino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramblin%27_Jack_Elliott" title="Ramblin' Jack Elliott">Ramblin' Jack Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Gehry" title="Frank Gehry">Frank Gehry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Handman" title="Barbara Handman">Barbara Handman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Martin" title="Agnes Martin">Agnes Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Peck" title="Gregory Peck">Gregory Peck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberta_Peters" title="Roberta Peters">Roberta Peters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Roth" title="Philip Roth">Philip Roth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Lee_Corporation" title="Sara Lee Corporation">Sara Lee Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steppenwolf_Theatre_Company" title="Steppenwolf Theatre Company">Steppenwolf Theatre Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwen_Verdon" title="Gwen Verdon">Gwen Verdon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Diamond" title="Irene Diamond">Irene Diamond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Graves" title="Michael Graves">Michael Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odetta" title="Odetta">Odetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juilliard_School" title="Juilliard School">Juilliard School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Lear" title="Norman Lear">Norman Lear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosetta_LeNoire" title="Rosetta LeNoire">Rosetta LeNoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Lichtenstein" title="Harvey Lichtenstein">Harvey Lichtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Mendoza" title="Lydia Mendoza">Lydia Mendoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Segal_(artist)" title="George Segal (artist)">George Segal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Tallchief" title="Maria Tallchief">Maria Tallchief</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_recipients_of_the_National_Medal_of_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of recipients of the National Medal of Arts">Complete list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_1980s" title="Template:National Medal of Arts recipients 1980s">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_1990s" title="Template:National Medal of Arts recipients 1990s">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_2000s" title="Template:National Medal of Arts recipients 2000s">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Medal_of_Arts_recipients_2010s" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:National Medal of Arts recipients 2010s">2010s</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction152" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction" title="Template:Pulitzer Prize for Fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction" title="Template talk:Pulitzer Prize for Fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pulitzer Prize for Fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction152" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction" title="Pulitzer Prize for Fiction">Pulitzer Prize for Fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Previously the Pulitzer Prize for the Novel from 1917–1947</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1918–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/His_Family" title="His Family">His Family</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Poole" title="Ernest Poole">Ernest Poole</a> (1918)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Magnificent_Ambersons" title="The Magnificent Ambersons">The Magnificent Ambersons</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Booth_Tarkington" title="Booth Tarkington">Booth Tarkington</a> (1919)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Innocence" title="The Age of Innocence">The Age of Innocence</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton">Edith Wharton</a> (1921)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alice_Adams_(novel)" title="Alice Adams (novel)">Alice Adams</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Booth_Tarkington" title="Booth Tarkington">Booth Tarkington</a> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/One_of_Ours" title="One of Ours">One of Ours</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Willa_Cather" title="Willa Cather">Willa Cather</a> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Able_McLaughlins" title="The Able McLaughlins">The Able McLaughlins</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Wilson_(novelist)" title="Margaret Wilson (novelist)">Margaret Wilson</a> (1924)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/So_Big_(novel)" title="So Big (novel)">So Big</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Edna_Ferber" title="Edna Ferber">Edna Ferber</a> (1925)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png/60px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png/90px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png/120px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="1110" /></a></span><br /><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png/60px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png/90px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png/120px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png 2x" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="1101" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arrowsmith_(novel)" title="Arrowsmith (novel)">Arrowsmith</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Lewis" title="Sinclair Lewis">Sinclair Lewis</a> (1926; declined)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Early_Autumn" title="Early Autumn">Early Autumn</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Bromfield" title="Louis Bromfield">Louis Bromfield</a> (1927)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bridge_of_San_Luis_Rey" title="The Bridge of San Luis Rey">The Bridge of San Luis Rey</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Thornton_Wilder" title="Thornton Wilder">Thornton Wilder</a> (1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_Sister_Mary" title="Scarlet Sister Mary">Scarlet Sister Mary</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Julia_Peterkin" title="Julia Peterkin">Julia Peterkin</a> (1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laughing_Boy_(novel)" title="Laughing Boy (novel)">Laughing Boy</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Oliver_La_Farge" title="Oliver La Farge">Oliver La Farge</a> (1930)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Grace" title="Years of Grace">Years of Grace</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Ayer_Barnes" title="Margaret Ayer Barnes">Margaret Ayer Barnes</a> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Earth" title="The Good Earth">The Good Earth</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Pearl_S._Buck" title="Pearl S. Buck">Pearl S. Buck</a> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Store_(novel)" title="The Store (novel)">The Store</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sigismund_Stribling" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Sigismund Stribling">Thomas Sigismund Stribling</a> (1933)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lamb_in_His_Bosom" title="Lamb in His Bosom">Lamb in His Bosom</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Pafford_Miller" title="Caroline Pafford Miller">Caroline Pafford Miller</a> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Now_in_November" title="Now in November">Now in November</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Josephine_Johnson" title="Josephine Johnson">Josephine Winslow Johnson</a> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Honey_in_the_Horn" title="Honey in the Horn">Honey in the Horn</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/H._L._Davis" title="H. L. Davis">Harold L. Davis</a> (1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(novel)" title="Gone with the Wind (novel)">Gone with the Wind</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mitchell" title="Margaret Mitchell">Margaret Mitchell</a> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Late_George_Apley" title="The Late George Apley">The Late George Apley</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_P._Marquand" title="John P. Marquand">John Phillips Marquand</a> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Yearling" title="The Yearling">The Yearling</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Kinnan_Rawlings" title="Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings">Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings</a> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Grapes_of_Wrath" title="The Grapes of Wrath">The Grapes of Wrath</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Steinbeck" title="John Steinbeck">John Steinbeck</a> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_This_Our_Life_(novel)" title="In This Our Life (novel)">In This Our Life</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Glasgow" title="Ellen Glasgow">Ellen Glasgow</a> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dragon%27s_Teeth_(novel)" title="Dragon's Teeth (novel)">Dragon's Teeth</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Upton_Sinclair" title="Upton Sinclair">Upton Sinclair</a> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journey_in_the_Dark" title="Journey in the Dark">Journey in the Dark</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Flavin" title="Martin Flavin">Martin Flavin</a> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Bell_for_Adano_(novel)" title="A Bell for Adano (novel)">A Bell for Adano</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Hersey" title="John Hersey">John Hersey</a> (1945)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/All_the_King%27s_Men" title="All the King's Men">All the King's Men</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Penn_Warren" title="Robert Penn Warren">Robert Penn Warren</a> (1947)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tales_of_the_South_Pacific" title="Tales of the South Pacific">Tales of the South Pacific</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/James_A._Michener" title="James A. Michener">James A. Michener</a> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guard_of_Honor" title="Guard of Honor">Guard of Honor</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/James_Gould_Cozzens" title="James Gould Cozzens">James Gould Cozzens</a> (1949)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Way_West" title="The Way West">The Way West</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/A._B._Guthrie_Jr." title="A. B. Guthrie Jr.">A. B. Guthrie Jr.</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Town_(Richter_novel)" title="The Town (Richter novel)">The Town</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Richter" title="Conrad Richter">Conrad Richter</a> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Caine_Mutiny" title="The Caine Mutiny">The Caine Mutiny</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Herman_Wouk" title="Herman Wouk">Herman Wouk</a> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Man_and_the_Sea" title="The Old Man and the Sea">The Old Man and the Sea</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a> (1953)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Fable" title="A Fable">A Fable</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a> (1955)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andersonville_(novel)" title="Andersonville (novel)">Andersonville</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/MacKinlay_Kantor" title="MacKinlay Kantor">MacKinlay Kantor</a> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Death_in_the_Family" title="A Death in the Family">A Death in the Family</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/James_Agee" title="James Agee">James Agee</a> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Travels_of_Jaimie_McPheeters" title="The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters">The Travels of Jaimie McPheeters</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lewis_Taylor" title="Robert Lewis Taylor">Robert Lewis Taylor</a> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advise_and_Consent" title="Advise and Consent">Advise and Consent</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Allen_Drury" title="Allen Drury">Allen Drury</a> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/To_Kill_a_Mockingbird" title="To Kill a Mockingbird">To Kill a Mockingbird</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Harper_Lee" title="Harper Lee">Harper Lee</a> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Edge_of_Sadness" title="The Edge of Sadness">The Edge of Sadness</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_O%27Connor" title="Edwin O'Connor">Edwin O'Connor</a> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Reivers" title="The Reivers">The Reivers</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Faulkner" title="William Faulkner">William Faulkner</a> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Keepers_of_the_House" title="The Keepers of the House">The Keepers of the House</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Ann_Grau" title="Shirley Ann Grau">Shirley Ann Grau</a> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Collected_Stories_of_Katherine_Anne_Porter" title="The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter">The Collected Stories of Katherine Anne Porter</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Katherine_Anne_Porter" title="Katherine Anne Porter">Katherine Anne Porter</a> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Fixer_(novel)" title="The Fixer (novel)">The Fixer</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Malamud" title="Bernard Malamud">Bernard Malamud</a> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Confessions_of_Nat_Turner" title="The Confessions of Nat Turner">The Confessions of Nat Turner</a></i> by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">William Styron</a> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/House_Made_of_Dawn" title="House Made of Dawn">House Made of Dawn</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/N._Scott_Momaday" title="N. Scott Momaday">N. Scott Momaday</a> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Collected_Stories_of_Jean_Stafford" title="The Collected Stories of Jean Stafford">The Collected Stories of Jean Stafford</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Stafford" title="Jean Stafford">Jean Stafford</a> (1970)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Angle_of_Repose" title="Angle of Repose">Angle of Repose</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Stegner" title="Wallace Stegner">Wallace Stegner</a> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Optimist%27s_Daughter" title="The Optimist's Daughter">The Optimist's Daughter</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Eudora_Welty" title="Eudora Welty">Eudora Welty</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravity%27s_Rainbow" title="Gravity's Rainbow">No award given</a> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Killer_Angels" title="The Killer Angels">The Killer Angels</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Shaara" title="Michael Shaara">Michael Shaara</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Humboldt%27s_Gift" title="Humboldt's Gift">Humboldt's Gift</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Saul Bellow</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_River_Runs_Through_It_(novel)#Pulitzer_Prize" title="A River Runs Through It (novel)">No award given</a> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elbow_Room_(short_story_collection)" title="Elbow Room (short story collection)">Elbow Room</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/James_Alan_McPherson" title="James Alan McPherson">James Alan McPherson</a> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Stories_of_John_Cheever" title="The Stories of John Cheever">The Stories of John Cheever</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Cheever" title="John Cheever">John Cheever</a> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Executioner%27s_Song" title="The Executioner's Song">The Executioner's Song</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Mailer" title="Norman Mailer">Norman Mailer</a> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Confederacy_of_Dunces" title="A Confederacy of Dunces">A Confederacy of Dunces</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Kennedy_Toole" title="John Kennedy Toole">John Kennedy Toole</a> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rabbit_Is_Rich" title="Rabbit Is Rich">Rabbit Is Rich</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Updike" title="John Updike">John Updike</a> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Color_Purple" title="The Color Purple">The Color Purple</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Alice_Walker" title="Alice Walker">Alice Walker</a> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ironweed_(novel)" title="Ironweed (novel)">Ironweed</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_(author)" title="William Kennedy (author)">William Kennedy</a> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Affairs_(novel)" title="Foreign Affairs (novel)">Foreign Affairs</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Alison_Lurie" title="Alison Lurie">Alison Lurie</a> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lonesome_Dove" title="Lonesome Dove">Lonesome Dove</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Larry_McMurtry" title="Larry McMurtry">Larry McMurtry</a> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Summons_to_Memphis" title="A Summons to Memphis">A Summons to Memphis</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Matthew_Hillsman_Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Matthew Hillsman Taylor">Peter Taylor</a> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beloved_(novel)" title="Beloved (novel)">Beloved</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Breathing_Lessons" title="Breathing Lessons">Breathing Lessons</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Anne_Tyler" title="Anne Tyler">Anne Tyler</a> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mambo_Kings_Play_Songs_of_Love" title="The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love">The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Hijuelos" title="Oscar Hijuelos">Oscar Hijuelos</a> (1990)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rabbit_at_Rest" title="Rabbit at Rest">Rabbit at Rest</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Updike" title="John Updike">John Updike</a> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Thousand_Acres" title="A Thousand Acres">A Thousand Acres</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jane_Smiley" title="Jane Smiley">Jane Smiley</a> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Good_Scent_from_a_Strange_Mountain" title="A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain">A Good Scent from a Strange Mountain</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Olen_Butler" title="Robert Olen Butler">Robert Olen Butler</a> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Shipping_News" title="The Shipping News">The Shipping News</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Annie_Proulx" title="Annie Proulx">E. Annie Proulx</a> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Stone_Diaries" title="The Stone Diaries">The Stone Diaries</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Carol_Shields" title="Carol Shields">Carol Shields</a> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Ford_novel)" title="Independence Day (Ford novel)">Independence Day</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Ford" title="Richard Ford">Richard Ford</a> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martin_Dressler:_The_Tale_of_an_American_Dreamer" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Dressler: The Tale of an American Dreamer">Martin Dressler: The Tale of an American Dreamer</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Steven_Millhauser" title="Steven Millhauser">Steven Millhauser</a> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Pastoral" title="American Pastoral">American Pastoral</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Roth" title="Philip Roth">Philip Roth</a> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Hours_(novel)" title="The Hours (novel)">The Hours</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cunningham" title="Michael Cunningham">Michael Cunningham</a> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Interpreter_of_Maladies" title="Interpreter of Maladies">Interpreter of Maladies</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jhumpa_Lahiri" title="Jhumpa Lahiri">Jhumpa Lahiri</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Amazing_Adventures_of_Kavalier_%26_Clay" title="The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay">The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier & Clay</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Chabon" title="Michael Chabon">Michael Chabon</a> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Empire_Falls" title="Empire Falls">Empire Falls</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Russo" title="Richard Russo">Richard Russo</a> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Middlesex_(novel)" title="Middlesex (novel)">Middlesex</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Eugenides" title="Jeffrey Eugenides">Jeffrey Eugenides</a> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Known_World" title="The Known World">The Known World</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Edward_P._Jones" title="Edward P. Jones">Edward P. Jones</a> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gilead_(novel)" title="Gilead (novel)">Gilead</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Marilynne_Robinson" title="Marilynne Robinson">Marilynne Robinson</a> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/March_(novel)" title="March (novel)">March</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Brooks_(writer)" title="Geraldine Brooks (writer)">Geraldine Brooks</a> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road" title="The Road">The Road</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Cormac_McCarthy" title="Cormac McCarthy">Cormac McCarthy</a> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Brief_Wondrous_Life_of_Oscar_Wao" title="The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao">The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Junot_D%C3%ADaz" title="Junot Díaz">Junot Díaz</a> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Olive_Kitteridge" title="Olive Kitteridge">Olive Kitteridge</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Strout" title="Elizabeth Strout">Elizabeth Strout</a> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tinkers_(novel)" title="Tinkers (novel)">Tinkers</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Harding_(author)" title="Paul Harding (author)">Paul Harding</a> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Visit_from_the_Goon_Squad" title="A Visit from the Goon Squad">A Visit from the Goon Squad</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Egan" title="Jennifer Egan">Jennifer Egan</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Pulitzer_Prize" title="2012 Pulitzer Prize">No award given</a> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Orphan_Master%27s_Son" title="The Orphan Master's Son">The Orphan Master's Son</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Johnson_(writer)" title="Adam Johnson (writer)">Adam Johnson</a> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Goldfinch_(novel)" title="The Goldfinch (novel)">The Goldfinch</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Donna_Tartt" title="Donna Tartt">Donna Tartt</a> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/All_the_Light_We_Cannot_See" title="All the Light We Cannot See">All the Light We Cannot See</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Doerr" title="Anthony Doerr">Anthony Doerr</a> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sympathizer" title="The Sympathizer">The Sympathizer</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Viet_Thanh_Nguyen" title="Viet Thanh Nguyen">Viet Thanh Nguyen</a> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Underground_Railroad_(novel)" title="The Underground Railroad (novel)">The Underground Railroad</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Colson_Whitehead" title="Colson Whitehead">Colson Whitehead</a> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Less_(novel)" title="Less (novel)">Less</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sean_Greer" title="Andrew Sean Greer">Andrew Sean Greer</a> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Overstory" title="The Overstory">The Overstory</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Powers" title="Richard Powers">Richard Powers</a> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nickel_Boys" title="The Nickel Boys">The Nickel Boys</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Colson_Whitehead" title="Colson Whitehead">Colson Whitehead</a> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Night_Watchman_(novel)" title="The Night Watchman (novel)">The Night Watchman</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Louise_Erdrich" title="Louise Erdrich">Louise Erdrich</a> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Netanyahus" title="The Netanyahus">The Netanyahus</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Cohen_(writer)" title="Joshua Cohen (writer)">Joshua Cohen</a> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Demon_Copperhead" title="Demon Copperhead">Demon Copperhead</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Kingsolver" title="Barbara Kingsolver">Barbara Kingsolver</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Trust_(novel)" title="Trust (novel)">Trust</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Hernan_Diaz_(writer)" title="Hernan Diaz (writer)">Hernan Diaz</a> (2023)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Night_Watch_(Phillips_novel)" title="Night Watch (Phillips novel)">Night Watch</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Jayne_Anne_Phillips" title="Jayne Anne Phillips">Jayne Anne Phillips</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cannes_Film_Festival_jury_presidents121" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cannes_Film_Festival_jury_presidents" title="Template:Cannes Film Festival jury presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cannes_Film_Festival_jury_presidents" title="Template talk:Cannes Film Festival jury presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cannes_Film_Festival_jury_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cannes Film Festival jury presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cannes_Film_Festival_jury_presidents121" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cannes_Film_Festival_jury_presidents" title="List of Cannes Film Festival jury presidents">Cannes Film Festival jury presidents</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1946–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Huisman" title="Georges Huisman">Georges Huisman</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Huisman" title="Georges Huisman">Georges Huisman</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Huisman" title="Georges Huisman">Georges Huisman</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Maurois" title="André Maurois">André Maurois</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Genevoix" title="Maurice Genevoix">Maurice Genevoix</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Cocteau" title="Jean Cocteau">Jean Cocteau</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Cocteau" title="Jean Cocteau">Jean Cocteau</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Pagnol" title="Marcel Pagnol">Marcel Pagnol</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Lehmann" title="Maurice Lehmann">Maurice Lehmann</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Maurois" title="André Maurois">André Maurois</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Achard" title="Marcel Achard">Marcel Achard</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Achard" title="Marcel Achard">Marcel Achard</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Simenon" title="Georges Simenon">Georges Simenon</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Giono" title="Jean Giono">Jean Giono</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetsur%C5%8D_Furukaki" title="Tetsurō Furukaki">Tetsurō Furukaki</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Salacrou" title="Armand Salacrou">Armand Salacrou</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Fritz Lang</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivia_de_Havilland" title="Olivia de Havilland">Olivia de Havilland</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Loren" title="Sophia Loren">Sophia Loren</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Blasetti" title="Alessandro Blasetti">Alessandro Blasetti</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Chamson" title="André Chamson">André Chamson</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luchino_Visconti" title="Luchino Visconti">Luchino Visconti</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_%C3%81ngel_Asturias" title="Miguel Ángel Asturias">Miguel Ángel Asturias</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mich%C3%A8le_Morgan" title="Michèle Morgan">Michèle Morgan</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Losey" title="Joseph Losey">Joseph Losey</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Bergman" title="Ingrid Bergman">Ingrid Bergman</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Clair" title="René Clair">René Clair</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Moreau" title="Jeanne Moreau">Jeanne Moreau</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Williams" title="Tennessee Williams">Tennessee Williams</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Rossellini" title="Roberto Rossellini">Roberto Rossellini</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_J._Pakula" title="Alan J. Pakula">Alan J. Pakula</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Sagan" title="Françoise Sagan">Françoise Sagan</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk_Douglas" title="Kirk Douglas">Kirk Douglas</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Deray" title="Jacques Deray">Jacques Deray</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Strehler" title="Giorgio Strehler">Giorgio Strehler</a> (1982)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">William Styron</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_Bogarde" title="Dirk Bogarde">Dirk Bogarde</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Forman" title="Miloš Forman">Miloš Forman</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Pollack" title="Sydney Pollack">Sydney Pollack</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Montand" title="Yves Montand">Yves Montand</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ettore_Scola" title="Ettore Scola">Ettore Scola</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wim_Wenders" title="Wim Wenders">Wim Wenders</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Bertolucci" title="Bernardo Bertolucci">Bernardo Bertolucci</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Polanski" title="Roman Polanski">Roman Polanski</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Depardieu" title="Gérard Depardieu">Gérard Depardieu</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Malle" title="Louis Malle">Louis Malle</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Moreau" title="Jeanne Moreau">Jeanne Moreau</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Ford_Coppola" title="Francis Ford Coppola">Francis Ford Coppola</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabelle_Adjani" title="Isabelle Adjani">Isabelle Adjani</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cronenberg" title="David Cronenberg">David Cronenberg</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luc_Besson" title="Luc Besson">Luc Besson</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liv_Ullmann" title="Liv Ullmann">Liv Ullmann</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lynch" title="David Lynch">David Lynch</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrice_Ch%C3%A9reau" title="Patrice Chéreau">Patrice Chéreau</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quentin_Tarantino" title="Quentin Tarantino">Quentin Tarantino</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_Kusturica" title="Emir Kusturica">Emir Kusturica</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wong_Kar-wai" title="Wong Kar-wai">Wong Kar-wai</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Frears" title="Stephen Frears">Stephen Frears</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Penn" title="Sean Penn">Sean Penn</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabelle_Huppert" title="Isabelle Huppert">Isabelle Huppert</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Burton" title="Tim Burton">Tim Burton</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_De_Niro" title="Robert De Niro">Robert De Niro</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanni_Moretti" title="Nanni Moretti">Nanni Moretti</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Campion" title="Jane Campion">Jane Campion</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coen_brothers" title="Coen brothers">Joel and Ethan Coen</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Miller_(filmmaker)" title="George Miller (filmmaker)">George Miller</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Almod%C3%B3var" title="Pedro Almodóvar">Pedro Almodóvar</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cate_Blanchett" title="Cate Blanchett">Cate Blanchett</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Gonz%C3%A1lez_I%C3%B1%C3%A1rritu" title="Alejandro González Iñárritu">Alejandro González Iñárritu</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spike_Lee" title="Spike Lee">Spike Lee</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Lindon" title="Vincent Lindon">Vincent Lindon</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruben_%C3%96stlund" title="Ruben Östlund">Ruben Östlund</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greta_Gerwig" title="Greta Gerwig">Greta Gerwig</a> (2024)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliette_Binoche" title="Juliette Binoche">Juliette Binoche</a> (2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245257#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3339" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245257#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3339" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245257#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmMYGktM4RkDHMmwcpF8C">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118799304">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79022959">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11925701r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11925701r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00458016">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990008342&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX906996">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/48621">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p06970757X">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90051025">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000025919&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000252604&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000036385">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=206028">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199626778">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/86lnq67s18vzzcc">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810566605605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007301507705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058581298106706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14247712">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00467790?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500289282">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118799304">FID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118799304.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02715100X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a 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