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class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-簡介" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#簡介"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>簡介</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-簡介-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-動機與歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#動機與歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>動機與歷史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-動機與歷史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关動機與歷史子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-動機與歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-其他名稱" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其他名稱"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>其他名稱</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-其他名稱-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-費曼規則" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#費曼規則"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>費曼規則</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-費曼規則-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-例子" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#例子"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>例子</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-例子-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关例子子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-例子-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-β衰變" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#β衰變"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>β衰變</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-β衰變-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-量子電動力學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#量子電動力學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>量子電動力學</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-量子電動力學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-另见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#另见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>另见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-另见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註釋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註釋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>註釋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註釋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>參考資料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">费曼图</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。41种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AE%D8%B7%D8%B7_%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مخطط فاينمان – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مخطط فاينمان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynman_diaqram%C4%B1" title="Feynman diaqramı – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Feynman diaqramı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Дыяграмы Фейнмана – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дыяграмы Фейнмана" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Диаграма на Файнман – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Диаграма на Файнман" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="ফাইনম্যান চিত্র – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফাইনম্যান চিত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagrama_de_Feynman" title="Diagrama de Feynman – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Diagrama de Feynman" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynmanovy_diagramy" title="Feynmanovy diagramy – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Feynmanovy diagramy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynman-Diagramm" title="Feynman-Diagramm – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Feynman-Diagramm" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CE%A6%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD" title="Διάγραμμα Φάινμαν – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διάγραμμα Φάινμαν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynman_diagram" title="Feynman diagram – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Feynman diagram" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagrama_de_Feynman" title="Diagrama de Feynman – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Diagrama de Feynman" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynmani_diagramm" title="Feynmani diagramm – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Feynmani diagramm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%85%D9%86" title="نمودار فاینمن – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نمودار فاینمن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynmanin_diagrammi" title="Feynmanin diagrammi – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Feynmanin diagrammi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagramme_de_Feynman" title="Diagramme de Feynman – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Diagramme de Feynman" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%90%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="דיאגרמת פיינמן – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דיאגרמת פיינמן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynmanov_dijagram" title="Feynmanov dijagram – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Feynmanov dijagram" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynman-gr%C3%A1f" title="Feynman-gráf – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Feynman-gráf" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagram_Feynman" title="Diagram Feynman – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Diagram Feynman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagramma_di_Feynman" title="Diagramma di Feynman – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Diagramma di Feynman" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%80%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%A0" title="ファインマン・ダイアグラム – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ファインマン・ダイアグラム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%B8%EB%A7%8C_%EB%8F%84%ED%98%95" title="파인만 도형 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="파인만 도형" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feinmano_diagrama" title="Feinmano diagrama – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Feinmano diagrama" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynmandiagram" title="Feynmandiagram – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Feynmandiagram" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynman-diagram" title="Feynman-diagram – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Feynman-diagram" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagram_Feynmana" title="Diagram Feynmana – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Diagram Feynmana" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagrama_de_Feynman" title="Diagrama de Feynman – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Diagrama de Feynman" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%8B_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Диаграммы Фейнмана – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Диаграммы Фейнмана" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynmanov_dijagram" title="Feynmanov dijagram – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Feynmanov dijagram" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynman_diagram" title="Feynman diagram – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Feynman diagram" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynmanov_diagram" title="Feynmanov diagram – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Feynmanov diagram" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynmanov_diagram" title="Feynmanov diagram – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Feynmanov diagram" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagramat_e_Fajmanit" title="Diagramat e Fajmanit – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Diagramat e Fajmanit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Фајнманов дијаграм – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фајнманов дијаграм" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynmandiagram" title="Feynmandiagram – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Feynmandiagram" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynman_diyagram%C4%B1" title="Feynman diyagramı – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Feynman diyagramı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Фейнман диаграммалары – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Фейнман диаграммалары" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Діаграма Фейнмана – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Діаграма Фейнмана" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feynman_diagrammalari" title="Feynman diagrammalari – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" 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aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-noteTA-d7a9f281" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换"><img alt="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">（重定向自<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B2%BB%E6%9B%BC%E5%9C%96&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="費曼圖">費曼圖</a>）</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div id="noteTA-d7a9f281" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Physics"></div></div><div class="noteTA-local"><div data-noteta-code="zh-hans:摄动理论; zh-hant:微擾理論;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-hant:微擾; zh-hans:摄动;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-tw:費曼;zh-cn:费曼;"></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Feynmann_Diagram_Gluon_Radiation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Feynmann_Diagram_Gluon_Radiation.svg/300px-Feynmann_Diagram_Gluon_Radiation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Feynmann_Diagram_Gluon_Radiation.svg/450px-Feynmann_Diagram_Gluon_Radiation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Feynmann_Diagram_Gluon_Radiation.svg/600px-Feynmann_Diagram_Gluon_Radiation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>本圖中，<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="電子">電子</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90" title="正電子">正電子</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%AE%E7%81%AD" title="湮灭">湮滅</a>產生<a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="虛粒子">虛光子</a>，而該虛光子生成<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="夸克">夸克</a>－<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="反夸克">反夸克</a>組，然後其中一個<b>放射</b>出一個<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%A0%E5%AD%90" title="膠子">膠子</a>。（時間由左至右，一維空間由下至上）</figcaption></figure> <p><b>费曼图</b>（英語：<span lang="en">Feynman diagram</span>）是美国物理学家<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E6%9B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="理查德·费曼">理查德·费曼</a>在处理<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%9C%BA%E8%AE%BA" title="量子场论">量子场论</a>时提出的一种形象化的方法，描述粒子之间的相互作用、直观地表示粒子<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%A3%E5%B0%84" title="散射">散射</a>、反应和转化等过程。使用费曼图可以方便地计算出一个反应过程的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%83%E8%BF%81%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="跃迁概率（页面不存在）">跃迁概率</a>。 </p><p>在费曼图中，粒子用線表示，<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E7%B1%B3%E5%AD%90" title="费米子">费米子</a>一般用实线，<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90" title="光子">光子</a>用波浪线，<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" title="玻色子">玻色子</a>用虚线，<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B6%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="胶子">胶子</a>用圈线。一線與另一線的連接點稱為<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%82%E9%BB%9E_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" class="mw-redirect" title="頂點 (物理學)">頂點</a>。费曼图的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%AB%E8%BB%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="橫軸">橫軸</a>一般为时间轴，向右为正，向左代表初态，向右代表末态。与时间轴方向相同的箭头代表正<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E7%B1%B3%E5%AD%90" title="费米子">费米子</a>，与时间轴方向相反的箭头表示<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E8%B4%B9%E7%B1%B3%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="反费米子（页面不存在）">反费米子</a>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="簡介"><span id=".E7.B0.A1.E4.BB.8B"></span>簡介</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%B9%E6%9B%BC%E5%9B%BE&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：簡介"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>兩個粒子的相互作用量由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E6%88%AA%E9%9D%A2%E7%A9%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="反應截面積（页面不存在）">反應截面積</a>所量化，其大小取決於它們的碰撞，該相互作用發生的概率尤其重要。如果該相互作用的強度不太大（即是能夠用<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E6%93%BE%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96_(%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8)" title="微擾理論 (量子力學)">微擾理論</a>解決），這反應截面積（或更準確來說是對應的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E6%BC%94%E8%AE%8A%E7%AE%97%E5%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="時間演變算子（页面不存在）">時間演變算子</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E4%BD%88%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="分佈函數">分布函數</a>或<a href="/wiki/S%E7%9F%A9%E9%98%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="S矩阵">S矩陣</a>）能夠用一系列的項（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="戴森級數" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dyson series"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%B4%E6%A3%AE%E7%B4%9A%E6%95%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="戴森級數（页面不存在）">戴森級數</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyson_series" class="extiw" title="en:Dyson series"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dyson series</span></a></span>）</span></span>）所表示，這些項能描述一段短時間所發生的故事，像以下的例子： </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaon-Decay.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Kaon-Decay.svg/301px-Kaon-Decay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="301" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Kaon-Decay.svg/452px-Kaon-Decay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Kaon-Decay.svg/602px-Kaon-Decay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="243" /></a><figcaption>本圖中，<a href="/wiki/K%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90" title="K介子">K介子</a>（由一上夸克與反奇夸克組成）在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B1%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="弱相互作用">弱相互作用</a>下<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A" title="粒子衰變">衰變</a>成三個<a href="/wiki/%CE%A0%E4%BB%8B%E5%AD%90" title="Π介子">π介子</a>，中間步驟有<a href="/wiki/W%E7%8E%BB%E8%89%B2%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="W玻色子">W玻色子</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%A0%E5%AD%90" title="膠子">膠子</a>參與</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>兩個具有一定相對速度的粒子在自由地移動（由兩條向着大致方向的線表示）</li> <li>它們遇到對方（兩線連於第一點──頂點）</li> <li>它們在同一路徑上漫步（兩線合二為一）</li> <li>然後再度分開（第二個頂點）</li></ul> <ul><li>但它們發覺自己的速度已變，而且再也不和之前一樣（兩線從最後的頂點向上──有時樣式會因應粒子所經歷的轉變而有所不同）</li></ul> <p>這故事能夠以圖來表示，這一般來說要比記起對應戴森級數的數學公式要容易得多。這種圖被稱為费曼图。它們在戴森級數迅速趨向極限時才有意義。由於它們能夠說簡易的故事，而且又跟早期的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E6%B3%A1%E5%AE%A4" title="氣泡室">氣泡室</a>實驗相似，所以费曼图變得非常普及。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="動機與歷史"><span id=".E5.8B.95.E6.A9.9F.E8.88.87.E6.AD.B7.E5.8F.B2"></span>動機與歷史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%B9%E6%9B%BC%E5%9B%BE&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：動機與歷史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="粒子物理學">粒子物理學</a>中，計算<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%A3%E5%B0%84" title="散射">散射</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E6%88%AA%E9%9D%A2%E7%A9%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="反應截面積（页面不存在）">反應截面積</a>的難題簡化成加起所有可能存在的居間態振幅（每一個對應攝動理論又稱戴森級數的一個項）。用费曼图表示這些狀態以，比瞭解當年冗長計算容易得多。從該系統的基礎<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC%E6%9C%97%E6%97%A5%E9%87%8F" title="拉格朗日量">拉格朗日量</a>能夠得出費恩曼法則，費恩曼就是用該法則表明如何計算圖中的振幅。每一條內線對應虛粒子的分布函數；每一個線相遇頂點給出一個因子和來去的兩線，該因子能夠從相互作用項的拉格朗日量中得出，而線則約束了<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="能量">能量</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="動量">動量</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%97%8B" title="自旋">自旋</a>。费曼图因此是出現在戴森級數每一個項的因子的符號寫法。 </p><p>但是，作為微扰的展開式，费曼图不能包含<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E5%BE%AE%E6%89%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非微扰（页面不存在）">非微扰</a>效應。 </p><p>除了它們在作為數學技巧的價值外，费曼图為粒子的相互作用提供了深入的科學理解。粒子會在每一個可能的方式下相互作用：實際上，居間的虛粒子超越光速是允許的。（這是基於<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%AC%E4%B8%8D%E6%BA%96%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="測不準原理">測不準原理</a>，因深奧的理由而不違反<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%B9%E7%BE%A9%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="狹義相對論">相對論</a>；事實上，超越光速對保留相對性<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E7%A9%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="時空">時空</a>的偶然性有幫助。）每一個終態的概率然後就從所有如此的概率中得出。這跟<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="量子力學">量子力學</a>的泛函積分表述有密切關係，該表述（<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%91%E7%A9%8D%E5%88%86%E8%A1%A8%E8%BF%B0" title="路徑積分表述">路徑積分表述</a>）也是由費曼發明的。 </p><p>如此計算如果在缺少經驗的情況下使用，通常會得出圖的振幅為<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%A9%B7%E5%A4%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="无穷大">無窮大</a>，這個答案在物理理論中是不能接受的。問題在於粒子自身的相互作用被錯誤地忽視了。<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E6%95%B4%E5%8C%96" title="重整化">重整化</a>的技巧（是由費曼、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%BD%E6%B8%A9%E6%A0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="施温格">施温格</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E6%B0%B8%E6%8C%AF%E4%B8%80%E9%83%8E" title="朝永振一郎">朝永</a>所開發的）彌補了這個效應並消除了麻煩的無窮大項。經過這樣的重整化後，用費曼圖做的計算通常能與實驗結果準確地吻合。 </p><p>费曼图及路徑積分法亦被應用於<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="統計力學">統計力學</a>中。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="其他名稱"><span id=".E5.85.B6.E4.BB.96.E5.90.8D.E7.A8.B1"></span>其他名稱</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%B9%E6%9B%BC%E5%9B%BE&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：其他名稱"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%98%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E8%93%8B%E7%88%BE%E6%9B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="默里·蓋爾曼">默里·蓋爾曼</a>一直將费曼图稱為斯蒂克爾堡圖(Stückelberg diagrams)，因為瑞士物理學家<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%84%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%85%8B%E7%88%BE%E5%A0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="厄恩斯特·斯蒂克爾堡">厄恩斯特·斯蒂克爾堡</a>(Ernst Stückelberg)發明了一個相近的圖<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>歷史上他們也曾被叫成<b>費恩曼-戴森圖</b>或<b>戴森圖</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="費曼規則"><span id=".E8.B2.BB.E6.9B.BC.E8.A6.8F.E5.89.87"></span>費曼規則</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%B9%E6%9B%BC%E5%9B%BE&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：費曼規則"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732972">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mbox-text-span{margin-left:23px!important}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox{border-left-color:#36c!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left-color:#b32424!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{background-color:#300!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left-color:#f28500!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left-color:#fc3!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left-color:#9932cc!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此章节<b>尚無任何内容，需要<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%B9%E6%9B%BC%E5%9B%BE&action=edit&section=">扩充</a></b>。</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="例子"><span id=".E4.BE.8B.E5.AD.90"></span>例子</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%B9%E6%9B%BC%E5%9B%BE&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：例子"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beta_Negative_Decay.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Beta_Negative_Decay.svg/250px-Beta_Negative_Decay.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Beta_Negative_Decay.svg/375px-Beta_Negative_Decay.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Beta_Negative_Decay.svg/500px-Beta_Negative_Decay.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="β衰變"><span id=".CE.B2.E8.A1.B0.E8.AE.8A"></span>β衰變</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%B9%E6%9B%BC%E5%9B%BE&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：β衰變"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>右圖為β衰變的費曼圖。圖中的直線代表<a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%BB%E7%B1%B3%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="費米子">費米子</a>，而波浪線則代表虛玻色子。在本例中，圖被設定在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E5%BD%A2" title="流形">流形</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E7%A9%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="時空">時空</a>中，y坐標為時間而x坐標為空間；x坐標亦代表了某些相互作用（考慮<b>碰撞</b>）的「地點」。由於時間朝着y軸方向，所以<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BE%AE%E5%AD%90" title="中微子">中微子</a>是向着時間方向行進的；但費米子可以被視為其向時間後方移動的反粒子，因為數學上這兩個概念沒有分別。這適用於所有粒子和反粒子。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="量子電動力學"><span id=".E9.87.8F.E5.AD.90.E9.9B.BB.E5.8B.95.E5.8A.9B.E5.AD.B8"></span>量子電動力學</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%B9%E6%9B%BC%E5%9B%BE&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：量子電動力學"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%9B%BB%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="量子電動力學">量子電動力學</a>中，有兩個場標記，叫「<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="電子">電子</a>」和「<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90" title="光子">光子</a>」。「電子」有一定方向而「光子」無固定方向。當中只有一種相互作用，用「γ」標記，其三度分別為「光子」、「電子」「頭」和「電子」「尾」。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="另见"><span id=".E5.8F.A6.E8.A7.81"></span>另见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%B9%E6%9B%BC%E5%9B%BE&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：另见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="动机 (代数几何)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Motive (algebraic geometry)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A8%E6%9C%BA_(%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B0%E5%87%A0%E4%BD%95)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="动机 (代数几何)（页面不存在）">动机 (代数几何)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motive_(algebraic_geometry)" class="extiw" title="en:Motive (algebraic geometry)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Motive (algebraic geometry)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註釋"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E9.87.8B"></span>註釋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%B9%E6%9B%BC%E5%9B%BE&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：註釋"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">George Johnson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/2000/07/johnson.htm">The Jaguar and the Fox</a>. <span></span><i>The Atlantic</i><span></span>. 2000年7月, <b>287</b> (1): 82–85 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [2019年6月22日]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509183755/http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/2000/07/johnson.htm">存档</a>于2008年5月9日） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B4%B9%E6%9B%BC%E5%9B%BE&rft.atitle=The+Jaguar+and+the+Fox&rft.au=George+Johnson&rft.date=2000-07&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=%27%27The+Atlantic%27%27&rft.pages=82-85&rft.volume=287&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fissues%2F2000%2F07%2Fjohnson.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">'<i><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a><b></b></i></span><i><b> <span class="reference-text">Gribbin, John and Mary. </span></b>Richard Feynman: A Life in Science</i>, Penguin-Putnam, 1997 Ch 5. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考資料"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E8.B3.87.E6.96.99"></span>參考資料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%B9%E6%9B%BC%E5%9B%BE&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：參考資料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Gerardus 't Hooft, Martinus Veltman, <i>Diagrammar</i>, CERN Yellow Report 1973, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://preprints.cern.ch/cgi-bin/setlink?base=cernrep&categ=Yellow_Report&id=1973-009">online</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20050319203006/http://preprints.cern.ch/cgi-bin/setlink?base=cernrep&categ=Yellow_Report&id=1973-009">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li>David Kaiser, <i>Drawing Theories Apart: The Dispersion of Feynman Diagrams in Postwar Physics</i>, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0226422666" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-226-42266-6</a></li> <li>Martinus Veltman, <i>Diagrammatica: The Path to Feynman Diagrams</i>, Cambridge Lecture Notes in Physics, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0521456924" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-521-45692-4</a> (expanded, updated version of above)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%B9%E6%9B%BC%E5%9B%BE&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/vvc/theory/feynman.html">史丹福線性加速器中心的費曼圖頁面</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20111121053908/http://www2.slac.stanford.edu/vvc/theory/feynman.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ams.org/featurecolumn/archive/feynman1.html">AMS article: "What's New in Mathematics: Finite-dimensional Feynman Diagrams"</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20090213061707/http://www.ams.org/featurecolumn/archive/feynman1.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070317071311/http://wikisophia.org/wiki/Wikitex_Feyn">WikiTeX</a> 支持維基條目中的費曼圖直接編輯</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://feyndiagram.com/">Drawing Feynman diagrams with FeynDiagram</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20131015103048/http://feyndiagram.com/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） C++ library that produces PostScript output.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071217013216/http://cnlart.web.cern.ch/cnlart/220/node60.html#SECTION00713000000000000000000">Feynman Diagram Examples</a> using Thorsten Ohl's Feynmf LaTeX package.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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quantum field theory</span></a></span>）</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">背景理論</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%BA_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86)" title="场 (物理)">场</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E5%9C%BA%E8%AE%BA" title="经典场论">经典场论</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">费曼图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%91%E7%A9%8D%E5%88%86%E8%A1%A8%E8%BF%B0" title="路徑積分表述">路径积分表述</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E5%9C%BA%E8%AE%BA" title="规范场论">规范场论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B3-%E8%A5%BF%E8%92%99%E6%96%AF%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="陳-西蒙斯理論">陈-西蒙斯理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O(N)%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="O(N)模型">O(N)模型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%CF%83%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="非线性σ模型">非线性σ模型</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%BD%A2%E5%A0%B4%E8%AB%96" title="共形場論">共形場論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%95%88%E5%A0%B4%E8%AB%96" title="有效場論">有效場論</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E6%9B%BC%E5%9B%BE" title="费曼图"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Feynmann_Diagram_Gluon_Radiation.svg/190px-Feynmann_Diagram_Gluon_Radiation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Feynmann_Diagram_Gluon_Radiation.svg/285px-Feynmann_Diagram_Gluon_Radiation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Feynmann_Diagram_Gluon_Radiation.svg/380px-Feynmann_Diagram_Gluon_Radiation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E7%A7%B0%E6%80%A7_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6)" title="对称性 (物理学)">对称性</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8F%91%E5%AF%B9%E7%A7%B0%E7%A0%B4%E7%BC%BA" title="自发对称破缺">自发对称破缺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%90%E5%8A%A0%E8%90%8A%E7%BE%A4" title="龐加萊群">庞加莱对称</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B1%E8%BB%9B%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1" title="電荷共軛對稱">电荷共轭</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="交叉 (物理)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Crossing (physics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A4%E5%8F%89_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="交叉 (物理)（页面不存在）">交叉</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossing_(physics)" class="extiw" title="en:Crossing (physics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Crossing (physics)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E7%A8%B1" title="宇稱">宇称</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E5%8F%8D%E6%BC%94%E5%B0%8D%E7%A8%B1" title="時間反演對稱">時間反演對稱</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="量子力学的对称性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Symmetry in quantum mechanics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E7%9A%84%E5%AF%B9%E7%A7%B0%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子力学的对称性（页面不存在）">量子力学的对称性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry_in_quantum_mechanics" class="extiw" title="en:Symmetry in quantum mechanics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Symmetry in quantum mechanics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%97%8B%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86" title="自旋統計定理">自旋統計定理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%BB%E6%84%8F%E5%AD%90" title="任意子">任意子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%8D%B7%E8%80%B6%E5%A4%AB-%E6%B3%A2%E6%B3%A2%E5%A4%AB%E9%AC%BC%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="法捷耶夫-波波夫鬼粒子">法捷耶夫-波波夫鬼粒子</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">工具</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E7%94%9F%E5%8F%8A%E6%B9%AE%E6%BB%85%E7%AE%97%E7%AC%A6" title="創生及湮滅算符">創生及湮滅算符</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E6%89%B0%E5%8F%8D%E5%B8%B8" title="微扰反常">反常</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%BD%A2%E5%8F%8D%E5%B8%B8" title="共形反常">共形反常</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA%E6%9C%9F%E6%9C%9B%E5%80%BC" title="真空期望值">真空期望值</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E5%89%87%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8C%96" title="正則量子化">正則量子化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9E%AC%E5%AD%90" title="瞬子">瞬子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%8D%B7%E8%80%B6%E5%A4%AB-%E6%B3%A2%E6%B3%A2%E5%A4%AB%E9%AC%BC%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="法捷耶夫-波波夫鬼粒子">法捷耶夫-波波夫鬼粒子</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">费曼图</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="LSZ约化公式" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="LSZ reduction formula"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=LSZ%E7%BA%A6%E5%8C%96%E5%85%AC%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LSZ约化公式（页面不存在）">LSZ约化公式</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSZ_reduction_formula" class="extiw" title="en:LSZ reduction formula"><span lang="en" dir="auto">LSZ reduction formula</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%9E%97%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B8" title="格林函數">格林函數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%8D%E5%88%86%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0" title="配分函数">配分函数</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E6%92%AD%E5%AD%90" title="传播子">传播子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E6%93%BE%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96_(%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8)" title="微擾理論 (量子力學)">摄动理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8C%96" title="量子化">量子化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E6%95%B4%E5%8C%96" title="重整化">重整化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E6%95%B4%E5%8C%96%E7%BE%A4" title="重整化群">重整化群</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E8%A6%8F%E5%8C%96" title="正規化">正規化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA%E6%85%8B" title="真空態">真空态</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%85%8B%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86" title="维克定理">维克定理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%85%8B%E8%BD%89%E5%8B%95" title="威克轉動">威克轉動</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="怀特曼公理体系" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Wightman axioms"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%80%E7%89%B9%E6%9B%BC%E5%85%AC%E7%90%86%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="怀特曼公理体系（页面不存在）">怀特曼公理体系</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wightman_axioms" class="extiw" title="en:Wightman axioms"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Wightman axioms</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">方程式</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E8%8E%B1%E5%9B%A0-%E6%88%88%E5%B0%94%E7%99%BB%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B" title="克莱因-戈尔登方程">克莱因-戈尔登方程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%84%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" title="狄拉克方程式">狄拉克方程式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%B0%94%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" title="外尔方程式">外尔方程式</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="普洛卡方程式" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Proca action"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%B4%9B%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="普洛卡方程式（页面不存在）">普洛卡方程式</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proca_action" class="extiw" title="en:Proca action"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Proca action</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%A0%E5%8B%92-%E5%BE%B7%E5%A8%81%E7%89%B9%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" title="惠勒-德威特方程式">惠勒-德威特方程式</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="巴格曼－维格纳方程式" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bargmann–Wigner equations"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E6%A0%BC%E6%9B%BC%EF%BC%8D%E7%BB%B4%E6%A0%BC%E7%BA%B3%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴格曼－维格纳方程式（页面不存在）">巴格曼－维格纳方程式</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bargmann%E2%80%93Wigner_equations" class="extiw" title="en:Bargmann–Wigner equations"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bargmann–Wigner equations</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E7%B4%84%E6%8B%89%E7%B4%8D%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" title="馬約拉納方程式">馬約拉納方程式</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="标准模型">标准模型</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B%E7%9A%84%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%A8%E8%BF%B0" title="標準模型的數學表述">標準模型的數學表述</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%8A-%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="楊-米爾斯理論">楊-米爾斯理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%BC%B1%E4%BA%A4%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="電弱交互作用">電弱交互作用</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%BA%E5%88%B6" title="希格斯机制">希格斯机制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E8%89%B2%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="量子色動力學">量子色動力學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%9B%BB%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="量子電動力學">量子電動力學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%8A-%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E6%80%A7%E8%88%87%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F%E9%96%93%E9%9A%99" title="楊-米爾斯存在性與質量間隙">楊-米爾斯存在性與質量間隙</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">未完成理论</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B" title="量子引力">量子引力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="弦理論">弦理論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%AF%B9%E7%A7%B0" title="超对称">超对称</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="人工色 (物理)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Technicolor (physics)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E8%89%B2_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人工色 (物理)（页面不存在）">人工色</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technicolor_(physics)" class="extiw" title="en:Technicolor (physics)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Technicolor (physics)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E6%9C%89%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="万有理论">万有理论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%BC%B1%E4%BA%A4%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="電弱交互作用">電弱交互作用</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">物理學者</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%88%E7%9C%81%E8%BA%AB" title="陈省身">陈省身</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%92%82%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%BE%B7%E5%8B%92" title="史蒂文·阿德勒">阿德勒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E7%89%B9" title="汉斯·贝特">贝特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E8%80%B6%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E5%8D%9A%E6%88%88%E6%9F%B3%E5%8D%9A%E5%A4%AB" title="尼古拉·尼古拉耶维奇·博戈柳博夫">博戈柳博夫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%AF%E8%92%82%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E4%BC%A6" title="柯蒂斯·卡伦">卡伦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC" title="西德尼·科尔曼">科尔曼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E8%8E%B1%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E7%89%B9" title="布莱斯·德维特">德维特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E7%8B%84%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="保罗·狄拉克">狄拉克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E6%A3%AE" title="弗里曼·戴森">戴森</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%B6%AD%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E6%B3%95%E6%8D%B7%E8%80%B6%E5%A4%AB" title="路德維希·法捷耶夫">法捷耶夫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E9%87%8C%E7%A7%91%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E7%B1%B3" title="恩里科·费米">费米</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%B2%BB%E6%9B%BC" title="理查德·費曼">费曼</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="马库斯·菲尔茨" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Markus Fierz"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E5%BA%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%8F%B2%E5%B0%94%E8%8C%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="马库斯·菲尔茨（页面不存在）">菲尔茨</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markus_Fierz" class="extiw" title="en:Markus Fierz"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Markus Fierz</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%BA%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%A6%8F%E5%85%8B" title="弗拉基米尔·福克">福克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8E%E5%B0%94%E6%A0%BC%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E5%8B%92%E5%88%A9%E5%B8%8C" title="于尔格·弗勒利希">弗勒利希</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%98%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E7%9B%96%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC" title="默里·盖尔曼">盖尔曼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%91%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%88%88%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF%E9%80%9A" title="傑弗里·戈德斯通">戈德斯通</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E5%A8%84%E6%96%AF" title="戴维·格娄斯">格娄斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B0%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%83%A1%E5%A4%AB%E7%89%B9" title="杰拉德·特·胡夫特">特胡夫特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E8%B4%BE%E5%9F%BA%E5%A4%AB" title="罗曼·贾基夫">贾基夫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%90%8A%E5%9B%A0" title="奧斯卡·克萊因">克莱因</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%B8%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%B9" title="帕斯夸尔·约尔丹">约当</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E8%82%AF%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94" title="亨利·肯德尔">肯德尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%AF%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E5%9F%BA%E5%8D%9A%E7%88%BE" title="湯姆·基博爾">基博爾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%B0%E5%A7%86" title="威利斯·兰姆">兰姆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%9C%97%E9%81%93" title="列夫·朗道">朗道</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%94%BF%E9%81%93" title="李政道">李政道</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E9%9B%B7%E6%9B%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哈里·雷曼（页面不存在）">雷曼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E6%89%98%E9%9B%B7%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E7%B4%84%E6%8B%89%E7%B4%8D" title="埃托雷·馬約拉納">马约拉纳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%83%A8%E9%98%B3%E4%B8%80%E9%83%8E" title="南部阳一郎">南部阳一郎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E9%87%8C%E8%A5%BF" title="乔治·帕里西">帕里西</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E6%96%AF%E9%87%91" title="迈克尔·佩斯金">佩斯金</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E7%A7%91%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%AB" title="亚历山大·马尔科维奇·波利亚科夫">泊里雅科夫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9C%E6%9D%9C%E5%8B%92%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86" title="阿卜杜勒·萨拉姆">萨拉姆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E6%B8%A9%E6%A0%BC" title="朱利安·施温格">施温格</a></li> <li><span 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title="朝永振一郎">朝永振一郎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%81%E7%BA%BD%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%9F%A6%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%E6%9B%BC" title="马丁纽斯·韦尔特曼">韦尔特曼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%92%82%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E6%B8%A9%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC" title="史蒂文·温伯格">温伯格</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%85%8B%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E9%AD%8F%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%A4%AB" title="维克托·魏斯科普夫">魏斯科普夫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%AF%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE%E6%A3%AE" title="肯尼斯·威爾森">威爾森</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%BB%95" title="爱德华·威滕">威滕</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A8%E6%8C%AF%E5%AE%81" title="杨振宁">杨振宁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%A4%E5%B7%9D%E7%A7%80%E6%A0%91" title="汤川秀树">汤川秀树</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB%E5%93%88%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%BD%90%E9%BB%98%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC" title="沃尔夫哈特·齐默尔曼">齐默尔曼</a></li> <li><a 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